Medvedev M, Skosyreva A, Vodintsev V, Azizov S
Participants in the project are students in grades 5, 7, 8, 9. The tasks are divided into groups. Each group carries out various project products and also seeks information in different types art. The collection of materials was carried out by: Anastasia Skosyreva (9th grade), Maxim Medvedev (5th grade), Viktor Vodintsev (8th grade). The following were involved in the preparation of the products: Anastasia Skosyreva (9th grade), Maxim Medvedev (5th grade), Sergey Azizov (7th grade), Viktor Vodintsev (8th grade).
The preparation of project products took place in literature classes and visual arts. Teachers: Elena Yuryevna Chasova - teacher of Russian language and literature and Alla Yuryevna Bilokhvost - teacher of fine arts.
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State educational institution
Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug– Ugra
"Special educational school No. 2"
on literature
"Reflection of images Slavic mythology
orally folk art
and Russian art of the 19th century– XX centuries.”
Participants: Medvedev M., Skosyreva A.,
Immense oral folk art. It has been created for centuries, there are many varieties of it. Translated from in English"folklore" is " national significance, wisdom." That is, oral folk art is everything that is created by the spiritual culture of the population over the centuries of its historical life.
Features of Russian folklore
If you carefully read the works of Russian folklore, you will notice that it actually reflects a lot: the play of the imagination of the people, the history of the country, laughter, and serious thoughts about human life. Listening to the songs and tales of their ancestors, people thought about many difficult questions their family, social and work life, they thought about how to fight for happiness, improve their lives, what a person should be, what should be ridiculed and condemned.
Varieties of folklore
Varieties of folklore include fairy tales, epics, songs, proverbs, riddles, calendar refrains, magnification, sayings - everything that was repeated passed from generation to generation. At the same time, the performers often introduced something of their own into the text they liked, changing individual details, images, expressions, imperceptibly improving and honing the work.
Oral folk art for the most part exists in a poetic (verse) form, since it was this that made it possible to memorize and pass on these works from mouth to mouth for centuries.
Songs
A song is a special verbal and musical genre. It is a small lyrical-narrative or lyrical work, which was created specifically for singing. Their types are as follows: lyrical, dance, ritual, historical. Expressed in folk songs the feelings of one person, but at the same time of many people. They reflected love experiences, social and family life, reflections on a difficult fate. In folk songs, the so-called technique of parallelism is often used, when the mood of a given lyrical character is transferred to nature.
Historical songs are dedicated to various famous personalities and events: the conquest of Siberia by Ermak, the uprising of Stepan Razin, the peasant war led by Emelyan Pugachev, the battle of Poltava with the Swedes, etc. The narration in historical folk songs about some events is combined with the emotional sound of these works.
Epics
The term "epic" was introduced by I.P. Sakharov in the 19th century. It represents oral folk art in the form of a song of a heroic, epic nature. The epic arose in the 9th century, it was an expression historical consciousness the people of our country. Bogatyrs are the main characters of this type of folklore. They embody the people's ideal of courage, strength, and patriotism. Examples of heroes who were depicted in works of oral folk art: Dobrynya Nikitich, Ilya Muromets, Mikula Selyaninovich, Alyosha Popovich, as well as the merchant Sadko, the giant Svyatogor, Vasily Buslaev and others. The basis of life, at the same time enriched with some fantastic fiction, constitutes the plot of these works. In them, heroes single-handedly defeat entire hordes of enemies, fight monsters, and instantly overcome vast distances. This oral folk art is very interesting.
Fairy tales
Epics must be distinguished from fairy tales. These works of oral folk art are based on invented events. Fairy tales can be magical (in which fantastic forces are involved), as well as everyday ones, where people are depicted - soldiers, peasants, kings, workers, princesses and princes - in everyday settings. This type of folklore differs from other works in its optimistic plot: in it, good always triumphs over evil, and the latter either suffers defeat or is ridiculed.
Legends
We continue to describe the genres of oral folk art. A legend, unlike a fairy tale, is a folk oral history. Its basis is an incredible event, fantastic image, a miracle that is perceived by the listener or storyteller as reliable. There are legends about the origin of peoples, countries, seas, about the sufferings and exploits of fictional or real-life heroes.
Puzzles
Oral folk art is represented by many riddles. They are an allegorical image of a certain object, usually based on a metaphorical rapprochement with it. The riddles are very small in volume and have a certain rhythmic structure, often emphasized by the presence of rhyme. They are created in order to develop intelligence and ingenuity. The riddles are varied in content and theme. There may be several versions of them about the same phenomenon, animal, object, each of which characterizes it from a certain aspect.
Proverbs and sayings
Genres of oral folk art also include sayings and proverbs. A proverb is a rhythmically organized, short, figurative saying, aphoristic popular saying. It usually has a two-part structure, which is supported by rhyme, rhythm, alliteration and assonance.
A proverb is a figurative expression that evaluates some phenomenon of life. It, unlike a proverb, is not a whole sentence, but only a part of a statement included in oral folk art.
Proverbs, sayings and riddles are included in the so-called small genres of folklore. What is it? In addition to the above types, these include other oral folk art. The types of small genres are complemented by the following: lullabies, pesters, nursery rhymes, jokes, game choruses, chants, sentences, riddles. Let's take a closer look at each of them.
Lullabies
Small genres of oral folk art include lullabies. People call them bikes. This name comes from the verb "bait" ("bayat") - "to speak." This word has the following ancient meaning: “to speak, to whisper.” It is no coincidence that lullabies received this name: the oldest of them are related to spell poetry direct relation. Struggling with sleep, for example, the peasants said: “Dreamushka, get away from me.”
Pestushki and nursery rhymes
Russian oral folk art is also represented by pestushki and nursery rhymes. At their center is the image of a growing child. The name “pestushki” comes from the word “to nurture”, that is, “to follow someone, raise, nurse, carry in one’s arms, educate.” They are short sentences with which in the first months of a baby’s life they comment on his movements.
Imperceptibly, the pestles turn into nursery rhymes - songs that accompany the baby's games with his toes and hands. This oral folk art is very diverse. Examples of nursery rhymes: “Magpie”, “Ladushki”. They often already contain a “lesson”, an instruction. For example, in “Soroka” the white-sided woman fed everyone porridge, except for one lazy person, although he was the smallest one (his little finger corresponds to him).
Jokes
In the first years of children's lives, nannies and mothers sang songs of more complex content to them, not related to play. All of them can be designated by the single term “jokes.” In content they resemble small tales in verse. For example, about a cockerel - a golden comb, flying to the Kulikovo field for oats; about the rowan hen, which “winnowed peas” and “sowed millet.”
In a joke, as a rule, a picture of some bright event, or it depicts some kind of rapid action that corresponds to the active nature of the baby. They are characterized by a plot, but the child is not capable of long-term attention, so they are limited to only one episode.
Sentences, calls
We continue to consider oral folk art. Its types are complemented by slogans and sentences. Children on the street very early learn from their peers a variety of calls, which represent an appeal to birds, rain, rainbows, and the sun. Children, on occasion, shout out words in chorus. In addition to nicknames, in a peasant family any child knew the sentences. They are most often pronounced one by one. Sentences - appeal to a mouse, small bugs, a snail. This may be imitation of various bird voices. Verbal sentences and song calls are filled with faith in the powers of water, sky, earth (sometimes beneficial, sometimes destructive). Their utterance introduced adult peasant children to the work and life. Sentences and calls are combined into a special department called “calendar” children's folklore"This term emphasizes the existing connection between them and the time of year, holiday, weather, the whole way of life and the way of life of the village.
Game sentences and refrains
Genres of oral folk art include game verdicts and choruses. They are no less ancient than calls and sentences. They either connect parts of a game or start it. They can also serve as endings and determine the consequences that exist when conditions are violated.
The games are striking in their resemblance to serious peasant activities: reaping, hunting, sowing flax. Reproducing these cases in strict sequence with the help of multiple repetitions made it possible to instill with early years the child respect for customs and the existing order, teach the rules of behavior accepted in society. The names of the games - "Bear in the Forest", "Wolf and Geese", "Kite", "Wolf and Sheep" - speak of a connection with the life and way of life of the rural population.
Conclusion
IN folk epics, fairy tales, legends, songs live no less exciting colorful images than in works of art classical authors. Original and surprisingly accurate rhymes and sounds, bizarre, beautiful poetic rhythms - like lace are woven into the texts of ditties, nursery rhymes, jokes, riddles. And what vivid poetic comparisons we can find in lyrical songs! All this could only be created by the people - Great master words.
Throughout our lives we are surrounded by different objects and things. These are clothes, dishes, furniture... They represent our second, man-made nature, reflecting the level social development influencing spirituality. Therefore it has great importance, what toys our children play with and what things serve us in everyday life. In the old days, people surrounded themselves with objects that today appear to us as Russian folk art - a towel embroidered with flowers, colorful nesting dolls, woven bright scarves, wooden and clay dishes decorated with ornaments, dolls sewn from fabric.
Today we are surrounded by household items made on an assembly line. We don’t cut out a kitchen item as a gift for mom and don’t decorate it with burnt ornaments, don’t embroider towels, don’t knit socks, because all this can be bought ready-made, beautiful and new. But for some reason ours spirituality sad and joyless. We don’t sing songs to our children before bed and we increasingly suffer from depression, having forgotten how to create and make things for the joy of our loved ones. But at the same time, we vaguely remember that Russian was once the basis for the education of the younger generation.
Today we make money. Returning from work, we buy food along the way. We come home and hurry to turn on the TV. Everything seems to be fine, but some kind of emptiness oppresses us. We lack spirituality and aesthetics in life, so handmade crafts are again becoming very fashionable in everyone developed countries. The higher the level of human development, the dearer our Russian folk art is to him.
Foreigners go to Russia to get acquainted with the arts and crafts wealth of our people. Ceramics, lace, Khokhloma, palekh, painted boxes and painted eggs - this is just a small list of the wealth that represents Russian folk art- hand-made, cheerful, with a colorful character. Nature itself chose the best from these nuggets and preserved them for centuries, passing on unique traditions to us.
Even crafts made by a less than skillful hand, drawings on popular prints or birch bark have amazing power and convey a miraculous feeling of beauty, because unknown craftsmen made these objects with love in order to please their relatives and decorate their difficult life in the harsh northern country.
It conveys to us images formed by people’s worldviews. Even having spotted a plot for his product somewhere, the master adds his vision and soul to it. For example, in the 18th century, nobles began to decorate their palaces with lions, and Nizhny Novgorod woodcarvers spied the appearance of these wonderful animals and decorated their huts with them, carving very good-natured lions on the window sills, reminiscent of domestic cats with their faces.
Isn't this a confirmation of the rule that Russian folk art does not copy anything? This is always a separate and unique art, with roots in ancient times. While creating, our Russian people believed in good forces and cajoled them. So, embroidering a towel or undershirt, the woman depicted among bright flowers. By popular belief when this bird sings, people long years they live in happiness and do not know grief. Sitting at embroidery or at a weaving loom, the woman sang soulful songs, attracting goodness and happiness into the house.
1 page “Museum of Folk Art”
Page 2 “Treasures of Folk Art”
Page 3 “Fairy tales come to life”
Page 4 “Music is the soul of the people”
Teacher's opening speech.
Our oral magazine is dedicated to the art of the Russian people. The soul of every nation is manifested in lyrical song, a perky ditty, a witty proverb. The skill and talent of the people is in every craft that comes out of skillful hands.
The first page of the magazine is dedicated to various crafts. Now we will find ourselves in an amazing museum of folk art. A guide - a student from our class - will take us through the halls of this museum.
Speech by a student guide.
Dear guests! Today I invite you to the Museum of Folk Art, where we will tell you a lot of interesting things about the culture of the Russian people.
In the first hall there is an exhibition of applied art products. At all times, people have tried to decorate their lives.
Here is a miracle of miracles - Khokhloma painting. Khokhloma is an ancient village, it was located among dense forests. Even under Ivan the Terrible they knew about Khokhloma. Since ancient times, people have used wooden utensils: ladles and scrapers, bowls and spoons. But using unpainted dishes is inconvenient: the wood absorbed liquid and quickly became dirty. And then they decided to paint the dishes. Wooden products were covered with liquid clay, dried, smeared with linseed oil, sprinkled with tin powder, and only then paint was applied. Tin powder came out through the paint, and it seemed that this thing was gold. This is where the name “Golden Khokhloma” came from.
In every peasant house one could see birch bark household items: baskets, boxes, containers in which we stored cereals, flour and water. Birch bark has bactericidal properties, so it is very useful to keep food and water in such containers. Yes, and wearing birch bark bast shoes is useful. All birch bark products were decorated with carvings and drawings. They mostly depicted flowers and birds. Since ancient times, the bird has been a symbol of happiness and health. There is such a legend:
“One peasant’s son became seriously ill. No one knew what kind of disease this was and no one could help the boy. The boy kept asking his father: “Father, I really want summer to come and the birds to fly!” Out of despair, the father did not know what to do, he sat and whittled sticks. And suddenly he made a bird out of wood chips and hung it over the bed of his dying son. The boy woke up and shouted: “Father! The birds have arrived.” And from that moment the boy began to recover. Since then, people began to believe that birds bring health and happiness, and that every home should have birds.”
In everyday life in Rus' they used ceramics. This is how ceramic dishes were made in the village of Gzhel. In the 19th century, porcelain began to be produced. All Gzhel products are painted in blue and blue colors. Sometimes gold paints were added. It turned out very beautiful, elegant.
How beautiful and different toys made in Rus'! They were sculpted from clay and carved from wood. In each locality, clay toys had their own special appearance. Oryol and Tula were made from white clay, Gorodets and Dymkovo - from red. They represented amazing world fantasy animals, smartly dressed ladies and gentlemen, fabulous heroes and domestic animals.
Wooden toys were carved from birch and linden. Linden is the most beautiful and soft tree. Many toys could be set in motion. Craftsmen often worked with entire families. In our time, production has become a decorative art.
TO decorative arts The Palekhov miniature also applies. This is the finest painting on papier-mâché lacquer products: boxes, caskets, jewelry. Palekh is an ancient village in the center of Russia, where master icon painters lived since the 14th century. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Palekhov miniatures began to be produced there. In 1925, Palekh’s products received the Grand Prix at an exhibition in Paris and won world fame. The themes of Palekhov's works are varied: Russian songs, epics, fairy tales.
Everyone's favorite type of folk art is fairy tales, proverbs, and sayings. “Even those in a stroller, grandmothers love to tell fairy tales,” people say, thereby emphasizing that this type of creativity is accessible to any age.
We move on to the second page of our magazine. The students of our class will introduce us to it.
Folk songs. fairy tales, riddles and sayings are known and loved by both adults and children. They contain folk wisdom, knowledge, attitudes towards certain events occurring in nature and between people. We encounter them at every step and very often use them in conversation. The Russian language is especially rich in proverbs and sayings.
Proverb- this is an expression that very aptly notices any phenomenon in life, for example:
Seven Fridays a week.
Put your teeth on the shelf.
Proverb- this is a saying that carries a generalizing and necessarily instructive meaning, for example:
What goes around comes around.
If you love to ride, you also love to carry sleds.
We do not know the names of distant ancestors who wrote riddles, wise sayings that have lived for many centuries and have survived to this day. But we know the names of people - collectors of works of oral folk art.
One of these collectors of proverbs and sayings is Vladimir Ivanovich Dal, whose portrait you see on the screen. He traveled a lot around the country and wrote down apt folk words, proverbs, sayings, jokes, and tongue twisters. There are a great many of them.
Some of them talk about work and laziness, about learning, diligence, friendship, for example:
Learning is light and ignorance is darkness;
friend is known in trouble;
Patience and work will grind everything down.
What proverbs do you guys know?
It seems that there is no aspect of people’s lives about which there would not be a proverb or saying.
What is it mystery? A riddle is a description in other words of some phenomenon or object. The answer is based on the ingenuity of the guesser.
Let's guys ask riddles that you know.
Previously, riddles were mandatory for various rituals. For example, during the wedding, the groom was always asked riddles. In this way they checked how smart he was and whether he could find a way out of a difficult situation. After all, he needs to become the head of the family.
Now no one can say when they started singing epics and say fairy tales. At all times, people have composed amazing tales, legends, songs, and epics. They passed from grandfathers to fathers, from fathers to children. It is called oral folk art.
Oral folk art is the language of the people, their powers of observation, their intelligence.
Guys, tell me which Russians are folk tales You know.
The great Russian writer A.S. From childhood, Pushkin was raised on folk tales, which his nanny Arina Rodionovna told him. When he began to compose his own fairy tales, he borrowed many plots from them. Later he wrote: “What a delight these fairy tales are! Each is a poem!”
Folk tales are always witty and fair. In them evil is punished and good triumphs. A fairy tale educates people.
Many sayings of fairy tale heroes have become proverbs and sayings. Remember: “The beaten one is lucky for the unbeaten one”, “I left my grandmother, I left my grandfather...”, “The roots are for you, and the tops for me”, “The clumsy bear stepped on his foot” and many others.
Let's check how much you know folk tales. /Quiz/
My ears, my ears! What did you do?
- We listened to everything.
- What were you doing, legs?
- We all ran.
- And you, tail?
- And I kept stopping you from running.
- Oh, you were in the way! Here I will ask you! /Fox with a rolling pin/
Ku-ka-re-ku! I'm walking on my heels
I carry the scythe on my shoulders,
I want to whip the fox... /The Fox and the Hare/
Are you warm, girl?
Are you warm, red one? /Morozko/
Beautiful girl! Get into my ear and come out the other - everything will work out. /Tiny Khavroshechka/
Don’t bother Ivan Tsarevich! Go to bed and rest, the morning is wiser than the evening! /Vasilisa the Wise/
Oh, my brother, Ivanushka,
The heavy stone pulls to the bottom,
Silk grass has tangled my legs,
Yellow sands fell on my chest! /Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka/
Fairy tales feed the imagination of many artists. The next page of our magazine is dedicated to the work of the great artist Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov.
A student in our class will tell us about it.
An ancient art that has long been known to man is painting. Unlike a writer, an artist cannot tell the plot of a work in such detail.
The author of the painting speaks to us not with words, but with the help of a brush. Instead of words he has color, instead of sentences there are all kinds of shades of colors. As in fairy tales, different characters live in the painting: a horse with two heads, mermaids, unprecedented flowers and trees. The Russian land is rich in talented artists: Repin, Surikov, Shishkin, Levitan, Kuindzhi, Vrubel /portraits or reproductions of paintings/.
Among the artists who “revived fairy tales,” the most famous to us is Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov /portrait and reproductions of paintings/. With him the world of Russian fairy tales entered Russian painting. In the artist’s paintings we see the resourceful and courageous Ivan Tsarevich, the Sad Princess Nesmeyana, courageous and kind heroes. Since childhood, Vasnetsov loved folk tales, becoming an artist, he wrote many paintings on fairy-tale plots, among them: “The Flying Carpet”, “Ivan Tsarevich on gray wolf”, “The Knight at the Crossroads”, “Three Heroes” and others.
I really love the painting “Alyonushka” and want to talk about it.
The painting is based on the plot of the famous Russian folk tale “Sister Alyonushka and Brother Ivanushka”. The image of a girl attracts attention: Alyonushka is sitting on a stone at the edge of the forest, on the shore of a deep pond. Her whole appearance expresses sadness: what a sad look she has.
Alyonushka - fairy tale character, but in the picture we see her as a simple peasant girl who thought about her difficult life. It’s as if both fairy tale and reality are intertwined here.
Look how nature “salates” the girl’s grief. It is painted in dark gloomy colors, creating the impression of a dense autumn forest. The birch tree lowered its branches to the water itself and seemed to be trying to help Alyonushka pull his brother out of the pond. There is not a single ray of sunshine in the picture, the sky is gray and dreary. And yet the picture is painted brightly and richly.
The whole picture is permeated with warmth and a feeling of compassion. The picture was painted with great love, like all the works of a talented artist. All the beautiful paintings by Vasnetsov will delight more than one generation of people.
Teacher:
We have turned another page of the magazine, moving on to the next one - the musical one.
The next student will introduce us to it.
Student speech:
I will talk about Russian folk songs. Many folk songs were composed in that distant time when no one studied music. The songs were composed by self-taught people who loved to sing and play folk musical instruments.
Songs were most often composed in villages. People sang about what worried them, what was dear to them. These were dance, wedding, labor, and soldier songs. During music lessons we listened to and studied a lot of folk songs.
Let's now listen to a few songs performed by the guys in our class.
Not a single holiday was complete without dancing and lively dances. They can be daring and cheerful, they can be smooth and dance.
Watch the round dance “A birch tree stood in the field” performed by our students.
Teacher:
And so we turned the last page of our oral journal. If your heart was not indifferent, there was no boredom, if you learned and saw something new, showed interest in folk art, then we have completed our task.
In memory of our meeting, allow me to give our guests souvenirs made by the children’s hands.
Thanks everyone! See you again!
About the folklore of the Russian people
“The Russian people have created a huge oral literature: wise proverbs and cunning riddles, funny and sad ritual songs, solemn epics - spoken in a sing-song voice, to the sound of strings - about the glorious exploits of heroes, defenders of the people’s land - heroic, magical, everyday and funny tales.
It is vain to think that this literature was only the fruit of popular leisure. She was the dignity and intelligence of the people. She formed and strengthened his moral character, was his historical memory, the festive clothes of his soul and filled with deep content his entire measured life, flowing according to the customs and rituals associated with his work, nature and the veneration of his fathers and grandfathers.”
The words of A. N. Tolstoy very clearly and accurately reflect the essence of folklore. Folklore is folk art, very necessary and important for the study of folk psychology in our days. Folklore includes works that convey the basic, most important ideas of the people about the main life values: work, family, love, social duty, homeland. We are still brought up on these works. Knowledge of folklore can give a person knowledge about the Russian people, and ultimately about himself
The word folklore literally translated from English means folk wisdom. Folklore is poetry created by the people and existing among the masses, in which they reflect their labor activity, social and everyday life, knowledge of life, nature, cults and beliefs. Folklore embodies the views, ideals and aspirations of the people, their poetic imagination, richest world thoughts, feelings, experiences, protest against exploitation and oppression, dreams of justice and happiness. This is oral, artistic verbal creativity that arose in the process of the formation of human speech.
Russian heroic epic(epics) - a wonderful heritage of the past, evidence ancient culture and the arts of the people. It has been preserved in living oral history, perhaps in its original form of plot content and the main principles of form. The epic got its name from the word “byl”, which is close in meaning. This means that the epic tells about what once really happened, although not everything in the epic is true. The epics were written down from storytellers (often illiterate), who adopted them according to tradition from previous generations.
Bylina - old song, and not everything in it is clear; it is told in a leisurely, solemn tone. Many Russian epics talk about the heroic deeds of the people's heroes. For example, epics about Volga Buslaevich, the conqueror of Tsar Saltan Beketovich; about the hero Sukhman, who defeated his enemies - nomads; about Dobrynya Nikitich. Russian heroes never lie. Ready to die, but not to leave native land, they consider service to the fatherland their first and holy duty, although they are often offended by princes who do not trust them. The epics told to children teach them to respect human labor and love their homeland. They united the genius of the people.
Throughout life, folklore helps a person live, work, relax, helps make decisions, and also fight enemies, as shown above in the examples.
By its specificity, folklore is the most democratic form of art, and under any circumstances - whether there is peace on earth or war, happiness or sorrow, folklore remains stable and also active.
