, cardboard, board, paper, silk), and presupposes independent perception not conditioned by the environment.
The main materials for easel painting are oil, tempera and watercolor paints, gouache, pastel, acrylic. In the Far East, ink painting (mainly monochrome), often integrating calligraphy, became widespread.
A special place is occupied by monotype - a pseudo-circulation painting technique that uses a technique characteristic of printmaking of applying a layer of paint to paper by imprinting from a board (metal, plastic, glass).
A European painting is usually separated from its surroundings by a frame or mat, eastern tradition leaves the painting on a sheet or scroll, sometimes duplicating it on a decorative base.
Easel painting is one of the main types of fine art, the richest in genres and styles.
Easel painting is taught in art schools and studios, in secondary art schools and art institutes, the largest of which in Russia are in St. Petersburg, Ryazanskoe art school them. G.K. Wagner in Ryazan and Moscow.
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See what “Easel painting” is in other dictionaries:
A type of painting, which, unlike monumental, is not related to architecture, has an independent character. Works of easel painting (paintings) can be transferred from one interior to another and shown in other countries. Term... ... Art encyclopedia
A type of fine art, works of which are created using paints applied to any hard surface. In works of art created by painting, color and design, chiaroscuro, expressiveness are used... ... Art encyclopedia
A type of fine art whose works are created using paints applied to any surface. Painting is an important means of artistic reflection and interpretation of reality, influencing the thoughts and feelings of viewers.... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
AND; and. 1. Fine art that reproduces objects and phenomena real world using paints. Oil, watercolor. F. oil. Portrait, landscape. Genre, battle. Do painting. Be interested in painting. Lessons… … encyclopedic Dictionary
painting- and, only units, w. 1) A type of fine art that reproduces objects and phenomena of the real world using paints. Watercolor painting. Portrait painting. History of the development of painting. 2) collected Works of this type of art. Exhibition… … Popular dictionary of the Russian language
PAINTING- a type of fine art, works of which are created on a plane using paints and colored materials. System color combinations(color) allows you to convey the subtlest nuances of reality, and in general pictorial... ... Eurasian wisdom from A to Z. Explanatory dictionary
Antique painting- painting with wax paints (encaustic) or tempera on plaster, marble, limestone, wood, clay; paintings of societies and residential buildings, crypts, tombstones, as well as production are known. easel painting. A large number of monuments from other groups. painting... ... Ancient world. Dictionary-reference book.
painting- ▲ art through, color tone painting art that depicts reality with paints. easel painting: painting is a work of painting. canvas. canvas. diptych. triptych. monumental decorative painting: wall painting,... ... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
PAINTING, and, women. 1. Fine art - creating artistic images using paints. Painting lessons. School of painting. 2. collected Works of this art. Wall railway Easel railway | adj. picturesque, oh, oh. Painting workshop.... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Type of fine art, works of art, which are created using paints applied to any hard surface. Like other types of art (See Art), painting performs ideological and cognitive tasks, and ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Books
- Giotto di Bondone. Easel painting, Yuri Astakhov, The Pre-Renaissance era brought to life the humanistic art of Giotto di Bondone. His frescoes secured the artist's fame as the first master of that time. In many ways, it was he who determined... Category: Foreign artists Series: Masterpieces of Painting Publisher:
Painting is distinguished by a variety of genres and types. Each genre is limited to its own range of subjects: the image of a person (portrait), the surrounding world (landscape), etc.
Varieties (types) of painting differ in their purpose.
In this regard, there are several types of painting, which we will talk about today.
Easel painting
The most popular and famous type of painting is easel painting. It is called this way because it is performed on a machine - an easel. The base is wood, cardboard, paper, but most often canvas stretched on a stretcher. An easel painting is an independent work made in a specific genre. It has a richness of color.
Oil paints
Most often, easel painting is done with oil paints. You can use oil paints on canvas, wood, cardboard, paper, and metal.
Oil paints
Oil paints are suspensions of inorganic pigments and fillers in drying vegetable oils or drying oils or based on alkyd resins, sometimes with the addition of auxiliary substances. Used in painting or for painting wooden, metal and other surfaces.
V. Perov “Portrait of Dostoevsky” (1872). Canvas, oil
But a picturesque picture can also be created using tempera, gouache, pastels, and watercolors.
Watercolor
Watercolor paints
Watercolor (French Aquarelle - watery; Italian acquarello) is a painting technique that uses special watercolor paints. When dissolved in water, they form a transparent suspension of fine pigment, which creates the effect of lightness, airiness and subtle color transitions.
J. Turner “Firvaldstät Lake” (1802). Watercolor. Tate Britain (London)
Gouache
Gouache (French Gouache, Italian guazzo water paint, splash) is a type of adhesive water-soluble paint, denser and more matte than watercolor.
Gouache paints
Gouache paints are made from pigments and glue with the addition of white. The admixture of white gives the gouache a matte velvety quality, but when drying the colors become somewhat whitened (lightened), which the artist must take into account during the painting process. Using gouache paints you can cover dark tones with light ones.
Vincent Van Gogh "Corridor at Asulum" (black chalk and gouache on pink paper)
Pastel [e]
Pastel (from Latin pasta – dough) – art materials, used in graphics and painting. Most often it comes in the form of crayons or rimless pencils, shaped like bars with a round or square cross-section. There are three types of pastels: dry, oil and wax.
I. Levitan “River Valley” (pastel)
Tempera
Tempera (Italian tempera, from the Latin temperare - to mix paints) - water-based paints prepared on the basis of dry powder pigments. The binder for tempera paints is yolk diluted with water. chicken egg or a whole egg.
Tempera paints are one of the oldest. Before the invention and spread of oil paints until the 15th-17th centuries. tempera paints were the main material for easel painting. They have been used for more than 3 thousand years. The famous paintings of the sarcophagi of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs were made with tempera paints. Tempera painting was mainly done by Byzantine masters. In Russia, the technique of tempera painting was dominant until the end of the 17th century.
R. Streltsov “Chamomiles and violets” (tempera)
Encaustic
Encaustic (from ancient Greek ἐγκαυστική - the art of burning) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paints. Painting is done with melted paints. Many early Christian icons were painted using this technique. Originated in Ancient Greece.
"Angel". Encaustic technique
We draw your attention to the fact that you can find another classification, according to which watercolor, gouache and other techniques using paper and water-based paints are classified as graphics. They combine the features of painting (richness of tone, construction of form and space with color) and graphics (the active role of paper in constructing the image, the absence of the specific relief of the brushstroke characteristic of a painting surface).
Monumental painting
Monumental painting – painting on architectural structures or other reasons. This oldest species painting, known from the Paleolithic. Thanks to its stationarity and durability, numerous examples of it remain from almost all cultures that created developed architecture. The main techniques of monumental painting are fresco, secco, mosaic, stained glass.
Fresco
Fresco (from Italian fresco - fresh) - painting on wet plaster with water paints, one of the wall painting techniques. When dried, the lime contained in the plaster forms a thin transparent calcium film, making the fresco durable.
The fresco has a pleasant matte surface and is durable in indoor conditions.
Gelati Monastery (Georgia). Church Holy Mother of God. Fresco on the upper and southern side of the Arc de Triomphe
A secco
And secco (from Italian a secco - dry) is wall painting, performed, unlike frescoes, on hard, dried plaster, re-moistened. Paints are used, ground on vegetable glue, egg or mixed with lime. Secco allows you to paint a larger surface area per working day than with fresco painting, but is not such a durable technique.
The a secco technique developed in medieval painting along with fresco and was especially widespread in Europe in the 17th-18th centuries.
Leonardo da Vinci " last supper(1498). Technique a secco
Mosaic
Mosaic (French mosaïque, Italian mosaico from Latin (opus) musivum – (work) dedicated to the muses) is decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres. Images in a mosaic are formed by arranging, setting and fixing on the surface of multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials.
Mosaic panel "Cat"
Stained glass
Stained glass (French vitre - window glass, from Latin vitrum - glass) is a work of colored glass. Stained glass has been used in churches for a long time. During the Renaissance, stained glass existed as painting on glass.
Stained glass window of the Mezhsoyuzny Palace of Culture (Murmansk)
The types of painting also include diorama and panorama.
Diorama
The building of the diorama “Storm of Sapun Mountain on May 7, 1944” in Sevastopol
Diorama is a ribbon-shaped, semicircularly curved pictorial picture with a foreground subject. The illusion of the viewer’s presence in natural space is created, which is achieved by a synthesis of artistic and technical means.
Dioramas are designed for artificial lighting and are located mainly in special pavilions. Most dioramas are dedicated to historical battles.
The most famous dioramas: “Storm of Sapun Mountain” (Sevastopol), “Defense of Sevastopol” (Sevastopol), “Battles for Rzhev” (Rzhev), “Breaking the Siege of Leningrad” (St. Petersburg), “Storm of Berlin” (Moscow), etc.
Panorama
In painting, a panorama is a picture with a circular view, in which a flat pictorial background is combined with a three-dimensional subject foreground. Panorama creates the illusion of real space surrounding the viewer in a full circle of the horizon. Panoramas are used mainly to depict events covering a large area and big number participants.
Panorama Museum "Battle of Borodino" (museum building)
In Russia, the most famous panoramas are the Panorama Museum “Battle of Borodino”, “Battle of Volochaev”, “The defeat of the Nazi troops at Stalingrad” in the Panorama Museum “ Battle of Stalingrad", "Defense of Sevastopol", panorama of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Franz Roubo. Panorama canvas “Battle of Borodino”
Theatrical and decorative painting
Scenery, costumes, makeup, props help to further reveal the content of the performance (film). The scenery gives an idea of the place and time of the action, and activates the viewer’s perception of what is happening on stage. Theater artist strives in sketches of costumes and makeup to acutely express the individual character of the characters, their social status, style of the era and much more.
In Russia, the flourishing of theatrical and decorative art occurred at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. At this time, work began in the theater outstanding artists M.A. Vrubel, V.M. Vasnetsov, A.Ya. Golovin, L.S. Bakst, N.K. Roerich.
M. Vrubel “City of Lollipop”. Set design for the opera by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov's "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" for the Russian Private Opera in Moscow. (1900)
Miniature
A miniature is a pictorial work of small forms. Particularly popular was portrait miniature - a portrait of a small format (from 1.5 to 20 cm), distinguished by the special subtlety of writing, a unique execution technique and the use of means inherent only to this pictorial form.
The types and formats of miniatures are very diverse: they were painted on parchment, paper, cardboard, ivory, metal and porcelain, using watercolor, gouache, special artistic enamels or oil paints. The author can inscribe the image, in accordance with his decision or at the request of the customer, into a circle, oval, rhombus, octagon, etc. A classic portrait miniature is considered to be a miniature made on a thin ivory plate.
Emperor Nicholas I. Fragment of a miniature by G. Morselli
There are several miniature techniques.
Lacquer miniature (Fedoskino)
Miniature with a portrait of Princess Zinaida Nikolaevna (Jusupov jewelry)
Types Monumental Easel Monumental Decorative Icon Painting Miniature Painting Genres Styles Mythological Battle Historical Landscape Portrait Still Life Animalistic Household Nude
Look around how beautiful it is! People have always looked for ways to preserve and remember what they saw. You can take pictures of the world around you, but before there were no cameras, and drawing is much more fun!
A painter can create miracles - show events of the distant past, bring before us epic heroes and heroes of fairy tales, travel to the future and introduce us to non-existent characters.
The main expressive means of painting is color. The artist usually composes a color on a palette and then transfers the paint to the canvas of the painting, creating a color order - coloring.
The color can be warm and cold, cheerful and sad, calm and tense, light and dark. Color creates the mood of a painting.
To create a picture, in addition to color, composition is necessary, that is, the arrangement of the details of the picture. The artist begins work on the canvas with sketches.
Painting is divided into easel and monumental. The artist paints on an easel, which is also called a bench. Hence the name “easel painting”.
And the word “monumental” speaks of something big and significant. Monumental painting is large paintings on the walls of buildings in the subway, airports, churches. The themes chosen for monumental paintings are also significant: historical events, heroic deeds, folk tales.
Monumental painting includes mosaics and stained glass, which can also be classified as decorative arts. A mosaic is a design made up of small pieces or various materials.
Stained glass is a picture on glass or made from pieces of multi-colored glass. Stained glass windows are installed instead of windows or in doors.
Fresco is a technique of painting with water paints on wet plaster on walls, it requires very fast work until the plaster has dried.
They painted pictures in all sorts of ways! Paints were made using egg whites, glue or fig tree sap. Then oil paints appeared, based on vegetable oil.
Painting based on egg yolk or white is called tempera. Using the tempera technique, the artist should not mix paints; they should be applied in a very thin layer, one next to the other, without transitions. Mixed tones can only be achieved by layering one layer on top of another.
Wax painting Painting based on glue is called gouache. Gouache paints are dense and matte. They are used to draw on paper, cardboard, linen, silk, and bone.
Pastel is a technique of painting and drawing on the rough surface of paper or cardboard with special pencils. In this case, they start with harsh pencils and end with soft ones, and rub the colorful powder with their fingers.
Watercolor - painting technique watercolor paints. Usually watercolors are painted on paper by dissolving paints in water. Watercolor painting is transparent and soft.
A palette knife is a tool in the form of a knife or spatula with a curved handle. A palette knife is used by artists to remove undried paint from a painting. Sometimes a palette knife is used instead of a brush to apply paint in an even layer or in a relief stroke.
Genres of painting appeared when artists began to display different topics. The main task of a landscape artist is to show nature in all its beauty.
Translated from French, the word “still life” means “dead nature”. A still life is an image of things that surround a person - dishes, fabrics, flowers, vegetables and fruits, seafood and game.
A portrait is an image of a person or group of people. In a portrait, the artist not only conveys external resemblance, but also tries to tell about the person’s life and activities.
In ancient times, man sought to depict the world in pictures as he himself saw it. Painting served to decorate temples, dwellings and tombs.
During the Renaissance, genres of painting appeared that we have already discussed - landscape, still life, portrait, animalistic, everyday, mythological, historical, battle.
Classicism - art style, focused on the forms of antiquity, primarily Greek classics. Special attention the artists gave chiaroscuro. Pay attention to how accurately the author used shadows to depict the folds in the fabrics. Classicist artists also used only three colors in their paintings - red, blue and yellow - and mixed them to obtain other colors.
The word "baroque" means "strange", "bizarre". Baroque paintings are whimsical and lush. They often combine very large and, on the contrary, very small parts, and light and shadows do not smoothly transition into each other, but are sharply outlined.
Romanticism painting often depicted historical and modern events, used the contrast of light and shadow, and rich color.
A revolution in painting was the emergence of impressionism, which sought to convey a fleeting impression, avoiding any details in the drawing. Such paintings were painted on fresh air, and it’s better to watch them by moving a few steps away.
If impressionist artists were interested in everything fleeting and random, then representatives of the post-impressionism movement were looking for the permanent, stable. The paintings were not painted based on an immediate impression, but taking into account the path of light rays and the calculation of shadows.
Modernism sought to establish its foundations of art. Modernism united many artistic movements: expressionism, cubism, constructivism, surrealism, abstract art, pop art. Expressionism is an art direction characterized by flashiness and grotesqueness.
Paintings in the Cubist style depict real objects in the form of many intersecting, semi-translucent planes (quadrangles, triangles, semicircles).
Abstract painting, sometimes called avant-garde, abstract or underground, uses bold, unusual colors, regular, ruler-defined figures.
Look at the work of an author working in the Fauvist style. It uses some colors, just like in your paint box. He also uses clear outlines, as if he first drew with a pencil and then only with paints. The figures in the picture are without shadows, without volume.
Primitivism - a direction in fine arts, whose paintings resemble works of primitive, medieval, folk and children's art.
So many “-isms”! It’s even scary to take up a brush or pencil! But don’t be afraid, each of the artists whose paintings you just saw once took up paint and paper for the first time. And he also didn’t succeed in everything right away. Be bold - fantasize, create, draw!
The images in the painting are very visual and convincing. It is capable of conveying volumes and spaces, nature, embodying universal human ideas, events of the historical past and flights of fantasy, revealing complex world human feelings and character. Painting can be single-layer (performed immediately) or multi-layer, including underpaintings And pessimization transparent and translucent layers of paint applied to the dried paint layer.
This achieves the finest nuances and shades of color.
The construction of volume and space in painting is associated with linear and aerial perspective
, spatial properties of warm and cold colors, light-shadow modeling of shape, transfer of the general color background of the canvas. To create a picture, in addition to color, you need good drawing and expressive composition. The artist, as a rule, begins work on the canvas by searching for the most successful solution in sketches. Then, in numerous pictorial studies from life, he works out the necessary elements of the composition.
EASEL PAINTING
.
Easel paintings are paintings that have an independent meaning (they are painted on a machine). Easel painting has many genres.
Genre
(French “manner”, “appearance”, “taste”, “custom”, “genus”) - a historically emerging and developing type of work of art.
The genre may be indicated in the title of the painting (note: “The Fishmonger”).
Genres of easel painting:
According to what is shown in the picture:
1.Portrait
2.Scenery
3.Still life
4.Household (genre)
5.Historical
6.Battle
7.Animalistic
8.Biblical
9.Mythological
10.Fairy tale
1.Portrait
- an image of a person or group of people who exist or existed in reality.
Types of portrait
: half-length, shoulder-length, chest-length, full-length portrait, portrait against a landscape background, portrait in the interior (room), portrait with accessories, self-portrait, double portrait, group portrait, companion portrait, costume portrait, miniature portrait.
According to the nature of the image, all portraits can be divided into 3 groups:
A ) ceremonial portraits
, as a rule, involve a full-length image of a person (on a horse, standing or sitting), usually against a landscape or architectural background;
b) half-dress portraits
(perhaps not completely full-length, there is no architectural background);
V ) chamber
(intimate) portraits in which a shoulder-length, chest-length, waist-length image is used, often against a neutral background.
Russian portrait artists: Rokotov, Levitsky, Borovikovsky, Bryullov, Kiprensky, Tropinin, Perov, Kramskoy, Repin, Serov, Nesterov
2.Scenery
(French “place”, “country”, “homeland”) - depicts nature, the appearance of the area, the landscape.
Types of landscape
: rural, urban, marine (marina), urban architectural (veduta), industrial.
The landscape can be lyrical, heroic, epic, historical, fantastic in nature.
Russian landscape artists: Shchedrin, Aivazovsky, Vasiliev, Levitan, Shishkin, Polenov, Savrasov, Kuindzhi, Grobar and others.
3.Still life (French “dead nature”) - depicts peculiar portraits of things, their quiet life. Artists depict the most ordinary things, showing their beauty and poetry.
Artists: Serebryakova, Falk
4.Everyday genre (genre painting) - depicts daily life person and introduces us to the life of people of long-gone times.
Artists: Venetsianov, Fedotov, Perov, Repin and others.
5.Historical genre - depicts significant historical events, events of the past, epic times. This genre is often intertwined with other genres: everyday life, battle, portrait, landscape.
Artists: Losenko, Ugryumov, Ivanov, Bryullov, Repin, Surikov, Ge and others.
Surikov, outstanding master historical painting: "Morning Streltsy execution", "Boyaryna Morozova", "Menshikov in Berezovo", "Suvorov's Crossing of the Alps", "Conquest of Siberia by Ermak".
6.Battle genre - depicts military campaigns, battles, feats of arms, military operations.
7.Animalistic genre - depicts the animal world.
MONUMENTAL PAINTING.
Always connected with architecture. Decorates walls and ceilings, floors, window openings.
Types of monumental painting(varies depending on the technique used):
1.Fresco (Italian: “on the wet”) - written on wet lime plaster with paints (dry pigment, powdered dye) diluted with water. When drying, lime releases a thin calcium film, which fixes the paints underneath, making the painting indelible and very durable.
2.Tempera - paints diluted on egg, casein glue or synthetic binder. This is an independent and widespread type of wall painting. Sometimes tempera is used to paint on an already dry fresco. Tempera dries quickly and changes color as it dries.
3.Mosaic (lat. " dedicated to the muses") - painting laid out from small pieces of colored stones or smalt (specially welded opaque colored glass)
4. Stained glass (French "glazing", from Latin "glass") - painting made from pieces of transparent colored glass connected to each other by lead strips (lead soldering)
5.Panel
(French "board", "shield")
- a) part of the wall or ceiling (plafond), highlighted with a stucco frame or ribbon ornament and filled with painting;
b) made with paints on canvas and then attached to the wall. For external walls, panels can be made of ceramic tiles.
ARCHITECTURE
Architecture - the art of creating buildings and their complexes that form an environment for people to live. It differs from other types of art in that it performs not only ideological and artistic, but also practical tasks.
Types of architecture:
public (palace);
public residential;
urban planning;
restoration;
gardening (landscape);
industrial.
Expressive means of architecture:
composition of the building;
scale;
rhythm;
chiaroscuro;
color;
surrounding nature and buildings;
painting and sculpture.
1. Building composition
- arrangement of its main parts and elements in a certain sequence . The composition of a building is very important because it determines the impression the building makes.. When creating an architectural composition, the architect uses various techniques: alternation and combination of different spaces (open and closed, illuminated and darkened, connected and isolated, etc.); various volumes (high and low, straight and curved, heavy and light, simple and complex); elements of enclosing surfaces (flat and embossed, solid and openwork, plain and colorful). The choice of composition depends on what the building is intended for.
Types of composition:
- Symmetrical
. The same arrangement of building elements relative to the axis of symmetry, which marks the center of the composition. Such buildings were characteristic of the architecture of the Classical era.
- Asymmetrical
. The main part of the building is shifted away from the center. Various volumes contrasting in shape, material and color are used, which leads to a dynamic architectural image . Characteristic of modern construction.
Reception of symmetry and asymmetry in the composition of individual elements, arrangement of columns, windows, stairs, doors, etc.
2. Rhythm .Great organizing importance in an architectural composition belongs to rhythm, i.e., a clear distribution of volumes and details of a building that repeat at a certain interval (enfilades of rooms and halls, successive changes in the volumes of rooms, grouping of columns, windows, sculptures)
Types of rhythm:
-Vertical rhythm
. Alternation of individual elements in the vertical direction. Gives the building the impression of lightness and upward direction.
- Horizontal rhythm
. Alternating elements in a horizontal direction. Makes the building squat and stable.
By collecting and condensing individual details in one place and discharging them in another, the architect can emphasize the center of the composition and give the building a dynamic or static character.
3. Scale
. Proportional relationship between the building and its parts. Defines the value individual parts and details of the building in relation to the size of the entire building as a whole, to the person, the surrounding space and other buildings. The scale of a building does not depend on the size of the building, but on the overall impression it makes on a person.
4. Chiaroscuro . A property that reveals the distribution of light and dark areas on the surface of a form. Strengthens and facilitates the visual perception of the architectural form, giving it a more picturesque appearance. Artificial lighting of building volumes is used at the street, highway and backlight levels. Reflected light in the interior creates the illusion of lightness of forms.
The peculiarity of architecture as an art is to create the unity of an architectural composition from a variety of architectural forms. The simplest means of creating unity is to give the volume of the building a simple geometric shape. In a complex building ensemble, unity is achieved through subordination: the main volume (compositional center) is subordinated to the secondary parts of the building. Tectonics is also a compositional tool.
Tectonics-artistically revealed structural structure of the building.
5. Color . Often used in architectural structures, especially in interior spaces (especially in buildings in classic style and baroque). For modern interior characterized by bright, light colors.
6. Painting and sculpture .The artistic means of creating the compositional unity of a building include monumental and applied art, in particular sculpture and painting, the combination of which with architecture is called “synthesis of arts.”
7. Surrounding nature and development .Architecture tends towards ensemble. For its structures, it is important to fit into the natural (natural) or urban (city) landscape. The forms of architecture are determined: naturally (depending on geographical and climatic conditions, on the nature of the landscape, the intensity of sunlight); socially (depending on the character social order, aesthetic ideals, utilitarian and artistic needs of society).
Architecture is closely related to the development of productive forces and technology. No art requires such a concentration of collective efforts and material resources, for example: St. Isaac's Cathedral was built by 500 thousand people over 40 years.
The trinity of architecture: usefulness, strength, beauty. In other words, these are the most important components of the architectural whole: function, design, form (Vitruvius, 1st century AD, ancient Roman architectural theorist). Construction became architecture when practical buildings acquired an aesthetic appearance.
Architecture originated in ancient times. In Ancient Egypt, grandiose structures were created in the name of spiritual and religious purposes(tombs, temples, pyramids). In Ancient Greece, architecture takes on a democratic appearance and places of worship(temples) already affirm the beauty and dignity of the Greek citizen. New types of public buildings are emerging: theaters, stadiums, schools. And the architects follow to the humanistic principle of beauty formulated by Aristotle: “The beautiful should be neither too big nor too small ".
IN Ancient Rome Architects widely use arched vaulted structures made of concrete. New types of buildings, forums, triumphal arches and the columns reflect the ideas of statehood and military power
. In the Middle Ages, architecture became the leading and most in mass form art. In Gothic cathedrals directed towards the sky, a religious impulse towards God was expressed, and the people’s passionate earthly dream of happiness . Renaissance architecture develops the principles and forms of ancient classics on a new basis, introducing a new architectural form - the floor. Classicism canonizes compositional techniques antiquity.
The unity of architectural composition implies the unity of style, which is created by a set of features typical of the art of a certain time. The style of each era was influenced by various factors: ideological and aesthetic views, materials and construction techniques, level of production development, everyday needs, artistic forms.
Style
- the sum of elements that reveal the characteristics of a given era.
Style
- historically established set artistic means and techniques that characterize the features of art of a certain time.
Style is present in all types of art, but is formed mainly in architecture. An architectural style is formed over decades, or even centuries, for example, in Ancient Egypt, the style was preserved for 3 years, and therefore received the name canonical (canon (norm, rule) - a set of rules developed in the process of artistic practice and enshrined in tradition ).
Basic principles of the Egyptian style, characteristic of all art Ancient Egypt
:
- unity of images and hieroglyphic inscriptions;
- vertical image of objects and people (less significant ones are depicted on the plane above);
- line-by-line depiction of complex scenes with horizontal belts;
- different scales of figures, the size of which depends not on their location in space, but on the significance of each of them;
- depiction of a human figure as if from different points of view (front-profile) - the principle of spreading the figure on a plane (when the head and legs were depicted in profile, and the torso and eyes in front).
CALENDAR AND THEMATIC LESSON PLANNING.
Calendar and thematic planning depends on the age of the students. The ideal option is to have lessons in grades 5(6)-11; the state program of Yu. A. Solodovnikov and L. N. Predchetenskaya is designed for this. It is necessary to take into account that the specifics of work at middle and senior levels are different . High school students are already capable of perceiving generalized concepts contained, for example, in the concept of style, where the phenomenon of the principle “from general to specific” predominates. Middle school students, especially in grades 5-6, are not always ready to understand style, that is, they do not yet have the ability to see a general pattern in many specific phenomena. This skill develops gradually, therefore, at the middle level, greater results will be obtained from lessons in “immersion” in any work, event, phenomenon, life and creative path author, for example, “Myths of Ancient Greece”, “The Birth of Opera”, “Florentine Commerce”. These classes can take the form of dramatizations, business games, quizzes, debates, etc. At the same time, students receive information related to specific characters, features of the expressive means of a particular art. The ability to see behind these “private” moments general patterns occurs on a subconscious level. But specific images and situations are remembered well, vividly and for a long time.
Later, students who have accumulated experience in communicating with individual works art, cultural phenomena, gains the ability to realize, formulate and express a generalized judgment. This moment comes when the student approaches the 9th grade, or less often the 8th grade. Students in grades 8 and 9 have different perceptions. 8th grade is a stage of the transitional age period, which manifests itself in different ways. In one case, eighth-graders are already ready for a more complex level of perception, in the other - not. This situation is decided by the teacher in each specific case.
If at school MHC is studied from grades 5 to 11, then an approach consisting of two stages may be the most effective. Lessons in grades 5-7(8) are fascinating “immersions” into the world of specific phenomena of culture, art, etc., using active, practical forms of work. This could be staging, games, debates, using computer programs, research using the Internet, working on projects, quizzes, etc. At the same time, the principle of historicism is preserved - in thematic planning the teacher includes key works and cultural phenomena that reflect various stages its development. It will be very good if this is combined with a history course that students take in parallel. Possible connection with lessons in art, literature, music, etc.
The concept chosen by the teacher as a basis can determine various material and types of activities. Solodovnikov offers as possible principle organizations of the subject rely on mythology. But other principles are also possible.
Having reached the second stage, having knowledge about a specific cultural phenomenon, students in grades 9-11 can once again go through this path, but from the point of view of styles, features artistic image in one era or another. Individual ideas obtained earlier are combined into a single system of relationships, and causes and consequences become clear.
When drawing up a program for grades 6-8, a teacher can take as a basis the content of the elective course of MHC Danilova, where from the extensive and varied material the teacher can choose what is closest to him and meets the conditions of his work.
This planning option is also possible MHC lessons in the middle level, when the concentric principle operates in each class, i.e. in each class, students sequentially go through topics related to art Ancient World, Middle Ages, East, Russia, Renaissance, etc.
MACHINEABOUTVOY ART- a term that denotes works of painting, sculpture and graphics that have an independent character and meaning. The ideological meaning of works of easel art does not change depending on the place where they are located, although their artistic sound depends on the conditions of exhibition. The term “easel art” comes from the “machine” on which many works of art are created (in painting, for example, it is an easel). Easel art has developed widely since the Renaissance.
MONUMENTAL ART- a type of art that includes architectural structures, sculptural monuments, relief, wall paintings, mosaics, stained glass, etc. Monumental art focuses on mass perception and seeks to influence the emotions and thoughts of many people. Monumental sculpture is monuments, monuments, sculptural complexes that complement architecture. Monumental painting is a panel, painting, mosaic, stained glass. Monumental graphics are wall graphic images that participate in the creation of a monumental image. Monumental art is characterized by a certain permanent environment of existence. Properties: laconicism, catchiness, calm, balanced, clear, simple, integral and majestic. The “biography” of monumental art dates back to human creations of the Stone Age. Paintings of Altamira and Lascaux, stones of Stonehenge, tall stones (up to 20 m) dug vertically into the ground, which have cult significance (“menhirs”). Flowers monument. arts coincide with eras when collective consciousness is highly developed and individual consciousness is insufficient. It is no coincidence that all ancient cultures and the culture of the Middle Ages gravitated primarily towards the monumental.
4. Types of fine arts.
1.Architecture or architecture is both the science and art of building design. In the broad sense of the word, architecture is the organization of the human environment, starting with the design of cities, issues of organizing the urban environment, landscape architecture and ending with the design of furniture and interior decoration buildings.
2.painting: monumental painting on arch structures and other stationary bases (fresco, mosaic, stained glass). easel zhivo (landscape, portrait, still life, household zhivo, historical zhivo)
3.graphic arts- a type of fine art that uses lines, strokes and spots as the main visual means (color can also be used, but, unlike painting, here it plays a supporting role).
4.theatrical and decorative arts
5.DPI- area of decorative art: creation of artistic products that have a practical purpose in public and private life and artistic processing of utilitarian objects (batik, tapestry, thread graphics, ceramics, embroidery)
6.sculpture- a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional form and are made of solid or plastic materials.
5. Sculpture as an art form.
Sculpture [from lat. skulpo - cut out, carve] - sculpture, plastic, a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional three-dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials. Sculpture shows a certain affinity for architecture: It also deals with space and volume, is subject to the laws of tectonics and is material in nature. But unlike architecture, it is not functional, but pictorial. The main specific features of sculpture are physicality, materiality, laconicism and versatility. The materiality of sculpture is determined by the human ability to perceive volume. But highest form touch in sculpture, which takes it to a new level of perception, is the ability of a person to “visually touch” the form perceived through sculpture, when the eye acquires the ability to correlate the depth and convexity of different surfaces, subordinating them to the semantic integrity of the entire perception. The materiality of sculpture is manifested in the concreteness of the material, which, having taken shape, ceases to be an objective reality for humans and becomes a material carrier of the artistic idea. Sculpture is the art of transforming space through volume. Each culture brings its own understanding of the relationship between volume and space: antiquity understands the volume of the body as a location in space, the Middle Ages - space as an unreal world, classicism - the balance of space, volume and form. The laconicism of the sculpture is due to the fact that it practically devoid of plot and narrative. The ease of perception of the sculpture is only apparent. Sculpture symbolic, conventional and artistic, which means it is complex and profound for perception.
