The primary form of art was a special syncretic(undivided) complex of creative activity. Everything was merged together in a single ritual action. Later, from this syncretic action began to stand out individual species art.
Kinds of art- these are historically established forms of artistic reflection of the world, using special means to build an image - sound, color, body movement, words, etc. Each type of art has its own special varieties - genera and genres, which together provide a variety of artistic attitudes to reality. Let's briefly consider the main types of art and some of their varieties.
Literature uses verbal and written means to build images. There are three main types of literature - drama, epic and lyric poetry and numerous genres - tragedy, comedy, novel, story, poem, elegy, short story, essay, feuilleton, etc.
Music uses sound means. Music is divided into vocal (intended for singing) and instrumental. Music genres - opera, symphony, overture, suite, romance, sonata, etc.
Dance uses plastic movements to construct images. There are ritual, folk, ballroom,
modern dance, ballet. Dance directions and styles - waltz, tango, foxtrot, samba, polonaise, etc.
Painting displays reality on a plane using color. Genres of painting - portrait, still life, landscape, as well as everyday, animalistic (depiction of animals), historical genres.
Architecture forms the spatial environment in the form of structures and buildings for human life. It is divided into residential, public, gardening, industrial, etc. Also distinguished architectural styles- Gothic, Baroque, Rococo, Art Nouveau, Classicism, etc.
Sculpture creates works of art, having volume and three dimensional shape. The sculpture can be round (bust, statue) and relief (convex image). By size it is divided into easel, decorative and monumental.
Arts and crafts related to applied needs. This includes art objects that can be used in everyday life - dishes, fabrics, tools, furniture, clothing, jewelry, etc.
Theater organizes a special stage performance through the performance of actors. The theater can be dramatic, opera, puppet, etc.
Circus presents a spectacular and entertaining performance with unusual, risky and funny numbers in a special arena. These are acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, horse riding, juggling, magic tricks, pantomime, clowning, animal training, etc.
Movie is the development of theatrical performance based on modern technical audiovisual means. Types of cinema include feature films, documentaries, and animation. Genres include comedies, dramas, melodramas, adventure films, detective stories, thrillers, etc.
Photo captures documentary visual images using technical means - optical, chemical or digital. The genres of photography correspond to the genres of painting.
Stage includes small forms of stage art - drama, music, choreography, illusions, circus acts, original performances, etc.
Design is a design activity aimed at improving the life activity of each person by creating a constructive ergonomic image of a holistic, aesthetic environment and objects that make up part of this environment. Design is the design of objects in which form corresponds to their purpose.
To the listed types of art you can add graphics, radio art, etc.
Each type, genus or genre reflects a special side or facet of human life, but taken together, these components of art provide a comprehensive artistic painting peace.
The need for artistic creativity or enjoyment of works of art increases with the growth of a person’s cultural level. Art becomes more necessary the further a person is from the animal state.
ART
I. in the broad sense of the word, denoting high level mastery in any field of activity, non-artistic and artistic, i.e. the perfect execution of this work thereby acquires a direct aesthetic. meaning, because skillful activity, wherever and however it manifests itself, becomes beautiful, aesthetically significant. This also applies to the activities of the artist-poet, painter, musician, whose creations are beautiful to the extent that they capture the high skill of their creator and evoke an aesthetic feeling in us. admiration. However Ch. distinctive artistic creativity consists not in the creation of beauty for the sake of arousing aesthetic pleasure, but in the figurative mastery of reality, i.e. in developing a specific spiritual content and in specific social functioning.
Trying to determine the meaning of the existence of art as a special sphere of activity, fundamentally different from art in the broad sense of the word, theorists throughout the history of aesthetics. thoughts went in two ways: some were convinced that the “secret” of I. lies in one of his abilities, one calling and purpose - or in knowledge real world, either in the creation of a fictional, ideal world, or in the expression internal the world of the artist, either in organizing communication between people, or in self-directed, purely playful activity; etc. Scientists, discovering that each of these definitions absolutizes some of the inherent qualities of information, but ignores others, affirmed the multidimensionality and versatility of information and tried to describe it as a set of different qualities and functions. But at the same time, information was inevitably lost, and appeared in the form of a sum of heterogeneous properties and functions, the method of combining which into a qualitatively unique one remained incomprehensible.
Marxist-Leninist aesthetics considers I. as one of the main. forms of spiritual mastery of reality. Based on cognition. abilities of societies. human, I. stands alongside such forms of societies. consciousness, as a science, although it differs from it in its subject, in the form of reflection and spiritual development of reality, in its social function. Common in both science and art. consciousness – the ability to objectively reflect the world, to cognize reality in its essence. In this, religion is the opposite of religion (although at certain stages of historical development they were closely related), since religion. consciousness reflects reality incorrectly and is unable to penetrate into the objective essence of things.
Unlike science, which theoretically masters the world, I. masters reality aesthetically, embracing the world holistically, in all the richness of living manifestations of essence, in all feelings. the brightness of the singular, the unique. But, at the same time, in its best works it is a revelation of the truth, a deep penetration into the essence of societies. life. Aesthetic A person’s relationship to the world manifests itself in society in a variety of forms and, in particular, in any objective activity in which creativity is more or less freely revealed. nature of work. This, in particular, explains the presence of arts. element in certain products of material production. However, I. is historically formed as a special, specific. an area of spiritual production designed to master reality aesthetically: it generalizes, identifies and develops aesthetics. society's relationship to the real world.
Arts consciousness does not have the goal of giving any special knowledge; it is cognizant. is not associated with any private sectors of material production. or societies. practice and does not aim to highlight any special chain of patterns in phenomena, for example. physical, technological or, on the other hand, specifically economic, psychological. etc. The subject of I. is “everything that is interesting for a person in life” (Chernyshevsky N.G., Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 2, 1949, p. 91), it masters the world in all the richness of its manifestations, since they turn out to be the object of practically concrete interest of people. Hence the holistic and comprehensive nature of the arts. consciousness, facilitating the individual in realizing his “tribal essence” (Marx), in the development of his social self-awareness as a member of society, defined. class. I. is called upon to expand and enrich the practical-spiritual experience of a person; it expands the boundaries of the “direct experience” of individuals, being a powerful tool for the formation of people. personality. Specific social function I. lies in the fact that it, being a form of awareness of reality, condenses in itself the infinite variety of spiritual experience accumulated by humanity, taken not in its general and final results, but in the very process of living relationships between societies. a person in peace. I.’s work embodies not only the result of knowledge, but also its path, a complex and flexible process of comprehension and aesthetics. processing the objective world. This is the most important difference. the peculiarity of the “artistic... exploration... of the world” (see K. Marx, in the book: K. Marx and F. Engels, Works, 2nd ed., vol. 12, p. 728). Since in I. the world appears mastered, meaningful, aesthetically processed, the picture of reality in the grand scheme of things is truly classical. I.'s work has orderliness, harmonious logic, and beauty, even if it involves the reproduction of base or ugly phenomena of life. This is not included in objective world arbitrariness of the subject, but is revealed by the artist in the process of spiritual mastery of reality (man creates “according to the laws of beauty” - see K. Marx, From early works, 1956, p. 566). Perceiving I.’s work, a person, as it were, performs creativity anew. mastering a subject becomes involved in the practical-spiritual experience enshrined in I., which evokes a special feeling of joy in the spiritual possession of the world, aesthetic. , without which neither the creation nor the perception of art is unthinkable. works.
The awareness of societies also has a long history. the role of I. The understanding of I. as a means of social education was outlined already in antiquity (Plato, Aristotle) and in classical. aesthetics of the East (for example, in China - Confucius). According to ancient thinkers, I. has the ability to adjust the definition. image of the human psyche, making him a full member of civil society, a useful servant of the state. Middle-century philosophy interpreted this role in a false theological way. sense; The Renaissance opposed it to the idea of the importance of personality in the free and comprehensive development of the individual (Campanella). Enlightenment aesthetics clearly revealed the meaning of the arts. consciousness in practice social struggle, emphasizing the moral-educational (Shaftesbury) and social-mobilizing function of I. (Diderot). The most important role for understanding India as an active society. Representatives of Germany played a force in the struggle for human liberation. classic aesthetics (Goethe, Schiller, Hegel), who understood freedom as “freedom.” However, she posed this problem idealistically, which led to the opposition of “fettered life” to free art (Kant). On the contradictions thereof. idealism indicated Russian. revolutionary democrats who saw in I. a “textbook of life” and saw its function in the “sentence” of its phenomena (Chernyshevsky).
Marxism-Leninism set about educating. roles of I. on history. soil. Being a tool for understanding reality, information is an active force in societies. self-awareness, in a class society - class. Knowledge of the world in I. is inextricably linked with its aesthetics. assessment, being social in nature, necessarily includes the entire system of views of societies. person; arts a work is capable of organically expressing its aesthetic. content of philosophy morals, society and political ideas. I. advanced, responding to arriving. development of humanity, plays a progressive role in the spiritual development of people, in their comprehensive ideological and emotional. growth. A measure of freedom in the exercise of this will educate him. roles are determined by specific social conditions. The exploitation of man by man inevitably leads to a one-sided and sometimes ugly manifestation of ideological education. functions I. Only socialist. provides I. with the opportunity to freely shape each member of society in all the richness of his life relationships and subjective abilities.
The syncretic and predominantly ritual-magical nature of the “works” of primitive art of the late Paleolithic era (30-20 thousand years BC), despite the lack of actual aesthetic principles, nevertheless allows them to be classified as facts of art. Ancient sculptures, figurines of animals and people, drawings on clay, rock “frescos” are distinguished by their vividness, spontaneity and authenticity of the image, testifying to knowledge and mastery of the language and means of conventional reflection on a plane, and the ability to work with volumes. The definition of primitive art as “realistic”, “naturalistic” or “impressionistic” essentially captures the “consanguineous” connection between the distant initial and subsequent stages of the development of art, its modern forms and typological characteristics.
Various interpretations of the concept of art reflect various aspects of its social nature and species specificity. Thus, ancient aesthetics emphasized the mimetic, “imitative” moment, emphasizing the cognitive significance and moral value art. In the Middle Ages, art was seen as a way and means of communion with the “infinite”, “divine” principle: it is seen as a bearer, albeit imperfect, of the image of spiritual, “incorporeal” beauty. The Renaissance returns and develops the ancient idea of art as a “mirror,” “imitation of beautiful nature,” joining Aristotle rather than Plato. German classical aesthetics (Kant, Schiller, Hegel, etc.) considers art as “a purposeful activity without a goal,” “the kingdom of appearance,” “the play of creative forces,” the manifestation and expression of the existence of the “Absolute Spirit,” and makes significant adjustments to the understanding of the relationships of art with empirical reality, science, morality and religion. Russian aesthetics of realism insists on the idea of an organic connection between art and reality, considering it the main subject of “everything that is interesting for a person in life” (Chernyshevsky N.G. Complete collection of works, vol. 2. M., 1947, p. .91). Modern “postmodern aesthetics,” questioning and denying the traditions and values of the “old,” humanistic culture, tries, in the spirit of “new mimesis” (J. Derrida), to reinterpret the relationship of works of art with what lies beyond the edges of the “text” and is classified as “ reality".
Identifying the relationship between art and reality does not exhaust the problem of determining its essence. The specifically universal nature of art is covered and revealed by a number of approaches that presuppose and complement each other; among them it is customary to distinguish the theoretical-cognitive (epistemological), value (axiological), aesthetic-sociological (functional). Considering art from an epistemological perspective, which Plato emphasized, or within the framework of the function it performs, with which Aristotle began his analysis of the Greek tragedy, the theorist in one way or another determines the value value artistic knowledge and activities. In turn, the value approach cannot neglect the sociological characteristics of the essence and function of art. To understand the specifics of art, the cognitive-theoretical and value aspects are of particular importance, and the place and role of art in public life adequately grasped and revealed through aesthetic-sociological analysis. Kant, having analyzed “judgments of taste,” convincingly showed the independence (albeit relative) of the epistemological aspect. Question about social essence art arises only within the framework of a discussion of its communicative capabilities and functions. After all, art in the proper sense of the word itself creates an audience that understands it and is able to enjoy beauty.
Historically, art arises when a person goes beyond the satisfaction of his immediate physical needs, practical-utilitarian interests and goals and gains the opportunity to create universally, freely, producing things and objects that give him pleasure in the very process of activity. The emergence of art is associated with the satisfaction of the need, first anticipated and then realized, for the production and reproduction of the strictly human character of one’s life activity, and oneself as a universal and universal being. Art reveals, exposes and represents illusively, in “appearance”, that which is hidden - like, goal and mode of action - is contained in the objective-social content human activity, which is an objective source of an individual’s activity. At the same time, art affirms the potential possibility of the universal development of the social individual explicitly - as a real possibility and actual force, without losing sight of the fact that it is realized under the dominance of the “kingdom of necessity.”
Art, which by its very nature is ahead of the norms and ideas of its time, in a certain sense is capable of setting a goal. In the world of artistic imagination, a person seems to soar above the necessities, not fitting into the framework of mandatory compliance with “existence”. In this sense, art creates “possible “dynamic” being” (Aristotle), a world of “expediency beyond any purpose” (Kant). External circumstances do not have absolute power over the internal norms of human attitude towards reality, which art develops “ideally”. Therefore, a work of art is a projection of spiritual aspiration, search for feelings, fantasy of desires, for it is born from a person’s need to transform his sensory attitude to reality, which supplies this need with all required material. Art does not disdainfully turn away from the fullness of life’s manifestations (and in this sense there is nothing “forbidden” for it), but at the same time it does not demand, as L. Feuerbach noted, that its works be recognized as reality. The power of art is manifested in its certain freedom from the factual side of life. It was precisely this feature that Hegel had in mind, who represented the history of art as the “self-movement” of the aesthetic ideal embodied in images, and Belinsky, who saw in “longing for the ideal” an illusory form of expression of the urgent needs of social man, characteristic of art. The ideal as a given and a possible reality receives its objectively true embodiment and justification in art. Reflecting and expressing reality from the standpoint of the highest needs of a developing person, art shows how the present enters the future, what in the present belongs to the future
In principle, art is created by the individual and speaks to the individual. No area of human creative activity can compete with it in the completeness of reflection of the entire diversity of human sensations. This also applies to the artist, the author of the work in which he “expresses himself,” often confiding to the reader, viewer the most intimate secrets of his heart, mind, soul (cf. Flaubert’s words about the heroine of his novel: “Emma is me”). The possibilities of art in revealing the motives of human behavior, action, and experience are unprecedented. By removing the already known, fixed meanings of facts, phenomena, events, the artist exposes and reproduces their inner meaning in an individually unique appearance and form, which is significantly and obviously different from the theoretical scientist (for more details, see: Leontyev A. N. Problems of mental development. M ., 1965, pp. 286-290). Being a creative and partial act, art expects an adequate response. In the process of perceiving a work of art, as a rule, a deeply individual, uniquely personal act, the fullness of the universal, universal nature of the reader, viewer, and listener is revealed. All kinds of deviations due to differences in the level of development of taste, imagination, general and emotional culture of recipients do not cancel this norm of truly artistic perception.
“Imaginary existence”, “possible reality” of art is no less (often more) valid than what served as the starting point for contemplation and presentation objectively existing world ; and in form it is an image of the whole in the “shape” of an artistic representation, where a generalization is built through the transition from one specificity to another, and in such a way that image-making necessarily acts as meaning-making (see Artistic image. Typical). So, through art - a special type of spiritual and practical mastery of reality - the formation and development of the ability of a social person to creatively perceive and transform the world around him and himself according to the laws of beauty occurs. Unlike other spheres and forms of social consciousness and activity (science, morality, religion, politics), art satisfies the most important human need - perception, knowledge of real reality in developed forms of human sensuality, i.e. with the help of the specifically human ability of the sensual (“aesthetic ”, visually expressive) perception of phenomena, objects and events of the objective world as a “living concrete whole”, embodied in works of art through creative, “productive” imagination. Since art includes, as if filmed, all forms of social activity, its impact on life and people is truly limitless. This, on the one hand, deprives all sense of art’s claim to any kind of exclusivity other than that dictated by its species essence. On the other hand, while having a transformative effect on many public spheres and institutions, art retains its inherent characteristics and relative independence. Historically, art develops as a certain system of specific types. These are literature, music, architecture, painting, sculpture, decorative and applied arts, etc. Their diversity and differences are recorded and classified according to criteria developed by aesthetic theory and art history: according to the method of reflecting reality (epistemological criterion) - pictorial, expressive; according to the way of being of an artistic image (ontological criterion) - spatial, temporal, spatio-temporal; according to the method of perception (psychological criterion) - auditory, visual and visual-auditory. However, this is relative. A work that is primarily “figurative” is at the same time “expressive” (for example, a pictorial portrait or landscape, acting art, etc.), and “expressive” also includes a “figurative” element (such as, for example, “Pictures” from the exhibition” by M. Mussorgsky, dance or architectural image). A classification based on the principle of a dominant feature does not take into account the fact that each type of art uses and represents (in different proportions) all forms and means of artistic “language” - figurativeness, expressiveness, symbolization, temporal and spatial characteristics. Literature occupies a special place in this system of art forms, as the most “synthetic” form of artistic imagery. Types of art are a dynamically developing system: in one era or another, one of the types prevails and becomes dominant (epic and tragedy - in Ancient Greece, architecture and icon painting - in the Middle Ages, cinema and television - in the 20th century). With the development of science and technology, the improvement of communication means, new types of art arise; so, in the beginning 20th century a movie appears, and at the end of it - art photography, which uses the principle of “collage” (a technique developed by Braque and Picasso) and claims to be the status of a new visual art.
The question “what is art?” acquires relevance and urgency with the advent of postmodernism, which puts many “old”, classical ideas under, including about the aesthetic, about the artistic, and therefore about art. For postmodernists, they retain their significance only as “transcultural, transtemporal values.” Ancient ideas about realism are being revised. The idea of priority of the so-called is defended. tangible, rather than illusionistic objects, representing an original means of interaction between artistic expression and experience Everyday life. “Postmodernist” artistic practice corresponding to this principle is considered (more precisely, presented) as a new and unpredictable step in the rapprochement of art and life, supposedly merging into a “one-time experience.” This approach to art is completely in tune with and adequate to the modernist rejection of a holistic picture of the world, which is in reality discrete and incomplete. However, such a decisive break with the past, the classical heritage is unlikely to be more powerful than the spiritual and practical power of art itself, which continues to amaze and give pleasure to new generations of people.
TYPES OF ART are real forms of artistic and creative activity, differing primarily in the way of material embodiment of the artist. content (verbal for literature, sound for music, volumetric-plastic for sculpture, etc.). Behind these external differences are hidden deeper, internal meaningful differences, which ultimately determines the need for unique i.e. in each V. means of materializing its special content. About the specific character of the artist. information contained in each of the V. and. is evidenced by the fact that the content of the production. one V. and. cannot be adequately conveyed in the language of other V. and. Being the science of the most general laws of art. human exploration of the world, in terms of studying V. and. designed to explore the laws operating in all V. and., at the same time showing how they are refracted in each of them. Since the 18th century. aesthetic thought struggles to comprehend those principles that determine the specific division of artistic and creative activity, trying to consider art as a system of types, and not a set of randomly formed and mechanically coexisting forms of creativity. This problem still cannot be considered solved. Even the morphological criteria have not been fully defined, which would allow, on the one hand, to distinguish V. and. from the varieties of this or that species, from the genera and genres of art (for example, painting from monumental painting), and, on the other hand, to substantiate the legitimacy of such aesthetic concepts as families, classes of art, fixing the unification of V. and. into more or less broad groups. In the course of the development of world art. cultural system of V. and. underwent constant changes, expressed in the differentiation of ancient. syncretic arts and in the formation of synthetic arts, in the birth of new V. and. under the influence of scientific and technological progress, in the uneven development of various V. and. Absolutization of one or another historically specific type of relationship between V. and. led in pre-Marxist aesthetics to the fact that sometimes one, sometimes another V. and. was declared higher and more “perfect” than the others. Hegel was the first to try to consider the problem historically and dialectically. However, he was not able to overcome the metaphysical-hierarchical concept of the relationship between V. and. The influence of this concept is still felt today (for example, in the idea that literature has a broader, more capacious and richer content than other literature). As the qualitative originality of the content of each V. and. modern Marxist aesthetic theory comes to recognize their fundamental equivalence and equal necessity in socialist artistic culture, designed to overcome the inevitable uneven development of V. And.
Aesthetics: Dictionary. - M.: Politizdat. Under general ed. A. A. Belyaeva. 1989 .
See what “TYPES OF ART” are in other dictionaries:
KINDS OF ART- certain ways of artistic embodiment of life content in works of art, characterized by specific visually expressive means and techniques. The diversity of the world cannot be revealed by means of one type... Eurasian wisdom from A to Z. Explanatory dictionary
Kinds of art- Nouns ARCHITECT/RA, urban planning, architecture. The art of designing and constructing buildings, urban development. KINO/, kinemato/graph, kinematogra/fiya, kinoisku/sstvo, screen/n, obsolete. cinema/, outdated... ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms
non-linguistic arts- Music, painting, graphics, sculpture, dance, etc... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Plastic arts- also spatial arts, a concept that unites types of art whose works exist in space without changing or developing over time. Works of plastic arts are of an objective nature and are performed... ... Art encyclopedia
Plastic arts- also spatial arts, a concept that unites types of art (See Art), the works of which exist in space, without changing or developing in time, and are perceived by sight. I.'s works have a subject matter... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Kinds of sports- Main article: Type of sport Type of sport a set of types sports competitions, united on the basis of similarity of rules, one sports federation, etc. Contents 1 Game types sports 1.1 ... Wikipedia
Types of perception- This article should be Wikified. Please format it according to the article formatting rules. Basic types and properties of perception Perception as a direct reflection of the world is classified on various grounds. Traditionally, there are five... ... Wikipedia
TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE- these are specific forms of acquiring new knowledge. The following types of knowledge are distinguished: 1) ordinary knowledge - a person’s receipt of basic information about nature, man and society in the process of ordinary everyday life); 2) artistic... ... Philosophy of Science and Technology: Thematic Dictionary
plastic arts- types of art whose works exist in space, without changing or developing in time, and are perceived by sight. Also called spatial arts. Plastic arts divided into fine arts... encyclopedic Dictionary
Spatial Arts- a conventional name for plastic arts, that is, types of art in which artistic images exist in space, but do not develop in time, in contrast to temporary (literature, music) and spatially temporary (all... ... Art encyclopedia
Books
- Art. Kinds of art. 8th grade. Textbook. Vertical. Federal State Educational Standard, Danilova Galina Ivanovna. The textbook continues the author's line of G.I. Danilova on art. It introduces different types of art and their interaction. Contains a large amount of illustrative material that gives…
Architecture(Greek "architecton" - "master, builder") - a monumental art form, the purpose of which is to create structures and buildings necessary for the life and activities of mankind, meeting the utilitarian and spiritual needs of people. Architecture is able to combine with monumental painting, sculpture, decorative and other types of art. The basis of architectural composition is the volumetric-spatial structure, the organic relationship of the elements of a building or ensemble of buildings. The scale of the structure largely determines the nature of the artistic image, its monumentality or intimacy. Architecture does not directly reproduce reality; it is not pictorial, but expressive in nature.
GRAPHIC ARTS
Graphics (translated from Greek - “I write, I draw”) are, first of all, drawings and artistic printed works (engraving, lithography). It is based on the possibility of creating an expressive artistic form by using lines, strokes and spots of different colors applied to the surface of the sheet.
Painting- planar art, the specificity of which is to represent, using paints applied to the surface, an image of the real world, transformed creative imagination artist. Painting is divided into:
Monumental - fresco (from Italian Fresco) - painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in water and mosaic (from French mosaiqe) an image made of colored stones, smalt (Smalt - colored transparent glass.), ceramic tiles. - easel (from the word "machine") - a canvas that is created on an easel.
Painting is represented in various genres:
Portrait - Landscape - Still life - Historical genre - Household genre - - Iconography - Animalism
Sculpture- spatial - fine art, mastering the world in plastic images.
The main materials used in sculpture are stone, bronze, marble, and wood. On modern stage development of society, technological progress, the number of materials used to create sculpture has expanded: steel, plastic, concrete and others.
There are two main types of sculpture: three-dimensional (circular) and relief:
High relief - high relief, - bas-relief- low relief, - counter-relief - mortise relief.
By definition, sculpture can be monumental, decorative, or easel.
Monumental - used to decorate city streets and squares, marking history important places, events, etc. Monumental sculpture includes: - monuments, memorials.
Easel - designed for inspection from a close distance and intended for decorating interior spaces.
Decorative - used to decorate everyday life (small plastic items).
Arts and crafts- a type of creative activity to create household items intended to satisfy the utilitarian and artistic and aesthetic needs of people.
Decorative and applied arts include products made from a variety of materials and using various technologies. The material for a DPI item can be metal, wood, clay, stone, bone. The technical and artistic methods of making products are very diverse: carving, embroidery, painting, embossing, etc. The main characteristic feature of a DPI item is decorativeness, which consists in imagery and the desire to decorate, make it better, more beautiful.
Literature- an art form in which material carrier imagery is the word.
The sphere of literature includes natural and social phenomena, various social cataclysms, the spiritual life of the individual, and his feelings. In its various genres, literature embraces this material either through a dramatic reproduction of action, or through an epic narration of events, or through lyrical self-revelation inner world person.
Literature is divided into: Fiction, Educational, Historical, Scientific, Reference
The main genres of literature are:
Lyrics are one of the three main genera fiction, reflects life by depicting a variety of human experiences, the peculiarity of the lyrics is the poetic form.
Drama is one of the three main types of fiction, a plot work written in a colloquial form and without the author’s speech. - Epic - narrative literature, one of the three main types of fiction, includes: - Epic - major work epic genre.
A short story is a narrative prose (much less often - poetic) genre of literature, representing a small narrative form. - Tale (story) - literary genre, which is characterized by less significant volume, fewer figures, life content and breadth
Story - An epic work of small size, which differs from a short story in its greater prevalence and arbitrariness of composition. - A novel is a large narrative work in prose, sometimes in verse. - A ballad is a lyrical-epic poetic plot work written in stanzas.
A poem is a plot-based literary work of a lyrical-epic nature in verse.
The specificity of literature is a historical phenomenon, all elements and components literary work and the literary process, all the features of literature are in constant change. Literature is a living, mobile ideological and artistic system that is sensitive to changes in life. The predecessor of literature is oral folk art.
Music- (from the Greek musike - lit. - the art of muses), a type of art in which the means of embodying artistic images are organized in a certain way musical sounds. The main elements and expressive means of music are mode, rhythm, meter, tempo, volume dynamics, timbre, melody, harmony, polyphony, instrumentation. Music is recorded in musical notation and realized in the process of performance.
The division of music into secular and sacred is accepted. The main area of sacred music is cult music. According to performing means, music is divided into vocal (singing), instrumental and vocal-instrumental. Music is often combined with choreography, theatrical art, and cinema. There is a distinction between single-voice music (monody) and polyphony (homophony, polyphony). Music is divided into:
By type and type - theatrical (opera, etc.), symphonic, chamber, etc.;
Genres - song, chorale, dance, march, symphony, suite, sonata, etc.
Choreography(gr. Choreia - dance + grapho - write) - a type of art, the material of which is the movements and poses of the human body, poetically meaningful, organized in time and space, constituting an artistic system.
Theater- an art form that artistically explores the world through dramatic action carried out by a creative team.
The basis of theater is dramaturgy. The synthetic nature of theatrical art determines its collective nature: the performance combines the creative efforts of the playwright, director, artist, composer, choreographer, and actor.
Theater productions divided by genre: - Drama; - Tragedy; - Comedy; - Musical, etc.
Theater arts has its roots in ancient times. Its most important elements already existed in primitive rituals, in totemic dances, in copying the habits of animals, etc.
Photo(gr. Phos (photos) light + grafo I write) - art that reproduces on a plane, through lines and shadows, in the most perfect way and without the possibility of error, the contour and shape of the object it conveys.
Movie- the art of reproducing moving images captured on film on a screen, creating the impression of living reality. Cinema invention of the 20th century. Its appearance was determined by the achievements of science and technology in the field of optics, electrical and photographic engineering, chemistry, etc.
Cinema can be divided into scientific-documentary and fiction.
Film genres are also defined: - drama, - tragedy, - science fiction, - comedy, historical etc.
In its simplest sense, art is a person’s ability to bring something beautiful into reality and receive aesthetic pleasure from such objects. It can also be one of the ways of knowledge, called skill, but one thing is certain: without art, our world would be insipid, boring and not at all exciting.
Terminological stop
In the broadest sense, art is a kind of skill, the products of which bring aesthetic pleasure. According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the main criterion of art is its ability to evoke a response in other people. In turn, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia says that art is one of the forms of social consciousness, which is the main component of human culture.
No matter what anyone says, the debate around the term “art” has been going on for a very long time. For example, in the era of romanticism, art was considered a feature of the human mind. That is, they understood this term in the same way as religion and science.
Special craft
In the very first and most widespread sense, the concept of art was deciphered as “craft” or “composition” (aka creation). Simply put, art could be called everything that was created by man in the process of inventing and comprehending a certain composition.
Until the 19th century, art was the ability of an artist or singer to express his talent, captivate an audience and make them feel.
The concept of “art” can be used in a variety of spheres of human activity:
- the process of expressing vocal, choreographic or acting talent;
- works, physical objects created by masters of their craft;
- the process of consumption of works of art by the audience.
To summarize, we can say the following: art is a unique subsystem of the spiritual sphere of life, which is a creative reproduction of reality in artistic images. This is a unique skill that can inspire admiration among the public.
A little history
In world culture, people began to talk about art back in ancient times. Primitive art (namely fine art, also known as rock art) appeared together with man in the Middle Paleolithic era. The first objects that can be identified with art as such appeared in the Upper Paleolithic. The oldest works of art, for example, shell necklaces, date back to 75 thousand years BC.
In the Stone Age, art was called primitive rituals, music, dancing, and jewelry. In general, modern art originates from ancient rituals, traditions, games, which were determined by mythological and magical ideas and beliefs.
From primitive man
In world art, it is customary to distinguish several eras of its development. Each of them adopted something from their ancestors, added something of their own and left it to their descendants. From century to century art acquired an increasingly complex form.
The art of primitive society consisted of music, songs, rituals, dances and images that were applied to animal skins, earth and other natural objects. In the world antique art took on a more complex form. It developed in Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Persian, Indian, Chinese and other civilizations. Each of these centers arose its own unique style of art, which has survived more than one millennium and even today influences culture. By the way, ancient Greek artists were considered the best (even better than modern masters) in depicting the human body. Only they managed, in some incredible way, to thoroughly depict muscles, posture, and select correct proportions and convey the natural beauty of nature.
Middle Ages
During the Middle Ages, religions had a significant influence on the development of art. This is especially true in Europe. Gothic and Byzantine art based on spiritual truths and biblical stories. At this time, in the east and in Islamic countries, it was believed that drawing a person was nothing more than the creation of an idol, which was prohibited. Therefore, in the fine arts there was architecture and ornaments, but there was no person. Calligraphy and jewelry making developed. In India and Tibet, the main art form was religious dance, followed by sculpture.
A wide variety of arts flourished in China, without any influence or pressure from any religion. Each era had its own masters, each of them had their own style, which they perfected. Therefore, each work of art bears the name of the era in which it was created. For example, a vase from the Ming era or a painting from the Tang era. The situation in Japan is the same as in China. The development of culture and art in these countries was quite original.
Renaissance
During the Renaissance, art again returned to material values and humanism. Human figures acquire their lost physicality, perspective appears in space, and artists strive to reflect physical and rational certainty.
In the era of Romanticism, emotions appeared in art. Masters try to show human individuality and the depth of experience. Multiple ones begin to appear art styles, such as academicism, symbolism, fauvism, etc. True, their life was short-lived, and the previous trends, spurred on by the horror of the wars they had experienced, could be said to have been reborn from the ashes.
On the way to modernity
In the 20th century, masters were looking for new artistic possibilities and standards of beauty. Due to ever-increasing globalization, cultures have begun to interpenetrate and influence each other. For example, the impressionists were inspired Japanese prints, Picasso’s work was significantly influenced by the visual arts of India. In the second half of the 20th century, the development different areas art was influenced by modernism with its relentless idealistic search for truth and rigid norms. The period of modern art began when it was decided that values are relative.
Functions and properties
At all times, theorists of art history and cultural studies have said that art, like any other social phenomenon, is characterized by different functions and properties. All functions of art are conventionally divided into motivated and unmotivated.
Unmotivated functions are properties that are an integral part of human nature. Simply put, art is what a person's instincts drive him towards and what goes beyond the practical and useful. Such functions include:
- Basic instinct of harmony, rhythm and balance. Here art is not manifested in material form, but in a sensual, internal striving for harmony and beauty.
- Feeling of mystery. It is believed that art is one of the ways to feel connected to the Universe. This feeling arises unexpectedly when contemplating paintings, listening to music, etc.
- Imagination. Thanks to art, a person has the opportunity to use his imagination without restrictions.
- Appeal to many. Art allows the creator to address the whole world.
- Rituals and symbols. Some modern cultures have colorful rituals, dances and performances. They are original symbols, and sometimes just ways to diversify the event. By themselves, they do not pursue any goal, but anthropologists see in each movement the meaning inherent in the process of development of national culture.
Motivated Features
Motivated functions of art are the goals that the creator consciously sets for himself when starting to create a work of art.
In this case, art can be:
- A means of communication. In its simplest form, art is a way of communication between people, through which information can be conveyed.
- Entertainment. Art can create the appropriate mood, help you relax and take your mind off problems.
- For the sake of change. At the beginning of the twentieth century, many works were created that provoked political change.
- For the sake of psychotherapy. Psychologists often use art for therapeutic purposes. A technique based on pattern analysis makes it possible to make a more accurate diagnosis.
- For the sake of protest. Art was often used to protest against something or someone.
- Propaganda. Art can also be a way of disseminating propaganda, through which one can subtly influence the formation of new tastes and attitudes among the public.
As can be seen from the functions, art plays an important role in the life of society, influencing all spheres of human life.
Types and forms
Initially, art was considered undivided, that is, general complex creative activity. For primitive man, there were no separate examples of art such as theater, music or literature. Everything was merged together. Only after a while did different types of art begin to appear. This is the name given to historically established forms of artistic reflection of the world, which are created using different means.
Depending on the means used, the following art forms are distinguished:
- Literature. Uses verbal and written means to create examples of art. There are three main types here - drama, epic and lyric.
- Music. It is divided into vocal and instrumental; sound means are used to create examples of art.
- Dance. Plastic movements are used to create new patterns. There are ballet, ritual, ballroom, modern and folk art dance.
- Painting. With the help of color, reality is displayed on a plane.
- Architecture. Art manifests itself in transformation spatial environment structures and buildings.
- Sculpture. It represents works of art that have volume and three-dimensional shape.
- Decorative and applied arts. This form is directly related to applied needs; these are artistic objects that can be used in everyday life. For example, painted dishes, furniture, etc.
- Theater. With help acting a stage action of a specific theme and character is played out on stage.
- Circus. A kind of spectacular and entertaining action with funny, unusual and risky numbers.
- Movie. We can say that this is the evolution of theatrical action, when modern audiovisual means are still used.
- Photo. It involves capturing visual images using technical means.
TO listed forms You can also add such genres of art as pop, graphics, radio, etc.
The role of art in human life
It’s strange, but for some reason it is believed that art is intended only for upper strata population, the so-called elite. Such a concept is supposedly alien to other people.
Art is usually identified with wealth, influence and power. After all, these are the people who can afford to buy beautiful, obscenely expensive and absurdly useless things. Take, for example, the Hermitage or the Palace of Versailles, which preserve rich collections of past monarchs. Today, such collections can be afforded by governments, some private organizations and very rich people.
Sometimes it seems that the main role of art in a person’s life is to show others social status. In many cultures, expensive and elegant things show a person's position in society. On the other hand, two centuries ago attempts were made to make high art more accessible to the general public. For example, in 1793 the Louvre was opened to everyone (until that time it was the property of the French kings). Over time, this idea was picked up in Russia (Tretyakov Gallery), the USA (Metropolitan Museum) and other European countries. And yet, people who have their own art collection will always be considered more influential.
Synthetic or real
IN modern world there is a wide variety of art. They take on different types, forms, and means of creation. The only thing that has remained unchanged is folk art, in its primitive form.
today even simple idea considered art. It is thanks to the ideas public opinion and critical acclaim, works such as Black Square, a tea set covered in real fur, or a photograph of the Rhine River, which sold for $4 million, have enjoyed enduring success. It is difficult to call these and similar objects real art.
So what is real art? By and large, these are works that make you think, ask questions, and look for answers. Real art attracts, you want to get your hands on this item at any cost. Even in literature, Russian classics wrote about this attractive force. Thus, in Gogol’s story “Portrait” main character spends his last savings on purchasing a portrait.
True art always makes a person kinder, stronger and wiser. Possessing invaluable knowledge and experience that has been collected over many generations, and is now available in an understandable form, a person has the opportunity to develop and improve.
Real art is always made from the heart. It doesn’t matter what it will be - a book, a painting, music, a play. The viewer will feel it. You will definitely feel what the creator wanted to convey. She will feel his emotions, understand his thoughts, and go with him in search of answers. Real art is an inaudible conversation between the author and a person, after which the listener/reader/viewer will no longer be the same. This is what real art is. A real concentrated bundle of feelings. As Pushkin wrote, it should burn the hearts of people, and no matter what - a verb, a brush or a musical instrument. Such art should serve people and inspire them to change, entertain them when they are sad, and instill hope, especially when it seems that there is no way out. It’s the only way it can be, it can’t be any other way.
Today there are many strange, sometimes even ridiculous objects that are called works of art. But if they are not able to “hit the nerve,” then they cannot relate to art a priori.
