A message on the topic of easel painting. Types of monumental easel painting

Easel painting is a technique where paint is applied to a movable surface in order to create an independent painting. The name of this type comes from the word “loom,” which is most often an artist’s easel. Today easel painting is the most widespread art.

Thanks to the mobility of the works, the paintings became accessible to a wide audience. Also, thanks to the ability to move canvases, the restoration of easel paintings is greatly facilitated, especially in comparison with works of monumental art.

Types of painting

Painting is one of the most ancient ways of self-expression and conveying one’s own vision of reality. She teaches how to portray the world with the help of visual images, techniques and techniques that make up the language of fine art. It has been created and developed by artists and theorists over thousands of years, and today it allows modern painters to create their own “narrative.”

Traditionally, the following types of painting are distinguished:

• Decorative - created to decorate surfaces and objects that serve another purpose. This painting is used in the interior, on furniture, accessories, clothing, etc.
• Theater - creating scenery and costumes for productions.
• Monumental - performed on fixed surfaces of buildings, both facade and interior. It is the most ancient type of art, traditionally called fresco. Monumental painting also includes mosaics, stained glass and panels.
• Easel art exists regardless of where it was created. This is the most widespread, developed and genre-rich type of painting.

Definition and characteristics of easel painting

An easel work is an independent object of art. It can move in space and even cross state borders. That's what it is main characteristic easel painting is that it should not be tied to the place of creation.

A painting is the subject and result of such art. Today there is no unanimous opinion about which techniques and materials are considered to be easel painting and which are considered graphics. We will adhere to the opinion that easel painting is the application of any type of paint to any movable surface, regardless of material and size. Thus, works created in watercolor, gouache and even pastel are examples of this technique.

Story

The history of easel painting began with the use of stone slabs and wooden panels. The works that laid the foundation modern understanding such art - icons. The oldest non-stationary image of Christ dates back to the 6th century and was made on a wooden panel covered with specially treated fabric.

The first paintings on wood were of a religious nature, but were not icons. The innovator of easel painting was the representative of the Proto-Renaissance era, Giotto di Bondone. He created several works - all of them were done in tempera on thin poplar wood panels covered with canvas treated with a mixture of plaster and animal glue. This technology was used to create icons in Byzantium.

Types of easel painting

Depending on the materials used to create the painting, easel painting is divided into several types:

• Based on the type of surface, paintings are distinguished on canvas, cardboard, paper, wood, silk, parchment, metal panels and stone. Almost any movable surface that does not perform any additional functions is suitable as a basis for an easel painting.
• Depending on the paints used, easel painting can be oil, watercolor, tempera, acrylic and pastel. Less commonly used are compositions such as gouache and ink.

In addition, easel painting allows the use of a number of auxiliary materials, such as brushes, sponges, rollers, cardboard strips, palette knives and aerosol cans.

Features of the performance technique

With the development of art, the technology of easel painting has also changed. Modern world expands access to knowledge and materials, providing fertile ground for experimentation and the search for new opportunities. Today, works of easel painting can be created using stencils and patterns. Colors are extracted from new materials and pigments. It’s hard not to get lost in such a whirlpool of funds and resources.

However, oil paintings, as well as easel tempera painting, have gone through centuries of development. That is why today there is a traditional, or academic, technique of easel painting, which involves following a number of rules and traditions. Oil paints are the most popular due to their ease of application and ability to retain colors for a long time. Tempera, in turn, is more complex. The technique of creating easel tempera painting has a number of specific rules - for example, darkening the tone of a pigment is best achieved by shading or applying one layer to another.

Genres of easel painting

The genre richness of easel painting is due to its mobility. After all, it is easier to move an easel into the forest than trees indoors. Thus, easel painting expands the possibilities for painting canvases from life. This is especially important for genres such as landscape, portrait and still life.

Among those that had the greatest influence on the formation and development of easel painting, it is necessary to highlight religious and mythological genres, as well as historical, portrait and subject. For modern easel painting, portraits, landscapes and still lifes are of particular importance.

Portrait

This genre is very dynamic, sometimes its boundaries blur and merge with genres such as mythological, allegorical and religious. The essence of a portrait is to use artistic means depict on canvas a person with his characteristic forms, facial features and character traits.

In easel painting appearance model, its tangible and visible characteristics merge with internal features that characterize it. All this is directly dependent on the author’s perception, as well as the artist’s connection with the model and the portrait.

Scenery

Works made in this genre depict nature. Like portraits, landscapes often blur the boundaries of strict genre definitions and characteristics. Probably due to the fact that for many centuries it was used only as a filler of space in a painting, now that it is an independent genre, it is still used to create a background in works of other genres.

The landscape depicts nature in several of its guises - untouched by man, transformed by man and interacting with him. Among the subgenres it is worth noting sea, city and rural landscapes.

Still life

From French this name is translated as “dead nature”. This genre of easel painting focuses on the depiction of inanimate objects. As an independent technique, still life took shape in the 17th century thanks to the efforts of Northern European masters. During the Renaissance it was popular in decorative painting and often became a decoration for furniture and dishes.

Other popular genres of easel painting include everyday life, illustration, allegory and animal painting.

"Painting- perhaps the oldest of the arts, known to mankind. Images of animals and people made back in the era have survived to this day. primitive society on the walls of caves. Many millennia have passed since then, but painting has always remained an invariable companion to a person’s spiritual life.

Like any independent branch artistic creativity, painting has a number of unique, original features. It tells about life, depicts people, nature surrounding people objective world through visual images. These images are created using a whole system of techniques developed and improved by many generations of artists.

Unlike a writer, an artist cannot show a chain of events taking place in different places, in different time. In embodying the plot, the painter is limited by the limits of one moment and an unchanging setting. Therefore, he strives to find and vividly depict a situation in which the characters are most fully revealed. characters, their relationships and the whole meaning of the captured life event.

The artistic “language” of painting helps achieve this goal. After all, the author of the paintings tells by showing. And in this “visual narrative” the color is bright or dull, calm or fiery, and the movement of lines is rapid, intense or smooth, slow, and many, many other features of the pictorial solution have great expressiveness, contributing to the disclosure of feelings, thoughts, moods. Therefore the content plot picture Only the viewer who not only “reads” a certain plot in it, but also “sees” its pictorial embodiment, fully comprehends it.

If the drawing constitutes, so to speak, the “skeleton” of a painting, then its “flesh and blood” is color. Artists use color not only to convey the real color of objects, but also to create a certain mood, for the purpose of poetically embodying an idea. Remember “Girl with Peaches” by V.A. Serov: the overall bluish-gray tone, shaded by the pink spot of the girl’s dress, the shades and reflections of tremulous, flickering light permeating every millimeter of the canvas - after all, this creates that impression of freshness, purity, youthful joy of life, which constitutes the very essence of the picture. And what a huge semantic role have the numerous shades of red found in I. E. Repin’s canvas “Ivan the Terrible and his son Ivan”! How important are the contrasts of black and white in the tragic narrative of “Boyaryna Morozova” by V.I. Surikova!

Exists two main types of painting: monumental and easel. Monumental painting is always associated with architecture - this is painting the walls and ceilings of buildings, decorating them with images from mosaics and other materials, stained glass - paintings and ornaments from colored glass, etc. Easel painting is not associated with a specific building and can be moved from one room to another.

U easel painting there are many varieties (“genres”). The most important of them are subject painting, portrait, landscape and still life.

In the works of certain genres of painting, certain aspects of existence seem to stand out. So, portrait reproduces the appearance of a person. In other cases, the heroes of portrait paintings are shown in their usual everyday surroundings, in others we do not see any additional details. The main and, of course, the most difficult task of an artist in this genre is to reveal inner world the person portrayed, the main traits of his character, psychology.

Paintings showing the life of nature belong to the genre landscape. True masters of landscape art not only depict the nature of a particular country, region, place, but also convey in their paintings the human perception of nature, which is always connected with the artist’s worldview and experiences. For example, in the famous “Vladimirka” by I. Levitan, depicting the road along which in tsarist times prisoners were driven to hard labor, feelings of heaviness, sorrow, and deep bitterness seemed to thicken. In A. Savrasov’s landscape “The Rooks Have Arrived,” the sight of the early Russian spring inspires a feeling bright hope, light, thoughtful sadness. We also find insightful images of national nature in Soviet artists. So, masters of Soviet landscape: G. Nissky, M. Saryan, S. Gerasimov and a number of others - wonderfully showed in their paintings the changes that the years of the Soviet system brought to the appearance native land, sang the poetry and beauty of new times.

French the word "still life" means Literally translated, “dead nature.” Masters of this genre depict fruits, vegetables, flowers, furnishings, etc. However, truly artistic still lifes are by no means a blind repetition of forms, lines, colors of nature. Just like in landscapes, still lifes uniquely reflect the ideas of contemporaries about beauty, their thoughts and moods.

In the Soviet department Tretyakov Gallery there are still lifes by I. Mashkov “Moscow food. Bread”, “Moscow food. Meat, game." The artist here depicts heroic products, powerful, juicy, teasing in their solemn splendor. He sang about the abundance of the earth's gifts, its fertility and generosity. This character of the image speaks eloquently of the life-affirming view of the world, the full-blooded optimism so characteristic of to the Soviet people. We can find similar features, although each time expressed in their own way, in the wonderful still lifes of Soviet artists P. Konchalovsky, M. Saryan and others. All genres of painting - each in its own way - can express big ideas and feelings that excite people.

How do you spell easel painting ? In past centuries, its basis was wood of various species, and in the East, in addition, silk, parchment, rice paper, etc. Modern masters, as a rule, canvas is used as a base. In order for the canvas to absorb and retain paint, it is first glued and then primed with a dense layer of a special mixture. An image is painted onto a primed canvas. Contemporary artists most often used oil paints. Much less often, paintings are created using water paints - watercolors. Even less commonly used pastel- dry pressed paints mixed with liquid glue.

Before taking up the brush, the artist usually draws in preliminary sketches (sketches), and then on the canvas, the appearance of the characters, the shapes of objects, the contours of the setting, and outlines the construction (composition) of the future painting.

Then he carefully studies the poses he needs and psychological states people, furnishings, light, and only after that proceeds to creating the picture itself.

Ultimately, the artist's idea receives full and complete expression, and his painting becomes a source for us. great joy knowledge of life."

Painting is a type of fine art that is divided into six types. All six types are characterized by the creation of an image by applying paint to any surface.

1. Easel painting is a painting that is applied to canvas, boards or other surface. Easel painting does not depend on the place of writing, that is, depicting paints on a wall or any objects and surfaces of a certain area does not belong to easel painting. Easel painting is created using various paints: oil, acrylic paints, tempera and others. Most often, easel painting is created on canvas, which is stretched over a frame or glued to cardboard.

Monumental painting- this is a type of painting when an image is applied directly to walls, ceilings, and surfaces of buildings and structures using paints. Monumental painting also includes fresco (painting on wet plaster).

Decorative painting- a method of decorative decoration of walls, interior items, furniture. Refers to decorative and applied arts. This also includes monumental and decorative painting (decorative painting on walls, panels).

Theatrical and decorative painting or Decorative painting - picturesque decoration of walls, interior items, furniture (scenery) and so on in theatrical productions.

Miniature painting - paintings small forms. In miniature, paints are applied to the surfaces of small forms - on porcelain, bone, stone, wood, metal, etc.

Iconography- painting on religious themes.

Painting in fine arts divided into genres. There are a large number of such genres. As an example, what genres of painting are: portrait, landscape, still life, historical and battle painting, religious and mythological painting, marina, animalism, figurative painting and so on.

Painting is divided not only into types and genres, but also directions: classicism, romanticism, academicism, realism, modernism, expressionism, abstractionism, fauvism, cubism, futurism, suprematism, surrealism, pop art and others.

Also painting divided into techniques, which are characterized by the ways and methods of creating images by the artist - the method of application, the type of paint, the method of preparing the canvas or other surface: encaustic (with wax), tempera (with egg), watercolor painting, painting with gouache, acrylic, pastel, grattage, glaze, pointillism, dry brush painting, painting with ceramic and silicate paints, sfumato, sgraffito, carnation, mixed media and so on.

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MACHINEABOUTVOY ART- a term that denotes works of painting, sculpture and graphics that have an independent character and meaning. The ideological meaning of works of easel art does not change depending on the place where they are located, although their artistic sound depends on the conditions of exhibition. The term “easel art” comes from the “machine” on which many works of art are created (in painting, for example, it is an easel). Easel art has developed widely since the Renaissance.

MONUMENTAL ART- a type of art that includes architectural structures, sculptural monuments, relief, wall paintings, mosaics, stained glass, etc. Monumental art focuses on mass perception and seeks to influence the emotions and thoughts of many people. Monumental sculpture is monuments, monuments, sculptural complexes that complement architecture. Monumental painting is a panel, painting, mosaic, stained glass. Monumental graphics are wall graphic images that participate in the creation of a monumental image. Monumental art is characterized by a certain permanent environment of existence. Properties: laconicism, catchiness, calm, balanced, clear, simple, integral and majestic. The “biography” of monumental art dates back to human creations of the Stone Age. Paintings of Altamira and Lascaux, stones of Stonehenge, tall stones (up to 20 m) dug vertically into the ground, which have cult significance (“menhirs”). Flowers monument. arts coincide with eras when collective consciousness is highly developed and individual consciousness is insufficient. It is no coincidence that all ancient cultures and the culture of the Middle Ages gravitated primarily towards the monumental.

4. Types of fine arts.

1.Architecture or architecture is both the science and art of building design. In the broad sense of the word, architecture is the organization of the human environment, starting with the design of cities, issues of organizing the urban environment, landscape architecture and ending with the design of furniture and interior decoration buildings.

2.painting: monumental painting on arch structures and other stationary bases (fresco, mosaic, stained glass). easel zhivo (landscape, portrait, still life, household zhivo, historical zhivo)

3.graphic arts- a type of fine art that uses lines, strokes and spots as the main visual means (color can also be used, but, unlike painting, here it plays a supporting role).

4.theatrical and decorative arts

5.DPI- area of ​​decorative art: creation of artistic products that have a practical purpose in public and private life and artistic processing of utilitarian objects (batik, tapestry, thread graphics, ceramics, embroidery)

6.sculpture- a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional form and are made of solid or plastic materials.

5. Sculpture as an art form.

Sculpture [from lat. skulpo - cut out, carve] - sculpture, plastic, a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional three-dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials. Sculpture shows a certain affinity for architecture: It also deals with space and volume, is subject to the laws of tectonics and is material in nature. But unlike architecture, it is not functional, but pictorial. The main specific features of sculpture are physicality, materiality, laconicism and versatility. The materiality of sculpture is determined by the human ability to perceive volume. But highest form touch in sculpture, which takes it to a new level of perception, is the ability of a person to “visually touch” the form perceived through sculpture, when the eye acquires the ability to correlate the depth and convexity of different surfaces, subordinating them to the semantic integrity of the entire perception. The materiality of sculpture is manifested in the concreteness of the material, which, having taken shape, ceases to be an objective reality for humans and becomes a material carrier of the artistic idea. Sculpture is the art of transforming space through volume. Each culture brings its own understanding of the relationship between volume and space: antiquity understands the volume of the body as a location in space, the Middle Ages - space as an unreal world, classicism - the balance of space, volume and form. The laconicism of the sculpture is due to the fact that it practically devoid of plot and narrative. The ease of perception of the sculpture is only apparent. Sculpture symbolic, conventional and artistic, which means it is complex and profound for perception.

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

Easel painting- one of the types of painting, the works of which have independent meaning and are perceived regardless of the environment. Literally - painting created on an easel.

A work of easel painting - a painting - is created on a non-stationary (unlike monumental painting) and non-utilitarian (unlike decorative painting) basis (canvas, cardboard, board, paper, silk) and presupposes an independent perception not conditioned by the environment.

The main materials for easel painting are oil, tempera and watercolor paints, gouache, pastel, acrylic. On Far East Ink painting (mainly monochrome) became widespread, often integrating calligraphy.

Easel painting training is conducted in art schools and studios, in secondary art schools and art institutes, the largest of which in Russia are in St. Petersburg, the Ryazan Art School. G.K. Wagner in Ryazan and Moscow.

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An excerpt characterizing easel painting