Basic norms and principles of professional ethics.
Types of professional ethics.
Each type of human professional activity corresponds to certain types of professional ethics with their own specific characteristics:
Medical ethics (set out in the “Ethical Code of the Russian Doctor”, 1994).
Biomedical ethics (ʼʼHippocratic Oathʼʼ).
Professional ethics of a journalist.
Business (economic) ethics is a set of norms of behavior for an entrepreneur, the requirements imposed by a cultural society on his style of work, the nature of communication between business participants, and their social appearance.
Management ethics is a science that considers the actions and behavior of a person acting in the field of management, and the functioning of an organization as an “aggregate manager” in relation to its internal and external environment in the aspect in which the actions of the manager and the organization relate to universal ethical requirements.
Professional ethics regulates the relationships between people in business communication. At the root of professional ethics lie certain principles and norms, which are conditioned by the additional responsibility associated with professional duties.
The norm is the basis of high professionalism. Professional moral standards are guiding principles, rules, samples, standards, the order of internal self-regulation of the individual based on ideals.
Basic norms work ethics, which should be inherent to all workers in the field of social and cultural services and tourism, regardless of where they are located workplace:
attentiveness, politeness;
endurance, patience, self-control;
good manners and culture of speech;
ability to avoid conflict situations, and if they arise, successfully resolve them, respecting the interests of both parties;
courtesy, courtesy;
cordiality, goodwill;
tact, restraint;
self-criticism towards oneself;
willingness to respond quickly, keeping several people or different operations that are implemented in the service process in the area of attention;
ability to remain calm and friendly even after serving a capricious client or a stressful shift;
ability to avoid customer dissatisfaction and conflicts;
respect the right of every person to rest and leisure;
protect professional reputation;
promote the development of internal and international tourism;
accept fair complaints about your activities;
respect moral values and cultural standards of people, not to allow statements that offend a person’s national, religious or moral feelings.
Let us list unacceptable standards of behavior and personal qualities that are incompatible with the professional ethics of the sphere of social and cultural services and tourism:
rudeness, tactlessness, inattention, callousness;
dishonesty, hypocrisy;
theft, greed, selfishness;
talkativeness, disclosure of private information about clients, discussion with anyone about their shortcomings and weaknesses;
intransigence, the desire to gain the upper hand over the client, to subordinate his interests to his own.
You should not strive to remake or re-educate clients during the service - they should be accepted as they are. Serious mistakes of novice workers in the field of social and cultural services and tourism are often associated with touchiness, with inflated ethical requirements in relation to clients, which indicates the personal vulnerability of the character of such workers.
In the field of social and cultural services and tourism, the importance of ethical standards is felt not only in the interaction of workers with consumers, but also between workers. At an enterprise, a moral climate is of particular importance, where there are no conflicts, no humiliated, irritated, indifferent people, but everyone treats each other with respect and attention. It is important to create an atmosphere of mutual assistance in the team, the ability of workers to work together, as well as in special service groups (teams). Also, ethical standards in relationships with partners and colleagues include:
maintain professional unity;
cares about the prestige of the profession;
maintain normativity official relations;
respect the right of colleagues to reasoned refusal.
All this helps achieve a common goal: to achieve effective customer service.
Unethical practices that clearly violate the law include falsifying government regulatory documents, misappropriation of funds, racial discrimination, and sexual harassment in the work environment.
Principles- ϶ᴛᴏ abstract, generalized ideas that enable those who rely on them to correctly form their behavior and their actions in the business sphere. The principles are universal.
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A service employee must adhere to the following principles in his work:
1. The main ethical principle is the principle of humanism, which means the recognition of man as the highest value, faith in man, his ability to improve, the requirement of freedom and protection of the dignity of the individual, the idea of a person’s right to happiness, that the satisfaction of the needs and interests of the individual should be the ultimate goal of society. The humanistic principle contains the most ancient normative moral requirement, called " Golden Rule". It is formulated in a positive form: “act towards others as you would like them to act towards you,” or in a negative form: “don’t act...”, etc. In Russian According to the proverb, it received the following interpretation: “what you don’t like in others, don’t do it yourself.” The “Golden Rule” contains the humanistic idea of the equality of all people. It means the right and responsibility of the individual to take responsibility for their actions, and contributes to the development of the desire to set goals. yourself in the place of another.
2. The principle of impartiality in relation to the client and the pursuit of objectivity when making various decisions.
3. The principle of customer focus, caring for him.
4. The principle of accurate performance of professional duties.
5. The principle of showing respect for your profession and for the people with whom you come into contact when performing professional duties.
6. The principle of striving to improve one’s professional activities.
7. The principle of confidentiality, non-disclosure of personal information obtained in the course of professional activity.
8. The principle of avoiding potential and obvious conflicts between employees, with management and especially with the client.
9. The principle of tolerance, ᴛ.ᴇ. tolerance.
These principles in the field of professional ethics help to successfully solve problems in a professional environment.
Internet provides us with a list basic principles professional ethics, let’s consider it in more detail:
Your work should be performed professionally, strictly in accordance with the assigned powers;
In your work you cannot be guided by your personal likes and dislikes; you should always maintain objectivity;
When working with personal data of clients or other individuals or companies, the strictest confidentiality should always be observed;
In your work, you must not allow the emergence of off-duty relationships with clients or colleagues, managers or subordinates;
You should observe the principle of collegiality and not discuss your colleagues or subordinates in the presence of clients, partners or other persons;
It is impossible to allow an already accepted order to be disrupted by refusing it in favor of another (more profitable) order;
Discrimination against clients, partners, colleagues or subordinates on the basis of gender, race, age or any other basis is unacceptable.
In the textbook Solonitsina A.A. “Professional Ethics and Etiquette” lists the following professional ethical principles:
The essence of the first principle comes from the so-called gold standard: “Within the framework of one’s official position, never allow one’s official position to be used in relation to one’s subordinates, one’s management, one’s colleagues. your service level, to clients, etc. such actions that you would not want to see towards yourself.
The second principle: fairness is needed when providing employees with the resources necessary for their work activities (monetary, raw materials, material, etc.).
The third principle requires mandatory correction of an ethical violation, regardless of when and by whom it was committed.
The fourth principle is the principle of maximum progress: the official behavior and actions of an employee are recognized as ethical if they contribute to the development of the organization (or its divisions) from a moral point of view.
The fifth principle is the principle of minimum progress, according to which the actions of an employee or organization as a whole are ethical if they at least do not violate ethical standards.
Sixth principle: ethical is the tolerant attitude of the organization’s employees towards moral principles, traditions, etc., that take place in other organizations, regions, countries.
Eighth principle: individual and collective principles are equally recognized as the basis when developing and making decisions in business relationships.
The ninth principle: you should not be afraid to have your own opinion when resolving any official issues. At the same time, nonconformism* as a personality trait should manifest itself within reasonable limits.
The tenth principle is no violence, ᴛ.ᴇ. “pressure” on subordinates, expressed in various forms, for example, in an orderly, commanding manner of conducting an official conversation.
The eleventh principle is constancy of impact, which is expressed in the fact that ethical standards are introduced into the life of an organization not with a one-time order, but only with the help of continuous efforts on the part of both the manager and ordinary employees.
The twelfth principle is when influencing (on a team, an individual employee, a consumer, etc.), take into account the strength of possible resistance. The fact is that while recognizing the value and extreme importance of ethical standards in theory, many workers, when faced with them in practical everyday work, for some reason begin to resist them.
The thirteenth principle is the expediency of advances based on trust - the employee’s sense of responsibility, his competence, sense of duty, etc.
The fourteenth principle strongly recommends striving for non-conflict. Although conflict in the business sphere has not only dysfunctional but also functional consequences, nevertheless, conflict is a fertile ground for ethical violations.
The fifteenth principle is freedom without limiting the freedom of others; Usually this principle, although in an implicit form, is determined by job descriptions.
Sixteenth principle: the employee must not only act ethically himself, but also promote the same behavior of his colleagues.
Seventeenth principle: do not criticize your competitor. This means not only a competing organization, but also an “internal competitor” - a team from another department, a colleague in whom one can “see” a competitor.
These principles should serve as the basis for each employee of any company to develop and organize their own personal ethical system.
Basic norms and principles of professional ethics. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Basic norms and principles of professional ethics." 2017, 2018.
1. Professional ethics. The basic ethical principle of business communication.
2. Ethics of communication from top to bottom.
3. Ethics in business communication from the bottom up.
4. Ethics of business communication horizontally.
Ethics in business communication is manifested in various fields: relations between an enterprise and the social environment, between enterprises, within an enterprise - between a manager and a subordinate, between subordinate people of the same status, and each area has its own specifics. But it is necessary to develop rules that would correspond to each type of business communication and would not contradict moral principles, and at the same time perform the function of coordinating the activities of people in business communication. The ultimate goal of establishing such rules is to create the most comfortable conditions for workers in order to increase labor efficiency and extract maximum profits.
“Professional ethics are codes of conduct that ensure the moral nature of relationships between people that arise from professional activities,” this definition is given by the author of the educational manual “Ethics and Psychology of Professional Activity L.E. Antonov. The basic principle on which professional ethics is based is the following: “Act in such a way that the maxim of your will is compatible with moral values other parties involved in communication."
Ethics of business communication from top to bottom (i.e. in the relation of a manager to a subordinate).
You need to treat your subordinates the way you would like to be treated by your manager, because... The manager’s attitude influences the nature of business communication and largely determines its moral and psychological climate; it is at the manager’s level that moral standards and patterns of behavior are formed.
1. The leader must take care of team cohesion and high moral standards of communication. It is necessary to involve employees in the goals of the organization so that everyone feels that they belong to the team and the significance of their personal contribution.
2. If problems arise related to failure to fulfill duties, the manager must respond. yu, managerBut first you need to find out the reason.
1) If we're talking about about ignorance, then you cannot reproach it; you need to help overcome it, relying on strengths this person.
2) If an employee did not comply with the boss’s order due to dishonesty, you need to let him know that you know about this so that he does not think that he deceived you. If the manager did not make a comment, then he did not fulfill his duties, then he acted unethically.
3. A remark to an employee must comply with ethical standards:
It is necessary to collect information about the problem;
Ask the employee for an explanation of the reason for what is happening;
The observation must be made one-on-one;
Criticize actions and deeds, not the person’s personality;
When appropriate, you should hide criticism between two compliments;
7. Do not advise subordinates what to do in their personal lives.
8. Don't play favorites.
9. Don't give employees the opportunity to notice that you are not in control of the situation if you want to maintain their respect.
10. Observe the principle of distributive justice: the greater the merit, the greater the reward should be.
11. Encourage your team even if success is achieved mainly due to the success of the leader himself.
12. Strengthen your subordinate’s self-esteem; a job well done deserves not only material, but also moral encouragement.
13. The privileges you give yourself should extend to other members of the team.
14. Trust your employees and admit your own mistakes in your work. Team members will still find out about them, but hiding mistakes is a manifestation of weakness and dishonesty.
15. Protect your subordinates and be loyal to them.
16. Choose the right form of order, taking into account two factors
Situation of availability of time
The personality of the subordinate (a conscientious, qualified worker or someone who needs to be pushed).
Order– use in emergency situations and in relation to careless workers.
Request - if the situation is ordinary, and between the manager and the subordinate everything is based on goodwill and trust.
Question - in cases where you want to provoke a discussion on how best to do a job or push an employee to take the initiative, “How should we do this?”, “Is there any point in doing this?” At the same time, employees must be qualified so that they do not take your question as a sign of weakness.
“Volunteer”, “Who wants to do this work?” suitable in a situation where no one wants to do the work, but it needs to be done, and there will definitely be a volunteer; he hopes that his initiative will be appropriately assessed in further work.
Ethics of business communication from the bottom up (the attitude of a subordinate to a boss).
Treat your boss the way you would like all your subordinates to treat you.
Knowing how to relate to a manager is no less important; without this it is difficult to find a common language.
1. Try to help the manager create a moral atmosphere in the team and strengthen fair relationships.
2. Don't try to impose your point of view or command him. Make your comments tactfully and politely.
3. Don’t talk to your boss in a categorical tone, don’t just say yes or no.
4. If a joyful or unpleasant event happens in the team, try to inform the manager about it.
5. Be loyal and reliable, but don’t be a sycophant, have your own principles and character.
6. You should not seek help or advice over your head from your manager’s manager, except in extreme cases, otherwise your manager will lose authority; this may be regarded as doubt in his business qualities.
7. If you have been given responsibility, delicately raise the question of your rights, because... execution of any task is not possible without freedom of action.
8. Be tactful in assessing the manager’s performance
Ethics of business communication horizontally (between colleagues).
General principle: Treat your colleague the way you would like to be treated.
1. Do not demand any special treatment or special privileges from another.
2. Try to achieve a clear division of rights and responsibilities when performing common work.
3. If your responsibilities overlap with your colleagues, then this dangerous situation. If the manager has not delineated your responsibilities, try to do it yourself.
4. In relations with colleagues from other departments, you need to be responsible for your department yourself, and not blame it on your subordinates.
5. If you are asked to temporarily transfer your employee to another department, do not send unscrupulous and unqualified employees there. This employee will be used to judge your department as a whole. They may do the same to you.
6. Do not be biased towards your colleagues, discard gossip and prejudices when communicating with them.
7. Call your interlocutors by name and try to do this more often.
8. Smile, be friendly and use a variety of techniques and means to show your good relations. Remember, what goes around comes around.
9. Don't make promises you can't keep. Do not exaggerate your importance and business opportunities. If they are not justified, you will not be comfortable, even if there were objective reasons for this.
10. Don’t get into a person’s soul; at work it’s not customary to ask about personal matters and problems.
11. Try to listen not to yourself, but to others.
12. Don’t try to seem better, smarter, more interesting than you really are. Sooner or later everything will come out.
13. With words, gestures, facial expressions, let the participant in the conversation understand that you are interested in him, look him straight in the eyes.
14. View your colleague as a person who should be respected in and of himself, and not as a means to achieve your own goals.
Ways to improve the level of ethics in business communication:
Development of ethical standards at the enterprise
Creation of ethics committees and commissions
Conducting social and ethical audits
Teaching ethical behavior.
Questions for self-control
1, The essence of the concept of professional ethics.
2. Purpose of professional ethics
3. Basic principle of professional ethics
4. the basic principle of professional ethics of a leader
5.Why should a leader care about team cohesion?
6. In your opinion, what are the most important rules of ethics for a leader? Justify your answer.
7. Ethical standards when issuing penalties.
8. Methods of giving orders
9. Basic principle of subordinate ethics
10. The most memorable rules, justify your answer.
11. In what situations can you go over the manager’s head?
12. The basic principle of ethics in relations between colleagues.
13. The most memorable rules, justify your answer.
14. The rules that are most valuable in your opinion, justify your answer.
15. Why shouldn’t you try to look better and smarter than you really are?
PRACTICUM
Option I
1. What ethical rules should a manager follow in order not to quarrel subordinates with each other?
2. What ethical rules should a manager follow in order to maintain self-esteem among employees?
3. You need to reprimand your subordinate for work done in bad faith. Your actions
4. At the general regional conference, the head of the institution was thanked for his actions
5. A new employee has come to your team; in the opinion of your good friend, she is not very good good reputation. What ethical rules should you follow?
Option II
1.What ethical rules should a manager follow in order to develop a sense of responsibility among his subordinates?
2.What ethical rules should a manager follow in order not to arouse feelings of antipathy among his subordinates?
3. As the head of the organization, you have been tasked with preparing and conducting new uniform work, your actions.
4. You need to give an order to an employee whose behavior reminds famous character children's fairy tale Dunno. Which form do you choose, justify your answer.
5. You came to work in new team, which according to ethical rules you should not do.
The main functions of work ethics can be considered the following:
Evaluative - makes it possible to evaluate the behavior and actions of employees in terms of compliance with moral standards and principles;
Regulatory - stems from the need to regulate the behavior and actions of a social worker in various formal and informal situations;
Organizational - serves to improve the organization of social work, requiring activity from participants in the process creative fulfillment their duties and professional duty;
Manager - serves as a means of social management of the behavior and actions of the social worker during the process in the interests of the case;
Motivational - serves as a means of forming socially and professionally approved motives for activity;
Coordinating - ensures cooperation of all participants in the process of providing social assistance to the client, based on trust and mutual assistance;
Regulating - directs and conditions the choice by a social worker or social service of the goals, methods and means of providing assistance to the client;
Reproductive - allows you to reproduce the actions of social workers and the relationships of social workers among themselves and with clients on the basis of morality and morality;
Educational - serves as a means of educating and improving the personality of both the social worker and his client and the client’s social environment;
Communicative - serves as a means of communication between specialists and their clients;
Optimizing - helps to increase the efficiency and quality of social work, improve the status of the profession in society, and the level of its morality;
Stabilizing - helps to stabilize relationships among social workers, between social workers and clients and their loved ones, between social workers and representatives of various institutions;
Rationalizing - facilitates the social worker’s choice of goals, methods and means of influence, the choice of the most effective and acceptable solution from the point of view of professional morality;
Preventive - protects, warns the social worker from actions and actions that are harmful to the client and society;
Prognostic - allows you to predict the actions and behavior of individual social workers and their teams, their ethical development;
Informational - introduces social workers to the value system of professional social work and professional morality;
Social - promotes the creation of conditions favorable for the implementation of social work in society;
Socializing - serves to introduce the social worker to the prevailing system of values and morality in society.
The variety of functions of a social worker’s professional morality is due to its high social significance.
A social worker in his activities should be guided by the following principles:
Compliance with the reasonable interests of the client;
Personal responsibility of a social worker for the consequences of his actions that are undesirable for the client and society;
Respect for the client’s right to make an independent decision at any stage of joint actions;
Accepting the client as he is;
Confidentiality;
Goodwill;
Unselfishness;
Honesty and openness;
Completeness of client information.
Despite the above, in practice social workers have to face a variety of ethical problems and dilemmas due to their obligations towards clients, colleagues, their own profession, and society as a whole. These problems are often vague, uncertain and give rise to uncertainty, the desire to ignore and evade them. It is easy to adhere verbally and abstractly to the majestic values set forth in monographs and textbooks, and thus demonstrate one’s responsibility. But applying the above values to leadership in daily work is not always easy.
Due to the specific nature of the social worker profession, there is an urgent need for professional ethics, uniform norms and rules that could guide every employee.
Professional ethics performs many functions that contribute to the quality performance of a social worker’s duties. And the existing proclaimed ethical principles set guidelines for the activities of every social worker.
However, these standards are not applicable in all situations faced by an employee. social sphere. Most of the difficulties for the social worker arise from the need to choose between two or more conflicting obligations. And a social worker must always be prepared for ambiguous moments and situations in which he will have to be guided by his own moral principles and values.
4.. Formation and history of ethics
One day, before another military campaign, the Greek orator Kineas asked King Pyrrhus:
“The Romans are a brave and warlike people. If the gods send us victory, how will we use it?” To this Pyrrhus replied: “If we defeat the Romans, then all of Italy will be in our power.” After some silence, Kineas asked again: “Well, when Italy is in our power, what will we do after that?” "Next door to her,- answered Pyrrhus,- is Sicily, a rich and fertile island. Popular unrest and all sorts of unrest do not stop there, and it is not difficult to conquer." "Wonderful,- said Kineas, “but will the conquest of Sicily be our last conquest?”
"No!- exclaimed Pyrrhus.- This will only be the beginning. After all, from Sicily it is not difficult to reach Africa and take possession of Carthage." A “having such opportunities,” Kineas continued,- we will then easily subjugate Macedonia and at the same time Greece. But what is not clear to me is: when we complete all these plans, what will we do next?" "Then,- laughed Pyrrhus,- we will live in peace and tranquility, we will spend time in feasts, fun and friendly conversations." In currents case,- said Kineas,- why these wars, dangers, bloodsheds, when you already have, Pyrrhus, all the conditions, to live in peace and tranquility and spend time in feasts and friendly conversations?
This conversation took place in early 280 BC, but we see that questions about what a person should do, how he can act, and where the line separating good and evil come into focus, reflecting the basic circle of moral problems. It is reflections on duty, good and evil, the meaning of life, justice, happiness and conscience that create a special, ethical sphere of human existence.
It is not a separate, specific area of human activity, but is present in a wide variety of relationships between people and the world around them: in relation to nature, society and a specific person, to own business, career, etc. Back in the 17th century, the German thinker G. Leibniz noted that justice is not seen the way a horse is seen, but it is understood no worse, but rather better.
So what is ethics, how was it formed? Why have ethical issues become extremely important? Why is knowledge about the main problems of ethics necessary?
The word “ethics” (from the Greek ethos) means disposition, character, custom. It was introduced more than 2300 years ago by the ancient Greek sage Aristotle (384-322 BC), giving the name to the “science of virtue” - ethics.
However, the formation and development of ethics as a science, as well as the main moral guidelines in people's lives, went through the entire history of culture. Therefore we say that the concept of ethics has been historically fluid. It transformed and acquired new meanings different stages human development.
Thus, in the earliest cultural periods (for example, in primitive society), people had not yet identified moral and ethical values as issues requiring special, special forms of reflection. This was impossible, since the custom within which a person’s life took place was perceived as the only true and possible one. In this case, ethics most clearly correlates with the concept of custom, ingrained habit, generally accepted ritual, which reflect a person’s belonging to a value system common to all members of the tribe. When a person begins to think about the range of moral norms and values to which he submits, then complete another stage in the development and understanding of ethics. This happened in Ancient Greece. Ancient ethics, reflecting ideals Greek culture about a person’s harmony with reality, his spiritual and physical balance” and a healthy attitude towards material well-being and the world of things focuses our attention on human happiness and the main methods and conditions for achieving it. The Greek sages identified courage, prudence, benevolence and honesty (justice) as the main ethical virtues.
We emphasize that these virtues were not only proclaimed “in theory”, they tried to follow them as the most important life principles and used them as the main strategy for achieving success. Let's give just one example. When the greatest Athenian ruler, Pericles, died, friends, sitting at his bedside, recalled how wonderful he was. statesman and how many brilliant victories he won over his enemies. The friends thought that the dying man could not hear them. Suddenly Pericles raised his head and said:
“You praise me for what many others have done, but do not say a word about the most remarkable thing I have done. After all, during all the years of my reign, not a single Athenian citizen was executed on my order” 2.
The Middle Ages marks another stage of reflection on the essence of ethics and moral guidelines. IN medieval Europe based Christian religion a new hierarchy of values is created. The ideas of good and evil as the relationship between the divine and the devil are put forward as an ethical priority. The Christian ethical model of behavior is reflected in the basic commandments that Jesus Christ spoke about in the Sermon on the Mount:
“Love your enemies, do good to those who hate you, bless those who curse you, and pray for those who mistreat you. Give the other one to the one who hits you on the cheek, and do not prevent the one who takes your outer clothing from taking your shirt. Give to everyone who asks you, and do not demand back from the one who took what is yours. And as you want people to do to you, do so to them. And if you love those who love you, what gratitude do you have for that? For sinners also love those who love them. And if you do good to those who do good to you, what gratitude is that to you? For sinners do the same. And if you lend to those from whom you hope to get it back, what gratitude are you for that? For even sinners lend to sinners in order to receive the same amount back. But you love your enemies, and do good, and lend, expecting nothing; and you will have a great reward... Judge not, and do not be judged; do not condemn and you will not be condemned; forgive and you will be forgiven; give and it will be given to you: good measure, shaken down, pressed and running over, will be poured into your bosom; For with the measure you use, it will be measured back to you.”
[Gospel of Matthew]
In modern times, in an era of “uncertainty about existence, when everyone must take care of their own morality,” ethical ideals again receive a humanitarian focus. However, the sphere of moral and ethical problems has become increasingly correlated with the processes occurring in public life people, acquiring a socio-legal character. German philosopher I. Kant (1724-1804) notes that “in morality, man is subject to his own and nevertheless universal legislation.”
It is also indicative that significant changes are taking place in the previously identical concepts of ethics, morality and ethics. Now they are given special meanings.
Ethics is a theory, and morality and ethics reflect real phenomena in human life and society. Moreover, morality is behavior that corresponds to generally accepted customs, traditions, values and norms. A moral person automatically acts “like everyone else,” like an obedient member of society. He follows accepted rules, traditions and norms. Thus, morality is a condition for a person’s entry into society; it does not require originality, creativity and individual choice; on the contrary, it presupposes the fulfillment of a generally accepted norm, submission to a traditional model. Morality is a special phenomenon that arose in parallel with law in Western culture. It appears with the development of an individual, independent principle, with the emergence of an independent thinking individuals capable of decision and choice.
- Salikhov Yulay Fanilevich, master, student
- Bashkir State Agrarian University
- CONTROL
- MANAGER
- CODE
- PRINCIPLES
- ETHICS
- MORALITY
- PROFESSION
The article focuses on the characteristics of manager competence. The importance of observing the principles of managerial ethics in professional activities is shown.
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Ethics is one of the oldest theoretical disciplines, the object of study of which is morality. The foundation of this subject was laid by Aristotle, who introduced this term. IN Western countries ethics is clearly divided into etiquette and managerial (applied) ethics.
The ethics of a manager's behavior is considered from the point of view of the moral aspects of various management functions, such as marketing, personnel management, the provision of professional services, interaction with counterparties and competitors, mergers and acquisitions of firms, etc.
To find out the origin of professional ethics is to trace the relationship of moral requirements with the division of social labor and the emergence of the profession. Aristotle, then Comte, and Durkheim paid attention to these questions many years ago. They talked about the relationship between the division of social labor and the moral principles of society.
The emergence of professional ethics preceded the creation of scientific ethical teachings and theories about it. Everyday experience and the need to regulate relationships between people in a particular profession led to the awareness and formulation of certain requirements of professional ethics. Professional ethics, having emerged as a manifestation of everyday moral consciousness, then developed on the basis of the generalized practice of behavior of representatives of each professional group. These generalizations were contained in both written and unwritten codes of conduct, in the form of theoretical deductions.
Thus, this indicates a transition from everyday consciousness to theoretical consciousness in the field of professional morality. Big role plays in the formation and assimilation of professional ethics standards public opinion. Norms of professional morality do not immediately become generally accepted; this may be due to a struggle of opinions. The relationship between professional ethics and public consciousness also exists in the form of tradition. Different kinds Professional ethics have their own traditions, which indicates the existence of continuity of basic ethical standards developed by representatives of a particular profession over the centuries.
The principles of management ethics, in a generalized form, can be called the expression of all moral requirements that have been developed in the consciousness of man and society as a whole. These requirements indicate the norms of behavior of a person participating in a business relationship.
The basis of modern management ethics includes 3 main provisions, which are the most important from the point of view of scientists:
- wealth creation is seen as an important development process;
- all profit (as well as other production income) is the result of achieving goals that are socially significant;
- when resolving problems that arise between people in the business world, the first priority is interpersonal relationships, and only then production of products.
American sociologist L. Hosmer formulated 10 principles of business behavior in his work:
- Never do anything that is not in your long-term interests, or in the interests of your company.
- Never do something that you can’t talk about later.
- Never do anything that will not contribute to the development of mutual support in the team.
- Never break the law, because... law is the basic moral norms of modern society.
- Never do anything that will be harmful to the society in which you live.
- Never do something that you yourself would never advise.
- Never do anything that could limit the rights and freedoms of another.
- Never do anything that can harm the weak.
- Never do anything that can interfere with the self-development and self-realization of another person.
- Always act in such a way as to increase the profit of the enterprise, without going beyond the law.
All these principles are present to one degree or another in various countries and in their business communication culture. The goal of world society is now the intention to get closer to ideal type relationships, including business ones, which will be based on moral and ethical principles and their triumph.
Thus, we can conclude that professional ethics is very important today, because... There are a huge number of different companies on the market offering their goods and services. All of them must establish, develop and maintain relationships with other firms. Most successful company there will be one whose principles, whose discipline, ethics and etiquette will be at the very top level. Therefore, it is necessary to educate people (and especially managers), train them and give them the opportunity to develop in this area.
This work examined the basic principles of managerial ethics, what a manager should look like in order to achieve success. It is also important to know how to properly build relationships with subordinates. You must be able to bring both good news and bad.
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"Golden Rule" Morality is considered a rule according to which you should not do to others what you do not want for yourself. There is also a positive reverse formulation of this rule: “Treat others the way you would like to be treated. IN difficult situations When a person finds it difficult to choose a course of action, he can mentally put himself in the place of his interlocutor and imagine what he would like to see and hear in this situation.
IN Everyday life and in business communication you can use the following principle-hint: “If you don’t know what to do, act according to the law.”
Virtually all ethical principles and prescribed standards of conduct are formulated with these provisions in mind.
Particular principles arise from the specific conditions, content and specifics of a particular profession. Some of the particular principles include the following:
♦ common sense principle: standards of professional ethics should not contradict common sense, but common sense suggests that professional etiquette generally aimed at maintaining order, organization, saving time and other reasonable goals;
♦ principle of convenience: ethical standards should not constrain business relations. Everything in professional activities should be convenient - from the layout of the office space to the placement of equipment in it, from business clothes to rules of behavior at work. Moreover, convenience should be provided to all participants in business processes;
♦ principle of expediency. The essence of this principle is that each precept of business ethics must serve certain purposes;
♦ the principle of conservatism. Conservatism in appearance a business person, in his manners and inclinations, involuntarily evokes associations with something unshakable, strong, reliable, and a reliable partner in business is a desire for every business person. Reliability, fundamentality, stability are attractive features in the business world. They have a meaningful connection with conservatism;
♦ principle of ease. It is important that professional ethics does not become an artificially imposed phenomenon. Ethical standards should be natural, easy and effortless to implement;
♦ “Do no harm” principle. The corollary of this principle is that there is no room for error. The legislation of almost all civilized states provides for sanctions for erroneous actions of professionals. Professionalism presupposes a full consciousness of responsibility, concentration, and maximum concentration on work. Of course, people remain people, which means they can make mistakes, but negligence, mistakes due to oversight, laziness or indifference are unacceptable;
♦ principle of maximum High Quality work is common to all professions within specified capabilities. The ability of a professional to develop creatively and improve his skills not only adds to his experience, but also strengthens his authority;
♦ principle of professional secrecy, confidentiality (from the Latin confidentia - “trust”) of information about clients, information requests, services, technologies, recipes. If in personal relationships a person is expected to be sincere and open, then professional morality dictates that a specialist must always remember the need to keep special information related to his work secret. Professional secrecy dates back to the Hippocratic Oath. Professional secrecy is fundamental in the state, military service, banking, etc. Professional secrets may have the status of state, military, commercial, medical, provide various degrees responsibility - from official to criminal;
♦ conflict of interest. All professions require that you refrain from using your official position for personal gain. Professional ethics affirms the primacy of official duties and the secondary nature of personal duty. A professional has no right to receive income for work other than that agreed upon. wages. Briefly, this principle can be understood as the absence of privileges in connection with a profession. Conflicts of interest are overcome by fulfilling professional duties;
♦ principle of collegiality. This principle is a direct consequence of the social essence of man, directing the latter to subordinate his personal interests to public ones. A person guided by the principle of collegiality experiences a sense of involvement in the affairs of the team, its goals and objectives.
Making collective decisions regarding the development strategy of a corporation, organization, joining forces for a prompt response in difficult situations does not lose relevance in modern stage when the degree of individual responsibility increases. In many professions, even today, collective searches for solutions to difficult problems are no exception. professional tasks, production meetings are regularly held - planning meetings, five-minute meetings, department meetings, etc., in which all employees are required to take an active part.
Production teams celebrate anniversaries, birthdays, weddings of employees, and congratulate them on special successes. Sad events do not go unattended when this or that person especially needs support and compassion;
♦ right to criticism. A professional must be able to criticize the work of colleagues without infringing on the dignity of other workers, and also correctly accept criticism addressed to him. Understanding the need for a critical analysis of activities and a constructive search for a better result is a condition for moving forward. But in this matter, it is most important to take care of the ethics of employee relations, to prevent criticism of the individual, not the idea, settling scores, or psychological confrontation;
♦ hedonic principle. Hedonism is an ethical principle according to which the desire for pleasure and the avoidance of pain is a natural human right. Hedonism in professional
activity welcomes everything that prolongs the pleasure of life, mitigates inconvenience and smoothes out troubles. Hedonism imparts comfort and pleasantness to goods and services, along with usefulness and efficiency. The outward friendliness and friendliness of the employees not only leaves a pleasant impression on the client, but also puts him in a good mood.
Hedonism obliges a professional to be optimistic, energetic, and able to inspire. Special role smile plays. She opens the way to the hearts of other people. In trading, for example, a smile increases the number of sales.
Therefore, etiquette culture should be a manifestation of the general moral culture, a person’s upbringing, his internal attitude towards others.
Professional ethics is also based on general moral norms. One of the most necessary norms is politeness, which is manifested in many specific rules behavior: in greeting, addressing a person, in the ability to remember his name and patronymic, important dates his life. True politeness is certainly benevolent, since it is one of the manifestations of sincere benevolence towards people. Benevolence is an essential basis of politeness. An indispensable condition for politeness is sincerity.
Other important norms are tact and sensitivity. The content of these qualities is attention, deep respect for those with whom we communicate, the desire and ability to understand them, to feel what can give them pleasure, joy or, conversely, cause irritation, annoyance, and resentment.
Tactfulness and sensitivity are manifested in a sense of proportion that should be observed in conversation, in business contacts, in the ability to sense the boundary beyond which words and actions can cause a person undeserved offense, grief, and pain.
A tactful person always takes into account specific circumstances: differences in age, gender, social status, place of conversation, presence or absence of strangers. The basis of tactful behavior is also the ability to control oneself.
A prerequisite for tact is respect for another, manifested, in particular, in the ability to listen to him, in the ability to quickly and accurately determine the interlocutor’s reaction to a particular statement.
An important etiquette norm is modesty, which manifests itself in the fact that a person does not strive to show himself better, more capable, smarter than others, does not emphasize his superiority, and does not demand any privileges, special amenities, or services for himself. At the same time, modesty should not manifest itself in timidity and shyness.
Delicacy should be a constant companion and adviser. This word most succinctly expresses what we mean when we talk about a sensitive, subtle attitude towards others, towards their feelings. But delicacy should not turn into flattery and lead to the praise of everything seen and heard.
Along with these generally accepted norms that are important in professional ethics moral standards Honesty, truthfulness, commitment, hard work, fairness, and keeping promises and contracts are also prominent.
These principles and norms are not always taken into account in the actual practice of business relations. Sometimes the language of ethics itself is seen as a hindrance in business relationships. Often in the business world they generally try to avoid talking about morality, ethical ideals, duty, social duties, and responsibility. These problems are perceived as “irrelevant.” But compliance with ethical principles and standards is important; this is necessary both to increase production efficiency and to strengthen business ties and business relationships in general.
The principles and norms of ethically competent behavior are specified in the rules of etiquette in specific situations.
