You probably thought that we would be talking about some extraordinary people with special properties. This is how we usually see pop and movie stars, famous politicians, scientists, clairvoyants and others. No, we will talk about truly special people - the foundation of all humanity. The idea of ​​writing this article was not born yesterday, but the impetus was reading Maria Gribova’s article “Ordinary People”. What the author writes about cannot leave most of the readers indifferent. I was moved to tears.

I immediately remembered my grandparents - simple rural workers. I remembered their faces, furrowed with deep wrinkles, so dear and kind; their cracked, calloused, but so gentle palms. And eyes with such light! - the light of true wisdom and truth of life...

I often think: what good have they seen in their lives? They worked all the time - from dawn to dusk, without demanding any rewards or honors. All the burdens of the formation of Soviet power fell on their shoulders. Entire villages and villages of them were destroyed during the Holodomor. It was they who won the bloodiest and most terrible Great Patriotic War in the history of mankind, dying by the millions from fascist bullets and shells to save our lives. It was they who restored the entire national economy destroyed by the war and gave birth to children - as many as God will give! - without fear of any difficulties, and raised worthy people. And they didn’t need money, positions, basic amenities of life, or pickles.

SPECIAL PEOPLE are those who do not have their own “I”, but have “WE”. They are “like everyone else”, “so that everything is like people”, “as the team says.” These are people with a muscle vector. It was only during the training on system-vector psychology by Yuri Burlan that I learned about such people. There are 38% of them in our general unconscious psyche. These are the most peaceful, conflict-free, flexible people. This is the salt of the earth. This is the living mass of all humanity. This is life itself in the human body.

People with a muscle vector are people of the earth. Only they truly feel the earth alive. They are firmly tied to their native land, to their small homeland. For them, the taste of water from their well or an apple from their garden is special. A muscular woman is always a mother-heroine with a horde of children. At the age of 16-17 she is already twisting on a physical level - she wants to give birth so badly! She went to mow with her belly, the time came - she abandoned the scythe, gave birth under a haystack, finished the mow and took the child home. What power! And she manages the child so deftly, as if she had already nursed a dozen.

One of my grandmothers had 8 children, but four died at an early age. I remember my grandmother’s garden, in which there were many apple trees. When the early apples appeared, we, the grandchildren, would pick them and take them to treat grandma. But she refuses. “Grandma, why don’t you like apples?” I ask. “Granddaughter, I love you very much,” he answers. “Only before the Savior I can’t eat them. Four of my little children died. In the other world, God goes and distributes apples to children on the Savior. And if I eat it before the Savior, he won’t give it to mine, he will say: “But your mother pig ate your apples.” And only a sad smile on her face and not a single tear in her eyes. God gave - God took, what can you do! And then I cried at night, imagining the children in the other world without the apples that their mother ate. As muscular people are taught, this is how they live: without arguing, without discussing, without sticking out. The main thing is to be like people, to be like everyone else.

All people relate to death differently in accordance with their vector set: some are terribly afraid of death, others even desire it. You can learn about these amazing features at the training on system-vector psychology by Yuri Burlan. And only muscular people take death calmly. They prepare for death ahead of time, so that everything is humane, according to the correct ritual.
So my grandmother always had everything prepared in advance for death. I remember my grandmother was in the garden, and we, grandchildren, were hot in the house. Things to do? - climb into the closet, dress up in dresses and have a concert. The cousin reached the mysterious bundle in the very depths of the closet, untied it, and there, among the scarves, bedspreads and towels, was a simple black dress. Not understanding what kind of dress it was, my sister put it on, painted her lips with red lipstick and let’s dance - it’s a concert! And then grandma comes in...

I will never forget the rage that distorted her kindest face. She, who never punishes us, spanked her sister so much that everyone was scared. Everyone roared in unison, and grandma was with us. Now I only know why she had such a reaction to the innocent trick of the children: you cannot encroach on the holy of holies of a muscular man - something that is prepared for death. So the treasured bundle for death always lay in the closet. Then suddenly someone died in the village, but did not prepare for death, and the grandmother gave away her bundle. Then I collected a new one again. I don’t even know how many of these nodules changed - my grandmother lived to be almost 90 years old. And she worked until the last day. And I kept trying to persuade her to rest, I felt so sorry for her. Back then I couldn’t even imagine that hard, monotonous work on the ground, at a machine, on a conveyor belt is the greatest pleasure for people with a muscle vector!

Now, I hope you also understand that pop and movie stars and others like them are not special. The simplest people are special. If it weren’t for them, people without pretensions, we wouldn’t exist - so smart, self-sufficient and always dissatisfied with everything.

Where is humanity going now, driving these special people into cities? The short answer is to extinction and degradation. This especially affects post-Soviet countries, where the majority of the population has a urethral-muscular mentality. They destroy the village, and with it they destroy the healthiest part of humanity (both mentally and physically) - people with a muscle vector. The Russian village is also drinking itself to death. But these are separate, very deep topics.

What simply shocks me about the system-vector psychology of Yuri Burlan? From some small episode of life, realized systematically, you can write an entire systematic novel. What deep layers this knowledge reveals in all areas of life!

I dedicate this article with great gratitude to millions of our ancestors and their descendants - special ordinary people on whom the whole world rests. Without them there will be nothing on Earth!

I want that when we meet a working person, we would not turn up our noses, would not express our mental and material superiority, but would say to him a simple human “THANK YOU” for his work, which most of us are no longer capable of.

The article was written based on training materials on

The examination paper on literature consists of 3 parts.

• Part 1 includes an analysis of a fragment of an epic, or lyre-epic, or dramatic work: 7 short-answer tasks (B1-B7), requiring the writing of a word, or a combination of words, or a sequence of numbers, and 2 long-answer tasks (C1-C2) , in the amount of 5-10 sentences.
• Part 2 includes an analysis of the lyrical work: 5 tasks with a short answer (B8-B12) and 2 tasks with a detailed answer in the amount of 5-10 sentences (C3-C4). When completing tasks C1-C4, try to formulate a direct, coherent answer to the question posed, avoiding lengthy introductions and characteristics, observing the norms of speech. The indication of the volume of detailed answers in parts 1 and 2 is conditional; The assessment of the answer depends on its content.
• Part 3 includes 3 tasks, from which you need to choose only ONE and give a detailed, reasoned answer to it in the genre of an essay on a literary topic of at least 200 words.

When completing tasks with a detailed answer, rely on the author’s position, formulate your point of view, use theoretical and literary concepts to analyze the work.

The duration of the Unified State Examination in literature is 4 hours (240 minutes). We recommend spending no more than 2 hours to complete the tasks of parts 1 and 2, and 2 hours for part 3.

Answers on Unified State Exam forms are written clearly and legibly in bright black ink. You can use gel, capillary or fountain pens.

When completing assignments, you can use a draft, but the entries in it will not be taken into account when grading the work.

We advise you to complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. To save time, skip a task that you cannot complete immediately and move on to the next one. If you have time left after completing all the work, you can return to the missed tasks.

The points you receive for completed tasks are summed up. Try to complete as many tasks as possible and score the most points.

Part 1

Read the fragment of the work below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1, C2.

“Here we are at home,” said Nikolai Petrovich, taking off his cap and shaking his hair. - The main thing is now to have dinner and rest.
“It’s really not bad to eat,” Bazarov remarked, stretching, and sank down onto the sofa.
- Yes, yes, let's have dinner, have dinner quickly. - Nikolai Petrovich stamped his feet for no apparent reason. - By the way, Prokofich.
A man of about sixty entered, white-haired, thin and dark, wearing a brown tailcoat with copper buttons and a pink scarf around his neck. He grinned, walked up to Arkady's handle and, bowing to his guest, retreated to the door and put his hands behind his back.
“Here he is, Prokofich,” began Nikolai Petrovich, “he has finally come to us... What? how do you find it?
“In the best possible way, sir,” said the old man and grinned again, but immediately frowned his thick eyebrows. - Would you like to set the table? - he said impressively.
- Yes, yes, please. But won’t you go to your room first, Evgeny Vasilich?
- No, thank you, there is no need. Just order my suitcase to be stolen there and these clothes,” he added, taking off his robe.
- Very good. Prokofich, take their overcoat. (Prokofich, as if in bewilderment, took Bazarov’s “clothes” with both hands and, raising it high above his head, walked away on tiptoe.) And you, Arkady, will you go to your room for a minute?
“Yes, we need to clean ourselves,” answered Arkady and was about to go to the door, but at that moment a man of average height, dressed in a dark English suit, a fashionable low tie and patent leather ankle boots, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, entered the living room. He looked about forty-five years old: his short-cropped gray hair shone with a dark shine, like new silver; his face, bilious, but without wrinkles, unusually regular and clean, as if carved with a thin and light incisor, showed traces of remarkable beauty; The light, black, oblong eyes were especially beautiful. The whole appearance of Arkady's uncle, graceful and thoroughbred, retained youthful harmony and that desire upward, away from the earth, which for the most part disappears after the twenties.
Pavel Petrovich took his beautiful hand with long pink nails from the pocket of his trousers - a hand that seemed even more beautiful from the snowy whiteness of the sleeve, fastened with a single large opal, and gave it to his nephew. Having previously performed the European “shake hands,” he kissed him three times, in Russian, that is, touched his cheeks with his fragrant mustache three times, and said: “Welcome.”

“I already thought that you wouldn’t come today,” he spoke in a pleasant voice, swaying courteously, twitching his shoulders and showing his beautiful white teeth. - Did something happen on the road?
“Nothing happened,” answered Arkady, “so, we hesitated a little.”

(I.S. Turgenev, “Fathers and Sons.”)

The answer to tasks B1-B7 is a word, or a phrase, or a sequence of numbers. Enter the answers first into the text of the work, and then transfer them to answer form No. 1 to the right of the number of the corresponding task, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas or other additional characters. Write each letter (number) in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.

Q1 Name the literary direction in which the work of I.S. developed. Turgenev and whose principles were embodied in “Fathers and Sons”.

Q2 What genre does the work of I.S. belong to? Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"?

Q3 What is the name of a means of characterizing a character that is based on a description of his appearance (“He looked about forty-five years old...”)?

Answer: ___________________________.

Q4 Establish a correspondence between the characters appearing in this fragment and their future fate.
For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down your answer in numbers in the table and transfer it to answer form No. 1.

Q5 What is the name of a significant detail that is a means of artistic characterization (for example, Bazarov’s robe and Pavel Petrovich’s English suite noted by the author)?

Answer: ___________________________.

B6 Senior Kirsanov and Bazarov are presented in opposition from the first pages of the work. What is the name of the technique of sharp contrast used in a work of art?

Answer: ___________________________.

Q7 At the beginning of the above fragment, the characters communicate with each other, exchanging remarks. What is this type of speech called?

Answer: ___________________________.

To complete tasks C1 and C2, use answer form No. 2. First write down the task number, and then give a direct, coherent answer to the question (approximate volume - 5-10 sentences).
Rely on the author’s position and, if necessary, express your point of view. Justify your answer based on the text of the work.
When completing task C2, give at least two comparison positions (a comparison position is considered to indicate the author and title of the work of art with the obligatory justification for your choice; you can give two works of the same author as comparison positions, with the exception of the author whose work is considered in the task).

C1 How is the main conflict of the work outlined in this episode of Fathers and Sons?

C2 Which works of Russian classics depict the conflict between representatives of different generations, and in what ways can these works be compared with Turgenev’s “Fathers and Sons”?

Part 2

Read the work below and complete tasks B8-B12; C3, C4.

Again, like in the golden years,
Three worn out harnesses flutter,
And the painted knitting needles knit
Into loose ruts...

Russia, poor Russia,
I want your gray huts,
Your songs are windy to me -
Like the first tears of love!

I don't know how to feel sorry for you
And I carefully carry my cross...
Which sorcerer do you want?
Give me your robber beauty!

Let him lure and deceive, -
You will not be lost, you will not perish,
And only care will cloud
Your beautiful features...

Well? One more concern -
The river is noisier with one tear,
And you are still the same - forest and field,
Yes, the patterned board goes up to the eyebrows...

And the impossible is possible
The long road is easy
When the road flashes in the distance
An instant glance from under a scarf,
When it rings with guarded melancholy
The dull song of the coachman!..

(A.A. Blok, 1908)

The answer to tasks B8-B12 is a word, or a phrase, or a sequence of numbers. Enter the answers first into the text of the work, and then transfer them to answer form No. 1 to the right of the number of the corresponding task, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas or other additional characters. Write each letter (number) in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.

AT 8 Name the modernist poetic movement of the early 20th century, one of the prominent representatives of which was A.A. Block.

Answer: ___________________________.

AT 9 Indicate the number of the stanza (ordinal number in the nominative case) in which the poet uses anaphora.

Answer: ___________________________.

AT 10 Indicate the technique the author resorts to in the lines:

I want your gray huts,
Your songs are windy to me -
Like the first tears of love!

Answer: ___________________________.

AT 11 From the list below, select three names of artistic means and techniques used by the poet in the fourth stanza of this poem.

1) hyperbole
2) inversion
3) irony
4) epithet
5) sound recording

Enter the corresponding numbers in the table in ascending order and transfer them to answer form No. 1.

AT 12 Indicate the size in which A.A.’s poem is written. Block “Russia” (without indicating the number of stops).

Answer: ___________________________.

To complete tasks C3 and C4, use answer form No. 2.
First write down the number of the task, and then give a direct, coherent answer to the question (approximate volume - 5-10 sentences).
Rely on the author’s position and, if necessary, express your point of view. Justify your answer based on the text of the work. When completing task C4, give at least two comparison positions (a comparison position is considered to indicate the author and title of the work of art with the obligatory justification for your choice; you can give two works of the same author as comparison positions, with the exception of the author whose work is considered in the task).
Write down your answers clearly and legibly, following the rules of speech.

C3 What feeling is imbued with the poet’s appeal to Russia?

C4 In what works of Russian poets is the image of Russia created and what are their similarities and differences with the poem by A.A. Blok?

Part 3

To complete the task of part 3, select only ONE of the proposed essay topics (C5.1, C5.2, C5.3).
In answer form No. 2, indicate the number of the topic you have chosen, and then write an essay on this topic in a volume of at least 200 words (if the essay is less than 150 words, then it is scored 0 points).
Rely on the author's position and formulate your point of view. Argument your theses based on literary works (in an essay on lyrics, you must analyze at least three poems).
Use literary theoretical concepts to analyze the work.
Think over the composition of your essay.
Write your essay clearly and legibly, observing the norms of speech.

C5.1 As in the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Mtsyri" reflects the clash of dreams with reality?

C5.2 What is the meaning of comparing the images of Katerina and Varvara? (Based on the play “The Thunderstorm” by A.N. Ostrovsky.)

C5.3 As in the prose of M.A. Bulgakov reveals the theme of a person’s moral choice? (Based on the novel “The White Guard” or “The Master and Margarita”.)

Evaluation system for examination work in literature

For the correct answer to tasks B1-B12, 1 point is given, for an incorrect answer or no answer - 0 points.

Answers to tasks B1-B12

Criteria for checking and assessing the completion of tasks with a detailed answer

Assessment of the completion of tasks C1 and C3, which require writing a detailed answer in the amount of 5-10 sentences

The indication of volume is conditional; the assessment of the answer depends on its content (if the examinee has deep knowledge, he can answer in a larger volume; with the ability to accurately formulate his thoughts, the examinee can answer quite fully in a smaller volume).

*It is acceptable to indicate two works by the same author, with the exception of the author whose work is considered in the assignment.

Assessment of the completion of tasks C5.1, C5.2, C5.3,
requiring writing a detailed, reasoned answer in the genre
essays of at least 200 words

Among the five criteria by which an essay is assessed, the first criterion (content aspect) is the main one. If, when checking the work, the expert gives 0 points according to the first criterion, the task of part 3 is considered unfulfilled and is not checked further. For four others (2, 3, 4, 5) in the “Protocol for checking answers to tasks” of form No. 2, 0 points are given.

The score for the first position of the assessment of the assignment of part 3 is put in column 7 of the protocol, for the second position - in column 8, for the third - in column 9, for the fourth - in column 10, for the fifth - in column 11.

When assessing the completion of tasks in Part 3, you should take into account the volume of the written essay. A minimum length of 200 words is recommended for examinees. If the essay contains less than 150 words (the word count includes all words, including function words), then such work is considered incomplete and is scored 0 points.

When the essay is from 150 to 200 words, the maximum number of errors for each point level does not change.

“The artistic world of Dostoevsky” - The spiritual development of Dostoevsky. Illustrations for the novel “White Nights”. Engineering castle in St. Petersburg. Older brother. The beginning of literary activity. Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. Path. Exile to Siberia. Human society. The ritual of execution of the Petrashevites. Reading was strictly prohibited. Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor.

"Dostoevsky's Petersburg" - Raskolnikov House. Petersburg by Dostoevsky. Sennaya Square. Raskolnikov climbs the stairs of his house many times. Dostoevsky gazed intently and incessantly at the streets. For Dostoevsky Petersburg. Petersburg in the novel “Crime and Punishment”. A. G. Dostoevskaya in the fields. Petersburg in literature.

“Dostoevsky White Nights Lesson” - Problematic issue. something created by the imagination, mentally imagined. According to the dictionary of Ozhegov S.I. "Petersburg Chronicle". Dream. Film “White Nights” (based on the work of the same name by F.M. Dostoevsky). Lesson topic: The image of a dreamer in the story by F.M. Dostoevsky "White Nights". Vocabulary work. F.M. Dostoevsky.

“Biography of Dostoevsky” - 1859 - returned to St. Petersburg and resumed literary activity. M.D. Isaeva is the first wife of F.M. Dostoevsky. A.G. Dostoevskaya is the writer’s second wife. 1844 - Fedor retired and took up literary activity. 1875 - novel "The Teenager". Fedor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky. 1847 - Dostoevsky becomes a member of the revolutionary circle of M.V. Petrashevsky.

“The Life and Work of Dostoevsky” - N.V. Gogol, Novokuznetsk. Which work of F. M. Dostoevsky was published in N. A. Nekrasov’s “Petersburg Collection”? By the highest decree, Dostoevsky's hereditary nobility was returned to the Governing Senate. 1858 – submits his resignation. In which cities are there museums of F. M. Dostoevsky? F. M. Dostoevsky.

“Dostoevsky Poor people” - If you give it away, you won’t be happy. Literary criticism. I received 500 silver rubles from Muscovites. Lesson objectives. Will be out by May. V.N. Maikov. “Dear brother. You've probably been waiting for my letter, dear brother. Firstly, they won’t read it, and if they read it, it will be in six months. But this is a different story: a censor is not hired for less than a month.

“Here we are at home,” said Nikolai Petrovich, taking off his cap and shaking his hair. “The main thing is now to have dinner and rest.”

“It’s really not bad to eat,” Bazarov remarked, stretching, and sank onto the sofa.

- Yes, yes, let's have dinner, have dinner quickly. – Nikolai Petrovich stamped his feet for no apparent reason.

- By the way, Prokofich.

A man of about sixty entered, white-haired, thin and dark, wearing a brown tailcoat with copper buttons and a pink scarf around his neck. He grinned, walked up to Arkady’s handle and, bowing to the guest, retreated to the door and put his hands behind his back.

“Here he is, Prokofich,” began Nikolai Petrovich, “he has finally come to us... What? how do you find it?

“In the best possible way, sir,” said the old man and grinned again, but immediately frowned his thick eyebrows. – Would you like to set the table? – he said impressively.

- Yes, yes, please. But won’t you go to your room first, Evgeny Vasilich?

- No, thank you, there is no need. Just order my suitcase to be stolen there and these clothes,” he added, taking off his robe.

- Very good. Prokofich, take their overcoat. (Prokofich, as if in bewilderment, took Bazarov’s “clothes” with both hands and, raising it high above his head, walked away on tiptoe.) And you, Arkady, will you go to your room for a minute?

“Yes, we need to clean ourselves,” Arkady answered and was about to go to the door, but at that moment a man of average height, dressed in a dark English suit, a fashionable low tie and patent leather ankle boots, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, entered the living room. He looked about forty-five years old: his short-cropped gray hair shone with a dark shine, like new silver; his face, bilious, but without wrinkles, unusually regular and clean, as if carved with a thin and light incisor, showed traces of remarkable beauty; The light, black, oblong eyes were especially beautiful. The whole appearance of Arkady's uncle, graceful and thoroughbred, retained youthful harmony and that desire upward, away from the earth, which for the most part disappears after the twenties.

Pavel Petrovich took his beautiful hand with long pink nails from the pocket of his trousers - a hand that seemed even more beautiful from the snowy whiteness of the sleeve, fastened with a single large opal, and gave it to his nephew. Having previously performed the European “shake hands,” he kissed him three times, in Russian, that is, touched his cheeks with his fragrant mustache three times, and said: “Welcome.”

Nikolai Petrovich introduced him to Bazarov: Pavel Petrovich slightly tilted his flexible figure and smiled slightly, but did not offer his hand and even put it back in his pocket.

“I already thought that you wouldn’t come today,” he spoke in a pleasant voice, swaying courteously, twitching his shoulders and showing his beautiful white teeth. - Did something happen on the road?

“Nothing happened,” answered Arkady, “so, we hesitated a little.”

Question 5:

What is the name of a significant detail that is a means
artistic characteristics (for example, noted by the author
Bazarov's robe and Pavel Petrovich's English suite)?

Explanation:

To answer this question, first read the question carefully, there is a hint in the question “ significant detail that is a means artistic characteristics ". Knowing the terminology given in the codifier will help you answer this question.

Answer: detail

KIM Unified State Exam 2016 (early period)

-...Nil Pavlych, and Nil Pavlych! How did he, the gentleman who was reported just now, shoot himself on Petersburgskaya?
“Svidrigailov,” someone from the other answered hoarsely and indifferently.
rooms.
Raskolnikov shuddered.
- Svidrigailov! Svidrigailov shot himself! - he cried.
- How! Do you know Svidrigailov?
- Yes... I know... He arrived recently...
- Well, yes, I recently arrived, lost my wife, a man of behavior
forgotten, and suddenly shot himself, and it was so scandalous that it’s impossible to imagine...
left a few words in his notebook that he was dying in his right mind and asked not to blame anyone for his death. This one, they say, had money.
How do you want to know?
- I... know... my sister lived in their house as a governess...
- Ba, ba, ba... Yes, you can tell us about him. And you had no idea?
- I saw him yesterday... he... drank wine... I didn’t know anything.
Raskolnikov felt as if something had fallen on him and he
crushed.
“You seem to have turned pale again.” We have such a stale spirit here...
“Yes, I have to go,” muttered Raskolnikov, “sorry,
worried...
- Oh, for mercy's sake, as much as you like! The pleasure was delivered and I'm glad
declare...
Ilya Petrovich even extended his hand.
- I just wanted... I went to Zametov...
“I understand, I understand, and it was a pleasure.”
“I’m... very glad... goodbye, sir...” Raskolnikov smiled.
He came out, he rocked. His head was spinning. He couldn't feel if he was standing. He began to walk down the stairs, resting his right hand on the wall.
It seemed to him that some janitor, with a book in his hand, pushed him, climbing up to meet him in the office, that some little dog was baying and barking somewhere on the lower floor, and that some woman threw a rolling pin at it and screamed. He went downstairs and went out into the yard. Here in the courtyard, not far from the exit, stood a pale, completely dead Sonya and looked at him wildly, wildly. He stopped in front of her. Something sick and exhausted
Something desperate was expressed in her face. She clasped her hands.
An ugly, lost smile squeezed out on his lips. He stood there, grinned, and turned upstairs, back to the office. Ilya Petrovich sat down and rummaged through some papers. The one standing in front of him
the very man who had just pushed Raskolnikov while climbing the stairs.
- A-ah-ah? You again! Did you leave anything?.. But what happened to you?
Raskolnikov, with pale lips and a fixed gaze, quietly approached him, walked up to the table itself, rested his hand on it, wanted to say something, but could not; Only some incoherent sounds were heard.
- You feel sick, chair! Here, sit on the chair, sit down! Water!
Raskolnikov sank into a chair, but did not take his eyes off his face very
unpleasantly surprised Ilya Petrovich. Both looked at each other for a minute and waited. They brought water.
“It’s me...” Raskolnikov began.
– Drink some water.
Raskolnikov drew back the water with his hand and said quietly, deliberately, but clearly:
It was I who killed the old official woman and her sister Lizaveta with an ax
and robbed.
Ilya Petrovich opened his mouth. They came running from all sides.
Raskolnikov repeated his testimony.
(F.M. Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”)

How preparing for the Unified State Exam in Literature turned into a quest with an unpredictable ending for students and teachers

Text: Natalya Lebedeva
Photo: Profi.ru

There are only a few months left before final exams. Those who chose humanities faculties will have to pass. What difficulties do well-read children face in the exam when they distinguish between stanza, anaphora and oxymoron? Why do questions from the question-answer series have no place in the literature exam? And do you need to read all the works on the list to get the maximum score? These and other questions are answered by the author of numerous textbooks and literature guides, associate professor of Moscow State Pedagogical University Elena Poltavets.

Elena Yuryevna, do you think that the knowledge that is given at school is enough to successfully pass the Unified State Exam in literature?

Elena Poltavets: Knowledge and schools are different. It happens that knowledge is given, but for various reasons they do not take it; it happens that knowledge is imposed, but what is imposed cannot be tied down by any strings. Knowledge can only be obtained through one’s own efforts and made it an integral part of one’s inner world. He also said that a good reader mixes a drop of his own blood into his work.

A modern applicant, motivated to take the exam, will find everything he needs in the library, the Internet and, of course, additional questions to the teacher. But the paradox is that the better a conscientious student learns what stage directions, anaphora, inversion, lyric epic, oxymoron, alliteration, assonance and all other elements are, knowledge of which is required in the “List of Content Elements” and “List of Requirements for the Level of Graduates” , the greater the likelihood of lowering exam scores.

How is this possible?!

Elena Poltavets: A simple example, in the demo version there is a task on the poem “Russia”, in which you need to indicate “the number of the stanza in which the poet uses anaphora.”

Another example is a question about the novel: “What is the name of a significant detail that is a means of artistic characterization (for example, Bazarov’s robe and Pavel Petrovich’s English suite noted by the author)?” The implied answer is “detail.” But in theory, “detail” and “detail” are distinguished as terms.

In my opinion, the main problem of the Unified State Exam is the conceptual inconsistency of test CIMs, and indeed of any unambiguous tasks in the “question-answer” mode in the discipline “literature”. Incorrect question situation “What is the name of the detail...?”- this is a trap for a smart applicant. Especially if he thinks about whether the symbolism of the details and their opposition are meant. He could write about all this in an essay, but not in a line that could fit no more than a dozen letters.

But in the Unified State Examination in literature, tasks have already appeared where you need to write detailed answers of 5-10 sentences.

Elena Poltavets: This is no longer a trap, but downright a “set-up”, and a very serious one. The demo shows an episode of the first meeting Bazarova And Pavel Kirsanova(Chapter four of the novel “Fathers and Sons”, from the words of Nikolai Petrovich “Here we are at home” to Arkady’s remark: “So, we hesitated a little”). The question is: “How does this episode of Fathers and Sons outline the main conflict of the work?” It seems that the poster of this question has not read the great novel. Because the main conflict of the novel is not outlined either in the antithesis of the robe and the English suite mentioned in the episode, or even in the opposition of generations, or in the ideological disputes that unfold in the novel almost before the duel episode, but lies in the conflict of the “passionate, rebellious heart” of the human and the grave as the tragic fate of all flesh among the eternal “indifferent nature.” Awareness of one’s spiritual uniqueness and understanding of one’s doom for loneliness is what brings together the former antagonists after the duel - Bazarov and Pavel Kirsanov - and contrasts them with all the other characters. A good teacher or tutor will, of course, read one of the greatest works of world literature with his students.

Elena Poltavets: I’ll start right away with an example. Assignment based on the same novel “Fathers and Sons”: “Establish a correspondence between the characters and their future fate. (Characters: , Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. Fate: he is wounded in a duel, marries Odintsova’s sister, dies of a serious illness, marries Fenichka.”) This task can be completed by an applicant who has not read the novel at all, provided that he is familiar with a brief retelling of the plot, and not even the plot, but only the ending of the novel.

There are no other tasks that could be considered as a test of knowledge of the text in the exam version, and this is understandable: do not turn exam questions into jokes: “What did the pig eat under the window of the house: a) nectarines; b) bananas; c) avocado...” The “text test” idea, popular in the past, failed. Because there is no point in asking the name of the main character of the novel, and there is no reason to inquire whether the applicant remembers the name of the dog that an elderly relative did not like so much Odintsova in the novel "Fathers and Sons".

Tasks of an overly general nature: naming works that “depict the conflict between representatives of different generations” and comparing these works with Turgenev’s novel or naming about the Motherland also do not really allow one to demonstrate knowledge of the text of the works. It is proposed to limit the answer to 5-10 sentences. And what works do not “display the conflict of generations”?

So it turns out that even an applicant who is familiar only with a brief retelling of the works can cope with the 16 tasks of the first part. Please also keep in mind that the list of works of art that are supposedly required to be read is excessively extensive, especially in the part that provokes the student’s bewilderment: “I still won’t have time, I won’t remember, it’s not worth reading.”

How objective are the evaluation criteria? After all, it was precisely for the sake of objectivity and equalization of chances that the Unified State Exam was introduced.

Elena Poltavets: This is the most interesting thing. The tasks of the first part that seem suitable for an objective assessment (knows - does not know) are not so. Here is the task: “Indicate the meter in which the poem is written, without indicating the number of feet.” Let's assume that all test takers indicated correctly. They received equal points. But some also know footness, some know the semantic halo, and some have determined the semantics of pyrrhic feet. And where can an applicant show this knowledge?

And in general, this is a strange approach: the first part requires knowledge of terms, and the second part requires writing an essay. As if knowledge of terms is not necessary for writing an essay.

Applicants often ask: “How many terms can a good essay contain?” I’ll answer: in a 4-hour project - no less than 50-60, or even 70. Because the plot, the conflict, the image, the landscape, the detail, the stage directions, the anaphora, and the size, in general, everything what is listed in " elements of content", and much more - this is the tool with which the author of the essay analyzes the work.

How many quotes? Well, let's say 70-80. Because there is absolutely no need to waste time quoting an entire stanza when you can point out that anaphora (“when”) and alliteration (on “r” and “s”) in the same poem by Blok “Russia” create an image of eternity and remind of the key word (if the applicant knows about anagramming, he will highlight the anagram “Russia”). Here are already three quotes in one sentence of the essay.

But the essay has already been returned - the final essay is in December. And all the schoolchildren write an essay for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language...

Elena Poltavets: “Final” “essay” with a focus on “meta-subject matter”, reasoning about life, “a view and something”, preferably with the involvement of “extra-curricular” literary works and the everyday experience of high school students - this is, of course, useful, but also harmful at the same time. If only because the preparation of this “exam” and responsibility for it are entrusted to the same long-suffering school vocabulary specialist. And because no essay, the “topics” of which sound pathetic and demagogic and invites one to speak out for all that is good against all that is bad, can replace an essay exam in literature. Just as reasoning about why you need to know mathematics will not replace knowledge of at least the multiplication tables.

The presence of several essay options (mandatory “final” and optional) led to a blurring of the goals and objectives of each exam and disorientation of examinees. The requirements for the “final” “essay” learned by the student prevent him (and the teacher) from switching to the analysis of a work of art as an aesthetic phenomenon, which is required in an essay on a literary topic. And thanks to the final essay, all high school students quickly learn that a work of art is just a visual illustration of some simple worldly wisdom and that understanding a work comes down to more or less successfully using it as “material” for “argumentation” of common truths .

“Who can be called a true friend?”, “Is it possible to change a dream?”, “What role can a cowardly act play in a person’s fate?” And these topics for discussion are intended for seventeen-year-olds, who, it seems, should have already read Turgenev, and? It seems to me that such topics could only be proposed to ten-year-old fourth-graders, and even then with a feeling of some awkwardness...

Do I understand correctly that the most correct thing would be to return to that essay that we all used to write in graduate school?

Elena Poltavets: I am sure that the essay exam for school leavers should be returned. This should be the final creative work, allowing the graduate to reveal his knowledge and his, as it is fashionable to say, creativity. The same applies to the university entrance exam.

Many complain that schoolchildren copy all sorts of “golden” and “diamond” essays from collections, download them from the Internet... But no Unified State Exam and no police measures will prevent this. And there is nothing reprehensible in the collections of “exemplary” essays in themselves, just like in the catalogs of, say, hairstyles that we leaf through while waiting in line at the hairdresser. Another thing is that not every haircut and not every dress will suit a particular person or at least please them from an aesthetic point of view.

My high school students received assignments to write a review of essays from the “golden collection” and discussed these essays. But no one cheated when they had to hand in their work. If only because there was nowhere to copy: each student was given an individual topic and, at the same time, one that was not found either in the “collections” or on the Internet. And a kaleidoscope of quotations from articles and prefaces to reveal the topic of the essay certainly could not replace the logic of the original work.

What do you think an ideal literature exam should look like?

Elena Poltavets: An essay on one of the selected literary topics. That is, devoted to the analysis of the creativity/work of one or more authors listed in the exam program. Neither “free” nor problem-free “quote” topics are suitable for the exam. This should be an exam on the school discipline “literature”, and not on sensitivity, impressionability, kindness of heart, moral maturity, civic responsibility and other admirable qualities, which, however, are not taught in school lessons.

Catalog of tasks.
Literature of the second half of the 19th century

A man of about sixty entered, white-haired, thin and dark, wearing a brown tailcoat with copper buttons and a pink scarf around his neck. He grinned, walked up to Arkady’s handle and, bowing to the guest, retreated to the door and put his hands behind his back.

- Yes, yes, please. But won’t you go to your room first, Evgeny Vasilich?

- Very good. Prokofich, take their overcoat. (Prokofich, as if in bewilderment, took Bazarov’s “clothes” with both hands and, raising it high above his head, walked away on tiptoe.) And you, Arkady, will you go to your room for a minute?

“Yes, we need to clean ourselves,” Arkady answered and headed towards the door, but at that moment a man of average height, dressed in a dark English suit, a fashionable low tie and patent leather ankle boots, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, entered the living room. He looked about forty-five years old: his short-cropped gray hair shone with a dark shine, like new silver; his face, bilious, but without wrinkles, unusually regular and clean, as if carved with a thin and light incisor, showed traces of remarkable beauty; The light, black, oblong eyes were especially beautiful. The whole appearance of Arkady's uncle, graceful and thoroughbred, retained youthful harmony and that desire upward, away from the earth, which for the most part disappears after the twenties.

Pavel Petrovich took his beautiful hand with long pink nails from the pocket of his trousers - a hand that seemed even more beautiful from the snowy whiteness of the sleeve, fastened with a single large opal, and gave it to his nephew. Having previously performed the European “shake hands,” he kissed him three times, in Russian, that is, touched his cheeks with his fragrant mustache three times, and said: “Welcome.”

Nikolai Petrovich introduced him to Bazarov: Pavel Petrovich slightly tilted his flexible figure and smiled slightly, but did not offer his hand and even put it back in his pocket.

“I already thought that you wouldn’t come today,” he spoke in a pleasant voice, swaying courteously, twitching his shoulders and showing his beautiful white teeth. - Did something happen on the road?

I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”

Name the literary direction in which the work of I. S. Turgenev developed and the principles of which were embodied in “Fathers and Sons”.

Explanation.

The work of I. S. Turgenev developed in line with realism. Realism is a style and method in art and literature, according to which objects of the visible world exist independently of human perception and cognition.

Answer: realism.

Answer: realism | critical realism

Maria Vostryakova 11.03.2017 10:34

Why in Task 8 No. 1497 type 1 the answer is “critical realism”, and in Task 11 No. 1 type 1 the answer “realism”, if the tasks sound the same: “Name the literary direction in the mainstream of which the work of I. S. Turgenev developed and the principles of which found their embodiment in “Fathers and Sons”?

Tatiana Statsenko

Both options are possible.

Explanation.

The work of I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons” belongs to the novel, because the novel is a literary genre, usually prose, which involves a detailed narrative about the life and personality development of the main character (heroes) in a crisis, non-standard period of his life .

Answer: novel.

Answer: novel

Explanation.

A-4: Evgeny Bazarov - rudeness and harshness in his assessments. Bazarov Evgeniy Vasilievich - commoner, medical student, “nihilist”. This is a daring, cynical, strong person. He is confident in the correctness of his ideas, does not recognize other opinions, and goes ahead.

B-3: Arkady Kirsanov - openness and enthusiasm. Kirsanov Arkady Nikolaevich (AK) is a young nobleman, friend and student of Bazarov, but, unlike Bazarov, his passion for nihilism is superficial. AKs are attracted to this teaching by a sense of freedom, independence from traditions and authorities, the right to self-confidence and audacity. The hero does not think about the essence of “nihilism”. In addition, AK is good-natured, simple-minded, simple and very attached to noble values, lifestyle, etc.

Q-2: Pavel Kirsanov - class arrogance. Kirsanov Pavel Petrovich (PP) - Arkady Kirsanov’s uncle, an aristocrat, adheres to liberal views. The principles of the PP are moderate liberalism, which includes recognition of political freedoms, the constitution, aristocracy combined with Anglomania, worship of beauty, and art.

Answer: 432.

Answer: 432

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation.

A-3: Evgeny Bazarov is dying from a serious illness. Bazarov Evgeniy Vasilievich - commoner, medical student, “nihilist”. This is a daring, cynical, strong person. He is confident in the correctness of his ideas, does not recognize other opinions, and goes ahead. Living with his parents, Bazarov helps his father treat the sick and dies from blood poisoning, accidentally cutting himself during an autopsy of a man who died of typhus.

B-4: Nikolai Kirsanov makes Fenechka his legal wife. Kirsanov Nikolai Petrovich is a nobleman, the father of Arkady Kirsanov, a widower, he is a weak man, but kind, sensitive, delicate and noble. This hero strives to realize his romantic ideal in life - to work and seek happiness in love and art.

Q-1: Pavel Kirsanov is wounded in a duel. Kirsanov Pavel Petrovich (PP) - Arkady Kirsanov’s uncle, an aristocrat, adheres to liberal views. He hates Bazarov and challenges him to a duel, in which he is slightly wounded in the leg.

Answer: 341.

Answer: 341

The elder Kirsanov and Bazarov are presented in opposition from the first pages of the work. What is the name of the technique of sharp contrast used in a work of art?

Explanation.

This technique is called antithesis or contrast. Let's give a definition.

Antithesis is a rhetorical opposition of a text, a stylistic figure of contrast in artistic or oratory speech, consisting in a sharp opposition of concepts, positions, images, states, interconnected by a common design or internal meaning.

Answer: antithesis or contrast.

Answer: antithesis|contrast

At the beginning of the above fragment, the characters communicate with each other, exchanging remarks. What is this type of speech called?

Explanation.

This type of speech is called dialogue. Let's give a definition.

Dialogue is a literary form of oral or written exchange of statements (replicas) in a conversation between two or more people.

Answer: dialogue.

Answer: dialogue

Explanation.

Which works of Russian classics depict the relationships between representatives of different generations and in what ways can these works be compared with Turgenev’s “Fathers and Sons”?

Explanation.

On the pages of the novel “Fathers and Sons”, not just a conflict of generations develops, it is a conflict of different social formations: nobles and commoners. Bazarov is a nihilist commoner. The Kirsanovs are liberals, nobles. In their argument we see how different they are.

The conflict of generations is also shown in “Woe from Wit” by Griboyedov. Both Chatsky and Bazarov are heroes of a transitional time, when the ideals of the past were destroyed and new ones had not yet been formed. The inability to come to terms with reality and the inability to rise to a correct understanding of the meaning of life is the main reason for the inconsistency of young heroes from the galaxy of “superfluous people.”

Explanation.

Such detail is called detail or artistic detail. Let's give a definition.

An artistic detail is a particularly significant, highlighted element of an artistic image, an expressive detail in a work that carries a significant semantic, ideological and emotional load.

What term denotes the way of displaying the internal state of the heroes, the thoughts and feelings that control them (“Alpatych with his coachman, with shaking hands, straightened out the tangled reins”; “grabbing his hair, he burst out laughing with a sobbing laugh”)?

Read the text fragment below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1-C2.

By dusk the cannonade began to subside. Alpatych came out of the basement and stopped at the door. The previously clear evening sky was completely covered with smoke. And through this smoke the young, high-standing crescent of the month strangely shone. After the previous terrible roar of guns had ceased, there seemed silence over the city, interrupted only by the rustling of footsteps, groans, distant screams and the crackle of fires that seemed to be widespread throughout the city. The cook's moans had now died down. Black clouds of smoke from the fires rose and dispersed from both sides. On the street, not in rows, but like ants from a ruined hillock, soldiers in different uniforms and in different directions walked and ran through. In Alpatych’s eyes, several of them ran into Ferapontov’s yard. Alpatych went to the gate. Some regiment, crowded and in a hurry, blocked the street, moving back.

“They are surrendering the city, leave, leave,” the officer who noticed his figure told him and immediately shouted to the soldiers:

- I'll let you run around the yards! - he shouted.

Alpatych returned to the hut and, calling the coachman, ordered him to leave. Following Alpatych and the coachman, all of Ferapontov’s household came out. Seeing the smoke and even the fires of the fires, now visible in the beginning twilight, the women, who had been silent until then, suddenly began to cry out, looking at the fires. As if echoing them, the same cries were heard at other ends of the street. Alpatych and his coachman, with shaking hands, straightened the tangled reins and lines of the horses under the canopy.

When Alpatych was leaving the gate, he saw about ten soldiers in Ferapontov’s open shop, talking loudly, filling bags and backpacks with wheat flour and sunflowers. At the same time, Ferapontov entered the shop, returning from the street. Seeing the soldiers, he wanted to shout something, but suddenly stopped and, clutching his hair, laughed a sobbing laugh.

- Get everything, guys! Don't let the devils get you! - he shouted, grabbing the bags himself and throwing them into the street. Some soldiers, frightened, ran out, some continued to pour in. Seeing Alpatych, Ferapontov turned to him.

- I made up my mind! Race! - he shouted. - Alpatych! I've decided! I'll light it myself. I decided... - Ferapontov ran into the yard.

Soldiers were constantly walking along the street, blocking it all, so that Alpatych could not pass and had to wait. The landlady Ferapontova and her children were also sitting on the cart, waiting to be able to leave.

It was already quite night. There were stars in the sky and the young moon, occasionally obscured by smoke, shone. On the descent to the Dnieper, Alpatych’s carts and their mistresses, moving slowly in the ranks of soldiers and other crews, had to stop. Not far from the intersection where the carts stopped, in an alley, a house and shops were burning. The fire had already burned out. The flame either died down and was lost in the black smoke, then suddenly flared up brightly, strangely clearly illuminating the faces of the crowded people standing at the intersection.

L. N. Tolstoy “War and Peace”

Indicate the literary direction, the principles of which were embodied in L. N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace”.

Explanation.

In L.N. Tolstoy’s novel “War and Peace” the principles of realism found their embodiment. Realism is a truthful depiction of reality.

Answer: realism.

Answer: critical realism|realism

What definition is added to the word “novel” to characterize the genre of “War and Peace”?

Explanation.

To characterize the genre of “War and Peace,” epic is added to the word “novel,” since epic is an extensive narrative in verse or prose about outstanding national historical events.

Answer: epic.

Answer: epic

Name the technique the author resorts to when painting a picture of retreat (“... like ants from a ruined hillock<...>, soldiers passed and ran by").

Comparison is a trope in which one object or phenomenon is compared to another according to some characteristic common to them. The purpose of comparison is to identify new, important, advantageous properties for the subject of the statement in the object of comparison.

Answer: comparison.

Answer: comparison

What is the name for the intentional use of identical words in a text, enhancing the significance of a statement (“I’ve decided! Race!” he shouted. “Alpatych!” I made up my mind! I'll light it myself. I made up my mind...»)?

Explanation.

This use is called repetition. Let's give a definition.

The deliberate use of identical words in a text, enhancing the significance of a statement, is called repetition.

Answer: repetition|lexical repetition.

Answer: repetition|lexical repetition

Tatiana Statsenko

In the dictionary we read:

S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.

refrain, -a, m. (special).

1. A verse or stanza repeated in a certain order in a poem. Monotonous river (also translated: about frequent repetition of the same thing).

2. The theme of a piece of music, which is repeated throughout it and holds it together. structure. II adj. refrain,

As we see, the refrain is discussed in the poetic work.

What is the name of an expressive detail that carries an important semantic load in a literary text (for example, a new moon covered in smoke at the beginning and end of a fragment)?

Explanation.

This detail is called a detail. Let's give a definition.

An expressive detail that carries an important semantic load in a literary text is called a detail.

Answer: detail.

Answer: detail|artistic detail

The fragment begins and ends with a description of the fire in Smolensk. Indicate the term that denotes the location and relationship of parts, episodes, images in a work of art.

Explanation.

This term is called composition. Let's give a definition.

Composition is the mutual correlation and arrangement of units of the depicted and artistic and speech means in a literary work. Structure, plan of expression of a literary work; construction of a work of art.

Answer: composition.

Answer: composition

How, from your point of view, can one explain the “strange” behavior of the merchant Ferapontov in the above episode?

Explanation.

##The “strange” behavior of the merchant Ferapontov is explained by the fact that the French are on the outskirts of the city. As a true patriot, the merchant Ferapontov does not want to feed the enemy army, preferring to burn his goods.

In which works of Russian classics does the theme of man in war sound and what brings these works closer to the novel by L. N. Tolstoy?

Explanation.

The theme of man in war has been raised more than once in works of Russian classical literature. In Bulgakov’s novel “The White Guard”, in A. Tolstoy’s novel “Walking in Torment”, B. Pasternak’s “Doctor Zhivago”, in the works of the Soviet period: “The Fate of Man” by M. Sholokhov, “Destruction” by A. Fadeev. Following the traditions of L. Tolstoy, his followers showed how a person is “naked” in the face of danger, how his essence is revealed. In harsh conditions, feelings of patriotism, mercy, and compassion are more acute. Thus, in A. Fadeev’s novel “Destruction,” Mechik cannot cope with his fears, is not able to take risks for the sake of his comrades, and ultimately runs away from the detachment. Sholokhov's hero Andrei Sokolov, on the contrary, did not become embittered, did not break under terrible trials, and remained a patriot of his Motherland: hungry, physically exhausted, he proudly looks into the eyes of the fascist, refusing to drink to the victory of German weapons. The merchant Ferapontov, the hero of War and Peace, does not think about his property, he is ready to give it away, ready to burn it, so that the enemy cannot profit from his labors and triumphantly walk across Russian soil. The problem of true and false patriotism raised by Tolstoy is close to both Sholokhov and Fadeev. These writers have similar views on the problem.

Explanation.

This term is called “psychologism”. Let's give a definition.

Psychologism is an individualized reproduction of the inner world of people in literary works.

Answer: psychologism.

Answer: psychologism

Anna Andreeva (Artemovsky) 15.06.2012 15:11

Isn’t “he laughed a sobbing laugh” a human emotion?

Support

“Laughing” is not an emotion, but that’s not the point. The question was about what term denotes the METHOD OF DISPLAYING the internal state of the characters in a literary work.

What is the name of a significant detail that is a means of artistic characterization (for example, Bazarov’s robe and Pavel Petrovich’s English suite noted by the author)?

Read the text fragment below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1-C2.

“Here we are at home,” said Nikolai Petrovich, taking off his cap and shaking his hair. “The main thing is now to have dinner and rest.”

“It’s really not bad to eat,” Bazarov remarked, stretching, and sank down onto the sofa.

- Yes, yes, let's have dinner, have dinner quickly. - Nikolai Petrovich stamped his feet for no apparent reason. - By the way, Prokofich.

A man of about sixty entered, white-haired, thin and dark, wearing a brown tailcoat with copper buttons and a pink scarf around his neck. He grinned, walked up to Arkady's handle and, bowing to his guest, retreated to the door and put his hands behind his back.

“Here he is, Prokofich,” Nikolai Petrovich began, “he has finally come to us... What?” how do you find it?

“In the best possible way, sir,” said the old man and grinned again, but immediately frowned his thick eyebrows. —Will you order the table to be set? - he said impressively.

- Yes, yes, please. But won't you go to your room first, Evgeny Vasilich?

- No, thank you, there is no need. Just order my suitcase to be stolen there and these clothes,” he added, taking off his robe.

- Very good. Prokofich, take their overcoat. (Prokofich, as if in bewilderment, took Bazarov’s “clothes” with both hands and, raising it high above his head, walked away on tiptoe.) And you, Arkady, will you go to your room for a minute?

“Yes, we need to clean ourselves,” Arkady answered and headed towards the door, but at that moment a man of average height, dressed in a dark English suit, a fashionable low tie and patent leather ankle boots, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, entered the living room. He looked about forty-five years old: his short-cropped gray hair shone with a dark shine, like new silver; his face, bilious, but without wrinkles, unusually regular and clean, as if carved with a thin and light chisel, showed traces of remarkable beauty; The light, black, oblong eyes were especially beautiful. The whole appearance of Arkady's uncle, graceful and thoroughbred, retained youthful harmony and that desire upward, away from the earth, which for the most part disappears after the twenties.

Pavel Petrovich took his beautiful hand with long pink nails from the pocket of his trousers - a hand that seemed even more beautiful from the snowy whiteness of the sleeve, fastened with a single large opal, and gave it to his nephew. Having previously performed the European “shake hands,” he kissed him three times, in Russian, that is, touched his cheeks with his fragrant mustache three times, and said: “Welcome.”

Nikolai Petrovich introduced him to Bazarov: Pavel Petrovich slightly tilted his flexible figure and smiled slightly, but did not offer his hand and even put it back in his pocket.

“I already thought that you wouldn’t come today,” he spoke in a pleasant voice, swaying amiably, twitching his shoulders and showing his beautiful white teeth. - Did something happen on the road?

“Nothing happened,” answered Arkady, “so, we hesitated a little.”

I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”

Name the literary direction in which the work of I. S. Turgenev developed and the principles of which were embodied in “Fathers and Sons”.

Explanation.

The literary direction of the novel “Fathers and Sons” is critical realism. The author depicts the character's character and his connection with social circumstances, gives an analysis of the character's inner world. Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov is a nihilist, his character is a reflection of the times. The country is expecting changes and he, anticipating them, denies the “old”, expecting the “new”. The novel was written in 1862. 1860−1870 - the era of reforms in Russia.

Answer: realism.

Answer: realism

What genre does I. S. Turgenev’s work “Fathers and Sons” belong to?

Explanation.

This work belongs to the “novel” genre. A novel is one of the types of epic, narrative literature - a work that reflects a complex life process, a large range of life phenomena shown in their development. Pictures of human life in the novel are presented in their complexity and versatility. In the events depicted in a novel, in contrast to a story and a short story, many characters usually take part, whose destinies and interests collide and intertwine. The life path of a person, his character in the novel is thus illuminated at different periods of human life in its various manifestations.

Answer: novel.

Answer: Roman

Source: Demo version of the Unified State Exam 2013 in literature.

Establish a correspondence between the three main characters appearing in this fragment and their inherent personality traits. For each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation.

A-4: Evgeny Bazarov is a nihilist. Bazarov Evgeniy Vasilyevich - commoner, medical student, “nihilist”. This is a daring, cynical, strong person. He is confident in the correctness of his ideas, does not recognize other opinions, and goes ahead.

B-3: Arkady Kirsanov is a young man who recognized Bazarov as an idol. Kirsanov Arkady Nikolaevich (AK) is a young nobleman, friend and student of Bazarov. But, unlike Bazarov, his passion for nihilism is superficial. AKs are attracted to this teaching by a sense of freedom, independence from traditions and authorities, the right to self-confidence and audacity. The hero does not think about the essence of “nihilism”. In addition, AK is good-natured, simple-minded, simple and very attached to noble values, lifestyle, etc.

Q-2: Pavel Kirsanov is a dandy, a gentleman. Kirsanov Pavel Petrovich is the uncle of Arkady Kirsanov, an aristocrat, adheres to liberal views. He is 45 years old, “his whole appearance..., graceful and thoroughbred, has retained his youthful slimness and... aspiration upward, away from the ground...”

Answer: 432.

Answer: 432

Source: Demo version of the Unified State Exam 2013 in literature.

Establish a correspondence between the three main characters appearing in this fragment and their future fate.

Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

Explanation.

A-3: While practicing on the corpse of a typhoid patient, Bazarov injured himself and became infected. Living with his parents, Bazarov helps his father treat the sick and dies from blood poisoning, accidentally cutting himself during an autopsy of a man who died of typhus. Before his death, he sees Odintsova for the last time, who comes to him at his request.

B-4: Nikolai Petrovich’s wedding with Fenechka was at the same time as the wedding of Arkady and Katya. In the finale of the work, Arkady Kirsanov marries Katya, and Nikolai Petrovich marries Fenechka. Pavel Petrovich is leaving abroad forever.

Q-1: Bazarov slightly wounded Pavel Kirsanov and himself provided first aid to him. Pvel Kirsanov hates Bazarov and challenges him to a duel, in which he is slightly wounded in the leg.

Answer: 341.

Answer: 341

Source: Demo version of the Unified State Exam 2013 in literature.

The elder Kirsanov and Bazarov are presented in opposition from the first pages of the work. What is the name of the technique of sharp contrast used in a work of art?

Explanation.

This technique is called contrast or antithesis.

Contrast is a sharply expressed opposition of traits, qualities, properties of one human character, object, phenomenon to another. The use of contrast, contrasting features, colors, characteristics allows the writer to more sharply emphasize and reveal certain aspects of a person, thing, landscape.

Antithesis is one of the stylistic figures: a turn of poetic speech in which, to enhance expressiveness, directly opposite concepts, thoughts, and character traits of the characters are sharply contrasted.

Answer: contrast or antithesis.

Answer: contrast | antithesis

Source: Demo version of the Unified State Exam 2013 in literature.

Adile All 19.02.2017 18:36

Why is the antithesis answer considered incorrect?

Tatiana Statsenko

No, it should be counted as correct.

At the beginning of the above fragment, the characters communicate with each other, exchanging remarks. What is this type of speech called?

Explanation.

Dialogue is a conversation between two or more persons in a work of fiction. In a dramatic work, the dialogue of the characters is one of the main artistic means for creating an image and character.

Answer: dialogue.

Answer: Dialogue

Source: Demo version of the Unified State Exam 2013 in literature.

How does this episode of “Fathers and Sons” reveal the main conflict of the work?

Explanation.

The main conflict of the novel by I.S. Turgenev’s “Fathers and Sons” is a conflict between “fathers and sons”, which develops into a conflict between two social formations: liberals and commoners. In this episode, the author, using the technique of antithesis, compares the elder Kirsanov with his smart clothes (“dark English suit”, “lacquered ankle boots”) with Bazarov, dressed in a “hoodie”.

Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is a typical aristocrat gentleman. In his face we see an aristocrat admiring himself, whose life has been reduced to general philosophical reasoning and regrets about the past. Pavel Petrovich did not shake hands with Bazarov, thereby already at the beginning of their acquaintance he showed his disdain for the visitor. Even without knowing the guest, he behaves arrogantly and selfishly. His impeccable appearance, as evidenced by the details: a beautiful hand with long pink nails, a hand that seemed even more beautiful from the snowy whiteness of the sleeve, a face... unusually regular and clean, as if drawn with a thin and light chisel, showed traces of remarkable beauty - stands in contrast to internal insignificance: he is completely unadapted to new living conditions, which are a direct threat to his calm existence. He treats ordinary people with disdain, and everything new and democratic arouses in him an angry protest. The same uselessness and inability to adapt to life, and rejection of the new are manifested in the image of Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov, although during the first meeting he seems to be a hospitable and cordial host.

Evgeny Bazarov is opposed to the old world in everything. He is proud of his simple origins and confidently strives to fight the remnants of the old times. Even his appearance and manner of speaking sets him apart from all the other characters in the novel. He is dressed in a long robe with tassels and has long hair, which at that time was a demonstrative sign of freethinking. Bazarov speaks simply and clearly, can use a saying or proverb to the point, and gives precise characteristics.

Take task number 13.

Source: Demo version of the Unified State Exam 2013 in literature.

Which works of Russian classics depict the relationships between representatives of different generations and in what ways can these works be compared with Turgenev’s “Fathers and Sons”?

Explanation.

In the drama N.A. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" house-building is gradually being destroyed by the reluctance of the "children" to submit to the tyranny of the older generation. The main character Katerina does not fit into the order of the “dark kingdom”. Despite Kabanova’s courtesy and outward submission, Katerina does not want and cannot live as is customary in Kalinov: with lies, deception, submitting to the undivided power of tyrants. This is precisely what caused Katerina’s protest.

Source: Demo version of the Unified State Exam 2013 in literature.

Explanation.

This kind of detail is called artistic detail. An artistic detail is a detail of a landscape, portrait, interior or psychological characteristic of a character, highlighted by the writer among all other details in order to emphasize its special pictorial, expressive or symbolic meaning.

Answer: artistic detail.

Answer: detail|artistic detail

Source: Demo version of the Unified State Exam 2013 in literature.

What term denotes a violation of the usual word order in a phrase (“After all, out of love, your parents are strict with you”)?

Read the text fragment below and complete tasks B1-B7; C1-C2. ACT 1

Phenomenon 5

Kabanova, Kabanov, Katerina and Varvara

Kabanova.

If you want to listen to your mother, then when you get there, do as I ordered you.

Kabanov.

How can I, Mama, disobey you! Kabanova. Elders are not very respected these days.

Varvara

(About myself)

. No respect for you, of course!

Kabanov. I, it seems, Mama, am not one step out of your will.

Kabanova. I would believe you, my friend, if I hadn’t seen with my own eyes and heard with my own ears what kind of respect children show to their parents now! If only they remembered how many illnesses mothers suffer from their children.

Kabanov. I, mummy...

Kabanova. If a parent ever says something offensive, out of your pride, then, I think, it could be rescheduled! A! How do you think? Kabanov. But when, Mama, have I ever been unable to bear being away from you? Kabanova. The mother is old and stupid; Well, you, young people, smart ones, shouldn’t exact it from us fools. Kabanov

(sighing, aside)

Kabanova.

After all, out of love your parents are strict with you, out of love they scold you, everyone thinks to teach you good. Well, I don’t like it now. And the children will go around praising people that their mother is a grumbler, that their mother does not allow them to pass, that they are squeezing them out of the world. And, God forbid, you can’t please your daughter-in-law with some word, so the conversation started that the mother-in-law was completely fed up.

Kabanov. No, mama, who is talking about you? Kabanova.

I haven’t heard, my friend, I haven’t heard, I don’t want to lie. If only I had heard, I would have spoken to you, my dear, in a different way.

(Sighs.)

Oh, a grave sin! What a long time to sin! A conversation close to your heart will go well, and you will sin and get angry. No, my friend, say what you want about me. You can’t order anyone to speak; If they don’t dare to show you, they will stand behind your back.

Kabanov.

Let your tongue dry.

Kabanova.

Come on, come on, don't be afraid! Sin! I have seen for a long time that your wife is dearer to you than your mother. Since I got married, I don’t see the same love from you.

How can I, Mama, disobey you! Kabanova. Kabanov.

How do you see this, Mama?

Kabanova.

Yes in everything, my friend! What a mother doesn’t see with her eyes, she has a prophetic heart; she can feel with her heart. Or maybe your wife is taking you away from me, I don’t know. 

Kabanov.

Explanation.

No, mama! what are you saying, have mercy!

Katerina.

For me, Mama, it’s all the same, like my own mother, like you, and Tikhon loves you too.

Explanation.

Kabanova.

It seems like you could keep quiet if they don’t ask you. Don’t intercede, mother, I won’t offend you, I suppose! After all, he is also my son; don't forget this! Why did you jump out in front of your eyes to make jokes! So that they can see how much you love your husband? So we know, we know, in your eyes you prove it to everyone.

. I found a place for instructions to read.

In a fragment of the play, remarks are exchanged between the characters. Provide a term that denotes a conversation between two or more people.

Explanation.

This form of communication is called dialogue. Let's give a definition.

Dialogue or polylogue is a conversation between two or more persons in a work of art. In a dramatic work, the dialogue of the characters is one of the main artistic means for creating an image and character.

Answer: dialogue or polylogue.

Answer: Dialogue|polylogue

What are the author's explanations, descriptions of the situation on stage, behavior, intonation, gestures of the characters called in a dramatic work (sighing, to the side; to oneself)!

Explanation.

A remark is an indication by the author in the text of a dramatic work on the behavior of the characters: their gestures, facial expressions, intonation, type of speech and pauses, the setting of the action, the semantic emphasis of certain statements.

Kabanov (sighing, to the side). Oh, my God! (To Mother.) Do we dare...

Answer: remarks.

Answer: remarks|remarks

The life positions and opinions of the participants in this scene are different. Indicate a term denoting a clash, confrontation between characters or any forces that underlies the development of the action of a literary work.

Explanation.

Conflict is a clash of opposing views of characters in epic, drama, works of the lyric-epic genre, as well as in lyrics, if there is a plot in it. The conflict is realized in the verbal and physical actions of the characters. The conflict unfolds through the plot.

In “The Thunderstorm” there is a confrontation between the tender and naive soul of Katerina and everyone who prevents her from opening up and living.

Answer: conflict.

Answer: Conflict

In the play by A. N. Ostrovsky, two generations are sharply contrasted. What is the technique of contrasting different phenomena in a work of art called?

Explanation.

Tatka's technique is called antithesis. Antithesis is a stylistic device based on a sharp opposition of concepts and images, most often based on the use of antonyms.

The soft Katerina is contrasted with the tyrannical Kabanikha. The weak-willed son of Boar - to the cunning Varvara.

Answer: antithesis.

Answer: Antithesis

How does this fragment reveal the dysfunction of family relations in the Kabanovs’ house?

Explanation.

In N. Ostrovsky’s play “The Thunderstorm,” the playwright shows how the foundations of the “dark kingdom” are collapsing. Dikoy and Kabanova stand guard over these foundations. In the passage cited for analysis, it is impossible not to notice how Kabanikha, instructing Tikhon before leaving, has a presentiment that the “last times” of her undivided power are coming. This is evidenced by the phrases thrown in reproach to the son: “They don’t really respect elders these days,” “I would believe you, my friend, if I hadn’t seen with my own eyes and heard with my own ears what kind of respect the children show to their parents now! »

In the drama A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" house-building is gradually being destroyed by the reluctance of the "children" to submit to the tyranny of the older generation. Varvara snaps at her mother, Tikhon timidly contradicts. The main character Katerina does not fit into the order of the “dark kingdom”. Despite Kabanova’s courtesy and outward submission, Katerina does not want and cannot live as is customary in Kalinov: with lies, deception, submitting to the undivided power of tyrants. This is precisely what caused Katerina’s protest.

The topic of fathers and children was raised by I.S. Turgenev in the novel “Fathers and Sons”. Considering himself a liberal aristocrat, Pavel Petrovich is proud of his “principles”, but this pride is empty, because his “principles” are just words. He is completely unadapted to new living conditions, which are a direct threat to his calm existence. He treats ordinary people with disdain, and everything new and democratic arouses in him an angry protest. The Kirsanovs do not want to accept the fact that their lives are gradually becoming a thing of the past, and they are being replaced by Bazarov, personifying a new generation with his own views.

In Sholokhov's novel "Quiet Don" the Melekhov house rests on the primacy of the elders. Panteley Prokofich is a hardworking owner, he can be quick-tempered, but at heart he is kind and sensitive. Despite the intra-family split, Panteley Prokofich tries to unite the pieces of the old way of life into one whole - at least for the sake of his grandchildren and children. To save the family, he forbids Grigory to see Aksinya. However, the son, although he does not openly protest to his father, does not listen to him, and decides to do as he wants.

Thus, the problem of “fathers and sons” is traditional for Russian classical literature, and sometimes goes beyond everyday boundaries, becoming a social conflict.

Explanation.

This term is called inversion. Let's give a definition.

Inversion is a violation of the generally accepted grammatical sequence of speech; rearrangement of parts of a phrase, giving it special expressiveness; an unusual sequence of words in a sentence.

“I said: “aristocratic,” said Bazarov, lazily taking a sip of tea.

- Exactly so, sir: but I believe that you have the same opinion about aristocrats as you do about aristocrats. I consider it my duty to tell you that I do not share this opinion. I dare say that everyone knows me as a liberal person who loves progress; but that’s precisely why I respect aristocrats—real ones. Remember, dear sir (at these words Bazarov raised his eyes to Pavel Petrovich), remember, dear sir,” he repeated with bitterness, “the English aristocrats.” They do not give up an iota of their rights, and therefore they respect the rights of others; they demand the fulfillment of duties in relation to them, and therefore they themselves fulfill their duties. The aristocracy gave freedom to England and maintains it.

“We’ve heard this song many times,” objected Bazarov, “but what do you want to prove with this?”

“I want to prove eftim, dear sir (Pavel Petrovich, when he was angry, said with intention: “eftim” and “efto,” although he knew very well that grammar does not allow such words. This quirk reflected the rest of the legends of Alexander’s time. The then aces , in rare cases when they spoke their native language, some used - efto, others - ehto: we, they say, are native Russians, and at the same time we are nobles who are allowed to neglect school rules), I want to prove that without feeling self-respect, without self-respect - and in an aristocrat these feelings are developed - there is no solid foundation for a public... bien public, a public building. Personality, dear sir, is the main thing: the human personality must be as strong as a rock, for everything is built on it. I know very well, for example, that you deign to find my habits, my toilet, my cleanliness, finally, funny, but this all stems from a sense of self-respect, from a sense of duty, yes, yes, yes, duty. I live in a village, in the middle of nowhere, but I don’t give up on myself, I respect the person in me.

“Excuse me, Pavel Petrovich,” said Bazarov, “you respect yourself and sit with folded hands; What good is this for the bien public? You wouldn't respect yourself and do the same thing.

Pavel Petrovich turned pale. 

- This is a completely different question. I don’t have to explain to you now why I’m sitting with my hands folded, as you deign to put it. I just want to say that aristocracy is a principle, and in our time only immoral or empty people can live without principles. I told this to Arkady the next day of his arrival and I repeat it to you now. Isn't that right, Nikolai?

Nikolai Petrovich nodded his head.

“Aristocracy, liberalism, progress, principles,” Bazarov said meanwhile, “just think, how many foreign... and useless words!” Russian people don’t need them for nothing.

- What do you think he needs? To listen to you, we are outside humanity, outside its laws. For mercy - the logic of history requires...

What type of literature does I. S. Turgenev’s work “Fathers and Sons” belong to?

Explanation.

The work of I. S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons” belongs to the epic.

Epic is a type of literature (along with lyricism and drama), a narrative about events supposed in the past (as if they had happened and are remembered by the narrator). The epic embraces existence in its plastic volume, spatio-temporal extension and event intensity (plot content). According to Aristotle's Poetics, epic, unlike lyric poetry and drama, is impartial and objective at the time of narration.

Answer: epic.

Nikolai Petrovich and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov are representatives of the liberal-minded nobility, who were once considered progressive, but are gradually losing their positions in front of the new emerging rarity. They both belong to the camp of “fathers,” contrasted in the novel with “children,” whose representative is the nihilist Bazarov. For him, a man of action, the principles of the “fathers” are an empty, unnecessary excess that slows down progress.

The conflict between “fathers and sons” is shown by Griboyedov on the pages of the comedy “Woe from Wit.” Chatsky, personifying the emerging new generation of enlightened nobles, who wants to give his life for the benefit of the Fatherland, opposes Famusov’s stagnant society, in which ignorance, obscurantism, idleness and servility reign.

In the drama A.N. Ostrovsky's "Thunderstorm" house-building is gradually being destroyed by the reluctance of the "children" to submit to the tyranny of the older generation. The main character Katerina does not fit into the order of the “dark kingdom”. Despite Kabanova’s courtesy and outward submission, Katerina does not want and cannot live as is customary in Kalinov: with lies, deception, submitting to the undivided power of tyrants. This is precisely what caused Katerina’s protest.

Thus, the problem of “fathers and sons” traditionally in Russian classical literature goes beyond the everyday framework, becoming a social conflict, and sometimes political.

Metaphor is a figurative meaning of a word based on the use of one object or phenomenon to another by similarity or contrast; a hidden comparison based on the similarity or contrast of phenomena, in which the words “as”, “as if”, “as if” are absent, but implied.

“All burned with impatience” can be understood as “anticipated”, “strongly desired.”

Answer: metaphor.

Answer: Metaphor

Elvira Kazakova 15.09.2016 18:23

266. Compound verbal predicate with phraseological phrase

To burn with impatience is a phraseological unit.

Typical questions about epic works

(// - These two vertical oblique lines mark variants of the formulation of the same task)

In a literary work, what is the name of the monologue that the hero pronounces “to himself”? Inner monologue

What is the name in literary criticism for a means that helps describe a hero (“weak”, “frail”)? // What are the names of figurative definitions, which are a traditional means of artistic representation? Epithet

The events in the work are narrated from the perspective of a fictional character. What is the name of the character in the work who is entrusted with the narration of events and other characters? Narrator

What is the name of the hero of this work?

What is the name of the genre of literature to which the work belongs? Epic

What is the deliberate use of identical words in a text that enhances the significance of a statement? Repeat

What term refers to the way of displaying the internal state of characters, thoughts and feelings? // What is the name of the author’s ability to convey the feelings and thoughts possessing the characters, their inner life? Psychologism

What is the name of an expressive detail that carries an important semantic load in a literary text? // What is the name of a significant detail that is a means of characterizing a hero? Detail

The fragment begins and ends with a description of the fire in Smolensk, etc. Indicate the term that denotes the arrangement and relationship of parts, episodes, images in a work of art. // What term denotes the organization of parts of the work, images and their connections? Composition

Indicate the type of trope, which is based on the transfer of properties of some objects and phenomena to others (“flame of talent”). Metaphor

Indicate the genre to which the work belongs. Novel, story, tale, fairy tale...

At the beginning of the fragment a description of the character's appearance is given. What is this means of characterization called? Portrait

At the beginning of the episode, a description of the night village is given. What term is used to denote such a description? // What term is used to denote a description of nature? Scenery

What type of genre does the novel belong to? Social-philosophical, psychological, social-everyday...

Indicate a trope that is a replacement of a proper name with a descriptive phrase. Paraphrase /For example, The Land of the Rising Sun - Japan/

A symbolic image, the meaning of which goes beyond the limits of the subject matter. Symbol

What term is used to designate the part of the work that depicts the circumstances preceding the main events of the plot? Exposition

What term denotes the totality of events, turns and twists and turns of action in a work? Plot

What term refers to the final component of a work? Epilogue

Artistic time and space are the most important characteristics of the author’s model of the world. What traditional spatial landmark does Goncharov use to create the image of a symbolically rich closed space? House

How is the form of allegory characteristic of fables called a parable? Allegory

Indicate the name of the technique of artistic exaggeration, in which verisimilitude gives way to fantasy or caricature. Grotesque

What is the name of the type of description in literary works that allowed the author to recreate the furnishings of a person’s home? Interior

What are the names of words and expressions that deviate from the norms of the literary language (“they sing”, “we can”) Vernacular/Dialect

The surname of which Russian critic, democratic revolutionary is similar to the surname of Dobrosklonov? (this is from Nekrasov in the poem “Who Lives Well in Rus' Doborolubov.

The surnames of the heroes of the work, which contain a hidden meaning (Kabanova, Dikoy, Pravdin, Skotinin, Raskolnikov). // Following tradition, the author gives the heroes of his work names and surnames that carry certain characteristics. What are these first and last names called? Speakers.

Typical questions about dramatic works

Within what literary movement was this work created? Classicism, realism

What term refers to the form of speech of characters that represents an exchange of remarks? Dialogue

Determine the genre of the work.

Fonvizin "Undergrowth" - comedy
Griboyedov "Woe from Wit" - comedy
Gogol "The Inspector General" - comedy
Ostrovsky “The Thunderstorm” - drama
Chekhov "The Cherry Orchard" - comedy
Gorky “At the Bottom” - drama

One of the characteristic techniques of classicism is to reveal the character of the hero through his surname. What are these names called? Speakers

In literary criticism, what do we call characters who do not appear on stage? Off-stage

The fragment depicts an acute clash of positions between the heroes. What is the name of such a clash, the confrontation of characters, which underlies the development of the action of a literary work? Conflict

Type of conflict? Public, love, social

What stage in the development of the action does this fragment belong to? Commencement, climax, denouement

Indicate the name of the type of literature to which the play belongs...? Drama

What is the name of the extended statement of one character? Monologue

Name the term that refers to the statements of the characters in the play. // What is a single phrase of an interlocutor in a stage dialogue called in dramaturgy? Replica

What is the name of the part of the act (action) of a dramatic work in which the composition of the characters remains unchanged? Scene

What is the term that is used in literary criticism to denote an expression that has become popular? // The actor utters a succinct, laconic phrase: “Without a name, there is no person.” What is the name of this type of sayings?// What are the names of the sayings of heroes that are distinguished by brevity, capacity of thought and expressiveness? Aphorism

The given scene contains information about the characters, the place and time of the action, and describes the circumstances that took place before it began. Indicate the stage in the development of the plot, which is characterized by the named features. // What term is used to designate the part of the work where the circumstances preceding the main events of the plot are depicted? Exposition

What is the main means of characterization in this fragment of the play? Speech

Name the medium of artistic representation

Typical questions about lyrical works

What is the name of the type of lyricism to which this poem belongs? // What genre-thematic type of poetry does this poem belong to?

Landscape, civil, love, friendly, meditative (Tyutchev “There is melodiousness in the sea waves...”), philosophical...

What is the name of a stylistic figure based on a change in the direct order of words? // What stylistic figure, consisting of a violation of the generally accepted word order, does the poet use to create...? Inversion

A term used in literary criticism to describe a figurative and expressive means that allows one to transfer meaning by similarity from one object to another? (Mean of allegorical expressiveness). Metaphor

Indicate the name of the stylistic device that the poet uses by starting lines with the same word. Anaphora

What is the character of the rhyme called? Circular, cross, adjacent

What poetic genre does this poem belong to?

Ola, elegy, dedication, epigram...

What is the name of the poetic technique based on the repetition of vowel sounds? Assonance

What is the poetic technique of repeating identical consonant sounds called?

Alliteration

Determine the meter in which the poem is written.

Iambic (2 4 6 8) trochee (1 3 5 7), dactyl (1 4 7 10), amphibrachium (2 5 8 11), anapest (3 6 9 12)

HOW TO DO THIS COMPETENTLY?

We write down lines from the poem, breaking them into syllables;

We put emphasis on words;

We write down the numbers under the stressed syllables;

We look at the previous diagrams and choose the size.

In `this de-re`v-no fire` not in ga`-she-ny

1 4 7 10

You don’t mean a lot to me...

1 4 7 10 uh it's a dactyl.

One more example!

No, you are not Push-kin. But ku´-yes

Can't see the sun from anywhere 2 4 8

2 4 8 this is iambic

Write down the term used to describe artistic definition. Epithet

What is the name of the technique that allows you to endow the world around you with human feelings and experiences? Personification

What is the name of the versification system in which this poem was written?

Tonic, syllabic-tonic

What is the name in literary criticism for a combination of lines held together by a common rhyme and intonation? Stanza

What is the term used to denote the consonance of the ends of poetic lines? Rhyme

Happens:

ADJACENT(AABB),

CROSS( ABAB),

RING(ABBA)

What is the name of a technique based on a combination of incompatible concepts? Oxymoron

Name the type of trope based on the comparison of objects or phenomena. Comparison

What is the simplest unit of plot development called? Motive

What term is used to describe a set of lines consisting of quatrains, each of which is an organized combination of poetic lines. Quatrain

What is the name of the method of allegory that involves depicting an abstract idea through concrete images? Allegory

What is the name of a generalized image that includes many associative features? Symbol

What is the name of the technique that consists of replacing a word with a descriptive expression indicating important properties, qualities, signs of an object or phenomenon? Periphrase

To enhance the emotional significance of the statement, the author uses the form of a question that does not require an answer. What is this means of expression called? A rhetorical question

Name the type of composition characterized by the repetition of the same motif, line, etc. at the beginning and end of the work. Ring

What literary movement does creativity belong to...?

Classicism, romanticism, realism, symbolism, futurism, acmeism, imagism

What is the name of an artistic technique based on sharp opposition? Antithesis//contrast

The second and third stanzas are built on a comparison of pictures of nature and the human condition. What is this technique called in literary criticism?

Comparison//Parallelism

The second and fourth stanzas are almost identical in content. What is this technique called? Repeat

What is the name of the poetic concept that affirms the intrinsic value of artistic creativity? Art for art's sake(freedom of art from politics).

Indicate the classic lyrical genre (sad reflection on the frailty of existence, lost love, etc.), the features of which are present in the poem... Elegy.

What is the name of the stanza used by the author in the work? (we are talking about the novel in verse “Eugene Onegin”) Onegin's stanza/Onegin's

Poem "Hamlet" by B.L. Pasternak “attributed” the hero of his famous novel. Indicate the title of this work. Doctor Zhivago.

What means of expressing his own position does the poet resort to, subjecting his characters not to hidden, but to obvious ridicule and denunciation? Sarcasm/Invective

1. Check if did you understand the task adequately?. Analyze the question by highlighting keywords. Understand the meaning of the terms used in the wording of the question.

2. Do it analytical work with text of the task, which essentially serves as an answer plan: first name the authors and works (at least two comparison positions), and then justify your choice by commenting on these works in accordance with the assignment.

3. Include only those text material, which serves as an accurate commentary on your points.

4. Edit answer, remove redundant reasoning and examples, make the necessary additions in response to home(comparative) part of the question.

5. Avoid general reasoning.

6. Analyze response logic, check speech design, eliminate speech defects.

Examples of poem analysis.

Tyutchev F.I.

The kite rose from the clearing,

He soared high into the sky;

Higher and higher, it curls further -

And so he went beyond the horizon!

Mother Nature gave him

Two powerful, two living wings -

And here I am, covered in sweat and dust.

I, the king of the earth, am rooted to the earth!..

1.Theme of the poem- kite in the sky, a man watching the flight of a kite. Human and nature.

2. The poem is divided into two parts, two quatrains

3.First part- characteristic narrative intonation. The poet draws the beginning of the flight of a kite, which rushes to the sky. These poems sound freely, calmly, measuredly, conveying a picture of flight.

In verse 1 the word kite- subject of description, in verse 2 - phrase to the sky, which indicates the movement of the kite in space.

In verses 3–4, the space in which the kite flies expands, this is indicated by the words higher, farther.

The first quatrain paints a real picture of nature, which the reader sees together with the author.

The first stanza is read smoothly and calmly. There is a sense of slowness and tranquility in nature.

4. The grammatical basics are clearly highlighted in lines 1-3 of the poem. The verbs “rose, soared, curled” convey the dynamics of movement. The lyrical hero’s gaze moves from bottom to top, the kite gradually decreases, but the person, on the contrary, feels deprived, “rooted to the ground,” that is, despite the fact that a person is, of course, larger in size than a kite, but due to the inability to soar into the sky like a bird , he is inferior to the bird. Let’s imagine a kite looking from the sky to the ground - he sees a small dot, which is the “king of nature.” The kite is “convinced” that the king of nature is he, the kite, soaring in the sky.

The final verses 7–8 sound with an intonation of sadness, forming second part quietness. It sounds like the lyrical hero’s regret about a man who is deprived of wings, deprived of flight and forced to live on earth “in sweat and dust.”

5-6 . Language means– the poet uses archaic forms of words:

“to the ground"- the poet’s reasoning emphasizes the eternal and unchanging weakness of man in relation to the power of nature.

Archaic form further gives the text elation, solemnity and brings the speech closer to a high style.

The verbs “rose, soared, curled” convey movement, thus the picture of the poem is lively and dynamic.

Nature-mother - The application shows the connection between nature and the kite, her “son”.

7. Artistic painting of the poem- a man watches the flight of a bird, sees a kite soaring in the sky and thinks that he, the “king of the earth,” cannot rise into the sky.

8 . Looking at flying birds, you involuntarily think about the impossibility of rising into the sky. But this is a long-standing dream of man (remember Icarus and Daedalus). Flying is freedom. The hero of Korolenko’s essay “Paradox”, a man without arms (-wings?) says: “Man is born for happiness, like a bird for flight.” Katerina in “The Thunderstorm” by N.A. Ostrovsky says: “Why don’t people fly like birds?” For each of the heroes of the works - poems by Tyutchev, Jan Zaluski, Katerina - the concept of freedom, happiness is the opportunity to “fly”, and not in the literal sense of the word.

9-10-11 . Tyutchev's poem is a reflection on human capabilities. He is the “king of the earth” - but why can’t he rise to the sky? We find the answer - man is the “king on earth”, and the kite is the king of heaven. But man so wants to conquer the sky!.. The last line of the poem is about this, it sounds both like a desperate exclamation and like bitterness, the realization of the impossibility of overcoming gravity and soaring into the sky “higher, further.” A kite from a height of flight can “look around” its possessions like a real king, but a man cannot look around the earth, despite the fact that he is the “king of the earth.” What is stopping you? - it’s that the “king of the earth” is rooted to the ground. A person in sweat and dust is forced to constantly work on the land to feed himself. How can one not remember the Bible and the expulsion of a person from Paradise for eating the forbidden fruit! Therefore, man is punished by being “rooted to the ground,” working in sweat and dust and greedily watching the birds in the sky!

Free analysis of the poem by F.I. Tyutcheva

"The kite rose from the clearing"

The poem was written in 1835. For F.I. Tyutchev, man is as much a mystery as nature. The poet is faced with the question of the relationship between nature and man. Man is a thinking creature. Due to the fact that he is endowed with reason, he is separated from nature. In the poem “The Kite Arose from the Clearing,” human thought irresistibly strives to comprehend the unknown, but it is in no way possible for it to go beyond the “earthly circle.” For the human mind there is a limit, predetermined and inevitable. The sight of a kite rising from the field and disappearing into the sky leads the poet to the following thoughts: “Mother Nature gave him / Two powerful, two living wings - / And here I am in sweat and dust, / I, the king of the earth, have grown to the ground !..”

This poem by F. I. Tyutchev is consonant with Faust’s monologue translated by him from the scene “At the Gates,” which speaks of the inherent desire of human nature “up and away.” And it is characteristic that the hero of Goethe’s tragedy associates the awakening of this innate feeling in him with images of birds: a lark ringing in the sky, an eagle soaring above the treetops, or a crane hurrying to its homeland.

Clichés for analysis

“Here we are at home,” said Nikolai Petrovich, taking off his cap and shaking his hair. “The main thing is now to have dinner and rest.”

“It’s really not bad to eat,” Bazarov remarked, stretching, and sank onto the sofa.

- Yes, yes, let's have dinner, have dinner quickly. – Nikolai Petrovich stamped his feet for no apparent reason.

- By the way, Prokofich.

A man of about sixty entered, white-haired, thin and dark, wearing a brown tailcoat with copper buttons and a pink scarf around his neck. He grinned, walked up to Arkady’s handle and, bowing to the guest, retreated to the door and put his hands behind his back.

“Here he is, Prokofich,” began Nikolai Petrovich, “he has finally come to us... What? how do you find it?

“In the best possible way, sir,” said the old man and grinned again, but immediately frowned his thick eyebrows. – Would you like to set the table? – he said impressively.

- Yes, yes, please. But won’t you go to your room first, Evgeny Vasilich?

- No, thank you, there is no need. Just order my suitcase to be stolen there and these clothes,” he added, taking off his robe.

- Very good. Prokofich, take their overcoat. (Prokofich, as if in bewilderment, took Bazarov’s “clothes” with both hands and, raising it high above his head, walked away on tiptoe.) And you, Arkady, will you go to your room for a minute?

“Yes, we need to clean ourselves,” Arkady answered and was about to go to the door, but at that moment a man of average height, dressed in a dark English suit, a fashionable low tie and patent leather ankle boots, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, entered the living room. He looked about forty-five years old: his short-cropped gray hair shone with a dark shine, like new silver; his face, bilious, but without wrinkles, unusually regular and clean, as if carved with a thin and light incisor, showed traces of remarkable beauty; The light, black, oblong eyes were especially beautiful. The whole appearance of Arkady's uncle, graceful and thoroughbred, retained youthful harmony and that desire upward, away from the earth, which for the most part disappears after the twenties.

Pavel Petrovich took his beautiful hand with long pink nails from the pocket of his trousers - a hand that seemed even more beautiful from the snowy whiteness of the sleeve, fastened with a single large opal, and gave it to his nephew. Having previously performed the European “shake hands,” he kissed him three times, in Russian, that is, touched his cheeks with his fragrant mustache three times, and said: “Welcome.”

Nikolai Petrovich introduced him to Bazarov: Pavel Petrovich slightly tilted his flexible figure and smiled slightly, but did not offer his hand and even put it back in his pocket.

“I already thought that you wouldn’t come today,” he spoke in a pleasant voice, swaying courteously, twitching his shoulders and showing his beautiful white teeth. - Did something happen on the road?

“Nothing happened,” answered Arkady, “so, we hesitated a little.”

Question 5:

What is the name of a significant detail that is a means
artistic characteristics (for example, noted by the author
Bazarov's robe and Pavel Petrovich's English suite)?

Explanation:

To answer this question, first read the question carefully, there is a hint in the question “ significant detail that is a means artistic characteristics ". Knowing the terminology given in the codifier will help you answer this question.

Answer: detail

KIM Unified State Exam 2016 (early period)

-...Nil Pavlych, and Nil Pavlych! How did he, the gentleman who was reported just now, shoot himself on Petersburgskaya?
“Svidrigailov,” someone from the other answered hoarsely and indifferently.
rooms.
Raskolnikov shuddered.
- Svidrigailov! Svidrigailov shot himself! - he cried.
- How! Do you know Svidrigailov?
- Yes... I know... He arrived recently...
- Well, yes, I recently arrived, lost my wife, a man of behavior
forgotten, and suddenly shot himself, and it was so scandalous that it’s impossible to imagine...
left a few words in his notebook that he was dying in his right mind and asked not to blame anyone for his death. This one, they say, had money.
How do you want to know?
- I... know... my sister lived in their house as a governess...
- Ba, ba, ba... Yes, you can tell us about him. And you had no idea?
- I saw him yesterday... he... drank wine... I didn’t know anything.
Raskolnikov felt as if something had fallen on him and he
crushed.
“You seem to have turned pale again.” We have such a stale spirit here...
“Yes, I have to go,” muttered Raskolnikov, “sorry,
worried...
- Oh, for mercy's sake, as much as you like! The pleasure was delivered and I'm glad
declare...
Ilya Petrovich even extended his hand.
- I just wanted... I went to Zametov...
“I understand, I understand, and it was a pleasure.”
“I’m... very glad... goodbye, sir...” Raskolnikov smiled.
He came out, he rocked. His head was spinning. He couldn't feel if he was standing. He began to walk down the stairs, resting his right hand on the wall.
It seemed to him that some janitor, with a book in his hand, pushed him, climbing up to meet him in the office, that some little dog was baying and barking somewhere on the lower floor, and that some woman threw a rolling pin at it and screamed. He went downstairs and went out into the yard. Here in the courtyard, not far from the exit, stood a pale, completely dead Sonya and looked at him wildly, wildly. He stopped in front of her. Something sick and exhausted
Something desperate was expressed in her face. She clasped her hands.
An ugly, lost smile squeezed out on his lips. He stood there, grinned, and turned upstairs, back to the office. Ilya Petrovich sat down and rummaged through some papers. The one standing in front of him
the very man who had just pushed Raskolnikov while climbing the stairs.
- A-ah-ah? You again! Did you leave anything?.. But what happened to you?
Raskolnikov, with pale lips and a fixed gaze, quietly approached him, walked up to the table itself, rested his hand on it, wanted to say something, but could not; Only some incoherent sounds were heard.
- You feel sick, chair! Here, sit on the chair, sit down! Water!
Raskolnikov sank into a chair, but did not take his eyes off his face very
unpleasantly surprised Ilya Petrovich. Both looked at each other for a minute and waited. They brought water.
“It’s me...” Raskolnikov began.
– Drink some water.
Raskolnikov drew back the water with his hand and said quietly, deliberately, but clearly:
It was I who killed the old official woman and her sister Lizaveta with an ax
and robbed.
Ilya Petrovich opened his mouth. They came running from all sides.
Raskolnikov repeated his testimony.
(F.M. Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”)

How preparing for the Unified State Exam in Literature turned into a quest with an unpredictable ending for students and teachers

Text: Natalya Lebedeva
Photo: Profi.ru

There are only a few months left before final exams. Those who have chosen humanities faculties will have to take the test. What difficulties do well-read children face in the exam when they distinguish between stanza, anaphora and oxymoron? Why do questions from the question-answer series have no place in the literature exam? And do you need to read all the works on the list to get the maximum score? These and other questions are answered by the author of numerous textbooks and literature guides, associate professor of Moscow State Pedagogical University Elena Poltavets.

Elena Yuryevna, do you think that the knowledge that is given at school is enough to successfully pass the Unified State Exam in literature?

Elena Poltavets: Knowledge and schools are different. It happens that knowledge is given, but for various reasons they do not take it; it happens that knowledge is imposed, but what is imposed cannot be tied down by any strings. Knowledge can only be obtained through one’s own efforts and made it an integral part of one’s inner world. He also said that a good reader mixes a drop of his own blood into his work.

A modern applicant, motivated to take the exam, will find everything he needs in the library, the Internet and, of course, additional questions to the teacher. But the paradox is that the better a conscientious student learns what stage directions, anaphora, inversion, lyric epic, oxymoron, alliteration, assonance and all other elements are, knowledge of which is required in the “List of Content Elements” and “List of Requirements for the Level of Graduates” , the greater the likelihood of lowering exam scores.

How is this possible?!

Elena Poltavets: A simple example, in the demo version there is a task on the poem “Russia”, in which you need to indicate “the number of the stanza in which the poet uses anaphora”.

A schoolchild who has read at least a short article “Anaphora” in a dictionary of literary terms will find anaphora, but not a stanza. If only because the list of “elements of content” does not include the term “stanza” (but this is not so scary: the developers of CIMs are sure that a schoolchild cannot help but know this). Another thing is worse: the sixth stanza of the proposed poem, containing anaphora, is not a stanza, but a strophoid, so a diligent applicant who, before the exam, repeated, in addition to the term “anaphora,” also the term “strophe,” will be confused.

In my opinion, the main problem of the Unified State Exam is the conceptual inconsistency of test CIMs, and indeed of any unambiguous tasks in the “question-answer” mode in the discipline “literature”. Incorrect question situation “What is the name of the detail...?”- this is a trap for a smart applicant. Especially if he thinks about whether the symbolism of the details and their opposition are meant. He could write about all this in an essay, but not in a line that could fit no more than a dozen letters.

But in the Unified State Examination in literature, tasks have already appeared where you need to write detailed answers of 5-10 sentences.

Elena Poltavets: This is no longer a trap, but downright a “set-up”, and a very serious one. The demo shows an episode of the first meeting Bazarova And Pavel Kirsanova(Chapter four of the novel “Fathers and Sons”, from the words of Nikolai Petrovich “Here we are at home” to Arkady’s remark: “So, we hesitated a little”). The question is: “How does this episode of Fathers and Sons outline the main conflict of the work?” It seems that the poster of this question has not read the great novel. Because the main conflict of the novel is not outlined either in the antithesis of the robe and the English suite mentioned in the episode, or even in the opposition of generations, or in the ideological disputes that unfold in the novel almost before the duel episode, but lies in the conflict of the “passionate, rebellious heart” of the human and the grave as the tragic fate of all flesh among the eternal “indifferent nature.” Awareness of one’s spiritual uniqueness and understanding of one’s doom for loneliness is what brings together the former antagonists after the duel - Bazarov and Pavel Kirsanov - and contrasts them with all the other characters. A good teacher or tutor will, of course, read one of the greatest works of world literature with his students.

Elena Poltavets: I’ll start right away with an example. Assignment based on the same novel “Fathers and Sons”: “Establish a correspondence between the characters and their future fate. (Characters: , Nikolai Petrovich Kirsanov, Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. Fate: he is wounded in a duel, marries Odintsova’s sister, dies of a serious illness, marries Fenichka.”) This task can be completed by an applicant who has not read the novel at all, provided that he is familiar with a brief retelling of the plot, and not even the plot, but only the ending of the novel.

There are no other tasks that could be considered as a test of knowledge of the text in the exam version, and this is understandable: do not turn exam questions into jokes: “What did the pig eat under the window of the house: a) nectarines; b) bananas; c) avocado...” The “text test” idea, popular in the past, failed. Because there is no point in asking the name of the main character of the novel, and there is no reason to inquire whether the applicant remembers the name of the dog that an elderly relative did not like so much Odintsova in the novel "Fathers and Sons".

Tasks of an overly general nature: naming works that “depict the conflict between representatives of different generations” and comparing these works with Turgenev’s novel or naming about the Motherland also do not really allow one to demonstrate knowledge of the text of the works. It is proposed to limit the answer to 5-10 sentences. And what works do not “display the conflict of generations”?

So it turns out that even an applicant who is familiar only with a brief retelling of the works can cope with the 16 tasks of the first part. Please also keep in mind that the list of works of art, the reading of which is supposedly required, is excessively extensive, especially in the part, which provokes the student’s bewilderment: “I still won’t have time, I won’t remember, it’s not worth reading.”

How objective are the evaluation criteria? After all, it was precisely for the sake of objectivity and equalization of chances that the Unified State Exam was introduced.

Elena Poltavets: This is the most interesting thing. The tasks of the first part that seem suitable for an objective assessment (knows - does not know) are not so. Here is the task: “Indicate the meter in which the poem is written, without indicating the number of feet.” Let's assume that all test takers indicated correctly. They received equal points. But some also know footness, some know the semantic halo, and some have determined the semantics of pyrrhic feet. And where can an applicant show this knowledge?

And in general, this is a strange approach: the first part requires knowledge of terms, and the second part requires writing an essay. As if knowledge of terms is not necessary for writing an essay.

Applicants often ask: “How many terms can a good essay contain?” I’ll answer: in a 4-hour project - no less than 50-60, or even 70. Because the plot, the conflict, the image, the landscape, the detail, the stage directions, the anaphora, and the size, in general, everything what is listed in " elements of content", and much more - this is the tool with which the author of the essay analyzes the work.

How many quotes? Well, let's say 70-80. Because there is absolutely no need to waste time quoting an entire stanza when you can point out that anaphora (“when”) and alliteration (on “r” and “s”) in the same poem by Blok “Russia” create an image of eternity and remind of the key word (if the applicant knows about anagramming, he will highlight the anagram “Russia”). Here are already three quotes in one sentence of the essay.

But the essay has already been returned - the final essay is in December. And all the schoolchildren write an essay for the Unified State Exam in the Russian language...

Elena Poltavets: “Final” “essay” with a focus on “meta-subject matter”, reasoning about life, “a view and something”, preferably with the involvement of “extra-curricular” literary works and the everyday experience of high school students - this is, of course, useful, but also harmful at the same time. If only because the preparation of this “exam” and responsibility for it are entrusted to the same long-suffering school vocabulary specialist. And because no essay, the “topics” of which sound pathetic and demagogic and invites one to speak out for all that is good against all that is bad, can replace an essay exam in literature. Just as reasoning about why you need to know mathematics will not replace knowledge of at least the multiplication tables.

The presence of several essay options (mandatory “final” and optional) led to a blurring of the goals and objectives of each exam and disorientation of examinees. The requirements for the “final” “essay” learned by the student prevent him (and the teacher) from switching to the analysis of a work of art as an aesthetic phenomenon, which is required in an essay on a literary topic. And thanks to the final essay, all high school students quickly learn that a work of art is just a visual illustration of some simple worldly wisdom and that understanding a work comes down to more or less successfully using it as “material” for “argumentation” of common truths .

“Who can be called a true friend?”, “Is it possible to change a dream?”, “What role can a cowardly act play in a person’s fate?” And these topics for discussion are intended for seventeen-year-olds, who, it seems, should have already read Turgenev, and? It seems to me that such topics could only be proposed to ten-year-old fourth-graders, and even then with a feeling of some awkwardness...

Do I understand correctly that the most correct thing would be to return to that essay that we all used to write in graduate school?

Elena Poltavets: I am sure that the essay exam for school leavers should be returned. This should be the final creative work, allowing the graduate to reveal his knowledge and his, as it is fashionable to say, creativity. The same applies to the university entrance exam.

Many complain that schoolchildren copy all sorts of “golden” and “diamond” essays from collections, download them from the Internet... But no Unified State Exam and no police measures will prevent this. And there is nothing reprehensible in the collections of “exemplary” essays in themselves, just like in the catalogs of, say, hairstyles that we leaf through while waiting in line at the hairdresser. Another thing is that not every haircut and not every dress will suit a particular person or at least please them from an aesthetic point of view.

My high school students received assignments to write a review of essays from the “golden collection” and discussed these essays. But no one cheated when they had to hand in their work. If only because there was nowhere to copy: each student was given an individual topic and, at the same time, one that was not found either in the “collections” or on the Internet. And a kaleidoscope of quotations from articles and prefaces to reveal the topic of the essay certainly could not replace the logic of the original work.

What do you think an ideal literature exam should look like?

Elena Poltavets: An essay on one of the selected literary topics. That is, devoted to the analysis of the creativity/work of one or more authors listed in the exam program. Neither “free” nor problem-free “quote” topics are suitable for the exam. This should be an exam on the school discipline “literature”, and not on sensitivity, impressionability, kindness of heart, moral maturity, civic responsibility and other admirable qualities, which, however, are not taught in school lessons.

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