Currently, there is a wide and growing interest in a deeper philosophical awareness of culture. At the same time, we realize that culture is not relative, not situational, that it cannot be tied to any current social or political interests, but expresses the very essence of humanity and is a factor in the development of a humane society.
I believe, and I am sure, that many also believe that a person’s culture is entirely based on his moral culture in the broadest sense. Moral culture presupposes both respect for tradition, generally accepted patterns of behavior, and the ability to find one’s own, creative solution. In cases where we are faced with “eternal” problems, universal situations, such as birth and death, illness and health, youth and old age, love and marriage, it is very important to listen to tradition and act in accordance with etiquette. This is how life is built. And its development and progress largely depend on how high the level of culture of a society is.
Moral culture is represented by the subjects of society and their relationships. It includes: a) signs and elements of the culture of moral consciousness of subjects of society; b) culture of behavior and communication; c) a culture of moral actions and activities. Moral culture correlates with other types of culture of the material and spiritual life of society, but first of all it is opposed to the antipodes of morality: evil, inequality, injustice, dishonor, lack of dignity and conscience, and other anti-moral phenomena.
In terms of content, moral culture is the development of moral consciousness and worldview of the subjects of society; the unity of the morally obligatory and the morally existing; manifestation in the system of behavior, communication and activity of the norms of goodness, honor, conscience, duty, dignity, love, interaction, etc.; carrying out life activities according to the principles of humanism, democracy, hard work, social equality, a combination of reasonable egoism (dignity) and altruism, peace.
Moral culture is also the effectiveness of moral regulation of people’s lives, the complementarity of moral and legal regulation, adherence to the “golden rule of morality”, the rules of etiquette.
There is talk everywhere and many are even convinced that public and personal morality are experiencing a severe crisis today. There are many things that are troubling. And the increase in crime, and social injustice, and the collapse of the ideals that served as the official support of morality. It is quite obvious that moral culture cannot be any high if social system ineffective, ignores the requirements of justice and common sense.
There is a need to make adjustments to the relationships between people through moral culture, which is a factor in the development of a rational society, becoming more and more obvious every day.
Our consciousness has a way of directly influencing the material world. This, as they sometimes say, is a manifestation of the triumph of thought over matter. The great Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov said: “Man is the only system that is capable of regulating itself within wide limits, that is, improving itself.” It is important to note here that a lot depends on ourselves.
If we want our civilization to survive, it is necessary to prevent such incidents as quickly as possible. That is why our duty, our sacred duty is to create a new idea of ourselves and consciousness through moral culture, so that, guided by this new model in practice, humanity was able not only to survive, but to find itself at a more advanced level of existence.
Of course, cracks in the moral culture of society are obvious; in my opinion, the moral culture of communication can serve as an example, when faced with various misunderstandings between people when communicating almost every day.
Moral culture of communication presupposes the presence of moral beliefs, knowledge moral standards, readiness for moral activity, common sense, especially in conditions conflict situations.
Moral communication is an expression of the content and level of the spiritual appearance of a person.
The moral culture of communication represents the unity of moral consciousness and behavior. This often requires dedication and self-control from a person. And when we're talking about about the Motherland, patriotism, a sense of duty, and the ability of self-sacrifice.
The moral culture of communication is divided into: 1) internal and 2) external.
Internal culture is moral ideals and attitudes, norms and principles of behavior that are the foundation of the spiritual appearance of the individual. These are the spiritual foundations on which a person builds his relationships with other people in all areas public life. The internal culture of the individual plays a leading, determining role in the formation of the external culture of communication in which it finds its manifestation. The ways of such manifestation can be varied - exchanging greetings with other people, important information, establishment various forms cooperation, relationships of friendship, love, etc. Internal culture is manifested in manners of behavior, ways of addressing a partner, and the ability to dress without causing criticism from others.
Internal and external culture moral communication always interconnected, complement each other and exist in unity. However, this relationship is not always obvious. There are many people who, behind their apparent unsociability and some secrecy, reveal a spiritually rich personality, ready to respond to your request, provide help if necessary, etc. At the same time, there are also individuals who hide their wretched nature behind an external gloss. and dishonest essence.
There are many examples in life when for some people the external side of communication becomes an end in itself and is actually a cover for achieving selfish and selfish goals. A variety of such behavior is hypocrisy, hypocrisy, and deliberate deception.
Recognition of a person’s value is closely related to specific assessments of people entering into communication. Many difficulties that arise in the process of communication are generated by the discrepancy between a person’s self-esteem and his assessment by others. As a rule, self-esteem is always higher than the assessment of others (although it can be underestimated).
The Holy Fathers said: a person is formed from childhood, even from the womb, and not when he finishes school. And now Special attention should be given to education in our school, it is the main institution that provides education to the younger generation. Alas, school has now lost its educational moment, it provides only the sum of knowledge, but we must remember that at the school bench it is decided not only whether a young person will learn to count and write, but also how he will grow up. How he perceives the world, how he treats his neighbor, how he evaluates all actions.
Therefore, even from school, it is necessary to conduct moral conversations with children. Starting from the age of two, the child enters the scope of moral norms. Finds out what is good and what is bad. First, adults, and then peers, begin to ensure that he observes certain forms of behavior. If you instill in a child that it is necessary to take care of those who need it, to help a person experiencing pain or grief, we can safely say that the child will grow up caring, understanding the pain and grief of others. This does not require any special techniques and methods, you just need to demonstrate positive examples more often. Moral Discourses They are taught to see the advantages and disadvantages of their own behavior and the behavior of others in everyday life and in in public places(on the street, in transport, in a store); to acquire the concepts of “fair - dishonest”, “fair - unfair”, “right - wrong”; They form a “code of honor”, the ability to act fairly, and to subordinate their desires to common interests.
Fairy tale - first piece of art, allowing the child to experience a sense of participation in the grief and joy of the heroes, to hate greed and treachery, and to passionately desire the victory of good. A fairy tale expands a child’s moral experience.
The future of Russia is formed at school. Naturally, everything influences morality: the press, the family, the school, and even just a random passerby. Therefore, all responsibility for morality in society does not lie with anyone alone. You can't say that you're alone Orthodox journalist can affect the state of morality. If one person writes that
There are not enough good, moral topics on television and there is a lot of what destroys the soul, brings some kind of confusion, temptation. Television should have a creative power, help build our state, and build it strong. And the state cannot be strong without morality, without faith, without love for the Fatherland and neighbor.
Religion and morality are closely related. Religion is impossible without morality, and morality is impossible without religion. Faith without works is dead. Only demons believe with such faith (believe and tremble). True faith (living, not dead) cannot exist without good deeds. Just as a naturally fragrant flower cannot but be fragrant, so true faith cannot but be evidenced by good morality. In turn, morality cannot exist without a religious basis and without religious light and will certainly wither, like a plant deprived of roots, moisture and sun. Religion without morality is like a barren fig tree; Morality without religion is like a cut down fig tree.
culture moral life society
Moral culture
Introduction
Culture
2. Morality
3. Moral culture
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Almost every day, directly or indirectly, every person encounters the concept of culture. Wherever we are, we see or hear all sorts of phrases and statements directly or indirectly related to this concept. For example, often at the sight of a large and noisy group of young people expressing themselves obscenely and rudely, an old woman passing by quite boldly declares to them: “How uncultured you guys are,” or “Young people have gone - immoral.”
Whether we like it or not, everything that surrounds us and everything with which we are essentially connected is culture. This concept has firmly entered our lives and under no circumstances will we put it aside in a distant dark corner.
While we have heard the word culture so often, few of us can boast that we have been interested in or even deeply studied this concept. Most often, we limit ourselves to just understanding our understanding of a concept and do not strive for more. But in my opinion this is not entirely correct. That is why I would like to study deeper and discover some concepts for myself.
Based on the topic I have chosen, it follows that at the beginning of my work I set myself the following specific tasks: to give a clear and, in my opinion, correct concept of culture, morality, and most importantly, as a consequence (in my opinion) of the above, the concept of moral culture.
It seems to me that the topic I have chosen is quite relevant and interesting. Long before I appeared and still long years after me, “moral culture” lived and will live, it will help people learn and become individuals, it will guide them to take the right step, which is correct from its point of view, and if a person can understand its urges and appreciate its contribution to the everyday life of not only an individual , and the entire human race as a whole, then I believe that humanity will have hope for a bright and holy future, for, in my opinion, it is in moral culture that the guarantee of human peace and well-being lies.
1. Culture
Culture is one of the most important areas of public life. In the concept of “culture,” a person and his activities act as a synthesizing basis, since culture itself is the creation of man, the result of his creative efforts. But in human culture there is not only an active being, but also a changing being itself.
The beginnings of culture are found at the very early stages historical existence of people, the first ideas about it become possible at a sufficiently high level public and spiritual development. People have always lived in culture, although they did not immediately begin to realize it. While a person in his life depended on purely natural circumstances, not yet transformed by labor, he attributed the decisive role in his life not to himself, but to these circumstances, which he turned into an object of religious veneration, or cult. The mythological and religious cultures of antiquity, which deified natural forces and elements, endowed nature with purely human properties - consciousness, will, and the ability to predetermine the course of events. Only according to your further development people began to realize that much in their lives depends on themselves, on how they think and act. The first, initially vague and vague, ideas about culture are connected with this. It was enough, for example, to see the reason for a good harvest not in the mercy of the gods, but in the quality of the soil, in order to draw a distinction between cult as the deification of nature and culture as its cultivation and improvement. The very presence of “culture” in the language testifies to a person’s understanding of his special and independent role in the world, his characteristic activity, which cannot be reduced to the action of both natural and divine forces. The appearance of this word meant the birth of the “cult” of man himself, which replaced all other cults of antiquity.
The subject of cultural history has its own content and specificity among a number of historical disciplines. The history of culture presupposes, first of all, a comprehensive study of its various spheres - the history of science and technology, education and social thought, folklore and literary studies, art history, etc. in relation to them, cultural history acts as a generalizing discipline that considers culture as an integral system in the unity and interaction of all its areas.
For every culture, both national isolation, leading to stagnation, and ignorance are equally harmful. national traditions, constituting its internal basis, giving it stability.
Culture is literally translated as cultivation, processing, care, improvement. In the most ancient Latin texts, the use of this word is associated with agriculture. Cicero used the term culture to characterize the human spirit. His saying “philosophy is the culture of the soul” is widely known; subsequently, the use of the word “culture” in the meaning of good manners, education, enlightenment becomes traditional.
The desire to use the word “culture” not to designate individual directions, methods and results of human transformative activity, but for everything that was created by him, emerged in the 17th century, in line with the development of German educational thought. The first author to use the term "culture" in this new, broad sense was Samuel Puffendorf (1632-1694).
"...The upbringing of the human race is a process, both genetic and organic - thanks to the assimilation and application of what is passed on. We can call this human genesis whatever we want in the second sense, we can call it culture, that is, cultivating the soil, or we can remember the image of light and call it enlightenment..."
So, by culture we understand the totality of all material values, all knowledge and experiences, all practical experience, aimed at solving the triune task - reproduction, preservation and improvement human life. Not a single area of life - be it economics or politics, family or education, art or morality - is possible outside of culture.
2. Morality
Before talking about moral culture, let's consider such concepts as ethics, morality, morality.
Currently, they are all used at the everyday level as identical. However, from a scientific point of view, ethics is a science where the concepts of good and evil are system-forming. Morality should be understood as a set of norms and rules of decent behavior. Morality is the practice of such behavior. Thus, a three-stage structure is built: ethics as a science, morality as a set of instructions for the creation of good, morality as the practice of good behavior.
All these concepts together constitute the essence of moral culture. Culture in its modern understanding is the process of creation, storage, dissemination and development of material, spiritual and socio-political values. On a personal level, culture is the level, degree, and magnitude of mastering values of three orders (material, spiritual, socio-political).
Moral culture is a powerful factor in the formation of a person’s personality, transforming and enriching his needs, inner world in better side.
I cannot but agree with the thought of the famous philosopher Karl Popper:
"Man has created many worlds - the worlds of language, poetry, science. But, perhaps, the most important of them is the world of morality, the world moral values and prescriptions, a world of moral demands - freedom, equality, mercy."
Morality is a set of unwritten rules that determine good human behavior. It is based on morals, that is, a voluntary agreement of people who try to correlate their feelings, aspirations and actions with the life attitudes of other people, with the interests and dignity of the whole society.
*Value is the life and practical attitude of an individual’s behavior, expressing what is significant to him. One person puts honor above life, another longs for freedom, a third insists on the indestructibility of good, a fourth glorifies the all-conquering feeling - love.
For many centuries, philosophers, religious thinkers, and teachers of life have shown interest in moral and ethical problems. The moral sense inherent only to man made it possible to realize his difference from animals. Moral feelings largely determined human actions. In accordance with it, people built their relationships with nature, with other people, with society as a whole. Finally, moral standards helped to choose a decent lifestyle. Many thinkers saw morality as the path to God.
Morality (from Latin moralis - “moral”) - area moral values, which is recognized by people, the moral life of the people. The content of this sphere and its specificity change over time and differ among different nations. In the morality of all peoples and at all times can be found human values, moral principles and regulations.
Morality (from Latin moralis - “moral”) morality, a system of norms and value concepts that determine and regulate human behavior. Unlike simple custom or tradition, moral norms are justified in the form of ideals of good and evil, due, justice, etc.
Russian philosopher Vladimir Solovyov (1853-1900) believed that morality is an innate human property that distinguishes us from animals. “The basic feelings of shame, pity and reverence are felt in the area of possible moral relations of a person to what is below him, what is equal to him and what is above him,” he wrote in his book “The Justification of Good.” The Russian thinker compared moral philosophy to a guidebook that depicts places worth visiting, but at the same time does not tell a person where to go. People make their own decisions about where to direct their steps. Therefore, according to Solovyov, “no presentation of moral norms, that is, the conditions for achieving a true life goal, can make sense for a person who has consciously set himself not this, but a completely different goal”...
"Golden Rule morality": "Do unto others as you would have others do unto you."
Moral culture
Currently, there is a wide and growing interest in a deeper philosophical awareness of culture. At the same time, we realize that culture is not relative, not situational, that it cannot be tied to any current social or political interests, but expresses the very essence of humanity and is a factor in the development of a humane society.
I believe, and I am sure, that many also believe that a person’s culture is entirely based on his moral culture in the broadest sense. Moral culture presupposes both respect for tradition and generally accepted patterns of behavior, and the ability to find one’s own, creative solution. In cases where we are faced with “eternal” problems, universal situations, such as birth and death, illness and health, youth and old age, love and marriage, it is very important to listen to tradition and act in accordance with etiquette. This is how life is built. And its development and progress largely depend on how high the level of culture of a society is.
Moral culture is represented by the subjects of society and their relationships. It includes: a) signs and elements of the culture of moral consciousness of subjects of society; b) culture of behavior and communication; c) a culture of moral actions and activities. Moral culture correlates with other types of culture of the material and spiritual life of society, but first of all it is opposed to the antipodes of morality: evil, inequality, injustice, dishonor, lack of dignity and conscience, and other anti-moral phenomena.
In terms of content, moral culture is the development of moral consciousness and worldview of the subjects of society; the unity of the morally obligatory and the morally existing; manifestation in the system of behavior, communication and activity of the norms of goodness, honor, conscience, duty, dignity, love, interaction, etc.; carrying out life activities according to the principles of humanism, democracy, hard work, social equality, a combination of reasonable egoism (dignity) and altruism, peace.
Moral culture is also the effectiveness of moral regulation of people’s lives, the complementarity of moral and legal regulation, adherence to the “golden rule of morality”, the rules of etiquette.
There is talk everywhere and many are even convinced that public and personal morality are experiencing a severe crisis today. There are many things that are troubling. And the growth of crime, and social injustice, and the collapse of ideals that served as the official support of morality. It is quite obvious that moral culture cannot be at all high if the social system is ineffective and ignores the requirements of justice and common sense.
There is a need to make adjustments to the relationships between people through moral culture, which is a factor in the development of a rational society, becoming more and more obvious every day.
Our consciousness has a way of directly influencing the material world. This, as they sometimes say, is a manifestation of the triumph of thought over matter. The great Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov said: “Man is the only system that is capable of regulating itself within wide limits, that is, improving itself.” It is important to note here that a lot depends on ourselves.
If we want our civilization to survive, it is necessary to prevent such incidents as quickly as possible. That is why our duty, our sacred duty, is to create a new idea of ourselves and of consciousness through moral culture, so that, guided by this new model in practice, humanity can not only survive, but find itself at a more perfect level of existence.
Of course, cracks in the moral culture of society are obvious; in my opinion, the moral culture of communication can serve as an example, when faced with various misunderstandings between people when communicating almost every day.
A moral culture of communication presupposes the presence of moral convictions, knowledge of moral norms, readiness for moral activity, and common sense, especially in conflict situations.
Moral communication is an expression of the content and level of the spiritual appearance of a person.
The moral culture of communication represents the unity of moral consciousness and behavior. This often requires dedication and self-control from a person. And when it comes to the Motherland, patriotism, a sense of duty, then the ability to self-sacrifice.
The moral culture of communication is divided into: 1) internal and 2) external.
Internal culture is moral ideals and guidelines, norms and principles of behavior, which are the foundation of the spiritual appearance of an individual. These are the spiritual foundations on which a person builds his relationships with other people in all spheres of public life. The internal culture of the individual plays a leading, determining role in the formation of the external culture of communication in which it finds its manifestation. The ways of such manifestation can be varied - exchanging greetings and important information with other people, establishing various forms of cooperation, relationships of friendship, love, etc. Internal culture is manifested in manners of behavior, ways of addressing a partner, in the ability to dress without causing criticism from others .
Internal and external culture of moral communication are always interconnected, complement each other and exist in unity. However, this relationship is not always obvious. There are many people who, behind their apparent unsociability and some secrecy, reveal a spiritually rich personality, ready to respond to your request, provide help if necessary, etc. At the same time, there are also individuals who hide their wretched nature behind an external gloss. and dishonest essence.
There are many examples in life when for some people the external side of communication becomes an end in itself and is actually a cover for achieving selfish and selfish goals. A variety of such behavior is hypocrisy, hypocrisy, and deliberate deception.
Recognition of a person’s value is closely related to specific assessments of people entering into communication. Many difficulties that arise in the process of communication are generated by the discrepancy between a person’s self-esteem and his assessment by others. As a rule, self-esteem is always higher than the assessment of others (although it can be underestimated).
The Holy Fathers said: a person is formed from childhood, even from the womb, and not when he finishes school. And now special attention should be paid to education in our school; it is the main institution that provides education to the younger generation. Alas, school has now lost its educational moment, it provides only the sum of knowledge, but we must remember that at the school bench it is decided not only whether a young person will learn to count and write, but also how he will grow up. How he perceives the world, how he treats his neighbor, how he evaluates all actions.
Therefore, even from school, it is necessary to conduct moral conversations with children. Starting from the age of two, the child enters the scope of moral norms. Finds out what is good and what is bad. First, adults, and then peers, begin to ensure that he observes certain forms of behavior. If you instill in a child that it is necessary to take care of those who need it, to help a person experiencing pain or grief, we can safely say that the child will grow up caring, understanding the pain and grief of others. This does not require any special techniques or methods, you just need to demonstrate positive examples more often. Moral conversations teach you to see the advantages and disadvantages of your own behavior and the behavior of others in everyday life and in public places (on the street, in transport, in a store); to acquire the concepts of “fair - dishonest”, “fair - unfair”, “right - wrong”; They form a “code of honor”, the ability to act fairly, and to subordinate their desires to common interests.
A fairy tale is the first work of art that allows a child to experience a sense of participation in the grief and joy of the heroes, to hate greed and treachery, and to passionately desire the victory of good. A fairy tale expands a child’s moral experience.
The future of Russia is formed at school. Naturally, everything influences morality: the press, the family, the school, and even just a random passerby. Therefore, all responsibility for morality in society does not lie with anyone alone. It cannot be said that one Orthodox journalist can influence the state of morality. If one person writes that
There are not enough good, moral topics on television and there is a lot of what destroys the soul, brings some kind of confusion, temptation. Television should have a creative power, help build our state, and build it strong. And the state cannot be strong without morality, without faith, without love for the Fatherland and neighbor.
Religion and morality are closely related. Religion is impossible without morality, and morality is impossible without religion. Faith without works is dead. Only demons believe with such faith (believe and tremble). True faith (living, not dead) cannot exist without good deeds. Just as a naturally fragrant flower cannot but be fragrant, so true faith cannot but be evidenced by good morality. In turn, morality cannot exist without a religious basis and without religious light and will certainly wither, like a plant deprived of roots, moisture and sun. Religion without morality is like a barren fig tree; Morality without religion is like a cut down fig tree.
culture moral life society
Conclusion
In conclusion, I would like to summarize everything that has been said above. After studying the literature, I answered the questions posed. She defined for herself a clear concept of moral culture, its role in public life and its significance for humans.
Revealed “defects” of modern moral culture
“Save your soul, start with yourself, and thousands of people around you will change.” In fact, you must first overcome the problem within yourself.
The value and significance of moral culture, like morality, is found in the behavior, communication and activities of people, in public opinion, and personal example.
Thus, moral culture is the most important traditional element of their culture for a person and society.
Global community pays more and more attention to the state of culture. It is understood primarily as the content and process of people’s life activity, the result of their active and purposeful, although not always expedient and successful, productive social activity. Culture is one of the leading signs of planetary civilization; it distinguishes the life of people from the life of other living beings on earth and possible extraterrestrial civilizations.
Culture is a fundamental, historically long-term indicator of people’s creativity, the correlation of the levels and quality of development of communities and individual peoples, an evaluation criterion historical path and the prospects of large social subjects, each individual. Culture is “second nature”.
It was created by people, indicates fundamentally different laws and factors in the functioning of society (both planetary and specific peoples, states), in contrast to natural (first) nature. It is important to emphasize that second nature as a culture includes not only material and physical, but also spiritual (ideal) elements. This provision also distinguishes culture from natural nature. Culture reveals the spiritual and subjective abilities and properties of people.
The prospects for the development of world society in the 20th-21st centuries are increasingly determined by crisis phenomena that arise in the bosom of culture as its antipodes and indicators of human cultural imperfection. One of these complex problems is the increase in human aggressiveness, increased destructiveness, anti-culturalism of his behavior and activities not only in relation to the natural, but also artificial, created by man himself, the social environment and the people themselves. Modern type personality acquires increasingly threatening and dangerous inconsistency and duality. This situation does not characterize all of humanity, but the trend is quite obvious and stable.
Moral culture is aimed at the reproduction of consciousness, at satisfying the moral needs of people. Morality manifests itself in practice in other areas of life - in economics, politics, social life, in law, etc. It is a phenomenon not only of spiritual, but also of material life, and has clearly expressed specificity.
Bibliography
"CULTURE: THEORIES AND PROBLEMS". Moscow "Science" 1995.
L.K. Kruglova "Fundamentals of Cultural Studies". St. Petersburg 1994.
Yu.G. Marchenko I.I. Mamai "FUNDAMENTALS OF CULTUROLOGY" ( tutorial). Novosibirsk 1995.
Simple conversations about morality.
Tags: Moral culture Abstract Culturology
Moral culture
Introduction
Culture
2. Morality
3. Moral culture
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Almost every day, directly or indirectly, every person encounters the concept of culture. Wherever we are, we see or hear all sorts of phrases and statements directly or indirectly related to this concept. For example, often at the sight of a large and noisy group of young people expressing themselves obscenely and rudely, an old woman passing by quite boldly declares to them: “How uncultured you guys are,” or “Young people have gone - immoral.”
Whether we like it or not, everything that surrounds us and everything with which we are essentially connected is culture. This concept has firmly entered our lives and under no circumstances will we put it aside in a distant dark corner.
While we have heard the word culture so often, few of us can boast that we have been interested in or even deeply studied this concept. Most often, we limit ourselves to just understanding our understanding of a concept and do not strive for more. But in my opinion this is not entirely correct. That is why I would like to study deeper and discover some concepts for myself.
Based on the topic I have chosen, it follows that at the beginning of my work I set myself the following specific tasks: to give a clear and, in my opinion, correct concept of culture, morality, and most importantly, as a consequence (in my opinion) of the above, the concept of moral culture.
It seems to me that the topic I have chosen is quite relevant and interesting. Long before my appearance and for many years after me, “moral culture” lived and will live, it will help people learn and become individuals, it will guide them to take the right step, which is correct from its point of view, and if a person can understand its urges and appreciate it contribution to the everyday life of not only a single individual, but the entire human race as a whole, then I believe that humanity will have hope for a bright and holy future, because, in my opinion, it is in moral culture that the guarantee of human peace and well-being.
1. Culture
Culture is one of the most important areas of public life. In the concept of “culture,” a person and his activities act as a synthesizing basis, since culture itself is the creation of man, the result of his creative efforts. But in human culture there is not only an active being, but also a changing being itself.
The beginnings of culture are discovered at the earliest stages of the historical existence of people; the first ideas about it become possible at a fairly high level of social and spiritual development. People have always lived in culture, although they did not immediately begin to realize it. While a person in his life depended on purely natural circumstances, not yet transformed by labor, he attributed the decisive role in his life not to himself, but to these circumstances, which he turned into an object of religious veneration, or cult. The mythological and religious cultures of antiquity, which deified natural forces and elements, endowed nature with purely human properties - consciousness, will, and the ability to predetermine the course of events. Only as they developed further did people begin to realize that much in their lives depended on themselves, on how they thought and acted. The first, initially vague and vague, ideas about culture are connected with this. It was enough, for example, to see the reason for a good harvest not in the mercy of the gods, but in the quality of the soil, in order to draw a distinction between cult as the deification of nature and culture as its cultivation and improvement. The very presence of “culture” in the language testifies to a person’s understanding of his special and independent role in the world, his characteristic activity, which cannot be reduced to the action of both natural and divine forces. The appearance of this word meant the birth of the “cult” of man himself, which replaced all other cults of antiquity.
The subject of cultural history has its own content and specificity among a number of historical disciplines. The history of culture presupposes, first of all, a comprehensive study of its various spheres - the history of science and technology, education and social thought, folklore and literary studies, art history, etc. in relation to them, cultural history acts as a generalizing discipline that considers culture as an integral system in the unity and interaction of all its areas.
For every culture, both national isolation, which leads to stagnation, and ignorance of national traditions, which constitute its internal basis and give it stability, are equally harmful.
Culture is literally translated as cultivation, processing, care, improvement. In the most ancient Latin texts, the use of this word is associated with agriculture. Cicero used the term culture to characterize the human spirit. His saying “philosophy is the culture of the soul” is widely known; subsequently, the use of the word “culture” in the meaning of good manners, education, enlightenment becomes traditional.
The desire to use the word “culture” not to designate individual directions, methods and results of human transformative activity, but for everything that was created by him, emerged in the 17th century, in line with the development of German educational thought. The first author to use the term "culture" in this new, broad sense was Samuel Puffendorf (1632-1694).
"...The upbringing of the human race is a process, both genetic and organic - thanks to the assimilation and application of what is passed on. We can call this human genesis whatever we want in the second sense, we can call it culture, that is, cultivating the soil, or we can remember the image of light and call it enlightenment..."
So, by culture we understand the totality of all material values, all knowledge and experiences, all practical experience, aimed at solving the triune task - reproduction, preservation and improvement of human life. Not a single area of life - be it economics or politics, family or education, art or morality - is possible outside of culture.
2. Morality
Before talking about moral culture, let's consider such concepts as ethics, morality, morality.
Currently, they are all used at the everyday level as identical. However, from a scientific point of view, ethics is a science where the concepts of good and evil are system-forming. Morality should be understood as a set of norms and rules of decent behavior. Morality is the practice of such behavior. Thus, a three-stage structure is built: ethics as a science, morality as a set of instructions for the creation of good, morality as the practice of good behavior.
All these concepts together constitute the essence of moral culture. Culture in its modern understanding is the process of creation, storage, dissemination and development of material, spiritual and socio-political values. On a personal level, culture is the level, degree, and magnitude of mastering values of three orders (material, spiritual, socio-political).
Moral culture is a powerful factor in the formation of a person’s personality, transforming and enriching his needs and inner world for the better.
I cannot but agree with the thought of the famous philosopher Karl Popper:
“Man has created many worlds - the worlds of language, poetry, science. But, perhaps, the most important of them is the world of morality, the world of moral values and regulations, the world of moral demands - freedom, equality, mercy.”
Morality is a set of unwritten rules that determine good human behavior. It is based on morals, that is, a voluntary agreement of people who try to correlate their feelings, aspirations and actions with the life attitudes of other people, with the interests and dignity of the whole society.
*Value is the life and practical attitude of an individual’s behavior, expressing what is significant to him. One person puts honor above life, another longs for freedom, a third insists on the indestructibility of good, a fourth glorifies the all-conquering feeling - love.
For many centuries, philosophers, religious thinkers, and teachers of life have shown interest in moral and ethical problems. The moral sense inherent only to man made it possible to realize his difference from animals. Moral feelings largely determined human actions. In accordance with it, people built their relationships with nature, with other people, with society as a whole. Finally, moral standards helped to choose a decent lifestyle. Many thinkers saw morality as the path to God.
Morality (from Latin moralis - “moral”) is the area of moral values that is recognized by people, the moral life of the people. The content of this sphere and its specificity change over time and are different among different peoples. In the morality of all peoples and at all times one can find universal human values, moral principles and regulations.
Morality (from Latin moralis - “moral”) morality, a system of norms and value concepts that determine and regulate human behavior. Unlike simple custom or tradition, moral norms are justified in the form of ideals of good and evil, due, justice, etc.
Russian philosopher Vladimir Solovyov (1853-1900) believed that morality is an innate human property that distinguishes us from animals. “The basic feelings of shame, pity and reverence are felt in the area of possible moral relations of a person to what is below him, what is equal to him and what is above him,” he wrote in his book “The Justification of Good.” The Russian thinker compared moral philosophy to a guidebook that depicts places worth visiting, but at the same time does not tell a person where to go. People make their own decisions about where to direct their steps. Therefore, according to Solovyov, “no presentation of moral norms, that is, the conditions for achieving a true life goal, can make sense for a person who has consciously set himself not this, but a completely different goal”...
“The Golden Rule of Morality”: “Do unto others as you would have others do unto you.”
Moral culture
Currently, there is a wide and growing interest in a deeper philosophical awareness of culture. At the same time, we realize that culture is not relative, not situational, that it cannot be tied to any current social or political interests, but expresses the very essence of humanity and is a factor in the development of a humane society.
I believe, and I am sure, that many also believe that a person’s culture is entirely based on his moral culture in the broadest sense. Moral culture presupposes both respect for tradition and generally accepted patterns of behavior, and the ability to find one’s own, creative solution. In cases where we are faced with “eternal” problems, universal situations, such as birth and death, illness and health, youth and old age, love and marriage, it is very important to listen to tradition and act in accordance with etiquette. This is how life is built. And its development and progress largely depend on how high the level of culture of a society is.
Moral culture is represented by the subjects of society and their relationships. It includes: a) signs and elements of the culture of moral consciousness of subjects of society; b) culture of behavior and communication; c) a culture of moral actions and activities. Moral culture correlates with other types of culture of the material and spiritual life of society, but first of all it is opposed to the antipodes of morality: evil, inequality, injustice, dishonor, lack of dignity and conscience, and other anti-moral phenomena.
In terms of content, moral culture is the development of moral consciousness and worldview of the subjects of society; the unity of the morally obligatory and the morally existing; manifestation in the system of behavior, communication and activity of the norms of goodness, honor, conscience, duty, dignity, love, interaction, etc.; carrying out life activities according to the principles of humanism, democracy, hard work, social equality, a combination of reasonable egoism (dignity) and altruism, peace.
Moral culture is also the effectiveness of moral regulation of people’s lives, the complementarity of moral and legal regulation, adherence to the “golden rule of morality”, the rules of etiquette.
There is talk everywhere and many are even convinced that public and personal morality are experiencing a severe crisis today. There are many things that are troubling. And the growth of crime, and social injustice, and the collapse of ideals that served as the official support of morality. It is quite obvious that moral culture cannot be at all high if the social system is ineffective and ignores the requirements of justice and common sense.
There is a need to make adjustments to the relationships between people through moral culture, which is a factor in the development of a rational society, becoming more and more obvious every day.
Our consciousness has a way of directly influencing the material world. This, as they sometimes say, is a manifestation of the triumph of thought over matter. The great Russian physiologist I.P. Pavlov said: “Man is the only system that is capable of regulating itself within wide limits, that is, improving itself.” It is important to note here that a lot depends on ourselves.
If we want our civilization to survive, it is necessary to prevent such incidents as quickly as possible. That is why our duty, our sacred duty, is to create a new idea of ourselves and of consciousness through moral culture, so that, guided by this new model in practice, humanity can not only survive, but find itself at a more perfect level of existence.
Of course, cracks in the moral culture of society are obvious; in my opinion, the moral culture of communication can serve as an example, when faced with various misunderstandings between people when communicating almost every day.
A moral culture of communication presupposes the presence of moral convictions, knowledge of moral norms, readiness for moral activity, and common sense, especially in conflict situations.
Moral communication is an expression of the content and level of the spiritual appearance of a person.
The moral culture of communication represents the unity of moral consciousness and behavior. This often requires dedication and self-control from a person. And when it comes to the Motherland, patriotism, a sense of duty, then the ability to self-sacrifice.
The moral culture of communication is divided into: 1) internal and 2) external.
Internal culture is moral ideals and guidelines, norms and principles of behavior, which are the foundation of the spiritual appearance of an individual. These are the spiritual foundations on which a person builds his relationships with other people in all spheres of public life. The internal culture of the individual plays a leading, determining role in the formation of the external culture of communication in which it finds its manifestation. The ways of such manifestation can be varied - exchanging greetings and important information with other people, establishing various forms of cooperation, relationships of friendship, love, etc. Internal culture is manifested in manners of behavior, ways of addressing a partner, in the ability to dress without causing criticism from others .
Internal and external culture of moral communication are always interconnected, complement each other and exist in unity. However, this relationship is not always obvious. There are many people who, behind their apparent unsociability and some secrecy, reveal a spiritually rich personality, ready to respond to your request, provide help if necessary, etc. At the same time, there are also individuals who hide their wretched nature behind an external gloss. and dishonest essence.
There are many examples in life when for some people the external side of communication becomes an end in itself and is actually a cover for achieving selfish and selfish goals. A variety of such behavior is hypocrisy, hypocrisy, and deliberate deception.
Recognition of a person’s value is closely related to specific assessments of people entering into communication. Many difficulties that arise in the process of communication are generated by the discrepancy between a person’s self-esteem and his assessment by others. As a rule, self-esteem is always higher than the assessment of others (although it can be underestimated).
The Holy Fathers said: a person is formed from childhood, even from the womb, and not when he finishes school. And now special attention should be paid to education in our school; it is the main institution that provides education to the younger generation. Alas, school has now lost its educational moment, it provides only the sum of knowledge, but we must remember that at the school bench it is decided not only whether a young person will learn to count and write, but also how he will grow up. How he perceives the world, how he treats his neighbor, how he evaluates all actions.
Therefore, even from school, it is necessary to conduct moral conversations with children. Starting from the age of two, the child enters the scope of moral norms. Finds out what is good and what is bad. First, adults, and then peers, begin to ensure that he observes certain forms of behavior. If you instill in a child that it is necessary to take care of those who need it, to help a person experiencing pain or grief, we can safely say that the child will grow up caring, understanding the pain and grief of others. This does not require any special techniques or methods, you just need to demonstrate positive examples more often. Moral conversations teach you to see the advantages and disadvantages of your own behavior and the behavior of others in everyday life and in public places (on the street, in transport, in a store); to acquire the concepts of “fair - dishonest”, “fair - unfair”, “right - wrong”; They form a “code of honor”, the ability to act fairly, and to subordinate their desires to common interests.
A fairy tale is the first work of art that allows a child to experience a sense of participation in the grief and joy of the heroes, to hate greed and treachery, and to passionately desire the victory of good. A fairy tale expands a child’s moral experience.
The future of Russia is formed at school. Naturally, everything influences morality: the press, the family, the school, and even just a random passerby. Therefore, all responsibility for morality in society does not lie with anyone alone. It cannot be said that one Orthodox journalist can influence the state of morality. If one person writes that
There are not enough good, moral topics on television and there is a lot of what destroys the soul, brings some kind of confusion, temptation. Television should have a creative power, help build our state, and build it strong. And the state cannot be strong without morality, without faith, without love for the Fatherland and neighbor.
Religion and morality are closely related. Religion is impossible without morality, and morality is impossible without religion. Faith without works is dead. Only demons believe with such faith (believe and tremble). True faith (living, not dead) cannot exist without good deeds. Just as a naturally fragrant flower cannot but be fragrant, so true faith cannot but be evidenced by good morality. In turn, morality cannot exist without a religious basis and without religious light and will certainly wither, like a plant deprived of roots, moisture and sun. Religion without morality is like a barren fig tree; Morality without religion is like a cut down fig tree.
culture moral life society
Conclusion
In conclusion, I would like to summarize everything that has been said above. After studying the literature, I answered the questions posed. She defined for herself a clear concept of moral culture, its role in public life and its significance for humans.
Revealed “defects” of modern moral culture
“Save your soul, start with yourself, and thousands of people around you will change.” In fact, you must first overcome the problem within yourself.
The value and significance of moral culture, like morality, is found in the behavior, communication and activities of people, in public opinion, and personal example.
Thus, moral culture is the most important traditional element of their culture for a person and society.
The world community is paying more and more attention to the state of culture. It is understood primarily as the content and process of people’s life activity, the result of their active and purposeful, although not always expedient and successful, productive social activity. Culture is one of the leading signs of planetary civilization; it distinguishes the life of people from the life of other living beings on earth and possible extraterrestrial civilizations.
Culture is a fundamental, historically long-term indicator of people's creativity, the correlation of the levels and quality of development of communities and individual peoples, a criterion for assessing the historical path and prospects of large social entities, each individual person. Culture is “second nature”.
It was created by people, indicates fundamentally different laws and factors in the functioning of society (both planetary and specific peoples, states), in contrast to natural (first) nature. It is important to emphasize that second nature as a culture includes not only material and physical, but also spiritual (ideal) elements. This provision also distinguishes culture from natural nature. Culture reveals the spiritual and subjective abilities and properties of people.
The prospects for the development of world society in the 20th-21st centuries are increasingly determined by crisis phenomena that arise in the bosom of culture as its antipodes and indicators of human cultural imperfection. One of these complex problems is the increase in human aggressiveness, increased destructiveness, anti-culturalism of his behavior and activities not only in relation to the natural, but also artificial, created by man himself, the social environment and the people themselves. The modern personality type is acquiring increasingly threatening and dangerous inconsistency and duality. This situation does not characterize all of humanity, but the trend is quite obvious and stable.
Moral culture is aimed at the reproduction of consciousness, at satisfying the moral needs of people. Morality manifests itself in practice in other spheres of life - in economics, politics, social life, law, etc. It is a phenomenon not only of spiritual, but also of material life, and has clearly expressed specifics.
Bibliography
"CULTURE: THEORIES AND PROBLEMS". Moscow "Science" 1995.
L.K. Kruglova "Fundamentals of Cultural Studies". St. Petersburg 1994.
Yu.G.Marchenko I.I. Mamai "FUNDAMENTALS OF CULTURAL STUDY" (textbook). Novosibirsk 1995.
Simple conversations about morality.
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SPIRITUAL AND MORAL CULTURE.
Today they talk a lot about culture. But few people think about what this word means. This word originally meant “cultivation of the land.” And since ancient times, having received his land as a gift from God, man had to cultivate it, reaping the fruits necessary to support life.
Culture is multifaceted. We can talk about work culture, the culture of interpersonal relationships, national and linguistic culture, or, for example, the culture of football.
There are many different cultures, but the basis is always the cultivation of meaning, the work of ordering chaos. And in this aspect, “cult” and “culture” are not only cognate words.
The basis of any culture is spirituality, and we must remember that spiritual chaos is much worse than material chaos. Any material chaos can be overcome.
The terrible wars of the twentieth century are behind us. We live in seemingly peaceful and prosperous times. But spiritual problems remain, and have even increased. The consumer spirit dominates in society, the predominance of economics over morality, and an overabundance of information put pressure on the human psyche and soul. Strong family ties are lost, mass culture dominates, with its pathos of pleasure, show business and the beautiful “game of life.” But behind the mask of this imaginary luxury lies emptiness and destructive lack of spirituality. And if earlier illnesses of the body, physical illnesses predominated, today mental illnesses predominate, many people suffer from despondency, sadness, rush about and cannot find a place for themselves. There is desolation in their hearts.
Many of the problems listed are relevant. I am not a supporter of apocalyptic sentiments and believe that it is unacceptable to fall into panic and extremes, but to fight evil and cultivate the good qualities of the soul.
It is vitally important for us now to make as much effort as possible in order to be able to preserve and pass on to our descendants the language, culture and traditions of our people. Upbringing and education is not only the formation of the mind, but also the heart.
The spiritual formation of society is a difficult and long-term process.
A successful solution to this problem lies on the path of spiritual revival of each individual person. Introducing people, especially the younger generation, to the centuries-old traditional culture, values, moral experience of the people is the path to solving this vitally important task.
Russian culture is historically inextricably linked with Orthodoxy. Holy Rus' was formed thanks to the Byzantine Orthodox faith, which was adopted by the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir in the 10th century.
The sphere of good, as academician Dmitry Likhachev emphasizes, is closely connected with the traditions of the native culture, with the past and future. Each of us is required to pay attention to history - our own and the world's, to cultural values accumulated by all humanity.
But, before talking about world culture, the younger generation needs to get to know their Russian culture. It is culture that is called upon to help a person determine his worldview, his existence.
Orthodoxy spiritually transformed the peoples of Russia and shaped the remarkable traits of the Russian character - mercy, sacrifice, fidelity, masculinity, generosity.
For a thousand years, it nurtured the unbending sovereign spirit of Russian patriotism.
School, family, church and state for many centuries in unity complemented each other in preparing a pious and educated Christian, a respectable family man, a hardworking and patriotic citizen.
For the sake of the future of Russia, it is necessary to raise children on the basis of an original Russian culture, which originates in national identity of the Russian people who received Holy Baptism.
Culture is the environment that connects people's worldview with their way of life. She is the bearer of mentality and at the same time has a formative effect on the way of life.
The present time is unpredictable, complex, fateful. It is important and necessary to comprehend the role that spirituality played and plays in the culture of our Fatherland, to better understand the path along which our pious ancestors walked. After all, on their own
Material, economic, political, cultural and other achievements were only means and tools for serving society.
New public holidays provide ample opportunities for introducing young people to Orthodox culture. We know that holidays became several days of Christmastide, which became part of New Year holidays, and the autumn holiday in honor of the Kazan Icon Mother of God, which is declared the Day of National Unity.
In order for these holidays to enter people's lives, it is necessary to introduce their mentality and life younger generation, then in a few years they will become traditional for our people.
It is necessary these days to involve young people in organizing festive events, revealing the Christian meaning of the holiday and its historical and civil significance.
And here's the challenge modern culture is to make these days of new holidays unite our people, open their hearts to do good and attract them to Orthodox standards of life. Only Orthodoxy has the necessary spiritual potential, centuries-old positive experience in area spiritual and moral enlightenment.
It is necessary to strive for the set goals:
1. It is necessary to strive to involve the state, its legislation and executive bodies, and government institutions in the matter of educating young people in the spirit of Orthodox culture.
2.Only collaboration With government agencies can make this activity systematic and widespread.
3. In the matter of educating young people Orthodox traditions it is necessary to use all possible means of education (literature, art, television, cinema, print, etc.)
4. It’s time to move from criticism and defense to practical, even small, things.
Let each of the teachers who want to see young people healthy not only
physically, but also morally, will take a concrete step towards returning to his native land
land of Orthodoxy.
Today, everyone who works with children and youth, including employees of the education system and out-of-school care, youth organizations and funds mass media, organizers of youth leisure, film creators, book publishers and web designers, must bring to the younger generation the ideological and moral principles of the traditional Russian culture based on Orthodoxy. It is necessary for the younger generation not only to know about their native culture, but also
was brought up in it. Children should not only have respect for it, but also be its bearers.
At this time, we especially realized the role of education in spiritual and moral revival
the country as a unique area of social life, where the spiritual and material are united; the past and future of our country, where the image is born and shaped modern man. It is here, in my opinion, that it is possible to unite the efforts of the state, church and society around a central theme: the formation of a future Russia.
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Formation of moral behavior.
Morality is a special spiritual-practical, value-based way of exploring the world; activities determined by worldview. A person’s worldview is formed primarily by society; in this regard, the origins of morality should be sought in relations between people. Man is a social being. The joint life of people requires in various ways regulation of their behavior, which was the reason for the emergence and development of religion, law, etc. Morality is one of these regulations that determines people’s behavior using ideas about what is valuable (ideals, principles, norms, etc.) and what is proper (duties, responsibilities, etc.). This is an internal self-regulator of human behavior, tuned to the principles of humanity.
Moral consciousness is realized in two forms: social and individual.
Social consciousness is an element of social life. It accumulates and systematizes the moral experience of numerous generations, which makes it possible to influence the ideas and behavior of an individual and to educate a full-fledged personality.
Individual moral consciousness reflexive, refers to inner world human and consists of several components:
a) rational component͵ ᴛ.ᴇ. a system of certain concepts in which a person’s worldview and certain moral ideas are expressed. Basic element This system is a requirement (norm). In addition to it, the rational structure of individual moral consciousness includes perceived as personal ideals, assessments, principles, attitudes, ideas about moral qualities, about good and evil, etc.;
b) emotional component͵ ᴛ.ᴇ. the totality of a person's moral experiences. It should be noted that any feeling is a complex emotional reaction caused by the process of socialization. Hence the altruistic nature of moral experiences (responsiveness, compassion, etc.), and their focus on self-restraint of the individual. Special controlling experiences - conscience and shame - act as a socio-psychological mechanism of self-control. An important role in moral life a person is played by a sense of dignity (honor), reflecting the moral self-worth of the individual;
c) the volitional component, thanks to which the subjective moral motive is realized in action, often despite the pressure of objective circumstances.
Moral relations can be classified:
2) by the nature of the demand (imperativeness);
3) by the nature of the connection.
Moral attitudes are reflected in the concepts of moral consciousness, thereby influencing human behavior. However, the structure “moral consciousness - moral action - moral attitude” forms a single whole, and its elements are intercorrelated.
Basic properties of morality:
1. Imperativeness. Moral norms are always formulated in the imperative mood (for example, “don’t lie,” “don’t kill,” etc.).
2. Versatility. Moral requirements are unchanged in any sphere human existence, are not localized either situationally or in time.
3. General significance. Moral precepts apply to all people without exception.
4. Antinomy. For example, the inconsistency of statements about the extreme importance of doing good, because it is beneficial (expedient), and that good should be selfless; or the requirement “thou shalt not kill” and at the same time the idea of military duty. There are many reasons for the antinomy of morality. The main thing is essentially that morality, reflecting the dynamics of human existence, develops itself, and this development is a complex dialectical process that includes archaic ideas about what should be, and completely new, promising, specific requirements of common sense and ethical maxims.
5. Extra-institutional. Morality, unlike other forms public consciousness, is not socially structured. Its norms are not recorded in special documents, are not provided by coercive measures with the help of a special apparatus, and are not controlled by officials in special institutions. Moral standards are supported by force public opinion or a person’s personal conviction, are informal in nature.
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Their violation is not punished, but leads to the application of moral sanction in the form of condemnation, and this can be done by any person or society as a whole.
The main functions of morality:
1) Regulatory function. Morality through a value-based approach to human activity harmonizes and optimizes relationships between people on the basis of common ideals, principles of behavior, etc.
2) Cognitive function. By entering into moral relations, a person becomes acquainted with all the diversity of cultural experience accumulated by humanity and receives special moral knowledge.
3) Educational function. Moral knowledge is an important condition formation of personality, introducing it to the highest values. Outside the moral field, a person should not be a full-fledged artist, scientist, entrepreneur, etc. Morality gives any specific activity a universal meaning.
4) Value-orienting function. Based on moral ideas, a person constantly compares the real with the ideal, the existing with the should. This allows him to correct his behavior and determine the vector of his spiritual development.
In addition to these functions, one can also distinguish humanizing (ᴛ.ᴇ. raising a person above everyday life, revealing to him the true meaning of life), ideological, communicative, etc.
In general, all these functions are closely interconnected and determine the richness and content of a person’s spiritual life5.
Moral culture of the individual - concept and types. Classification and features of the category “Moral culture of the individual” 2017, 2018.
