Architecture. Architecture (Greek "architecton" - "master, builder") is a monumental art form, the purpose of which is to create structures and buildings necessary for the life and activities of mankind, meeting the utilitarian and spiritual needs of people.
Forms architectural structures depend on geographical and climatic conditions, on the nature of the landscape, intensity sunlight, seismic safety, etc.
Architecture is more closely connected with the development of productive forces and the development of technology than other arts. Architecture is able to unite with monumental painting, sculpture, decorative and other types of art. The basis of architectural composition is the volumetric-spatial structure, the organic relationship of the elements of a building or an ensemble of buildings. The scale of the structure largely determines the nature of the artistic image, its monumentality or intimacy.
Architecture does not directly reproduce reality; it is not pictorial, but expressive in nature.
Art. Fine art is a group of types of artistic creativity that reproduce visually perceived reality. Works of art have an objective form that does not change in time and space. Fine arts include: painting, graphics, sculpture.
Graphic arts. Graphics (translated from Greek - “I write, I draw”) are, first of all, drawings and artistic printed works (engraving, lithography). It is based on the possibilities of creating expressive artistic form by using lines, strokes and spots of different colors applied to the surface of the sheet.
Graphics preceded painting. At first, man learned to capture the outlines and plastic forms of objects, then to distinguish and reproduce their colors and shades. Mastery of color was historical process: not all colors were mastered at once.
The specificity of graphics is linear relationships. By reproducing the shapes of objects, it conveys their illumination, the ratio of light and shadow, etc. Painting captures the real relationships of the colors of the world; in color and through color it expresses the essence of objects, their aesthetic value, verifies their social purpose, their compliance or contradiction with the environment.
In progress historical development Color began to penetrate into drawings and printed graphics, and now graphics include drawings with colored chalk - pastels, and color engravings, and painting with watercolors - watercolors and gouache. IN various literature In art history, there are different points of view regarding graphics. In some sources: graphics is a type of painting, while in others it is a separate subtype of fine art.
Painting. Painting - planar art, the specificity of which lies in the representation using paints applied to the surface of the image real world, converted creative imagination artist.
Painting is divided into:
- - monumental - fresco (from Italian Fresco) - painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in water and mosaic (from French mosaiqe) an image made of colored stones, smalt (Smalt is colored transparent glass.), ceramic tiles.
- - easel (from the word "machine") - a canvas that is created on an easel.
Painting is represented by a variety of genres (Genre (French genre, from Latin genus, genitive generis - genus, species) is an artistic, historically established internal division in all types of art.):
- - A portrait is the main task of conveying an idea of appearance person, to reveal the inner world of a person, to emphasize his individuality, psychological and emotional image.
- - Landscape - reproduces the world in all its diversity of forms. Image seascape defined by the term Marinism.
- - Still life - depiction of household items, tools, flowers, fruits. Helps to understand the worldview and way of life of a certain era.
- - Historical genre- talks about historically important points life of society.
- - Everyday genre- reflects the daily life of people, the morals, customs, traditions of a particular ethnic group.
- - Iconography (translated from Greek as “prayer image”) is the main goal of guiding a person on the path of transformation.
- -Animalism is the image of an animal as the main character of a work of art.
In the 20th century the nature of painting changes under the influence of media technical progress(the appearance of photo and video equipment), which leads to the emergence of new forms of art - Multimedia art.
Sculpture. Sculpture is a spatial fine art that explores the world in plastic images.
The main materials used in sculpture are stone, bronze, marble, and wood. On modern stage development of society, technological progress, the number of materials used to create sculpture has expanded: steel, plastic, concrete and others.
There are two main types of sculpture: three-dimensional (circular) and relief:
- - high relief - high relief,
- - bas-relief - low relief,
- - counter-relief - mortise relief.
By definition, sculpture can be monumental, decorative, or easel.
Monumental - used to decorate city streets and squares, marking history important places, events, etc. Monumental sculpture includes:
- - monuments,
- - monuments,
- - memorials.
Easel - designed for inspection from a close distance and intended for decorating interior spaces.
Decorative - used to decorate everyday life (small plastic items).
Decorative and applied arts. Decorative arts - view creative activity to create household items designed to satisfy the utilitarian and artistic and aesthetic needs of people.
Decorative and applied arts include products made from a variety of materials and using various technologies. The material for a DPI item can be metal, wood, clay, stone, bone. Very diverse technical and artistic techniques manufacturing of products: carving, embroidery, painting, embossing, etc. Main characteristic feature the subject of DPI is decorativeness, which consists in imagery and the desire to decorate, make better, more beautiful.
Decorative and applied arts have national character. Since it comes from the customs, habits, and beliefs of a certain ethnic group, it is close to their way of life.
An important decorative component is applied arts are folk arts and crafts - a form of organization artistic work based on collective creativity that develops cultural local tradition and focused on the sale of craft products.
Key creative idea traditional crafts - affirmation of the unity of the natural and human world.
The main folk crafts of Russia are:
- - Wood carving - Bogorodskaya, Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya;
- - Wood painting - Khokhloma, Gorodetskaya, Polkhov-Maidanskaya, Mezenskaya;
- - Decoration of birch bark products - stamping on birch bark, painting;
- - Artistic processing of stone - processing of hard and soft stones;
- - Bone carving - Kholmogorskaya, Tobolskaya. Khotkovskaya
- - Miniature painting on papier-mâché - Fedoskino miniature, Palekh miniature, Mstera miniature, Kholuy miniature
- - Artistic metal processing - Veliky Ustyug niello silver, Rostov enamel, Zhostovo metal painting;
- - Folk ceramics - Gzhel ceramics, Skopin ceramics, Dymkovo toy, Kargopol toy;
- - Lace weaving - Vologda lace, Mikhailovskoe lace,
- - Painting on fabric - Pavlovsk scarves and shawls
- - Embroidery - Vladimir, Colored weaving, Gold embroidery.
Literature. Literature is an art form in which material carrier imagery is the word.
The sphere of literature includes natural and social phenomena, various social cataclysms, the spiritual life of the individual, and his feelings. In its various genres, literature embraces this material either through a dramatic reproduction of action, or through an epic narration of events, or through lyrical self-revelation inner world person.
Literature is divided into:
- - Artistic
- - Educational
- - Historical
- - Scientific
- - Information desk
The main genres of literature are:
- - Lyrics- one of the three main types of fiction, reflects life by depicting a variety of human experiences, a feature of the lyrics is the poetic form.
- - Drama- one of the three main types of fiction, a plot work written in a colloquial form and without the author’s speech.
- - Epic- narrative literature, one of the three main types of fiction, includes:
- - Epic - major work epic genre.
- - Novella- narrative prose (much less often - poetic) genre of literature, representing a small narrative form.
- - Tale(story) - literary genre, which is characterized by a less significant volume, fewer figures, life content and latitude
- - Story - Epic work small in size, which differs from the short story in its greater prevalence and arbitrariness of composition.
- - Novel- a large narrative work in prose, sometimes in verse.
- - Ballad- a lyrical-epic poetic work of plot, written in stanzas.
- - Poem- a plot-based literary work of a lyrical-epic nature in verse.
The specificity of literature is a historical phenomenon, all the elements and components of a literary work and literary process, all the features of literature are in constant change. Literature is a living, mobile ideological and artistic system that is sensitive to changes in life. The predecessor of literature is oral folk art.
Musical art. Music - (from the Greek musike - lit. - the art of muses), a type of art in which the means of embodiment artistic images serve in a certain way organized musical sounds. Basic elements and means of expression music - mode, rhythm, meter, tempo, volume dynamics, timbre, melody, harmony, polyphony, instrumentation. Music is recorded in musical notation and realized in the process of performance.
The division of music into secular and sacred is accepted. The main area of sacred music is cult music. Associated with European cult music (usually called church music) is the development of European music theory musical notation, music pedagogy. According to performing means, music is divided into vocal (singing), instrumental and vocal-instrumental. Music is often combined with choreography, theatrical art, and cinema. There is a distinction between single-voice music (monody) and polyphony (homophony, polyphony). Music is divided into:
- - for types and types - theatrical (opera, etc.), symphonic, chamber, etc.;
- - into genres - song, chorale, dance, march, symphony, suite, sonata, etc.
Musical works are characterized by certain, relatively stable typical structures. Music uses sound images as a means of embodying reality and human feelings.
Music in sound images generally expresses the essential processes of life. An emotional experience and an idea colored by feeling, expressed through sounds of a special kind, which are based on the intonations of human speech - this is the nature of the musical image.
Choreography. Choreography (gr. Choreia - dancing + grapho - writing) is a type of art, the material of which is the movements and poses of the human body, poetically meaningful, organized in time and space, constituting an artistic system.
Dance interacts with music, together with it forming a musical and choreographic image. In this union, each component depends on the other: the music dictates its own patterns to the dance and at the same time is influenced by the dance. In some cases, the dance can be performed without music - accompanied by clapping, tapping heels, etc.
The origins of the dance were: imitation labor processes; ritual celebrations and ceremonies, the plastic side of which had a certain regulation and semantics; dance spontaneously expressing the climax in movements emotional state person.
Dance has always, at all times, been connected with the life and everyday life of people. Therefore, each dance corresponds to the character, the spirit of the people in which it originated.
Theater arts. Theater is an art form that artistically explores the world through dramatic action performed by a creative team.
The basis of theater is dramaturgy. The synthetic nature of theatrical art determines its collective nature: the performance combines the creative efforts of the playwright, director, artist, composer, choreographer, and actor. art classification spatial temporal
Theatrical productions are divided into genres:
- - Drama;
- - Tragedy;
- - Comedy;
- - Musical, etc.
The art of theater goes back to ancient times. Its most important elements already existed in primitive rituals, in totemic dances, in copying the habits of animals, etc.
Photographic art. Photography (gr. Phos (photos) light + grafo I write) is an art that reproduces on a plane, through lines and shadows, in the most perfect way and without the possibility of error, the contour and shape of the object it conveys.
A specific feature of photographic art is the organic interaction of creative and technological processes in it. Photography art developed on turn of XIX-XX centuries as a result of interaction artistic thought and the progress of photographic science and technology. Its emergence was historically prepared by the development of painting, which focused on a mirror-like accurate image of the visible world and used the discoveries of geometric optics (perspective) and optical instruments (camera obscura) to achieve this goal.
The specificity of photographic art is that it provides a visual image of documentary significance.
Photography provides an artistically expressive image that reliably captures an essential moment of reality in a frozen image.
Life facts in photography are transferred from the sphere of reality to the artistic sphere almost without additional processing.
Film art. Cinema is the art of reproducing moving images captured on film on the screen, creating the impression of living reality. Cinema invention of the 20th century. Its appearance was determined by the achievements of science and technology in the field of optics, electrical and photographic engineering, chemistry, etc.
The cinema conveys the dynamics of the era; Working with time as a means of expression, cinema is able to convey the succession of various events in their internal logic.
Cinema is a synthetic art; it includes organic elements such as literature (script, songs), painting (cartoon, scenery in feature film), performing arts(acting), music, which serves as a means of complementing the visual image.
Cinema can be divided into scientific-documentary and fiction.
Film genres are also defined:
- - drama,
- - tragedy,
- - fantastic,
- - comedy,
- - historical, etc.
Each person understands the meaning of art differently: some elevate and extol it, while others vomit it into the abyss of emotions. Without works of art a person can get by Everyday life, but emotional hunger needs knowledge of real art, which gives a feeling of happiness, joy and peace of mind. It can transport a person to the world of dreams and fantasies, which everyone expresses in various forms of art. We will look at them below.
Plastic or spatial arts
art
This type of creativity aims to reproduce the surrounding world and sense it visually. For the sake of this type of art, many artists abandoned a calm, well-fed life and burned at the altar of art. The works of masters became the causes of political clashes and wars. Collectors were ready to incur a curse on themselves. This is what people are willing to do for the sake of art.
- Painting. The art of depicting reality with colors. It consists of objects depicted in a multi-colored palette on the surface. An artist can express his inner world and emotions on canvas, easel and cardboard. This genre is divided into several types: easel, monumental, miniature.
- . The art of depicting objects with strokes and lines. On the one hand, both adults and children can do this, having only a sheet of paper, paints, and pencils. But not everything is so simple, and those who believe that graphics are publicly available are mistaken. This complex look which you need to learn if you want to become masters of this business. The artist applies strokes, lines and spots on a plane (wood, metal, buildings, cardboard, etc.), using one or two color schemes(in some cases, you can use big amount). This genre is divided into several types: easel, computer, magazine and newspaper, book, applied and industrial.
- Sculpture. The artist expresses his works from solid and plastic materials that have a three-dimensional form. The works captured in materials are capable of conveying the vital appearance of the objects of creation. This type is divided into several types: sculpture of small forms, monumental, easel, small plastic and monumental - decorative.
Constructive art
The master expresses his creativity in reproduction of artistic buildings that organize the spatial-objective environment around us , while not depicting anything. Divided into two genres:
- . Based on the life, views and ideology of society and easily adapts to changing styles in different historical periods life. This genre is divided into several types: urban planning, landscape and architecture of volumetric structures.
- Design. It's an aesthetic symbol modern world. By creating masterpieces, the designer consolidates the style of the era with his creativity. It is divided into several genres: exhibition, subject, landscape, interior design, clothing and books.
Arts and crafts
Creative works of this art have practical use in everyday life . The basis of this art is various industries creative activities aimed at creating artistic products with utilitarian and artistic functions. Divided into several types:
- ceramics;
- forging;
- glass;
- tapestry;
- clay toy;
- sewing;
- applique;
- quilts;
- artistic treatment skin;
- weaving;
- stained glass and much more.
Temporary arts
The composer expresses his spiritual beauty and a picture of the world through sound tones and rhythms, meaningful and organized in an orderly manner. This is the spiritual language of the material world, reproduced using musical instruments (their basis is a resonator), unconsciously grasped by the ear. Types of music can be divided according to different criteria, for example, according to the nature of performance, it is divided into types such as vocal, instrumental, chamber, solo, electronic, vocal-instrumental, choral and piano. By habitat - military, church, religious, dance and theater. But basically it is divided into two types:
- vocal;
- instrumental.
Most often, this type of art means only fiction, but not everything is so simple. In addition, this includes scientific, philosophical and other works that reflect the views of people. Here works are created using words and writing. They reflect the totality of branches of knowledge of a particular science or specialty. Literature is divided into such types as educational, technical, scientific, artistic, reference, memoir and documentary prose. Created in several genres:
- folklore;
- prose;
- poetry.
Space-time arts
This is a combination of several types of art, such as literature, choreography, music, poetry and so on. The theater has its own views and views on displaying reality and does this with the help of dramatic action . This is a collective art, expressing its ideas with the help of actors, directors, screenwriters, stage managers, composers, costume designers and make-up artists. Consists of several types, such as Theatre of Drama, puppet, opera, ballet and pantomime.
A type of artistic creativity based on various technical methods of recording and reproducing images in motion, accompanied by sound. There are several types of this art - these are feature films, documentaries and short films.
Expression of emotions and inner experiences through body movements arranged in specific work, accompanied by music. People have the opportunity to express their feelings, themes, ideas through pantomime, scenery and costume. Has its own directions and styles: ballroom dance, historical, ritual, folk, acrobatic, pop and club.
The primary form of art was a special syncretic(undifferentiated) complex of creative activity. Everything was merged together in a single ritual action. Later, separate types of art began to emerge from this syncretic action.
Kinds of art- these are historically established forms of artistic reflection of the world, using special means to build an image - sound, color, body movement, words, etc. Each type of art has its own special varieties - genera and genres, which together provide a variety of artistic attitudes to reality. Let's briefly consider the main types of art and some of their varieties.
Literature uses verbal and written means to build images. There are three main types of literature - drama, epic and lyric poetry and numerous genres - tragedy, comedy, novel, story, poem, elegy, short story, essay, feuilleton, etc.
Music uses sound means. Music is divided into vocal (intended for singing) and instrumental. Genres of music - opera, symphony, overture, suite, romance, sonata, etc.
Dance uses plastic movements to construct images. There are ritual, folk, ballroom,
modern dance, ballet. Dance directions and styles - waltz, tango, foxtrot, samba, polonaise, etc.
Painting displays reality on a plane using color. Genres of painting - portrait, still life, landscape, as well as everyday, animalistic (depiction of animals), historical genres.
Architecture forms spatial environment in the form of structures and buildings for human life. It is divided into residential, public, gardening, industrial, etc. Also distinguished architectural styles- Gothic, Baroque, Rococo, Art Nouveau, Classicism, etc.
Sculpture creates works of art, having volume and three dimensional shape. The sculpture can be round (bust, statue) and relief (convex image). By size it is divided into easel, decorative and monumental.
Arts and crafts related to applied needs. This includes art objects that can be used in everyday life - dishes, fabrics, tools, furniture, clothing, jewelry, etc.
Theater organizes a special stage performance through the performance of actors. The theater can be dramatic, opera, puppet, etc.
Circus presents a spectacular and entertaining performance with unusual, risky and funny numbers in a special arena. These are acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, horse riding, juggling, magic tricks, pantomime, clowning, animal training, etc.
Movie is the development of theatrical performance based on modern technical audiovisual means. Types of cinema include feature films, documentaries, and animation. Genres include comedies, dramas, melodramas, adventure movies, detective stories, thrillers, etc.
Photo captures documentary visual images using technical means - optical, chemical or digital. The genres of photography correspond to the genres of painting.
Stage includes small forms of performing arts - drama, music, choreography, illusions, circus acts, original performances, etc.
Design is a design activity aimed at improving the life activity of each person by creating a constructive ergonomic image of a holistic, aesthetic environment and objects that make up part of this environment. Design is the design of objects in which form corresponds to their purpose.
To the listed types of art you can add graphics, radio art, etc.
Each type, genus or genre displays a special side or facet human life, but collected together, these components of art provide a comprehensive artistic painting peace.
Need in artistic creativity or enjoyment of works of art increases with growth cultural level person. Art becomes more necessary the further a person is from the animal state.
INTRODUCTION
One of the main tasks of our society facing the modern education system is the formation of a personal culture. The relevance of this task is connected with the revision of the system of life and artistic and aesthetic values. The formation of the culture of the younger generation is impossible without turning to the artistic values accumulated by society in the course of its existence. Thus, the need to study the basics of art history becomes obvious.
In order to most fully understand the art of a certain era, it is necessary to navigate art historical terminology. Know and understand the essence of each art form. Only if one masters the categorical-conceptual system will a person be able to most fully understand the aesthetic value of monuments of art.
CLASSIFICATION OF ART TYPES
Art (creative reflection, reproduction of reality in artistic images.) exists and develops as a system of interconnected types, the diversity of which is due to the versatility of the real world itself, reflected in the process of artistic creativity.
Types of art are historically established forms of creative activity that have the ability to artistically realize the content of life and differ in the methods of its material embodiment (words in literature, sound in music, plastic and coloristic materials in the visual arts, etc.).
In modern art history literature, a certain scheme and system of classification of arts has developed, although there is still no single one and they are all relative. The most common scheme is to divide it into three groups.
The first includes spatial or plastic arts. For this group of arts, spatial construction in revealing the artistic image is essential - Fine Arts, Decorative and Applied Arts, Architecture, Photography.
The second group includes temporary or dynamic types of art. In them, the composition unfolding in time - Music, Literature - acquires key importance.
The third group is represented by spatio-temporal types, which are also called synthetic or performing arts- Choreography, Literature, Theatrical art, Cinematography.
Existence various types arts is due to the fact that none of them, by their own means, can give an artistic, comprehensive picture of the world. Such a picture can only be created by the entire artistic culture of humanity as a whole, consisting of individual types of art.
CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPES OF ARTS
ARCHITECTURE
Architecture (Greek "architecton" - "master, builder") is a monumental art form, the purpose of which is to create structures and buildings necessary for the life and activities of mankind, meeting the utilitarian and spiritual needs of people.
The shapes of architectural structures depend on geographical and climatic conditions, the nature of the landscape, the intensity of sunlight, seismic safety, etc.
Architecture is more closely connected with the development of productive forces and the development of technology than other arts. Architecture can be combined with monumental painting, sculpture, decorative and other types of art. The basis of architectural composition is the volumetric-spatial structure, the organic relationship of the elements of a building or an ensemble of buildings. The scale of the structure largely determines the nature of the artistic image, its monumentality or intimacy.
Architecture does not directly reproduce reality; it is not pictorial, but expressive in nature.
ART
Fine art is a group of types of artistic creativity that reproduce visually perceived reality. Works of art have an objective form that does not change in time and space. Fine arts include: painting, graphics, sculpture.
GRAPHIC ARTS
Graphics (translated from Greek - “I write, I draw”) are, first of all, drawings and artistic printed works (engraving, lithography). It is based on the possibility of creating an expressive artistic form by using lines, strokes and spots of different colors applied to the surface of the sheet.
Graphics preceded painting. At first, man learned to capture the outlines and plastic forms of objects, then to distinguish and reproduce their colors and shades. Mastering color was a historical process: not all colors were mastered at once.
The specificity of graphics is linear relationships. By reproducing the shapes of objects, it conveys their illumination, the ratio of light and shadow, etc. Painting captures the real relationships of the colors of the world; in color and through color it expresses the essence of objects, their aesthetic value, verifies their social purpose, their correspondence or contradiction with the environment .
In the process of historical development, color began to penetrate into drawing and printed graphics, and now graphics include drawing with colored chalk - pastel, and color engraving, and painting with watercolors - watercolor and gouache. In various literature on art history, there are different points of view regarding graphics. In some sources: graphics is a type of painting, while in others it is a separate subtype of fine art.
PAINTING
Painting is a flat fine art, the specificity of which is to represent, using paints applied to the surface, an image of the real world, transformed by the creative imagination of the artist.
Painting is divided into:
Monumental - fresco (from Italian Fresco) - painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in water and mosaic (from French mosaiqe) an image made of colored stones, smalt (Smalt - colored transparent glass.), ceramic tiles.
Easel (from the word "machine") - a canvas that is created on an easel.
Painting is represented by a variety of genres (Genre (French genre, from Latin genus, genitive generis - genus, species) is an artistic, historically established internal division in all types of art.):
A portrait is the main task of conveying an idea of a person’s external appearance, revealing a person’s inner world, emphasizing his individuality, psychological and emotional image.
Landscape - reproduces the surrounding world in all the diversity of its forms. The image of a seascape is defined by the term marineism.
Still life - depiction of household items, tools, flowers, fruits. Helps to understand the worldview and way of life of a certain era.
Historical genre - tells about historically important moments in the life of society.
Everyday genre - reflects the daily life of people, the character, customs, traditions of a particular ethnic group.
Iconography (translated from Greek as “prayer image”) is the main goal of guiding a person on the path of transformation.
Animalism is the image of an animal as the main character of a work of art.
In the 20th century the nature of painting is changing under the influence of technological progress (the appearance of photo and video equipment), which leads to the emergence of new forms of art - Multimedia art.
SCULPTURE
Sculpture is a spatial fine art that explores the world in plastic images.
The main materials used in sculpture are stone, bronze, marble, and wood. At the present stage of development of society and technological progress, the number of materials used to create sculpture has expanded: steel, plastic, concrete and others.
There are two main types of sculpture: three-dimensional (circular) and relief:
High relief - high relief,
Bas-relief - low relief,
Counter-relief - mortise relief.
By definition, sculpture can be monumental, decorative, or easel.
Monumental - used to decorate city streets and squares, mark historically important places, events, etc. Monumental sculpture includes:
Monuments,
Monuments,
Memorials.
Easel - designed for inspection from a close distance and intended for decorating interior spaces.
Decorative - used to decorate everyday life (small plastic items).
DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ARTS.
Decorative and applied art is a type of creative activity for creating household items intended to satisfy the utilitarian and artistic and aesthetic needs of people.
Decorative and applied arts include products made from a variety of materials and using various technologies. The material for a DPI item can be metal, wood, clay, stone, bone. The technical and artistic methods of making products are very diverse: carving, embroidery, painting, embossing, etc. The main characteristic feature of a DPI item is decorativeness, which consists in imagery and the desire to decorate, make it better, more beautiful.
Decorative and applied arts have a national character. Since it comes from the customs, habits, and beliefs of a certain ethnic group, it is close to their way of life.
An important component of decorative and applied arts are folk arts and crafts - a form of organizing artistic work based on collective creativity, developing local cultural traditions and focused on the sale of craft products.
The key creative idea of traditional crafts is the affirmation of the unity of the natural and human world.
The main folk crafts of Russia are:
Wood carving - Bogorodskaya, Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya;
Wood painting - Khokhloma, Gorodetskaya, Polkhov-Maidanskaya, Mezenskaya;
Decoration of birch bark products - stamping on birch bark, painting;
Artistic stone processing - processing of hard and soft stones;
Bone carving - Kholmogorskaya, Tobolskaya. Khotkovskaya
Miniature painting on papier-mâché - Fedoskino miniature, Palekh miniature, Mstera miniature, Kholuy miniature
Artistic metal processing - Veliky Ustyug niello silver, Rostov enamel, Zhostovo metal painting;
Folk ceramics - Gzhel ceramics, Skopin ceramics, Dymkovo toy, Kargopol toy;
Lace making - Vologda lace, Mikhailovskoe lace,
Fabric painting - Pavlovsk scarves and shawls
Embroidery - Vladimir, Colored weave, Gold embroidery.
LITERATURE
Literature is a type of art in which the material carrier of imagery is the word.
The sphere of literature includes natural and social phenomena, various social cataclysms, the spiritual life of the individual, and his feelings. In its various genres, literature covers this material either through a dramatic reproduction of an action, or through an epic narration of events, or through a lyrical self-disclosure of a person’s inner world.
Literature is divided into:
Artistic
Educational
Historical
Scientific
Information
The main genres of literature are:
- Lyrics- one of the three main types of fiction, reflects life by depicting a variety of human experiences, a feature of the lyrics is the poetic form.
- Drama- one of the three main types of fiction, a plot work written in a colloquial form and without the author’s speech.
- Epic- narrative literature, one of the three main types of fiction, includes:
- Epic- a major work of the epic genre.
- Novella- narrative prose (much less often - poetic) genre of literature, representing a small narrative form.
- Tale(story) - a literary genre that is distinguished by a less significant volume, fewer figures, vital content and breadth
- Story- An epic work of small size, which differs from a short story in its greater prevalence and arbitrariness of composition.
- Novel- a large narrative work in prose, sometimes in verse.
- Ballad- a lyrical-epic poetic work of plot, written in stanzas.
- Poem- a plot-based literary work of a lyrical-epic nature in verse.
The specificity of literature is a historical phenomenon, all the elements and components of a literary work and the literary process, all the features of literature are in constant change. Literature is a living, mobile ideological and artistic system that is sensitive to changes in life. The predecessor of literature is oral folk art.
MUSICAL ART
Music - (from the Greek musike - lit. - the art of muses), a type of art in which the means of embodying artistic images are organized musical sounds in a certain way. The main elements and expressive means of music are mode, rhythm, meter, tempo, volume dynamics, timbre, melody, harmony, polyphony, instrumentation. Music is recorded in musical notation and realized in the process of performance.
The division of music into secular and sacred is accepted. The main area of sacred music is cult music. The development of European musical theory of musical notation and music pedagogy is associated with European religious music (usually called church music). According to performing means, music is divided into vocal (singing), instrumental and vocal-instrumental. Music is often combined with choreography, theatrical art, and cinema. There is a distinction between single-voice music (monody) and polyphony (homophony, polyphony). Music is divided into:
By type and type - theatrical (opera, etc.), symphonic, chamber, etc.;
Genres - song, chorale, dance, march, symphony, suite, sonata, etc.
Musical works are characterized by certain, relatively stable typical structures. Music uses sound images as a means of embodying reality and human feelings.
Music in sound images generally expresses the essential processes of life. An emotional experience and an idea colored by feeling, expressed through sounds of a special kind, which are based on the intonations of human speech - this is the nature of the musical image.
CHOREOGRAPHY
Choreography (gr. Choreia - dancing + grapho - writing) is a type of art, the material of which is the movements and poses of the human body, poetically meaningful, organized in time and space, constituting an artistic system.
Dance interacts with music, together with it forming a musical and choreographic image. In this union, each component depends on the other: the music dictates its own patterns to the dance and at the same time is influenced by the dance. In some cases, the dance can be performed without music - accompanied by clapping, tapping heels, etc.
The origins of the dance were: imitation of labor processes; ritual celebrations and ceremonies, the plastic side of which had a certain regulation and semantics; a dance that spontaneously expresses in movements the culmination of a person’s emotional state.
Dance has always, at all times, been connected with the life and everyday life of people. Therefore, each dance corresponds to the character, the spirit of the people in which it originated.
THEATER ARTS
Theater is an art form that artistically explores the world through dramatic action performed by a creative team.
The basis of theater is dramaturgy. The synthetic nature of theatrical art determines its collective nature: the performance combines the creative efforts of the playwright, director, artist, composer, choreographer, and actor.
Theatrical productions are divided into genres:
- Drama;
- Tragedy;
- Comedy;
- Musical, etc.
The art of theater goes back to ancient times. Its most important elements already existed in primitive rituals, in totemic dances, in copying the habits of animals, etc.
PHOTOART.
Photography (gr. Phos (photos) light + grafo I write) is an art that reproduces on a plane, through lines and shadows, in the most perfect way and without the possibility of error, the contour and shape of the object it conveys.
A specific feature of photographic art is the organic interaction of creative and technological processes in it. Photographic art developed at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of the interaction of artistic thought and the progress of photographic science and technology. Its emergence was historically prepared by the development of painting, which focused on a mirror-like accurate image of the visible world and used the discoveries of geometric optics (perspective) and optical instruments (camera obscura) to achieve this goal.
The specificity of photographic art is that it provides a visual image of documentary significance.
Photography provides an artistically expressive image that reliably captures an essential moment of reality in a frozen image.
Life facts in photography are transferred from the sphere of reality to the artistic sphere almost without additional processing.
FILM ARTS
Cinema is the art of reproducing moving images captured on film on the screen, creating the impression of living reality. Cinema invention of the 20th century. Its appearance was determined by the achievements of science and technology in the field of optics, electrical and photographic engineering, chemistry, etc.
The cinema conveys the dynamics of the era; Working with time as a means of expression, cinema is able to convey the succession of various events in their internal logic.
Cinema is a synthetic art; it includes organic elements such as literature (script, songs), painting (cartoon, scenery in a feature film), theatrical art (acting), music, which serves as a means of complementing the visual image.
Cinema can be divided into scientific-documentary and fiction.
Film genres are also defined:
Tragedy,
Fantastic,
Comedy,
Historical, etc.
CONCLUSION
Culture plays special role in the improvement of personality, in the formation of its individual picture of the world, for it accumulates all the emotional, moral and evaluative experience of Humanity.
The problem of artistic and aesthetic education in the formation of value orientations of the younger generation has become the object of attention of sociologists, philosophers, cultural theorists, and art critics. This educational and reference manual is a small addition to a huge layer educational material concerning the field of art. The author expresses the hope that it will serve as a good help for students, students and everyone who cares about art.
Fine arts
- Portrait
- Historical genre
- Mythological genre
- Battle genre
- Everyday genre
- Scenery
- Marina
- Still life
- Animalistic genre
Graphic arts and its types
- Engraving- a design applied to a flat surface of a material, covered with paint for imprinting on paper. Engraving materials include: metal (steel, zinc, copper), wood, plastic, cardboard.
- Printmaking- this is an impression from an engraving board, which is easel work artistic graphics. Prints include engraving, lithography, silk-screen printing, and monotype.
- Book graphics are part of the design of a book and serve as its decorative design and illustration.
- Bookplate- a sign that indicates the owner of the book. The sign is located on inside binding or cover.
- Poster- an image aimed at attracting general attention, which is created for educational or propaganda purposes.
- Linocut- engraving on linoleum.
- Woodcut– wood engraving.
- Etching – metallic look engravings.
- Computer graphics– images compiled on a computer, dynamically or statically.
Sculpture
Definition 2
An art form that originated in ancient times. The sculptures found consisted of clay, wood, stone and depicted people and animals quite similar to the originals.
The sculpture is divided into a round one, which extends in space and onto the relief, in the form volumetric images on surface. Both in painting and sculpture there are easel and monumental forms.
Monumental sculpture is intended for streets and squares and long-term use, so bronze, marble, and granite are used for this type of sculpture.
Easel sculpture includes portraits, small genre groups, which are executed in wood, plaster and other materials.
Arts and crafts
The creators of works of decorative and applied art have $2$ main goals:
- Creating things necessary for everyday life
- Endowing a thing with certain artistic qualities
Thus, objects and things related to everyday life should serve a person not only for practical purposes, but also decorate his life.
Today, most works of decorative and applied art serve primarily an aesthetic function, but this was not always the case.
Types of decorative and applied arts include:
- Batik – hand painted on fabric.
- Embroidery
- Macrame
- Knitting
- Beading
- Lace making
- Tapestry
- Ceramics
- Mosaic
- Artistic painting on wood, ceramics and metal
- Stained glass
- Origami
- Graffiti
Painting
Monumental painting, presented in the form of mosaics and frescoes, also belongs to a very ancient form of art.
Easel painting includes paintings of various genres, which are painted on canvas or paper using oil paint.
Genres of painting include:
Non-fine arts
Architecture
Definition 3
Architecture is the art of designing and constructing buildings. Architectural structures can be presented in the form of separate buildings, as well as in the form of architectural ensembles. Ensembles can also develop historically.
Architecture makes it possible to analyze technical advances And art styles different eras. Eg, Egyptian pyramids allowing one to judge the style of that period, temples Ancient Greece, Rome, etc.
Literature
In the broadest sense of the word, literature can be considered the entire body of written texts.
Types of literature include:
- Art
- Prose
- Memoirs
- Scientific and popular science
- Reference
- Training
- Technical
Depending on certain criteria literary works classified into one genre or another:
Criteria.
- Form - short story, opus, ode, sketch, story, story, play, novel, epic, epic, essay.
- Content: comedy, tragedy, farce, parody, sideshow, drama.
- Epic kind
- Lyrical gender
- Dramatic gender
Music
Music is an art form that uses sound and silence, which are organized in time, to embody artistic images.
Types of music:
- Classical
- Popular
- Non-European
- Ethnic
- Variety
- Vanguard
- Alternative
- Instrumental
- Chamber
- Sonata
- Nocturne
- Prelude
Note 1
Art forms also include:
- Cinema
- Theater
- Choreography
