The effectiveness of any excursion largely depends on the technique of its implementation, the connection between the methodology and the technique of conducting it. There are a number of requirements for the technique of conducting an excursion. These include: introduction of the guide to the group; correct placement of the group at the object; Excursionists exiting the bus and returning to the bus; use of a microphone by the excursionist; compliance with the time allocated for the excursion as a whole and the disclosure of individual subtopics; answers to tourists' questions.

The guide introduces the group. The guide, upon entering the bus, gets acquainted with the group. He greets those present, states his last name, first name, patronymic, the excursion institution he represents, introduces the tour guides to the bus driver, that is, he begins the excursion with an introduction.

It is important that from the very beginning the guide subordinates his actions to the established rules of communication with the group. He doesn't start talking right away. There is a pause that lasts ten to twenty seconds. The first acquaintance takes place; further contacts between the guide and the group largely depend on it. The tourists gradually fall silent, sit down more comfortably, and their attention turns to the guide. The excursionists figure out what the guide is capable of, what interesting things he will tell them, and the guide thinks about how to interest these people, how to rivet their attention to the topic.

The plot of the excursion must be known to the excursionist in advance. The tourist must know the topic of the excursion. It is important that advertising activities and the purchase of an excursion package are separated from the excursion by one or two days. This is significant in the sense that during this period of time a certain psychological attitude of the tourist will take place. He will have time to think about it and get used to the plot.

Excursionists exit the bus. You need to prepare for the departure of tourists in advance. It is recommended to name the number of stops with a group exit in the introductory speech, explaining the meaning of such exits, and to interest in the exoticism and unusualness of the object.

At stops where the excursion group is provided to exit, the guide leaves first, showing an example to the group and determining the direction of its movement to the object. In cases where other stops are arranged on excursions, for example, sanitary stops or for purchasing souvenirs, the guide informs you of the exact departure time of the bus. It is necessary to require tourists to comply with the regulations for the excursion, which affects the bus schedule along the route. If the parking time on a country excursion is shortened or increased for some reason, the guide informs all excursionists about this.

Arrangement of the group at the object. When developing an excursion, as a rule, several options for accommodating a group to observe the excursion object are determined. This is done in the case when the place determined by the methodological development is occupied by another group or when the sun's rays shine into the eyes, making it difficult to examine the object. There are other reasons that prevent you from using the recommended location. In hot weather, opportunities are used to position the group in the shade. In case of rain, there is an option to accommodate tourists under a roof, under the canopy of trees.

When several groups are simultaneously located at one object, a distance must be maintained between them so that one guide does not interfere with the other, so that one group does not obscure another object of observation.

The movement of tourists from bus to object, from object to bus, between objects is carried out by a group. The guide's place is in the center of the group, several people walk in front, a few next to each other, and the rest behind. It is important that the group does not stretch: the distance between its head and those who come last should not exceed 5-7 meters. The guide must ensure that the integrity of the group is not compromised when moving the group along the route. If the group is extended, not everyone will hear the guide’s story, his explanations and logical transitions that are presented along the way. Experienced guides skillfully guide the movement along the route.

The pace of the group’s movement depends on the composition of the group, on the terrain, for example, climbing a mountain, poor road conditions, overcoming ditches.

On a walking tour, the pace of the tourists is slow and leisurely, since the objects on display are located next to each other.

Return of tourists to the bus. During the group's movement, it is led by a guide. When a group boards the bus, he stands to the right of the entrance and counts the excursionists who enter the cabin. This is done unnoticed. Having made sure that all participants of the excursion have gathered, he enters the bus last and gives a conventional sign to the driver to start moving.

Guide's place. The guide on the bus should occupy a place from where he can clearly see the objects discussed on the excursion, but so that all the excursionists are in his field of vision. At the same time, sightseers must see it. Typically, this is a designated front seat next to the driver. The guide is not allowed to stand while the bus is moving for safety reasons. On a walking tour, the guide should be positioned halfway towards the object. carrying out a display of visually perceived objects requires that they be in front of the guide’s eyes, since he analyzes them based on his visual impressions.

Keeping time during the excursion. The methodological development indicates the exact time allocated for the disclosure of each subtopic in minutes. Everything is provided here: a demonstration of objects, a story from a guide, movement along the route to the next one, and movement of the group around the observed objects.

Often, for reasons beyond the control of the guide, a tour is significantly reduced in time. This is due to the group getting ready for a long time, breakfast not being served to tourists on time, and the bus being late. The guide has only one option - to reduce the time allotted to cover the topic. This should be done by preserving all that is important in the content of the excursion and removing the unimportant. To do this, you need to prepare in advance for a possible reduction in the excursion material.

Technique for telling a story while the bus is moving. The story while driving on the bus should be conducted by the guide through a microphone. If the equipment does not function well or there is no microphone at all, then it is useless to talk while the bus is moving. In this case, the guide gives information about the nearest section of the route before the start of the movement, and during the movement only reports the names of objects or areas. If there are important objects or settlements, it is necessary to stop the bus, turn off the engine and only then give an explanation. This must be agreed upon with the driver in advance.

Answers to questions from tourists. In excursion practice, a certain classification of issues has developed. They are divided into 4 groups: questions from the guide, answered by excursionists; questions posed during the story, answered by the guide; rhetorical questions that are posed to activate the attention of tourists; questions asked by excursion participants on the topic.

The main rule for working with such questions is that you should not interrupt the story and give an immediate answer to them; you also do not need to answer questions at the end of each of the subtopics. This scatters attention and distracts the audience from perceiving the content of the topic being discussed, since not everyone in the group is concerned about these particular issues. Therefore, the guide should answer questions not during the tour, but after it ends. The content of the answers should not be controversial.

Pauses in the excursion. The guide should not talk continuously. There should be short breaks between individual parts of the story, the story and excursion information along the way, the logical transition and the story about the object and the events associated with it.

Pauses serve the following purposes:

1. semantic - when the break time is used by people to think about what they heard from the guide and saw with their own eyes. To consolidate factual material in memory, formulate your conclusions and remember what you see. It is important that excursionists have time at each object free from showing and telling for independent inspection, preparing for the perception of what will be shown and told at the next stop.

2. give short-term rest to excursionists. It does not carry any semantic load. This is especially important for those who are not yet accustomed to such active form cultural and educational work, like an excursion.

A pause in country excursions is combined with rest, which, in accordance with the existing procedure, is provided to the guide: 15 minutes after each hour of work. This rest can be summed up and used by the guide at the end of the excursion. There may also be pauses in excursions - free time, used for purchasing souvenirs, printed materials, quenching thirst, as well as for sanitary stops on long excursions.

Technique for using the “tour guide’s briefcase.” The contents of the guide's portfolio, its significance and role in the use of methodological display techniques are related to the methodology of preparing and conducting the excursion. Each exhibit - photograph, drawing, reproduction of a painting, portrait, drawing, copy of a document - has its own serial number. This determines the sequence of demonstration of this exhibit to tourists.

The exhibit can be shown by the guide from his workplace, handed over to the tourists in rows for more detailed acquaintance.

Sometimes, in accordance with the methodological development, the guide organizes the playback of tape and video recordings. It is important to check in advance the serviceability of the equipment, the availability of the necessary recordings, and ensure audibility for all participants in the excursion. The guide must be able to use this equipment.

During excursions, elements of ritual are used. Sightseers at burial sites and memorials honor the memory of the dead with a minute of silence, are present at the changing of the guard of honor, and participate in processions and rallies. The guide needs to know the procedure for laying flowers, the passage of tourists to the locations of mass graves and obelisks, participation in the guard of honor, a minute of silence, the rules of conduct Eternal Flame and at the burial places of heroes of the civil, Great Patriotic War. Before the start of the excursion, the guide informs you about everything, emphasizing the importance of observing the ritual when visiting historical places.

Instructions

Developing a route is the first thing you need to start drawing up an excursion plan. If the excursion is planned in one place (palace, museum, etc.), think over a group layout for this place in accordance with the plan of the building (or area). Write down where the group will begin, the group will spend near each exhibit, how long the excursion will take, and what time it will end.

If you are planning an excursion to visit several attractions, also plan an excursion, developing an optimal traffic pattern taking into account the situation.

The second stage is writing the text of the excursion. There should be no disagreement in the text with historical facts, therefore, when writing a tour, make links to the sources where you get the information. After all, if some listener does not agree with you and tries to challenge what was said, you can always tell him where your information comes from and how to check it.

The key to an ideal excursion is a guide who knows exactly what he is telling you about. In addition, you should have such qualities as tolerance, attention to the requests of tourists and the ability to surprise them with details known only to you. You can also tell well-known facts, but present them with unique questions, actively addressing the group, trying to involve them in exploring the proposed area.

Recently, excursions have become popular, the main group for which is young people - this is Moscow at night, visiting museums at night. You can borrow the idea and organize such a route in your own, especially since it will enjoy increased popularity if there is currently no such offer on the tourism services market.

The main thing is to start if you are interested in the topic of promotion native land, if you like to discover unknown pages of history and want them to be known as much as possible more people, you should organize excursion routes.

Instructions

Before taking a group or one visitor, prepare for the tour. It is not enough to simply walk through the floors of the building and see what is presented in the exhibitions. Read the sources, find out the history of each exhibit. This is necessary in order to identify what is most important to tell visitors about. Compose a rough text of your narrative, write it down on pieces of paper or print it on your computer.

The technique takes into account the peculiarities of perception of the material. Practice shows that a continuous story is unacceptable; the guide should not speak throughout the entire excursion; at some point, the perception of the material decreases, then stops completely. The technique is based on the fact that during transfers or transitions between objects, in moments free from showing and telling, excursionists have the opportunity to think about what they heard, compare the observed object with what was previously seen, better assimilate what they saw and heard, and consolidate the material in memory. And this “free” time is filled with the mental activity of excursionists. Pauses are no less necessary for the guide for a short rest. Pauses during each specific excursion are planned depending on the route. There are more pauses on country excursions.

The correct use of pauses is important. You should not use break time to exchange impressions about the excursion or discuss what you saw and heard. Such discussions are methodologically unjustified, i.e. they destroy the “fabric” of the excursion, excite the audience and further reduce the level of perception of the material.

Compliance with the requirements of the methodology helps the guide to convey knowledge to the audience in a form other than a lecture, conversation, oral journal, theme evening, and also ensure sustained interest in the topic throughout the entire excursion. This is especially important for that part of the excursion where the story takes up a lot of space. Here, excursionists may experience moments of the so-called crisis of attention, which, according to researchers, occurs at lecture listeners at the 14th, 25th, 34th minutes, etc. The excursion methodology recommends introducing a new object of display at the moment when attention to the story begins to wane. When during the demonstration the object ceases to attract the attention of the group, the guide can inform interesting example, some details about the event. This is the basis for the methodological approach to the novelty of the material. If such a moment occurs when the group is near the object, it is necessary to shorten the stay at the stop by 2-3 minutes and continue moving along the route, accompanying it with a story. If the attention of tourists weakens while the bus is moving, then the movement should be stopped to examine the monuments. If possible, you need to get off the bus and continue on foot to the next monument.

The methodology also recommends other methods for preserving and restoring the attention of tourists: listening to sound recordings, showing transparencies or slides, using visual aids from the “tour guide’s portfolio.” The methodology for conducting excursions is based on the interests of excursionists. It is important to ensure that the interest of tourists in the topic and materials of the excursion is formed before the start of the show and tell. For this purpose they use introduction tour guide.

Practice shows that in the first minutes the attention of tourists is ensured by their interest in the topic. Then attention is supported by the fascination of the story and such qualities of objects as their fame, exoticism, and educational value. The correct sequence of display of objects also contributes to stability of attention.

One of the difficulties in developing a display methodology is that often next to an object that is shown on a topic, there is another object that is not related to the topic, but is more attractive in appearance. Naturally, such an object catches the eye. From a methodological point of view, the issue can be resolved in various ways: a) we can give brief information about an unnecessary object. For example, to say that this building has no historical value, that during its construction there was a mixture architectural styles; b) remain silent about the object; c) approach the desired object in such a way that the foreign object is seen by the sightseers later.

The technique uses various means of increasing the attention of tourists: the guide addresses the group with a proposal or an unexpected question; identifying an interesting detail in a monument. The guide's efforts can also be aimed at the necessary distribution of attention between objects. For example, a display of an architectural ensemble precedes an inspection of the city panorama. For each excursion, moments for switching attention from one object to another must be determined.

The method of conducting the excursion, the emotionality of the guide, his gestures and facial expressions, the arrangement of the group at the object, the use of sound amplification devices - all this should be aimed at overcoming street noise, at neutralizing extraneous irritants to the maximum extent possible in urban conditions. It is necessary, as psychologists say, “to keep these stimuli at bay.” background consciousness."

An important requirement of the methodology is that all the main objects and the subtopics revealed on them are combined into a single whole. In addition to the logical sequence of “placement” of objects along the route, a peculiar increase in their display, the presence of a climax (i.e., the moment of highest tension in the disclosure of the topic), linking of subtopics and a certain selection of logical transitions are also necessary. Therefore, the methodology requires the correct organization and use of pauses between objects, a certain logic in presenting the content of the main issues, and the subject matter of the certificates during travel between objects.

Taking into account the requirements of the methodology, the story on the excursion is constructed, its content, duration, form, and connection of the story with the show are determined. This work has its difficulties. For example, how to approach the methodological preparation of a story after the object of the show has been determined? Where to start a story and how to build it? How to organize observation of an object? This depends primarily on appearance the object, the degree of its preservation, and the extent to which it itself is able to give a complete picture of its essence, purpose, and events associated with it.

In practice, a story can be based on one of two positions:

– the excursion object (monument, place of event) has reached our time in complete safety (i.e., without any changes or reconstructions, or loss of individual parts);

– the excursion object has not reached us in its original form.

In the first case, the story begins with a description of the event, the disclosure of which is devoted to the subtopic. In the second case, the story is directed first to the reconstruction of the object and only after that the event is presented.

The purpose of the story is to prepare tourists for observing the object. The technique takes into account the ability of an object to attract attention. This ability is not unlimited in time. Tourists will observe one object with unflagging attention for 10–15 minutes, another – no more than 2–3 minutes. This quality of the object influences the length of the story. The duration of explanations, references, quotes, literary montage should not be longer than the ability of the object to attract the attention of tourists with its appearance and its features.

The method gives an unambiguous answer to questions about the relationship between showing and telling, about their sequence: from show to tell. You should start with a show, with visual or other impressions (tactile, olfactory) and then introduce a story. However, the requirements of the excursion methodology, its axiom: showing precedes telling, should not be taken literally. Sometimes the guide begins the next subtopic with verbal instructions - where, how and at what object the tourists should look. These words are the beginning of the show. The technique requires that the logical transition be a link between two visually perceived plots, i.e. was a verbal-visual bridge.

The methodological justification of the story depends not only on the degree of preservation of the monument, its relationship to the topic of the excursion, but also on the nature of the object itself. If we are talking about a monument located in a city square, then the story will be of one form, and if it is about a defensive structure on the battlefield of the last war, then the story will be of a different form. If it is a work of fine art, then the story will have a different structure. The first part of a story of this kind is an analysis of the painting, the second is a description of the artist, the era when he lived and worked. However, in any case, no matter what structure and form the story has, it must be excursion, i.e. associated with the main element of the excursion - the demonstration.

Failure to comply with the requirements of the methodology leads to such a disadvantage in conducting an excursion as lectures. The lecture-like nature of the topic lies in the fact that the story is constructed in isolation from the show and is not supported by the observations of the excursionists. Lectureship is built on the exchange of places between two elements of the excursion - showing and telling, when the telling becomes primary, and the showing becomes secondary or is absent altogether.

Another requirement of the excursion methodology is not to consider the work completed once the methodological technique has been determined. The purpose of the methodology is to suggest ways for the most effective use of this technique, i.e. give the guide the “key” to using the technique in practice.

The technique requires that the tourist not only get to know the objects, but also perceive them correctly, give an objective assessment of everything connected with them, and correctly interpret what he saw and heard. Emotional moments play an important role in this. They are widely used in excursions and affect the feelings of its participants, causing joy, admiration, pride, indignation, anger, etc.

The methodology takes into account the emotional side of the matter in its recommendations. Not only the story has an emotional impact on the audience, but also the display of such items as a tunic pierced by a shell fragment, an inscription on the wall of a house on Nevsky Prospekt in St. Petersburg: “Citizens! During shelling, this side of the street is the most dangerous.” The same emotions are evoked by meetings with places of events known to excursionists: the duel and mortal wound of A.S. Pushkin, the immortal feat of Alexander Matrosov, etc.

The results of a questionnaire survey of participants in one of the Moscow excursions are interesting. To the question: “What did you remember most visually on the excursion?” – the majority answered that it was a picture of ancient Moscow, “shown” near the Maly Theater. There is nothing surprising in this answer: at this point in the show, the guide skillfully used the technique of reconstruction. This allowed excursionists, instead of a modern asphalt street with trolleybuses and cars, to see the Neglinka River, in place modern buildings- its banks, women washing clothes, and mounted warriors riding down the slope from the old Kremlin to the river. Pictures and events in other excursions are also easily remembered, and the excursionists do not even suspect that the methodology is “to blame” for this. The requirements of the methodology in relation to each excursion are specific.

Excursion institutions in Russia use various ways to improve the quality of methodological work:

The first way is systematic replenishment and updating of knowledge by methodologists and guides, their training in higher educational institutions, in courses, participation in theoretical, methodological and scientific-practical conferences, seminars, etc.

Second way - development of such methodological documentation (control text, methodological development, “tour guide portfolio”), which will be the basis for high quality excursions.

Third way - detailed development of technology for using methodological techniques of showing and telling, taking into account the characteristics of various excursion topics and differentiation of groups of excursionists.

Fourth way - practical mastery of methodological techniques for conducting excursions by guides, effective use of recommended techniques on routes, during a specific excursion.

Fifth way - precise development of excursion conducting techniques.

And finally sixth way - mastering and maintaining contacts between the guide and the excursion group; knowledge of the basics of sciences such as psychology and logic.

Excursion methodology is the science of methods and techniques for conducting excursions. In a number of excursion institutions, the scope of excursion methodology is considered only as a sum of methodological techniques. When preparing and conducting an excursion, the requirements of the excursion methodology and the need for the correct relationship between the three main parts - the method of showing, the method of telling and the method of organizing the excursion process - are not taken into account. This has a significant impact on the quality of the excursion and the efficiency of its implementation.

The main thing for the guide is to understand the essence of the technique, its purpose and mechanism of action when revealing the topic of the excursion. This understanding must be combined with certain knowledge and skills that make it possible to activate the mechanisms of the technique.

The methodology covers a number of problems associated with the development of a new excursion topic, including the selection of objects for observation, the structure of the excursion, the relationship between showing and telling, the interdependence of the methodology and teaching techniques, the connection of the methodology with psychology and pedagogy. Continuous improvement of excursion methods is the most important task of excursion organizations at all levels. It is necessary to ensure the participation of all guides in this work. The guide as a performer should not be limited to the role of a consumer of a method developed by someone. He must be one of its creators.

1. The essence of the method, the requirements of the method.

2. Subject and types of excursion methods.

3. Use of methodological literature.

4. Improving excursion methods.

Creating a new excursion on any topic is a complex process that requires the active participation of a whole team of workers. The content of a future excursion and its educational value are directly dependent on the knowledge of methodologists and guides, their competence, the degree of practical mastery of the fundamentals of pedagogy and psychology, and the ability to choose the most effective ways and techniques of influencing the audience.

An excursion is the result of two important processes: its preparation and conduct. They are interconnected and interdependent. Unable to provide high quality conducting an excursion with ill-conceived preparation.

In the work on preparing a new excursion, two main directions can be distinguished:

– development of a new excursion theme (new in general or new only for a given excursion institution);

– preparing a novice or already working guide to conduct a new excursion for him, but already previously developed and conducted in this institution.

The first direction is the process of creating a new excursion for the excursion institution.

The preparation of a new excursion is entrusted to the creative group. It consists of from 3 to 7 people, and in some cases and more, depending on the complexity of the topic. Most of them are tour guides working in the institution. Often, specialists from various fields are invited as consultants - museum scientists, university and secondary school teachers, etc.

Typically, each member of the creative team is assigned to develop one of the sections, one of the subtopics of the excursion, or one or more questions of the subtopic. In order to supervise the work, a creative team leader is selected.

Preparation of a new excursion goes through three main stages:

Preliminary work - selection of materials for a future excursion, their study (i.e., the process of accumulating knowledge on a given topic, determining the purpose and objectives of the excursion). At the same time, the selection of objects on which the excursion will be based takes place.

Direct development of the excursion itself includes: drawing up an excursion route; processing of factual material; work on the content of the excursion, its main part, consisting of several basic questions; writing control text; work on the methodology for conducting the excursion; selection of the most effective methodological techniques of showing and telling during the excursion; preparation of methodological development of a new excursion; writing individual texts by guides.

The final stage - reception (protection) of excursions along the route. Approval of a new excursion by the head of the excursion institution, admission of guides who have defended their topic to work on the route.

In its simplest form, the scheme of all excursions, regardless of the topic, type and form of conduct, is the same: introduction, main part, conclusion.

Introduction, usually consists of two parts:

– organizational (introducing the excursion group and instructing excursionists on safety rules during the trip and behavior on the route);

– informational ( short message about the topic, length and duration of the route, time of departure and arrival back, sanitary stops and the end point of the excursion).

Main part is based on specific excursion objects, a combination of showing and telling. Its content consists of several subtopics that must be revealed on objects and united by a theme. The number of excursion subtopics is usually from 5 to 12. At the same time, it is important for creating an excursion to select objects in such a way that there are only those objects that would help reveal the content of the excursion topic, and in a certain dosage over time and depending on the significance of a particular subtopic on this excursion.

Conclusion, like the introduction, it is not connected with excursion objects. It should take 5–7 minutes and consist of two parts. The first is the result of the main content of the excursion, a conclusion on the topic that realizes the purpose of the excursion. The second is information about other excursions that can expand and deepen this topic. The conclusion is as important as the introduction and body.

It is very important that the excursion is interesting enough. But it is no less important that it is not overloaded with a flow of information unnecessary for tourists, so that the method of presenting the material is not tedious, but contributes to the best perception of it by one or another category of tourists. In this regard, the topic of the excursion must certainly be focused on a certain category of excursionists (adults or children, youth, urban or rural residents, humanitarian workers, foreigners, etc.). This type of accounting is called differentiated approach to excursion services. It must take into account not only the interests, but also the goals of consumers. If the excursion is provided, for example, as part of a folklore tour, then the main emphasis in the story and show should be on the history, monuments, and national characteristics of the region. If the excursion is included in the business tour program, then attention should be paid to showing various business and public centers, etc. When organizing excursion services as part of a resort holiday, excursion walks with observation of natural landscapes, monuments, and objects are attractive.

In the process of preparing a new excursion, a number of main stages can be distinguished, which are arranged in a certain order. Let us consider them in the sequence that has developed in the practice of the excursion institution.

The concept of “stages of excursion preparation” was first introduced in 1976. At that time, fifteen stages were named:

1. Determining the purpose and objectives of the excursion.

2. Selecting a topic.

3. Selection of literature and compilation of bibliography.

4. Determination of sources of excursion material. Acquaintance with exhibitions and museum collections on the topic.

5. Selection and study of excursion objects.

6. Drawing up an excursion route.

7. Detour or detour.

8. Preparation of the control text for the excursion.

9. Completing the “tour guide’s briefcase.”

10. Determination of methodological techniques for conducting an excursion.

11. Determination of excursion techniques.

12. Drawing up methodological development.

13. Compilation of individual texts.

14. Acceptance (delivery) of the excursion.

Objects, depending on their role in the excursion, can be used as basic And additional.

The main objects undergo a more in-depth analysis, and the subtopics of the excursion are revealed on them.

The display of additional objects, as a rule, is carried out during transfers (transitions) of the excursion group and does not occupy a dominant position.

The route is built on the principle of the most correct sequence of inspection of objects and is planned taking into account the following requirements:

– display of objects should be carried out in a certain logical sequence, avoiding unnecessary repeated passages along the same section of the route (street, square, bridge, highway), i.e. so-called loops;

– accessibility of the object (site for its inspection);

– moving or transitioning between objects should not take 10–15 minutes, so that there are no too long pauses in the show and story;

– availability of well-equipped stops, including sanitary stops, and parking areas for vehicles.

It is recommended that at the time of the excursion you have several options for moving the group. The need to change the route in some cases is caused by traffic jams and repair work on city highways. All this must be taken into account when creating various options route.

The development of a bus route is completed by the coordination and approval of the passport and route diagram, calculation of mileage and time of use of vehicles.

Detour (detour) route is one of important stages development of a new excursion theme. When organizing a detour (detour) of the route, the following tasks are set: 1) become familiar with the layout of the route, streets, squares along which the route is laid; 2) specify the location where the object is located, as well as the location of the proposed stop for the tour bus or walking group; 3) master access by bus to objects or parking areas; 4) time the time required to show the objects, their verbal descriptions and the movement of the bus (pedestrian group), as well as clarify the duration of the excursion as a whole; 5) check the feasibility of using the intended display objects; 6) select the best points for displaying objects and options for location of the excursion group; 7) choose a method of familiarization with the object; 8) for the safety of tourists’ movement along the route, identify potentially dangerous places and take measures.

The text represents the material necessary for a full disclosure of all subtopics included in the excursion. The text is intended to provide thematic focus of the guide's story; it formulates a certain point of view on the facts and events that the excursion is devoted to, and provides an objective assessment of the objects shown.

Requirements for the text: brevity, clarity of wording, required amount of factual material, availability of information on the topic, full disclosure of the topic, literary language.

The text of the excursion is compiled by the creative group when developing a new topic and performs control functions. This means that each guide must build his story taking into account the requirements of the given text (control text).

The control text in most cases contains a chronological presentation of the material. This text does not reflect the structure of the excursion and is not built in a route sequence with the distribution of the presented material at stops where the analysis of excursion objects takes place. The control text is carefully selected and source-verified material, which is the basis for all excursions conducted on this topic. Using the provisions and conclusions contained in the control text, the guide constructs his own individual text.

Based on the control text, excursion options on the same topic can be created, including for children and adults, for various groups of workers.

In order to facilitate the work of creating such options, the control text may include materials related to objects, subtopics and main issues that are not included in the itinerary of this excursion.

In addition to materials for the guide’s story, the control text includes materials that should make up the content of the introductory speech and conclusion of the tour, as well as logical transitions. It should be convenient to use. Quotes, figures and examples are accompanied by links to sources.

“Tour guide’s briefcase” is the conventional name for a set of visual aids used during the excursion. These manuals are usually placed in a folder or small briefcase.

One of the tasks of the “tour guide portfolio” is to restore the missing links when showing. IN On excursions, it often turns out that not all objects necessary to cover the topic have been preserved. For example, tourists cannot see: a historical building, destroyed over time; a village destroyed during the Great Patriotic War, etc. Sometimes it becomes necessary to give an idea of ​​the original appearance of the place on which the inspected building (residential neighborhood) was built. For this purpose, for example, photographs of a village or wasteland, panoramas of the construction of an enterprise, or a residential area are used. The task may also arise to show what will happen at the site being inspected in the near future. In this case, excursionists are shown designs of buildings, structures, and monuments.

During excursions, it may be necessary to show photographs of people who are related to this object or events related to it (for example, portraits of members of the Wulf family - friends of A.S. Pushkin - when conducting a tour of the “Pushkin Ring of the Upper Volga Region”).

What makes the excursion more convincing is the demonstration of copies of original documents, manuscripts, literary works which the guide talks about.

And another important task of visual aids on excursions is give a visual representation of an object(plants, minerals, mechanisms by showing genuine samples or their photographs, models, dummies).

The “guide’s briefcase” includes photographs, geographic Maps, diagrams, drawings, drawings, product samples, etc. Such “portfolios” are created, as a rule, for each topic. They are a constant companion of the guide and help make any journey into the past and present more exciting and useful. The contents of the “portfolio” are dictated by the theme of the excursion.

Visual aids in the “tour guide’s briefcase” should be easy to use. Their number should not be large, since in this case the aids will distract tourists from inspecting the original objects and distract their attention.

Members of the creative group, preparing a new excursion, select from the visual materials at their disposal the most expressive ones that can assist the guide in covering the topic. The method of demonstrating visual aids is tested along the route. Then recommendations for the use of “portfolio” materials are included in the methodological development.

Each exhibit included in the “portfolio” is accompanied by a sheet of explanation or reference material. Sometimes explanations are pasted with reverse side exhibit. This annotation serves as source material for the guide when showing the exhibit to tourists.

The list of visual materials of a certain topic included in the “tour guide’s portfolio” should be clarified throughout the development of a new excursion topic.

Museums, exhibitions, and archives provide great assistance to excursion organizations in selecting visual materials for their “portfolio.”

The success of the excursion is directly dependent on the methodological techniques of showing and telling used in it. The choice of one or another methodological technique is dictated by the tasks assigned to the excursion and the information richness of a particular object.

The work of the creative group at this stage consists of several parts: selection of the most effective methodological techniques for covering subtopics, methodological techniques that are recommended depending on the excursion audience (adults, children), the time of the excursion (winter, summer, day, evening), features display; determining methods for maintaining the attention of tourists and activating the process of perceiving excursion material; developing recommendations for the use of expressive means in the guide’s speech; selection of rules for conducting excursion techniques. It is equally important to determine the technology for using methodological techniques.

The excursion technique combines all organizational issues of the excursion process. The authors of a bus tour, for example, carefully consider when and where tourists get off to inspect the object, how the tourists move between objects, how and when the exhibits of the “tour guide’s portfolio” are shown, etc. The corresponding entries are made in the methodological development column “Organizational instructions”. These instructions are also addressed to the bus driver. For example, where to park the bus, where it is necessary to drive slower to observe the object from the window. Separate instructions apply to excursionists (compliance with safety rules on the street, getting off the bus, seating in the cabin). It is important to formulate recommendations: on the use of pauses in the excursion; on compliance with the time allotted for covering subtopics; organizing answers to tourists’ questions; about the technique of using the exhibits of the “portfolio”; about the procedure for laying wreaths, etc. No less important are the instructions about the place of the guide when showing objects, guiding the independent work of excursionists along the route, and conducting a story while the bus is moving.

Methodological development is a document that determines how to conduct a given excursion, how best to organize the display of monuments, what methodology and management technique should be used to make the excursion effective. The methodological development sets out the requirements of the excursion methodology, taking into account the characteristics of the objects being demonstrated and the content of the material presented. She disciplines the guide and must meet the following requirements: suggest to the guide ways to reveal the topic; equip him with the most effective methodological techniques of showing and telling; contain clear recommendations on how to organize an excursion; take into account the interests of a certain group of excursionists (if excursion options are available); combine showing and telling into a single whole.

Methodological development is compiled for each topic of the excursion, including a differentiated approach to preparing and conducting the excursion. The options for methodological development reflect the age, professional and other interests of excursionists, as well as the peculiarities of the methodology for its implementation.

The methodological development is prepared as follows:

- on title page the following data is located: name of the excursion agency, name of the topic of the excursion, type of excursion, length of the route, duration in academic hours, the composition of the excursionists, the names and positions of the compilers, the date of approval of the excursion by the head of the excursion institution;

– the next page outlines the purpose and objectives of the excursion, a route diagram indicating objects and stops during the excursion.

The methodological development consists of three sections: introduction, main part and conclusion. The introduction and conclusion are not separated into columns. Here, for example, is what the recommendations for a guide look like about constructing an introduction to the methodological development of an excursion on the topic “Tyumen - the gateway to Siberia”: “First of all, you need to get to know the group, name the names of the guide and driver, then remind the excursionists of the rules of behavior on the bus, warning them that they will be able to ask questions and share impressions when given the time to do so. In the information part, it is necessary to name the topic, route, and duration of the excursion, but it is advisable to do this in such a way as to arouse interest in the topic and attract the attention of excursionists, i.e. This part of the introduction should be bright and emotional. It can begin with poems by A. S. Pushkin or a quote-statement by the Decembrists about the untold riches of Siberia, the great future of this harsh region.” The landing place of the group is determined in working order together with the customer, the starting point of the excursion is determined by methodological development.

The effectiveness of methodological development depends on the correct completion of all seven columns (Table 2.1). The development size is 6–12 pages of typewritten text. The volume of the document depends on the number of excursion objects, the number of subtopics, the duration of the excursion in time and the length of the route.

In the column “Excursion route” called the starting point of the excursion and the end of the first subtopic.

In the "Stops" column those points on the route where exit from the bus is provided are named; it is planned to examine the object from the windows of the bus without the excursionists getting off, or a stop on a walking tour is provided. You should not make such inaccurate entries as, for example: “Embankment of the Volga River” or “Central Square”. It would be more correct to write: “The embankment of the Volga River near the monument to N. A. Nekrasov.”

In the column “Display objects” list those memorable places, main and additional objects that are shown to the group at a stop, during the transfer or movement of the group to the next stop.

In a country excursion, the objects of display can be a city, a village, an urban settlement as a whole, and when driving along the route - visible parts from a distance (a tall building, a tower, a bell tower, etc.). In a city tour, the objects of display can be a street or square.

Column “Excursion duration”. The time that is called in this column is the sum of the time spent on showing this object, the guide’s story (the part when there is no demonstration) and on the movement of tourists along the route to the next stop. Here it is also necessary to take into account the time spent moving near the objects being inspected and between objects.

Column “Name of subtopics and list of main issues” contains short notes. First of all, the subtopic is called, which is revealed on a given segment of the route, in a given period of time, at the objects listed in column 3. Here the main questions set out when revealing the subtopic are formulated. For example, in city sightseeing tour in Poltava, one of the subtopics is called “Poltava in the Northern War between Russia and Sweden.” The main issues covered in this subtopic are “Swedes in Ukraine” and “Battle of Poltava”. The subtopic “New Old Town” reveals the main issues: “Housing construction in the city”, “Development of culture and art”, “Construction of a sports complex”. The number of main questions included in a subtopic should not exceed five.

In the column “Organizational instructions” place recommendations on the movement of the group, ensuring the safety of tourists along the route and fulfilling sanitary and hygienic requirements, rules of conduct for excursion participants in memorial places and at historical and cultural monuments. It also sets out the requirements for excursionists to protect nature and the rules against fire safety. This column includes all questions that are included in the concept of “Excursion Technique”. Here is an example of an entry: “The group is positioned in such a way that all excursionists can see the entrance to the building.” “At this stop, tourists are given time to take photographs.” In out-of-town excursions, this column includes instructions on sanitary stops, recommendations on nature conservation, rules for the movement of excursionists at stops, especially near highways, in order to ensure their safety.

When conducting industrial excursions and visiting working workshops, safety recommendations, excerpts from the instructions of the enterprise administration, mandatory rules of behavior for tourists at the enterprise are provided, and places where pauses are made in the story and show are named.

Column "Methodological instructions" determines the direction of the entire document, formulates the basic requirements for the guide regarding the method of conducting the excursion, and gives instructions on the use of methodological techniques. For example, in the excursion “Memorial complex “Khatyn” at the site 'Defense Line of the 100th Infantry Division'” two methodological instructions are given: “When revealing a subtopic, the technique of verbal comparison is used, information is given about the military potential of Nazi Germany at the time of its attack on the USSR” and “The story of the battles is told using the methodological technique of visual reconstruction of the place where the fighting took place.”

It should be indicated where and how methodological techniques are applied. This column also outlines an option for a logical transition to the next subtopic, provides recommendations for displaying materials from the “guide’s portfolio,” and includes tips on using the movement of tourists relative to objects as a methodological technique (for example, “After observing the object and the guide’s story, tourists can independently continue to get acquainted with object”, “The guide should explain the terms...”, “When showing the battlefield, it is necessary to orient the tourists...”, etc.).

Excursion practice is based on the fact that the basis of the guide’s story is an individual text, which determines the sequence and completeness of the presentation of thoughts, helps the guide logically build his story. Each guide composes such a text independently. The basis for the individual text is the control text.

All individual texts, if there is a good control text, will have identical content, but different figures of speech, different words, different sequence in the story, there may even be different facts confirming the same position. Naturally, all guides, being at the same object, will say the same thing.

You should not hide the control text from those who are developing a new excursion, since a creative group of the most trained guides worked on the control text, and a guide preparing a new topic for himself will not be able to achieve what was done before him through collective efforts. After the guide’s preliminary work on the new topic is completed (collection, study and initial processing of material), he is allowed to familiarize himself with the control text. This will help him select material for the story, determine the optimal number of examples used to cover subtopics, and draw correct conclusions on the subtopics of the excursion and in general. A timely reference to the control text guarantees a higher level of beginner preparation for the excursion.

The main difference between an individual text and a control text is that it reflects the structure of the excursion and is built in full accordance with the methodological development of the excursion. The material is placed in the sequence in which objects are shown and has a clear division into parts. Each of them is dedicated to one of the subtopics. An individual text compiled in accordance with these requirements is a story ready for “use.” The individual text contains a complete statement of what should be covered on the excursion. When presenting the essence of historical events, there should be no abbreviations or assessments of their significance.

It is also not allowed to mention facts without dating them or citing sources. At the same time, this type of text reflects the peculiarities of the “performer’s” speech. The guide's story consists of separate parts, tied to visual objects. These parts are united by conclusions for each subtopic and logical transitions between subtopics (and objects). In an individual text, each subtopic is a separate story suitable for use during the excursion.

When composing an individual text, its author must not forget about the logic of the spoken speech, that the word and the image (object) act, as a rule, on the feelings of sightseers synchronously. The desire for lively presentation of material on excursions should not lead to attempts to entertain excursionists. When deciding on the combination of educational and entertaining elements on an excursion, the matter should be decided according to the formula: maximum educational and minimum entertainment. The question of legends has a special place in preparing the excursion. Only legends may be used in excursions.

In terms of content, both texts (control and individual) are the same. This means that if all guides who have mastered this topic have a correctly composed test text, the excursions are “standard.” They are identical in their content, coincide in their assessments of historical events and facts, in the conclusions that are drawn on individual subtopics and on the topic as a whole.

When analyzing the same visual object, guides show and tell the same thing. This is the meaning of the control text as a standard.

However, with equal content, guides can use different figures of speech and may present recommended facts, figures and examples in a different sequence. The individuality of the excursion also lies in the fact that guides leading an excursion on the same topic may have different degrees of emotionality. They can, being at the same object, use different display techniques and forms of storytelling. The same position can be disclosed at different examples. The text should be written in the first person and express your individuality.

The success of the story depends on how close the individual text is to generally accepted speech, and how it takes into account the speech characteristics of the specific guide to whom this text belongs. “The degree of influence of various texts on our consciousness depends on many reasons and conditions (logic, evidence, novelty of the topic and information, the author’s psychological attitude towards influence or lack thereof, etc.).” However, speech, its properties, structure, and features play an equally important role.

The individual texts of almost all guides on the same topic are characterized by similarity in the content and presentation of the material, in the assessment of historical events, facts and examples. However, the stories of all guides are individual. How does the guide's personality express itself? All guides, conducting excursions on the same topic, tell the same thing, but say it differently. Their story is the same in content, but different in form, use of vocabulary, and emotional level.

The methodology requires the guide to remember, when compiling an individual text, the significant difference between the speech of the lecturer and the guide.

During the excursion, the guide is “hurried” by objects that need to be shown to the group. The two to three hours allotted for the excursion, the excursionists being on their feet and in the open air, force the guide to speak briefly, clearly characterize the monuments in front of the group, and concisely talk about the events associated with them.

The duration of the story should not exceed the time for which the monument is capable of attracting the attention of tourists. Most often it is five to seven minutes. If this time is not respected, then no liveliness of the story, no methodological techniques can restore the attention of the tourists. It is no coincidence that methodological literature term used "object language". One of the tasks of the guide is to make the object “speak”.

The guide, just like the lecturer, can use his own individual text during the excursion. For ease of use, it is recommended to transfer the content of the story to special cards, where brief data about the object, the main thoughts of the story, individual quotes, and historical dates are written down. For each subtopic, several cards are filled out (usually according to the number of main questions).

Using cards, the guide does not read their contents during the excursion, but only by looking at them, recalls the contents of the story. If there is a significant break between objects during the excursion, the guide can look at the cards again and refresh his memory of the material in the story. Most often, cards are used as a summary of a story in preparation for an excursion. The exceptions are those cards that contain quotes and large excerpts from works of art, the content of which forms the basis of the literary montage technique. During the excursion they are read in full.

The card should be easy to use. A small size is recommended, about a quarter sheet of thick writing paper suitable for long-term use. The cards have serial numbers and are folded before the excursion, taking into account the sequence of subtopics covered.

Using cards on excursions is the right of every guide, but as they gain experience, they no longer need to do so. The fact that the cards are at hand and can be used at the right time gives the guide confidence in his knowledge.

The presence of an individual text does not mean that all of it must be learned by heart and conveyed to tourists word for word.

The creators of the excursion are faced with the task of linking the content of all subtopics into a single whole. It is solved with the help of logical transitions, which should be considered as an important, although not independent, part of the excursion. Well-written logical transitions give the excursion structure, ensure consistency in the presentation of the material, and guarantee that the next subtopic will be perceived with interest.

Often on excursions, when moving from one subtopic to another, they use formal(constructive) transitions. Formal is a transition that is not related to the content of the excursion and is not a “transition bridge” from one part of the excursion to another. (For example, “Now let’s drive around the square,” “Now we’ll move on,” “Let’s explore another remarkable place.”) One should not, however, deny the legitimacy of using such crossings in general and consider them one of the mistakes in excursion work .

In cases where movement between objects takes a matter of seconds, such transitions are inevitable. (For example, “Now look here” or “Please pay attention to the monument located nearby.”) Such transitions are inevitable when viewing exhibitions in museums and exhibitions, where halls, thematic sections and separate stands dedicated to various subtopics are located close to each other friend. A constructive transition, while not being a “bridge” between subtopics, directs tourists to become familiar with the next object.

More efficient logical transition, linked to the theme of the excursion. Such a transition can begin before the group moves to the next stop or end already at a stop near the object. The logical transition is dictated not so much by the features of the excursion object, but by the content of the excursion itself, the subtopic after which this transition is made.

Duration logical transition usually equal in time to the move (transition) of the group from object to object, but it can be greater or less.

If the test text and methodological development of the excursion are positively assessed, as well as if there is a complete “guide’s briefcase” and a route map, a date for acceptance (delivery) of the new excursion is set. The delivery of the excursion is entrusted to the head of the creative group. In case of absence due to illness or other valid reasons, the excursion is given by one of the members of the creative group. The leaders of the excursion institution, methodological workers, members of the creative group and the methodological section where the excursion was prepared, as well as the heads of other sections take part in the reception (delivery) of the excursion.

Acceptance (delivery) of excursions is business nature, is carried out in the form of a creative discussion, exchange of opinions, and identification of shortcomings. Participants in the tour must be previously familiar with its control text and methodological development, route diagram, contents of the “guide’s portfolio,” list of used literature, etc.

If there is a positive conclusion about the control text and methodological development, as well as on the basis of calculating the cost and determining the rate of profit of the new excursion, the head of the excursion institution issues an order to approve the new excursion topic and the list of guides allowed to conduct it.

Guides who took an active part in the development of the topic and were heard on the route or during the interview are allowed to work. The conclusion of the interview is made by the methodologist of the excursion and methodological department.

All other guides, who later independently prepared this topic, conduct a test tour in the usual manner. Guides (regardless of their work experience) are allowed to conduct excursions on a new topic for them only if they have an individual text after listening and issuing an appropriate order.

Preparing a new excursion theme is a complex process. This work is considered completed when all necessary documents are prepared.

Documentation on excursion topics is stored in the methodological office.

1. What does preparation for the excursion include?

2. What are the main stages of preparing an excursion?

3. What main directions can be identified in the work on preparing a new excursion?

4. Who is entrusted with preparing the new excursion?

5. What is the outline of the excursion?

6. List the main documents required for the excursion.

7. What is common and what is the difference between control and individual text?

8. What is a logical transition and what types of transitions are there?

9. What is the significance of methodological development?

The method of conducting excursions is aimed at helping excursionists more easily understand the content of the excursions. This is done using methodological techniques, which are divided into two groups - showing techniques and telling techniques, but practice requires the use of an even more complex classification of methodological techniques: according to their purpose, time and place of use, etc.

The task of methodological techniques is to ensure the best effectiveness of the excursion method of communicating knowledge to the audience. Methodological techniques can be considered in several aspects: as the optimal way to perform certain actions; as a means of transforming passive inspection into active observation of an object by tourists; as the basis for the process of transforming oral information into visual information; as the basis for analysis and synthesis on excursions, etc.

All methodological techniques, the correct use of which constitutes one of the foundations of a guide’s professional skills, can be divided according to their purpose as follows:

– techniques for directly conducting a tour (showing and telling);

– techniques aimed at creating conditions for an effective excursion.

Methodological techniques are divided into several groups depending on their purpose: methodological techniques, the task of which is to help the guide establish strong contacts between the guide and the excursionists; techniques whose task is to achieve sustained attention of the audience to the observed object; techniques that reinforce attention to the story and arouse tourists’ interest in certain issues; techniques that provide visual perception of excursion material.

In the classification of excursion techniques, two groups are distinguished:

Display techniques which includes: techniques that organize observation (study, research) of objects and allow one to isolate an object from the environment, from the whole; techniques, the task of which, based on the imagination of tourists, is to make visible changes in the external appearance of the object; techniques that make it possible to see objects in in the right form, built on movement - the excursion group approaching the object, moving away from it, moving along it.

Story techniques - These are techniques based on explaining an object, describing its internal appearance and evoking visual associations among tourists, as well as reporting techniques that make it possible to understand the changes occurring in the observed object, etc.

Almost all methodological techniques can be divided into two categories: simpler ones that create conditions for conducting an excursion, and more complex ones - techniques for directly conducting an excursion.

Methodological techniques, as mentioned earlier, are divided into: are common, applied on all excursions, regardless of what is shown and what the story is about; private, inherent in one type of excursion (industrial, museum, natural history); single techniques used when observing any one unique object (for example, the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl on a fine summer day, when the building is reflected in the water surface of the adjacent lake). Such techniques, as a rule, are the “find” of one guide and are not used by everyone who conducts similar excursions; techniques used at certain times of the year or day.

When using methodological techniques, the guide must take into account the level of training of the group (for example, familiarity with styles in architecture, types of monumental sculpture). Some guides use all the techniques in practice, others limit themselves to two or three, and still others do not use methodological techniques. The quality of the excursion depends not only on the knowledge of the guide; an equally important role is played by his ability to apply the learned techniques in all their diversity along the excursion route. This can be done by professionally trained guides.

The most numerous group consists of display techniques that make it possible to simplify the observation of an object, highlight its features that are invisible during normal inspection, enable tourists to mentally dissect the monument into its component parts, invent lost details, and “see” a currently non-existent object in its original form. , historical events that took place many years ago.

Acceptance of preliminary inspection. This technique is used at the moment when tourists are at the location of the monument. It represents the first stage of object observation. There are two options for using the technique. The first one begins with the words of the guide: “This is such and such a monument, check it out.” Thus, he invites tourists to conduct an initial observation of the object themselves, get acquainted with its appearance, and see some details. After this, the guide directs the group’s attention to determining the essence of the object, which gives the excursionists the opportunity to: a) get an idea of ​​the historical area where the events in question took place; b) present this object in a natural setting; c) give a certain assessment of the object; d) get an idea of ​​its natural environment.

The second option for using the preliminary inspection technique is that the beginning is a short introductory word from the guide, in which he orients the group on what exactly should be seen during the observation of the object, what qualities and specific features are recommended to be identified during the observation.

Panoramic display reception makes it possible for excursionists to observe (for example, from the panoramic platform of the Sparrow Hills in Moscow) the view of the area. For a panoramic display, towers, bell towers, fortress walls, bridges and other high points can be used, from where a panorama of the city, battlefield, valley, and river opens up. To enhance the sightseers’ perception of the broad picture opening before them, it is necessary to identify the compositional center in the observed panorama and draw the group’s attention to it. Another feature of a panoramic display is that many objects fall into the sight of tourists. The guide must show those objects that reveal the topic, moving from a general panorama display to a private one.

Technique of visual reconstruction (recreation). As mentioned earlier, the term “reconstruction” means the restoration of the original appearance (appearance) of something from remains or written sources. The essence of this technique is that the original appearance of a historical building is restored verbally. The guide does this, relying on the visual impressions of the tourists. This technique is widely used when showing memorable places where military battles, popular uprisings, strikes, revolutionary May marches, rallies and other events took place. This also includes places associated with the life and activities of government officials, famous writers, scientists, composers, artists. The purpose of this technique is to give tourists the opportunity to “visually” restore a memorable place, building, structure in its original form, a historical event that happened at this place.

If a building has turned into ruins (traces of war, earthquake, time), its surviving parts and details help the guide make a visual reconstruction. If the building has not been preserved, visual aids from the “tour guide’s briefcase” come to the rescue. Photographs of the object, drawings, drawings, diagrams, visual material characterizing the situation in which the events took place are used.

The success of using visual reconstruction techniques depends on the level of preparedness of the guide. His competence allows him not only to convincingly tell tourists about the event, but also to give a visual impression of it.

Visual montage technique is one of the options for the methodological method of reconstruction. The guide, using the technique of visual montage, creates the desired image, summing up the appearance of several monuments, as well as their individual parts. The components can be “borrowed” from those objects that are currently being observed by tourists. Photographs, drawings, and drawings can be used in visual editing.

Event localization technique. An important role in concretizing events is played by the methodological technique of localization, i.e. connection of events with a specific place. This technique makes it possible to limit the attention of excursion participants to a known framework, to rivet their gaze in a given specific territory precisely to the place where the event occurred.

When presenting the material, this technique involves a transition from the general to the specific. (For example, it is effective to use the technique of linking events to a specific place in excursions on production topics: “The country’s first tractor was built in this workshop.”)

Abstraction technique is a mental process of isolating any parts from a whole for the purpose of subsequent in-depth observation. This methodological technique allows excursionists to consider those features of an object (historical and cultural monument, monumental sculpture) that serve as the basis for revealing a topic (subtopic). The abstraction technique is based on the observation of: a) one of the objects with the help of mental abstraction from other objects located nearby, on the same square or street; b) one of the parts of the building (floor, balcony, porch, etc.) in abstraction from its other parts that are less significant or not needed for consideration of this topic. This technique gets its name from the term “abstraction,” meaning mental selection, isolation of individual features, properties, connections and relationships of a particular object. The use of this technique is preceded by the guide's explanation of which parts of the object or building will be the subject of the display. Abstraction allows excursionists to “not see” what is not related to this excursion.

Visual comparison technique. IN excursion methods are used different kinds comparisons: visual, verbal, comparison of a visually perceived object with an object mentally reconstructed or shown to tourists earlier. This technique is based on a visual comparison of various objects or parts of one object with another, located before the eyes of the tourists. At the same time, both similar and different in their own way are compared with each other. appearance objects.

Using the technique of visual comparison allows tourists to imagine the actual size of an object (for example, the height of a monument, the length of fortress walls, the width of a street), and allows them to reduce the number of numbers in the story, the number of facts and examples used, and the time spent on explanation.

One of the tasks of this methodological technique is to identify the characteristic features and features of the object, to show its originality and uniqueness. Having summed up the “observation”, the guide names the similar elements of the two objects or their differences from each other.

Reception of integration(restoration, replenishment) is built on combining individual parts of the observed object into a single whole. Using the integration technique does not cause difficulties, because for every person, knowledge of the world around us begins with the study of individual objects and facts. Showing a building, structure, or memorable place, the guide follows the path of integration, i.e. combining various aspects, details, properties into a single whole.

The action of the methodological method of integration in excursions is associated with the method of synthesis - connecting individual parts, details, generalizing broken facts into a single whole. For example, the integration technique can be used when displaying an architectural ensemble. First, each building is shown separately, then the guide combines (integrates) the visual impressions received by the tourists when observing individual objects. At the final stage of the show, the group observes the ensemble as a unity of several buildings. And the guide formulates conclusions, characterizing the ensemble as a whole.

Visual analogy technique based on the action of one of the general methods scientific knowledge– method of analogy. The analogy technique is based on comparison: a) a given object with a photograph or drawing of another similar object; b) the observed object with those objects that the tourists observed earlier. The mechanism of action of this technique is that the guide “puts” two objects in front of the sightseers, and only one of them is physically in front of their eyes. For example, in the excursion “Architectural Monuments of Vologda” he suggests comparing the bell tower of the St. Sophia Cathedral in front of the tourists with the bell tower of Ivan the Great in Moscow; the walls of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery with the walls of the Moscow Kremlin. They are thicker than the walls of the Moscow Kremlin and were created taking into account the achievements of fortification technology of their time.

The visual analogy technique is more complex than the visual comparison technique. During visual comparison, two similar buildings, structures, monuments, plants, memorable places, portraits that are currently in front of the tourists are compared. The task of a guide who uses this technique when showing an object is to attract tourists to active search analogies, to recall the appearance of a similar object that they saw on previous excursions. Moreover, each excursionist may have his own analogy.

The visual analogy technique is sometimes called the associations. Especially often this display technique is based on associations of similarity. Less commonly used are associations based on opposites (black - white, cold - heat, light - dark), according to the order of times, according to the unity of the location of objects or actions (historical events).

Technique for switching attention. After observing an object, excursionists, at the suggestion of the guide, transfer their gaze to another object (for example, transferring their gaze from a house built at the beginning of the last century to a current multi-story building, or moving from observing a city panorama to observing natural objects). The presence of contrast enriches with new impressions. Comparing objects allows you to better understand the initially observed object.

Methodical method of movement. It is necessary to distinguish between two concepts: “movement” as a sign of an excursion and “movement” as a methodological technique. These are different things.

Movement in an excursion as a methodological technique is the movement of tourists near an object in order to better observe it (for example, inspection of fortress walls, movement of tourists along a conveyor belt at a factory, etc.). In a number of cases, the movement of the group is used so that excursionists get an idea of ​​the steepness of the mountain slope, the height of the tower (bell tower, minaret), the depth of the moat, the distance of the object, etc. In addition, movement in excursions is used as a methodological technique for showing excursion objects of individual buildings, structures, streets, architectural ensembles, and squares. In some cases, slow motion is used on a bus around a complex of objects. During such a movement, the complex of observed objects seems to rotate in front of the sightseers’ eyes, revealing more and more new objects.

Sometimes the movement of a walking group is organized during a panoramic display; for example, you can lead the movement of an excursion group along the observation deck on Vorobyovy Gory, opposite the high-rise building of Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosova and others. This methodological technique makes it possible to conduct a multi-dimensional display of the panorama, allows you to identify the repeatability of details, the similarity of objects, their differences, and characteristic features.

Another option for movement as a methodological technique is to walk around a building, structure, or monument. Movement around a residential microdistrict helps to identify the advantages of the new development of the city, to show the rationality of the location of buildings - residential, communal, cultural and educational, etc., to identify their functional features. The third option is to move to the monument. Methodically, it is constructed in such a way that as a bus or walking group moves, the object gradually begins to emerge more and more clearly, appearing and increasing in size before the eyes of the tourists. This allows the guide to identify the features of the object, drawing the group’s attention to them, and to lead the tourists to the necessary conclusions.

The greatest effectiveness comes from the use of movement techniques in cases where, according to the authors of the excursion, its participants should feel the dynamics of a specific event. During the demonstration (for example, the field where the battle took place), the guide invites participants to follow the path followed by the heroes of the event. Associated with this technique, in particular, is the display Brest Fortress or Malakhov Kurgan in Volgograd, memorable places where partisan detachments operated in Belarus. This movement (circumvention) allows you to feel the distance, size ancient city, military field.

Professionally trained guides skillfully use forms and variations of movement during excursions, thereby achieving more effective assimilation of visual material.

Display of the memorial plaque. If there is a memorial plaque at an excursion site, the guide should begin with an analysis of the object and a story about the events associated with it. Only after this the attention of tourists is drawn to the memorial plaque, which is installed at this site. If the plaque is clearly visible to tourists and they have already read the inscription on it, the guide should not read it out loud.

Coverage of a subtopic can begin with a memorial plaque if it is installed on a building (structure, memorial) erected on the site where the historical event occurred, i.e. the object about which we're talking about, not preserved.

The methodological techniques of the story are, as it were, the spring of oral speech; their main task is to present facts, examples, events so that the tourists get a figurative idea of ​​how it was, and see most of what was told to them by the guide.

Storytelling techniques can be divided into two large groups.

First group combines techniques related to the form of the story (reference, description, report, citation). The techniques of this group fulfill the task of conveying the content of the story to excursionists, promoting the formation of information, its organization, memorization, storage and reproduction in the excursionists’ memory.

Second group combines the techniques of characterization, explanation, questions and answers, reference to eyewitnesses, tasks, verbal montage, complicity, induction and deduction. The techniques of this group paint an external picture of events and the actions of specific characters.

Acceptance of excursion information used in combination with techniques of visual reconstruction, localization, and abstraction. The guide provides brief information about the observed object: date of construction (restoration), authors of the project, dimensions, purpose, etc. When inspecting additional objects, this technique is used independently, when, having outlined reference material, the guide finishes introducing the group to the object. In its content and structure, this technique is reminiscent of travel excursion information.

Reception of description aims to assist in the correct display of the object in the minds of tourists (shape, volume, what material it is made of, location relative to surrounding objects). The description of an object is characterized by accuracy and specificity. This technique involves the guide presenting the characteristic features, signs, and features of the appearance of the object in a certain sequence.

The technique of description applies not only to objects ( architectural monuments), but also to historical events. Unlike the description of objects, the description of historical events is figurative in nature. It evokes visual images in tourists and allows them to mentally imagine how the event took place. Thus, the method of describing events is of a subordinate nature, connecting with the methodological method of visual reconstruction.

On a bus excursion, the description technique is used for all types of display, both with excursionists exiting the bus and without exiting (observation of objects from the window and while the bus is moving along the route).

Reception characteristics built on determining the distinctive properties and qualities of an object, phenomenon, person. In the excursion it is given speech characteristic objects and persons “acting” on the excursion.

In contrast to the method of description, the method of characterization is a listing of properties and features, the totality of which gives the most complete picture of a given object and allows us to better understand its essence. In this case, the object will take its place among other objects with similar characteristics, or vice versa, the characteristics of its properties will show the difference between other objects. Verbal characterization precedes the excursion analysis of the object and represents the initial stage of analysis. The method of description concerns only the external aspects of an object, without giving characteristics of its internal, invisible to the eye properties and qualities. When using the method of characterization, an assessment is given of the qualitative aspects of the object, such as cognitive value, artistic merit, originality of the author's decision, expressiveness, preservation, etc. Here is an example of the characteristics of the monument “Legendary Cart”, built in the steppe, not far from Kakhovka (Kherson region), which combines a visually perceived description of an object with its assessment: “... In a swift rush, a cart is rushing by four horses, heated by a mad gallop. Leaning forward, the Red Army driver urges them on. Spewing fire, the Maxim is shaking furiously in the hands of the young machine gunner. A victory banner flutters on a cart flying towards the enemy. Everything here is permeated with unbridled dynamics, the romantic pathos of the heroic years of the civil war. Pressure, strength, prowess, whirlwind swiftness are compositionally revealed by an expressive, chased silhouette, confident expressive sculpting. The monument is very impressive. It’s worth seeing it once to remember it for the rest of your life.”

Method of explanation - form of presentation of the material, when in the story, in addition to information about historical event, the essence and reasons that caused it are revealed. This technique is most often used in industrial, economic and natural history excursions, where the story explains the internal connections of processes and phenomena.

The explanation technique is typical for excursions with displays of works of fine art. The guide explains the meaning of what the artist depicts in the painting and the content of the monumental sculpture. In an architectural excursion, with the help of this technique, the design features of the building and the characteristic features of the whole ensemble are revealed. The peculiarity of the explanation technique is that the story about the object is of an evidentiary nature. This can be seen in the following example from an excursion on a military-historical topic. Subtopic “In the name of peace on Earth”: “... The tank ascended to the pedestal in order to protect the eternal peace of the unknown soldier, whose ashes are in this land, in order to constantly give glory to the courage of Russian soldiers. Today, standing at this height that dominates the surrounding area, the tank protects the vineyards, wheat fields lost beyond the edge of the horizon, settlements thriving under the peaceful sky and sun, the happiness and joy of people.”

Reception of comments.

Before you start organizing a tour agency, you should thoroughly study the routes of competitors. Create unique offers, compose detailed business plan and start organizing.

Main risks

In a big city with rich history The newcomer will face tough competition. But you shouldn’t give up on the idea - create an original route that does not coincide with the schedule of your competitors’ excursions. Introduce city guests to attractions not included in most lists travel agencies. Offer a more modern and creative approach to the methods of conducting excursions. Tourists hungry for new and vivid impressions, will definitely appreciate the originality of the information presented.

For tourism business V small town With a limited selection of attractions and a small flow of tourists, the problem of a lack of customers is typical. Find out all about the possibilities of interesting and active rest in your area. It could be a nature reserve or simply a natural area of ​​rare beauty, an ancient monastery located nearby, the ruins of a castle, an active historical Museum with an interesting exhibition, a ski resort, a village with the opportunity to live in a peasant hut - you will definitely be able to offer at least something from this list to potential clients.

In recent years, the popularity of green tourism with maximum immersion in the natural world has been growing - organize cycling or horseback riding tours. Entrepreneurs from small towns will have to look for clients in large tourist centers, but with proper organization of the process this can become a real highlight and the beginning of a successful business.

Location

Most of the tour desk's work with clients takes place outside the office. But you should not neglect the search for decent premises - this is the business card of your company. Where is the best place to stay?

The city center is not a requirement, and the rent may be too high for a new entrepreneur. Consider the option of mutually beneficial cooperation with one or more hotels in the city. Hotel administrators can offer your bureau's services to guests; booklets with offers will be displayed near the reception desk. The hotel, in addition to the availability of additional services, can be offered a certain percentage of the income from each attracted client. If there are such agreements, the first few months of activity, meeting clients and organizational issues will take place in the lobby of the hotel with which you are cooperating, or a nearby cafe. Office equipment can be located at your home.

In the future, look for premises in areas most visited by tourists. This could be a building near a large hotel, a bus station or train station, a large shopping or entertainment center. You don't need a large room, but it should be comfortable. Comfortable furniture, creative design, photos of attractions and satisfied clients, convenient access for transport - these are all the requirements for an excursion bureau office.

Equipment

You need to purchase a computer for your company office. Be sure to connect to the Internet, create a business card website with the ability to book excursions online. Telephones are necessary for uninterrupted communication with clients, guides, administrations of museums and entertainment centers. Also, you will need a set of office equipment for printing tourist reminders and contract forms.

You cannot save money on purchasing special equipment for guides. Developers of audio equipment offer modern and high-tech gadgets and software that allow you to conduct excursions in any conditions.

Electronic tour guide.
A radio guide is an excellent solution for working in open areas.
Audio translator is a kit that provides translation into all languages.

Purchasing equipment will be the most expensive item in your business plan. A complete set of office equipment and equipment for a guide will cost about 75 thousand rubles.

Personnel

Guides are your everything. It is not necessary to invite certified specialists. People who have attended a course of specialized lectures and received the appropriate certificate have the right to conduct excursions. Look for creative, motivated and passionate employees. Perhaps you will invite graduates of the history department to work, employees of the local history museum, seeking to receive additional income and the opportunity to introduce city guests to its history in a fun, informal way. Excursions should be as informative, original and not boring as possible. When choosing tour guides, be guided by these criteria. A mandatory requirement for working with tourists is fluency in English.

An important point is comfortable transportation of clients. If you have enough funds, you can purchase your own transport and hire drivers. At the beginning of your activity with a minimum start-up capital, you should enter into an agreement with a transport company.

The issue of hiring an accountant for a permanent job should be decided if there is a constant flow of clients. On initial stage The maintenance of financial and reporting documentation can be entrusted to a company specializing in the provision of accounting services.

A permanent employee is needed to accept requests for excursions, organize the work of the bureau and interact with the administrations of the establishments included in the route. At the initial stage of the company’s activity and with a small flow of clients, this part of the work can be taken on by the owner.

Documents and licenses

Russian legislation does not require obtaining a license to conduct excursions. It is mandatory to register a business in tax office. An individual entrepreneur is suitable for this type of activity.

To carry out activities in the chosen direction, it is necessary to prepare a package of documents:

Agreement with a transport company for the transportation of clients.
- Detailed contract for the provision of services. It should be drafted with an experienced lawyer. Indicate all proposals for excursions, an action plan, list all your obligations and those points for which your company is not responsible.
- To obtain permission to conduct activities, you need to draw up a job description for employees. The document describes in detail the job responsibilities for each position and the action plan in case of an emergency.
- Create a list of attractions that you can introduce your clients to. Also, several route options are needed.
- Create a reminder for clients. In it, briefly and succinctly describe the routes, your offers and entertainment opportunities.

To avoid problems with regulatory authorities, draw up contracts with each employee. At the initial stage, you may not employ guides on staff and work with them on a contractual basis, but everything must be documented and in full compliance with the law.

Marketing

The success of a company offering city tours is based on three pillars:

A website with the ability to discuss the route and book an excursion in advance for a modern company working with tourists is necessary.

Summary

The City Tours business can bring success and decent income even in small populated areas. Study everything that is worthy of attention and admiration in your city, draw up a competent business plan, invite enthusiastic and competent employees. An original approach to conducting excursions and a thoughtful approach to setting the cost of services will definitely bring success to your company.

Creating a new interesting excursion is not an easy task. The planned event should be divided into two equal stages - preparation and conduct of the excursion.

To develop a new excursion route, you need to decide on the purpose of the excursion, the type (in terms of content - sightseeing, thematic; according to the method of transportation - walking, bus) and objects of display. The text of the excursion, its duration and richness of facts will depend on this. This should not be done by one person, but by a creative group, which should include from three to seven people.

First steps to planning an excursion

When the objects are selected, we begin to collect information on each of them and draw up the most convenient route for transitions (transfers, etc.). Now, from a large amount of information on objects, you need to compose a tour text for each of them and a card of the object. Such a card is an indispensable part of the guide's portfolio; it contains brief information about the object and, possibly, its photograph.

After excursion texts for objects have been written, it is easier to create an interesting and concise excursion text and connect the parts with competent transitions.

After preparing the materials, a methodological development of the excursion is done - this is a document describing the excursion and its main parameters. The manual includes a topic, a map of the route, its length, type of excursion, safety rules, purpose, tasks and time. It also includes a table - a plan for the excursion:

• route;
• display object;
• stop;
• time in minutes;
• listing of main issues, names of subtopics;
• organizational guidelines;
• guidelines(logical transitions).

After this, the manual must be certified by management; it serves as confirmation of the quality of the excursion.

Tour guide's briefcase

Before conducting a tour, you need to collect a “guide briefcase”. This is the professional name for a set of visual aids to simplify the excursion. These can be reproductions of paintings, photographs of people who are related to this topic, maps depicting enterprises or military operations, geographical maps, geological samples, product samples, tape recordings and other materials that help inform the excursion.

Material requirements

The criteria for selecting visual material are low: preservation, unusualness, expressiveness, need for display and educational value. These are the main qualities of these criteria. It is very important to have good materials on objects that have not survived to this day or have been greatly modified. This will make the material easier to understand. It is worth considering that reproductions, maps and photographs must be on a cardboard base, the image must be clear with a size of at least 18*24, preferably 24*30 cm.

Now that all the material is ready, let's figure out how to conduct a tour correctly. Typically, each guide has his own technique for conducting an excursion, based on personal experience and observations. But the methodology for conducting an excursion is a whole system of requirements and tasks, methods of telling and showing. All this is necessary to achieve maximum digestibility of the material. A well-developed methodology is a kind of list of rules for a guide when conducting a specific excursion. But it is worth paying attention to the fact that the methods of conducting the excursion should differ slightly depending on the age characteristics of the group and the interest of the excursionists.

For school-age children, it is better not to overload the text with facts; it will be more interesting for them to see visual material and hear an interesting legend or story. It is also worth preparing for questions; children receive a lot of them. It is important to be able to hold the attention of schoolchildren. To do this, you need to ask questions: “Do you know?”; “Have you heard about...?”; “Do you like...?” etc. In this case, the guide has a dialogue with the excursionists, and this way you can keep your attention quite for a long time.

Older generation tourists, as a rule, behave quietly and calmly, and it is quite difficult to understand whether they are interested in the story or not. In the event that these are not professors and scientists, it is advisable not to overload the text of the excursion with a large number of dates and numbers. Always allow time for photographing, just five to seven minutes will be enough.

Guide techniques

There are generally accepted methods for conducting excursions, they include techniques of telling and showing. Display techniques make it possible to draw the attention of tourists to the most important details, to evaluate the general appearance of the object and its combination with environment. Narrative techniques, in turn, help to recreate a more accurate picture of events in the imagination of tourists. Keywords: “Imagine...”, “It’s been... a year...”, etc.

Safety regulations

But in addition to interesting material and a pleasant guide, the event must be safe.

Safety when conducting excursions, especially walking ones, is very important. Basic rules of safety and behavior on the route can be read in the methodological development of the excursion. But the guide is obliged to notify the group about safety precautions immediately before the excursion. Tell us about all the nuances of the route. The most banal phrases about not sticking your head out the window of a bus and jumping out while it’s moving must be heard. Since the guide takes responsibility for the group during the excursion, it is his task to talk about safety rules.

What should tourists be warned about?

Special attention It is worth paying attention to road intersections and transitions (rope bridges, caves, tunnels, etc.). If the excursion is conducted outdoors, you should be warned about fire safety rules. It is also necessary to talk about the fact that you should not try mushrooms, touch various insects and animals with your hands, drink water from open reservoirs and walk barefoot.

It is worthwhile to take care of the household items of the local population and the surrounding nature at the excursion site. In addition, persons who have undergone preliminary instruction and medical examination, as well as people who do not have health-related contraindications, should be allowed on excursions.