Class: 10
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Target: contribute to the formation of students' knowledge about the artistic culture of Ancient Greece.
Tasks:
- give an idea of the nature of ancient Greek architecture and sculpture;
- introduce the concept of “order” in architecture; consider their types;
- identify the role of ancient Greek culture in the formation of European culture;
- cultivate interest in the culture of other countries;
Lesson type: formation of new knowledge
Lesson equipment: G.I. Danilova MHC. From the origins to the 17th century: a textbook for 10th grade. – M.: Bustard, 2013. Presentation, computer, projector, interactive board.
During the classes
I. Class organization.
II. Preparing to accept a new topic
III. Learning new material
The land of Ancient Hellas still amazes with its majestic architectural structures and sculptural monuments.
Hellas - this is how its inhabitants called their country, and themselves - Hellenes, after the name of the legendary king - the ancestor of Hellen. Later this country was called Ancient Greece.
The blue sea splashed, going far beyond the horizon. Among the expanse of water, the islands were green with dense greenery.
The Greeks built cities on the islands. In every city there lived talented people who were able to speak the language of lines, colors, and reliefs. SLIDE 2-3
Architectural appearance of ancient Hellas
“We love beauty without whimsicality and wisdom without effeminacy.” This is exactly how the ideal of Greek culture was expressed by a public figure of the 5th century. BC. Pericles Nothing superfluous is the main principle of the art and life of Ancient Greece. SLIDE 5
The development of democratic city-states greatly contributed to the development of architecture, which reached special heights in temple architecture. It expressed the main principles that were subsequently formulated on the basis of the works of Greek architects by the Roman architect Vitruvius (second half of the 1st century BC): “strength, usefulness and beauty.”
Order (Latin - order) is a type of architectural structure that takes into account the combination and interaction of load-bearing (supporting) and non-supporting (overlapping) elements. The most widespread were the Doric and Ionic (late 7th century BC) and, to a lesser extent, later (late 5th – early 4th century BC) the Corinthian order, which are widely used in architecture up to our time. SLIDE 6-7
In a Doric temple, the columns rise directly from the pedestal. They have no decorations except fluted stripes and vertical grooves. The Doric columns hold the roof with tension, you can see how hard it is for them. The top of the column is crowned by a capital (head). The trunk of a column is called its body. Doric temples have very simple capitals. The Doric order, as the most laconic and simple, embodied the idea of masculinity and tenacity of character of the Greek tribes of the Dorians.
It is characterized by the strict beauty of lines, shapes and proportions. SLIDE 8-9.
The columns of the Ionic temple are taller and thinner. Below it is raised above the pedestal. The fluted grooves on its trunk are more frequent and flow like folds of thin fabric. And the capital has two curls. SLIDE 9-11
The name comes from the city of Corinth. They are richly decorated with plant motifs, among which images of acanthus leaves predominate.
Sometimes a vertical support in the form of a female figure was used as a column. It was called a caryatid. SLIDE 12-14
The Greek order system was embodied in stone temples, which, as you know, served as a dwelling for the gods. The most common type of Greek temple was the peripterus. Peripterus (Greek - “pteros”, i.e. “feathered”, surrounded by columns around the perimeter). On its long side there were 16 or 18 columns, on the shorter side 6 or 8. The temple was a room shaped like an elongated rectangle in plan. SLIDE 15
Athens Acropolis
5th century BC - the heyday of the ancient Greek city-states. Athens is becoming the largest political and cultural center of Hellas. In the history of Ancient Greece, this time is usually called the “Golden Age of Athens.” It was then that the construction of many architectural structures was carried out here, included in the treasury of world art. This time is the reign of the leader of the Athenian democracy, Pericles. SLIDE 16
The most remarkable buildings are located on the Acropolis of Athens. Here were the most beautiful temples of Ancient Greece. The Acropolis not only decorated the great city, first of all it was a shrine. When a person first came to Athens, he first of all saw
Acropolis. SLIDE 17
Acropolis means “upper city” in Greek. Situated on a hill. Temples were built here in honor of the Gods. All work on the Acropolis was supervised by the great Greek architect Phidias. Phidias gave 16 whole years of his life to the Acropolis. He revived this colossal creation. All temples were built entirely from marble. SLIDE 18
SLIDE 19-38 These slides show the plan of the Acropolis, with a detailed description of architectural monuments and sculpture.
On the southern slope of the Acropolis was the Theater of Dionysus, which could seat 17 thousand people. It played out tragic and comedic scenes from the life of gods and people. The Athenian public reacted lively and temperamentally to everything that happened before their eyes. SLIDE 39-40
Fine art of Ancient Greece. Sculpture and vase painting.
Ancient Greece entered the history of world artistic culture thanks to its remarkable works of sculpture and vase painting. Sculptures adorned the squares of ancient Greek cities and the facades of architectural structures in abundance. According to Plutarch (c. 45-c. 127), there were more statues in Athens than living people. SLIDE 41-42
The earliest works that have survived to our time are kouros and koras, created in the archaic era.
Kouros is a type of statue of a young athlete, usually naked. Reached significant sizes (up to 3 m). Kouros were placed in sanctuaries and on tombs; they had predominantly memorial significance, but could also be cult images. Kuros are surprisingly similar to each other, even their poses are always the same: upright static figures with a leg extended forward, arms with palms clenched into fists extended along the body. Their facial features are devoid of individuality: the regular oval of the face, the straight line of the nose, the oblong shape of the eyes; full, protruding lips, large and round chin. The hair behind the back forms a continuous cascade of curls. SLIDE 43-45
The figures of kor (girls) are the embodiment of sophistication and sophistication. Their poses are also monotonous and static. Steeply curled curls, intercepted by tiaras, are parted and fall down to the shoulders in long symmetrical strands. There is a mysterious smile on all faces. SLIDE 46
The ancient Hellenes were the first to think about what a beautiful person should be, and sang the beauty of his body, the courage of his will and the strength of his mind. Sculpture received particular development in Ancient Greece, reaching new heights in conveying portrait features and the emotional state of a person. The main theme of the sculptors' works was man - the most perfect creation of nature.
The images of people by the artists and sculptors of Greece begin to come to life, move, they learn to walk and slightly put their foot back, frozen in mid-step. SLIDE 47-49
Ancient Greek sculptors really liked to sculpt statues of athletes, as they called people of great physical strength, athletes. The most famous sculptors of that time are: Myron, Polykleitos, Phidias. SLIDE 50
Myron is the most beloved and popular among Greek portrait sculptors. Myron's statues of winning athletes brought him the greatest fame. SLIDE 51
Statue “Discobolus”. Before us is a beautiful young man, ready to throw a discus. It seems that in a moment the athlete will straighten up and the disc thrown with great force will fly into the distance.
Miron, one of the sculptors who sought to convey a sense of movement in his works. The statue is 25 centuries old. Only copies have survived to this day and are stored in various museums around the world. SLIDE 52
Polykleitos was an ancient Greek sculptor and art theorist who worked in Argos in the 2nd half of the 5th century BC. Polykleitos wrote the treatise “The Canon”, where he first spoke about what forms an exemplary sculpture could and should have. Developed a kind of “mathematics of beauty”. He carefully looked at the beauties of his time and deduced proportions, observing which one could build a correct, beautiful figure. The most famous work of Polykleitos is “Doriphoros” (Spearman) (450–440 BC). It was believed that the sculpture was created on the basis of the provisions of the treatise. SLIDE 53-54
Statue of “Doriphoros”.
A beautiful and powerful young man, apparently the winner of the Olympic Games, walks slowly with a short spear on his shoulder. This work embodied the ancient Greeks’ ideas about beauty. Sculpture has long remained a canon (model) of beauty. Polykleitos sought to portray a person at rest. Standing or walking slowly. SLIDE 55
Around 500 BC. In Athens, a boy was born who was destined to become the most famous sculptor of all Greek culture. He earned the fame of the greatest sculptor. Everything that Phidias did remains the hallmark of Greek art to this day. SLIDE 56-57
The most famous work of Phidias is the statue of “Olympian Zeus.” The figure of Zeus was made of wood, and parts from other materials were attached to the base using bronze and iron nails and special hooks. The face, hands and other parts of the body were made of ivory - it is quite close in color to human skin. Hair, beard, cloak, sandals were made of gold, eyes - of precious stones. Zeus's eyes were the size of an adult's fist. The base of the statue was 6 meters wide and 1 meter high. The height of the entire statue together with the pedestal was, according to various sources, from 12 to 17 meters. The impression was created “that if he (Zeus) wanted to get up from the throne, he would blow the roof off.” SLIDE 58-59
Sculptural masterpieces of Hellenism.
In the Hellenistic era, classical traditions were replaced by a more complex understanding of the inner world of man. New themes and plots appear, the interpretation of well-known classical motifs changes, and approaches to depicting human characters and events become completely different. Among the sculptural masterpieces of Hellenism one should name: “Venus de Milo” by Agesander, sculptural groups for the frieze of the Great Altar of Zeus in Pergamon; “Nike of Samothrocia by an unknown author, “Laocoon with his sons” by sculptors Agesander, Athenadore, Polydorus. SLIDE 60-61
Antique vase painting.
Just as beautiful as the architecture and sculpture was the painting of Ancient Greece, the development of which can be judged by the drawings decorating the vases that have come down to us, starting from the 11th–10th centuries. BC e. Ancient Greek craftsmen created a great variety of vessels for various purposes: amphoras - for storing olive oil and wine, kraters - for mixing wine with water, lekythos - a narrow vessel for oil and incense. SLIDE 62-64
The vessels were modeled from clay and then painted with a special composition - it was called “black varnish”. Black-figure painting was called black-figure painting, for which the natural color of baked clay served as the background. Red-figure painting was a painting for which the background was black and the images had the color of baked clay. The subjects for painting were legends and myths, scenes of everyday life, school lessons, and athletic competitions. Time has not been kind to the antique vases - many of them broke. But thanks to the painstaking work of archaeologists, some were able to be glued together, but to this day they delight us with their perfect shapes and the shine of black varnish. SLIDE 65-68
The culture of Ancient Greece, having reached a high degree of development, subsequently had a huge influence on the culture of the whole world. SLIDE 69
IV. Reinforcing the material covered
V. Homework
Textbook: chapter 7-8. Prepare reports on the work of one of the Greek sculptors: Phidias, Polykleitos, Myron, Scopas, Praxiteles, Lysippos.
VI. Lesson summary
Culture of Ancient Greece
The culture of Ancient Greece is recognized from historical monuments, as well as archaeological excavations. It dates from the 27th century BC to the 2nd century. BC. During this period, culture underwent many changes. The heyday of the culture of Ancient Greece occurred in the 5th-4th centuries. BC.
Ancient Greek culture is often called ancient. As historical studies show, the Greeks called their land Hellas, therefore their culture was not Greek, but the culture of Hellenism.
During the period of development of the ancient Greek state, culture also changed greatly. At some point in time she stood still, and at some point she simply burst into the forefront.
Ancient Greek culture has its own special stages of development. Each period has its own distinctive characteristics for a culture. Historians distinguish 4 stages of cultural development.
Stage 1 Aegean culture
This culture originated on the island. Crete and Mycenae.
A characteristic architectural monument is the so-called Labyrinth - the Palace of Knossos. Only the 1st floor remains of it to this day. In fact, it was a large building that housed about three hundred rooms. The development of painting can be judged from the remains of images on the walls of the Knossos Palace. Colored paints were actively used in painting.
The heyday of the Aegean culture dates back to the 15th century BC. and during the reign of Mi-nos. That is why the Aegean culture is also called Minos.
Age 2 - Homeric period
This period dates from the 11th to the 9th century BC. Information about this era is mainly taken from literary works that have survived to contemporaries: the Odyssey and the Iliad.
Many historians question the authenticity of what is described in the poems. However, these are the only sources on which one can rely and study the history and culture of the Homeric period.
This period is characterized by a rollback of ancient Greek culture. It was then that the written language that emerged disappeared again. Greek civilization was born again. Spiritual culture, basically mythology, was preserved and developed.
Stage 3 - Archaic culture
The period dates back to the 8th-6th century. BC. During this period, ancient Greece was preparing for a huge rise in culture, economics and political life. The main achievement of the Archaic culture of ancient Greece was the creation of an alphabetic letter. In addition, architecture and crafts actively developed.
The Greeks during the period of Archaic culture were literate thanks to the emergence of writing. The alphabet was simple, which made learning quite easy for every Greek. During the Archaic period, science and philosophy emerged.
Olympic Games
Originating in 776 BC. these games were able to stop all wars and uprisings for 5 days. During the Olympic Games in Olympia, civic spirit and patriotism rose. The games were held once every 4 years.
Stage 4 - Classical or Hellenistic.
This stage is a powerful push upward for all areas of life of the ancient Greeks. Then philosophy develops as a science, history and medicine appear. The main distinctive building of this time is the Acropolis.
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Theater of Ancient Greece
Slide 5
The origin of the theater is associated with festivities in honor of the god Dionysus, the patron saint of winemakers. 1. The emergence of theater
Slide 6
What does the Greek word for theater mean? The word theater means “place for a spectacle” or “spectacle” itself. Theater in Delphi, IV century. BC e. Modern look
Slide 7
Ancient theaters accommodated several thousand spectators. The theater building was usually located on natural hills (*The Theater of Dionysus in Athens was located on the hill of the Acropolis). 2. Theater structure
Slide 8
The most ancient theater in Greece. In those days, it accommodated almost the entire population of Athens - 17 thousand spectators. Theater of Dionysus
Slide 9
The theater building consisted of 3 parts: a) theatron (from the verb “I watch”) - places for spectators; b) orchestra (from the verb “to dance”) - a round platform where the action took place. c) skene (e) (from the Greek “tent”), a building adjacent to the orchestra, the Theatron decorations were placed on it
Slide 10
The layout of the Greek theater ensured good audibility. If you throw a coin in the center of the orchestra, its ringing will be heard in the very back benches. There was no curtain in the ancient Greek theater.
Slide 11
In Ancient Greece there were two main types of performances - tragedy and comedy. Comedy is a cheerful, mocking performance in which any human actions or vices are presented in a funny way and criticized. A tragedy is a play of serious content that usually ends with the death of the main character.
Slide 12
Dramatic performances took place as competitions between playwrights, choreographers, and actors. The competition lasted three days. Dramatic performances in Athens began at dawn and continued until the evening. 3. Organization of performances
Slide 13
Not only men, but also women and children visited the theater. Even servants - house slaves - were allowed to visit the theater. A small entrance fee was charged to cover the cost of maintaining the theater building. Poor citizens were given special “show money” - theorikon - to visit the theater.
Slide 14
Slide 15
The actors were only men. The number of actors did not exceed three, so that the same actor sometimes had to play several roles. Diction and voice were given great importance. 34 manners of actor's pronunciation were distinguished. 4. Actors of the ancient theater
Slide 16
Theater masks and costumes
Slide 17
The mask answered the task of the Greek theater to create large, generalized images. The need for a mask was also caused by the fact that women's roles were played by men. Without a mask, the faces of the actors would be difficult to see to the spectators in the back rows. Masks were made of wood or linen. The mask covered not only the face, but also the entire head. The mask was changed by the actor several times during the performance if the character’s state of mind required it.
Slide 18
A common feature of the costumes was brightness and diversity. The outer stage clothing was a chiton; a cloak (himation or chlamys) was thrown over the chiton. On the feet are shoes that increase height – buskins. COSTUME
Slide 19
Ancient choir Participants in the choir were called choreuts, the leader of the choir was called a luminary. The choir helped the viewer follow the plot and gave assessments to the actions of the heroes.
Classical Greece The brightest and most significant period in the development of Greek culture is the classical period associated with the heyday of Athens, called the “golden age”. Pericles, who led the Athenian democracy, begins the reconstruction of the Acropolis, the sculptor Phidias supervises these works.
Pinakothek “To the left of the Propylaea,” says Pausanias, the author of the “Description of Hellas,” there is a building with paintings; those that time has not yet destined to become unrecognizable depict Diomedes and Odysseus; the latter steals the bow of Philoctetes on Lemnos, and the former carries away the image of Athena from Ilion Orestes is also depicted here,
Temple of Nike Apteros, to the right of the Propylaea, a small rectangular temple of Nike Apteros was built, dedicated to the goddess of victory Nike. Translated, its name sounds like “Wingless Victory.” It is believed that under the conditions of a truce in the protracted Peloponnesian War, the Athenians thereby expressed the hope that victory would now not “fly away” from them. Since this temple housed a statue of Athena, it is often called the Temple of Athena Nike. Relief of the balustrade of the temple of Nike Apteros.
Propylaea First, the Athenians climbed a wide stone staircase to the Propylaea - the main entrance to the Acropolis, which was a deep through portico with a colonnade; At the same time, the side passages were intended for pedestrian citizens, and horsemen and chariots passed along the middle one and carried out sacrificial animals.
Statue of Athena Promachos Once past the Propylaea, visitors found themselves on a flat, rocky cliff top. Directly in front of them they saw a huge bronze statue of Athena Promachos (Warrior) sculpted by Phidias. It is believed that the gilded tip of her spear served as a guide for ships approaching the city on clear days. Behind this statue, in an open area, there was an altar, and on the left a small temple was erected, where the priests performed rituals of worship of the patroness of the city, the goddess Athena.
Phidias. Athena Promachos Phidias had knowledge of the achievements of optics. A story has been preserved about his rivalry with Alcamenes: both were ordered statues of Athena, which were supposed to be erected on high columns. Phidias made his statue in accordance with the height of the column on the ground; it seemed ugly and disproportionate. The people almost stoned him. When both statues were erected on high pedestals, the correctness of Phidias became obvious, and Alkamen was ridiculed
Acropolis. Erechtheion One of the sacred temples of the Acropolis is the Erechtheion, built by an unknown architect on the site of the mythical dispute between Athena and Poseidon for dominance over Attica. This temple is famous for its portico, which is supported by graceful female figures - caryatids. One of the parts of this temple, dedicated to the legendary king of Athens Erechtheus, was called Erechtheion; here was his grave and sanctuary. However, later this name was transferred to the entire temple.
Erechtheion, neither the interior of this temple nor its marble relief friezes have survived to this day. All four original porticos were also damaged, including the most famous of them, the portico of the caryatids. But even in its damaged state, it still remains the main attraction of the Erechtheion.
Acropolis.Parthenon It contained a twenty-meter statue of Athena Parthenos (Athena the Virgin), the patroness of the city, made of gold and ivory. The proportions of the columns and the plan, the subtlety of drawing details and the nuances of the architectural solution - everything testifies to the desire of the architects to achieve harmony. Speaking of nuances, we mean, for example, the slight inclination of the columns inward, giving the silhouette a subtle pyramidal shape and creating a feeling of its almost organic growth; a subtle shift of the outer columns towards the corners, giving them additional strength and stability; finally, a slight rise in all horizontal lines from the edges of the structure to the center. Athena Varvakeion" (marble copy of the statue of Athena Phidias)
Chrysoelephantine technique He was accused of concealing the gold from which the cloak of Athena Parthenos was made. But the artist justified himself very simply: the gold was removed from the base and weighed, and no shortage was found. (Phidias attached the removable gold plates in such a way, on the advice of Pericles, that they could be weighed at any time).
“Athena Parthenos.” Phidias 438 BC. e. It was installed in the Athens Parthenon, inside the sanctuary and represented the goddess in full armor. The most complete copy is considered to be the so-called. "Athena Varvakion" (Athens), marble. The sculptural decoration of the Parthenon (Parthenon frieze, metopes, etc.) was carried out under his leadership.
Phidias. Phidias had knowledge of the achievements of optics. A story has been preserved about his rivalry with Alcamenes: both were ordered statues of Athena, which were supposed to be erected on high columns. Phidias made his statue in accordance with the height of the column on the ground; it seemed ugly and disproportionate. The people almost stoned him. When both statues were erected on high pedestals, the correctness of Phidias became obvious, and Alkamen was ridiculed
"Athena Promachos" by Phidias, a colossal image of the goddess Athena brandishing a spear on the Athenian Acropolis. Erected approx. 460 BC e. in memory of victories over the Persians. Its height reached 60 feet and towered over all the surrounding buildings, shining over the city from afar. Bronze casting. Not preserved.
Phidias. Golden ratio (golden ratio, division in extreme and average ratio) division of a continuous quantity into two parts in such a ratio in which the smaller part is related to the larger one as the larger one is to the entire value. Interesting facts The golden ratio was designated in algebra by the Greek letter φ precisely in honor of Phidias, the master who embodied it in his works.
Greek sculpture. “Laocoon” In the last, Hellenistic period, the optimism and harmony of Greek culture began to be lost; the culture of Hellenism is sophisticated, distinguished by a complex artistic language and strives to express the whole gamut of emotional experiences.
N.V. Zagladin The Macedonian campaign resembled a raid of barbarians, ruining everything in their path, rather than a well-thought-out conquest. Having defeated the troops of the Persian despotism, which formed the backbone of civilization, he was unable to create his own control system, attempts to bring the Persian nobility closer failed (he ordered 10 thousand Macedonians to marry the daughters of the Persian nobility)
Hellenism Synthesis of cultures and civilizations of the Ancient East and Ancient Greece - Relatives and generals of Macedon declared themselves kings. They relied on an army of Macedonians, Greeks and officials of the local nobility - the Hellenic ruling elite found itself embedded in the system of power and property relations of the East. After two generations they were no different from the eastern nobles. -The cities of the East became centers of Greek culture
During this period, the main architectural structures became not temples, but theaters, gymnasiums and other civil buildings. Hellenistic architecture is characterized by the use of the whimsical Corinthian order and the mixing of elements of all three orders. A new type of building appears - the mausoleum in Halicarnassus (Tomb of King Mausolus), which gave its name to monuments of this kind, designed to perpetuate a specific person, a heroic ruler.
The crisis of the polis is the death of Greek civilization. the endless Peloponnesian wars ruined the policies, the active sale of land plots shook the main support of the policy - the connection of the citizen with the land, the civil militia gave way to the mercenary, social tension grew (in Athens this was due to the lack of tribute received in previous times from the allies, in Sparta the destruction of the community of equals led to conflicts between rich and poor) Population growth
Hanging Gardens of Babylon Nebuchadnezzar, out of love for his wife and, frankly, because of his own vanity, decided to lay out not an ordinary park, but a fairy-tale one that would glorify Babylon throughout the world. Herodotus wrote about the capital of the world: “Babylon surpasses in splendor any other city on earth.”
Babylonian Gardens However, the hanging gardens only seemed to be. For their construction, special basements were dug, covered on top with several rows of vaults. On the vaults lay large stone slabs, on which lay layers of brick, bitumen, reeds, lead and, finally, a thick layer of earth, in which the trees of the hanging garden grew.
Temple of Artemis of Ephesus The Temple of Artemis was located near the ancient city of Ephesus, approximately 50 kilometers south of the modern port city of Izmir in Turkey. Nowadays, Ephesus has been renamed the city of Selchuk. The ruins of the temple are located near the resort of Kusadasi, east of Pamukkale Halicarnassus Mausoleum. Mausolus reigned from 377 to 352 (353) BC. In 377, he succeeded his father, Hecatomnus of Milas, on the throne. Mausolus was married to his sister Artemisia (Artemisia). Nowadays this seems wild, but then such marriages in noble families were often practiced, not only among the Carian rulers, but also among the Roman ones.
Halicarnassus Mausoleum. Mausolus reigned from 377 to 352 (353) BC. In 377, he succeeded his father, Hecatomnus of Milas, on the throne. Mausolus was married to his sister Artemisia (Artemisia). Nowadays this seems wild, but then such marriages in noble families were often practiced, not only among the Carian rulers, but also among the Roman ones.
The lighthouse on Pharos was not at all like most modern structures of this type - thin single towers, but rather resembled a Futuristic skyscraper. It was a three-story (three-tiered) tower, whose walls were made of marble blocks held together with lead-laced mortar.
Colossus of Rhodes At the base of the statue were three giant stone columns on which the sculpture itself was based. The Colossus of Rhodes was made of bronze plates mounted on an iron base (similar to the design of the Statue of Liberty, whose frame is made of steel and its shell is made of copper). According to the testimony of Pilon of Byzantium, 15 tons of bronze and 9 tons of iron were spent on the statue.
Agricultural labor was considered as first-class labor, while crafts, trade, etc., despite their high profitability, were second-class occupations. These occupations were more characteristic of foreigners and slaves. For this reason, ancient citizens sought to use their slaves (foreigners, most often barbarians) in auxiliary work, leaving labor on the land to their family.
Land and labor on the land were seen as the most important source of well-being and a decent life. In ancient society, relapses of archaic psychology, based on the attitude towards the earth as a sacred object, persisted. Therefore, work on the land was considered a matter of honor for the ancient citizen, and not a means of enrichment. It was possible to get rich faster through trade, crafts, usury, and war. Agricultural labor served to demonstrate the qualities of a worthy citizen. Agricultural labor
Roman culture Roman culture developed under the influence of many peoples, but primarily the culture of the Etruscans and Greeks. Using foreign achievements, the Romans in many ways surpassed their teachers and raised the level of development of their power to unprecedented heights. The most ancient religious beliefs of the Romans are very poorly known and were associated primarily with the cults of the Lares and Penates - deities of the hearth and the cult of the Genius - the head of the family and patron of man. The mythology of the Romans was devoid of poetry and spirituality.
Greek culture
Slides: 19 Words: 715 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Culture of Ancient Greece. Prechistenskaya secondary school. Culture of ancient Greece. Ancient civilization (1st millennium BC -Yth century AD) wrote golden pages in the history of world culture. Map of Ancient Greece. Historical monuments of Ancient Greece. The Acropolis embodied the idea of the power and greatness of the Athenian state. The main building of the Acropolis is the Parthenon. Parthenon – Temple of the Virgin Athena (Parthenos). The Erechtheion Temple was erected not far from the Parthenon. The temple was dedicated simultaneously to Athena, Poseidon and the legendary king Erechtheus. Ephesus - Greek theater. Greek sculptors. Statue of Olympian Zeus. - Greek culture.ppt
In Ancient Greece
Slides: 24 Words: 1013 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Culture of Ancient Greece. Greek language. Greek alphabet. In the 4th century. BC e. The modern direction was finally established - from left to right. The Greek alphabet has been in continuous use since the late 9th or early 8th century BC. e. Alpha and Omega. Architecture. Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. Delphi. Ruins of the Temple of Apollo. Found in the first buildings of Ancient Greece and Dorian colonies. In the Doric order, the flutes are shallow, with sharp edges. The Ionic order is one of the three ancient Greek architectural orders. Spread throughout the territory of Ancient Greece in the 5th century BC. e. The Corinthian order arose later than others and was particularly splendid. - In Ancient Greece.pps
Culture of Ancient Greece
Slides: 20 Words: 396 Sounds: 27 Effects: 8Culture of ancient Greece. Life is short, but art is eternal Democritus - 470-370. BC. Culture of Ancient Greece. Painting School Architecture Sculpture Olympic Games Theater. In our lesson: Achievements of the ancient Greeks in the field of culture. Solving historical problems and puzzles. Studying a new topic “Theater of Dionysus” Getting good grades. What is the creation of the Greeks? 2. List of correct answers. Check. Find mistakes in the student’s work: Red-figure painting. Black-figure painting. Find errors in the text: All children over 10 years old studied in Greek schools. Education in schools was paid. - Culture of Ancient Greece.pptx
Culture and history of Greece
Slides: 7 Words: 520 Sounds: 1 Effects: 20Myths intertwine early elements of religion, philosophy, science and art. In Greek myths, many parallels can be drawn with the legends of other peoples. The knowledge of the ancient Greeks about the origin of the Universe and man is impressive. People of a philosophical bent discover the essence of things. Scientists use laws first formulated by the ancient Greeks. Architects follow the classical canons of ancient temples. Modern sculptors learn from the masterpieces of ancient Greek masters. And nothing seems to change over time. In Greece, a stranger is led to dance. Greece. - Culture and history of Greece.ppt
Culture in Ancient Greece
Slides: 12 Words: 489 Sounds: 0 Effects: 2Ancient Greece. Project goal: Show Greece: Talk about literature, writing, music, religion, theater, architecture. Map of Greece. Literature. Writing. Writing in Greek culture of the XXII-XII centuries. played a limited role. Gradually, the forms of signs were simplified, and some began to denote only syllables. Music. Music in Greek means “the art of the muses.” Muse. Melpomene. Gods of ancient Greece. Religion in early Greece played a big role. HERA, queen of the gods. HERMES, god of trade and profit. DEMETER, goddess of fertility, patroness of agriculture. POSEIDON is one of the Olympian gods. - Culture in Ancient Greece.ppt
Cultural history of Ancient Greece
Slides: 16 Words: 2386 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Culture of Ancient Greece. The emergence of Greek civilization. Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations. The Cretans had linear writing. Number of small independent states. Pythagoras. History of Babylonia. Classic period. New demands began to be placed on sculpture. Variety of characters. Olympus. The gods lived a carefree and cheerful life. Ares' name. Artemis. Dionysus. - Cultural history of Ancient Greece.pptx
Artistic culture of Ancient Greece
Slides: 21 Words: 539 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Artistic culture of Ancient Greece. Chilo from Sparta. The inscription in the Temple of Apollo at Delphi Mera is most important. Cleobulus of Lindus. Inscription in the Temple of Apollo at Delphi Man is the measure of all things. Protagoras We love beauty without whimsicality and wisdom without delicacy. Pericles Periodization of the history and culture of Ancient Greece. I – Homeric (XI-IX centuries BC) II – archaic (VIII-VI centuries BC) III – classical (V-IV centuries BC) IV – Hellenistic (late IV -I century Order system. Peripterus is the main type of Greek temple. Peripterus is a rectangular building surrounded by a colonnade on four sides - Artistic culture of Ancient Greece.ppt.
Culture of Ancient Greece of the classical period
Slides: 28 Words: 372 Sounds: 0 Effects: 1Ancient Greece. Culture. Literature. Homer. Aesop. Tragedy and comedy. Dionysus. Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides - the great tragedians of antiquity. Aristophanes. Theater of Dionysus in Athens. Transformation was carried out by changing masks. Education. Training boys. Girls' education. The science. Socrates. Plato. Aristotle. Pythagoras. Archimedes. Democritus Hippocrates. Herodotus and Xenophon are the authors of works on history. Ptolemy. Writing. Parchment scroll. Greek alphabet. - Culture of Ancient Greece of the classical period.ppt
In Athens schools and gymnasiums
Slides: 10 Words: 243 Sounds: 0 Effects: 14In Athenian schools and gymnasiums. Slaves are teachers. School lessons. Visit to the palaestra. In the Athenian gymnasiums. Lesson assignment: Think about how education in Athens differs from education in Sparta? 1. Slaves are teachers. Until the age of seven, boys from rich families did nothing but play. At seven years old, the child was handed over to the teacher. And at home he taught me good manners. 2. School activities. At school they instilled a love of poetry. 3. Visit to the palaestra. From the age of twelve, boys began to attend another school - the palestra. 4. In the Athenian gymnasiums. Which were located outside the city (the ruins of the gymnasium in Olympia). - Athens School.ppt
Greek school
Slides: 46 Words: 1234 Sounds: 1 Effects: 60One day at Greek school. Accompanying the child. Classes at the Greek school. Palaestra. Schedule of lessons. Knowledge. Greek letter. Grammar. Writing experience. Greek alphabet. Ways to create writing. Poetry. Read the text expressively. Lines from the works of Homer. Theater. Tragedy. Playwright. Aesop's name. Work. Mathematics. Sculptural portrait. Pythagoras. The mind is immortal. Story. Discoveries of Herodotus. Philosophy. Love of wisdom. Saying of Democritus. The connection between nature and man. Socrates. Behavior of a smart person. Continue learning. Gymnastics. Healthy spirit. - Greek school.ppt
Schools of Ancient Greece
Slides: 28 Words: 880 Sounds: 0 Effects: 53School and science in Ancient Greece. What has been preserved from ancient Greek schools in our educational institutions? Ancient Greek alphabet, writing. Educational institutions of Ancient Greece. School – education in Greece was paid. The schools educated the sons of free Greeks from the age of 7. Some remained there until old age. Hayrete paides! Kaloy kai agatoy! Hello children! Beautiful and perfect! When teaching literacy, the teacher read aloud a text written on papyrus. The students looked at the text and tried to remember what was written. Style and notebook. On one side the stylus was sharp. The Greeks believed that a person should be harmoniously developed. - Schools of Ancient Greece.ppt
Education in Ancient Greece
Slides: 34 Words: 2139 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Education and school in the ancient world of the Mediterranean. Education in Ancient Greece. Social status of the teacher. Education of the Spartans. The children came under the supervision of a teacher. Educational techniques. Athenian education. Private paid schools. Public institutions. Teachers. Philosophers of Ancient Greece. Aristotle. Basic pedagogical ideas. Mental education. Pedagogical activity. Main works. Philosophy of nature. Psychology. Biological works. Composition. Politics and economics. Plato. Future path. The principle of universal compulsory education. Pedagogical problems. - Education in Ancient Greece.ppt
Writing of Ancient Greece
Slides: 15 Words: 453 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Writing of ancient Greece. Map of ancient Greece. Greek alphabet. Now let's compare the alphabets. Read more about the Greek Alphabet. Semitic style of writing. New material for writing. Wooden planks. Athenian slave-owning republic. Higher schools. Book. Papyrus scrolls. Treasures of Greek Literature. Culture. - Writing of Ancient Greece.pptx
Clothing of Ancient Greece
Slides: 18 Words: 842 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Clothing of ancient Greece. Drapery. The basis of the ancient Greek costume. The beauty of the suit. Flying image. Textile. Ornament. Color. Men's suit. Chiton and himation. Woman suit. Women's clothing. Shoes, headdress. Greek women's shoes. Greek knot. Hairstyles. Accessories. - Clothing of Ancient Greece.ppt
Farmers in Ancient Greece
Slides: 23 Words: 349 Sounds: 0 Effects: 56Farmers of Attica. Which ancient Greek myth is this image from? What myth is this illustration from? Tell the myth of Prometheus. Ancient Greece. Greek ships. Peloponnese. Olives. Olive collection. Typical Greek food. Copper tools. Natural marble. Ancient Greek writing. Ancient Greek vases. House of a rich Athenian. Activities of the ancient Greeks. Categories of the population of Athens. Place them in the correct order. Name the ancient Greek gods. - Farmers in Ancient Greece.ppt
Olympic Games in Ancient Greece
Slides: 14 Words: 179 Sounds: 0 Effects: 15Olympic Games in Ancient Greece (5 grades). History of Ancient Greece. Olympic Games. Home of the Olympic Games. The birthplace of the Olympic Games is Ancient Greece. First Olympic Games. Dedication of the Olympic Games. Game time. The Olympic Games took place in the summer and lasted five days. Start of the games. The judges swore to make fair decisions. Sports days. The next three days were devoted to competitions. Type of competition. Fist fight. Struggle. Running with weapons. Chariot racing. Pentathlon: Running Long jump Javelin throw Discus throw Wrestling. Honoring the winner. The reward is a laurel wreath. - Olympic Games in Ancient Greece.pps
The first Olympic Games of Ancient Greece
Slides: 15 Words: 874 Sounds: 2 Effects: 73Ancient Greece. Olympic Games in Ancient Greece. Introduce students to the history of the Olympic Games. Data. First Olympic Games. Myth. Free Greeks. Participants. Five unforgettable days. Drawings. Winners of the Olympic Games. Lesson assignment. Consolidation of the studied material. - The first Olympic Games of Ancient Greece.ppt
Homer's poems
Slides: 15 Words: 462 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Bederov Denis. Homer's poem "Iliad" Homer's poem "Odyssey". Homer. Ancient Greek sculptural portrait. Bust of Homer. Louvre. Paris. POEM "Iliad". Map of Ancient Greece. Telemachus and Penelope. Fragment of painting of an ancient Greek vase. Andromache. Daughter of Etion, king of Thebes and Cilicia. Hector's wife. In the Iliad, Andromache is the embodiment of the ideal of a devoted and loving wife. She was taken away from Troy as booty by Neoptolemus, from whom she gave birth to Molossus. Andromache mourns Hector. Hector says goodbye to Andromache. POEM "Odyssey". Odyssey. Start. Muse! Vase with a description of an episode from the poem "Odyssey". - Homer's poems.ppt
Achilles and Hector
Slides: 13 Words: 605 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Homer's poem "Iliad". Who didn't the Greek gods invite to their feast? Why did the goddesses Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite quarrel? Who did King Paris of Troy fall in love with? Draw a conclusion. Homework questions. Lesson plan. HOMER, ancient Greek poet. To date, there is no convincing evidence of the reality of the historical figure of Homer. It can be assumed that Homer lived around the 8th century BC. ACHILLES (Achilles), in the Iliad, one of the bravest Greek heroes who besieged Troy. Hence the expression “Achilles heel” (weak spot). Achilles. The famous hero of the myths about the Trojan War was the Greek Achilles. -
