Musical instruments are designed to produce various sounds. If the musician plays well, then these sounds can be called music, but if not, then cacaphony. There are so many tools that learning them is like an exciting game worse than Nancy Drew! In modern musical practice, instruments are divided into various classes and families according to the source of sound, material of manufacture, method of sound production and other characteristics.
Wind musical instruments (aerophones): a group of musical instruments whose sound source is vibrations of the air column in the barrel (tube). They are classified according to many criteria (material, design, methods of sound production, etc.). In a symphony orchestra, a group of wind musical instruments is divided into wooden (flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon) and brass (trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba).
1. Flute is a woodwind musical instrument. The modern type of transverse flute (with valves) was invented by the German master T. Boehm in 1832 and has varieties: small (or piccolo flute), alto and bass flute.
2. Oboe is a woodwind reed musical instrument. Known since the 17th century. Varieties: small oboe, oboe d'amour, English horn, heckelphone.
3. Clarinet is a woodwind reed musical instrument. Designed in the early 18th century In modern practice, soprano clarinets, piccolo clarinet (Italian piccolo), alto (so-called basset horn), and bass clarinets are used.
4. Bassoon - a woodwind musical instrument (mainly orchestral). Appeared in the 1st half. 16th century The bass variety is the contrabassoon.
5. Trumpet - a wind-copper mouthpiece musical instrument, known since ancient times. The modern type of valve pipe developed to the gray. 19th century
6. Horn - a wind musical instrument. Appeared at the end of the 17th century as a result of the improvement of the hunting horn. The modern type of horn with valves was created in the first quarter of the 19th century.
7. Trombone - a brass musical instrument (mainly orchestral), in which the pitch of the sound is regulated by a special device - a slide (the so-called sliding trombone or zugtrombone). There are also valve trombones.
8. Tuba is the lowest sounding brass musical instrument. Designed in 1835 in Germany.
Metallophones are a type of musical instrument, the main element of which is plate-keys that are struck with a hammer.
1. Self-sounding musical instruments (bells, gongs, vibraphones, etc.), the source of sound of which is their elastic metal body. Sound is produced using hammers, sticks, and special percussionists (tongues).
2. Instruments such as the xylophone, in contrast to which the metallophone plates are made of metal.
Stringed musical instruments (chordophones): according to the method of sound production, they are divided into bowed (for example, violin, cello, gidzhak, kemancha), plucked (harp, gusli, guitar, balalaika), percussion (dulcimer), percussion-keyboard (piano), plucked -keyboards (harpsichord).
1. Violin is a 4-string bowed musical instrument. The highest register in the violin family, which formed the basis of the classical symphony orchestra and string quartet.
2. Cello is a musical instrument of the violin family of the bass-tenor register. Appeared in the 15th-16th centuries. Classic examples were created by Italian masters in the 17th and 18th centuries: A. and N. Amati, G. Guarneri, A. Stradivari.
3. Gidzhak - stringed musical instrument (Tajik, Uzbek, Turkmen, Uyghur).
4. Kemancha (kamancha) - a 3-4-string bowed musical instrument. Distributed in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Dagestan, as well as the countries of the Middle East.
5. Harp (from German Harfe) is a multi-string plucked musical instrument. Early images - in the third millennium BC. In its simplest form it is found in almost all nations. The modern pedal harp was invented in 1801 by S. Erard in France.
6. Gusli is a Russian plucked string musical instrument. Wing-shaped psalteries (“ringed”) have 4-14 or more strings, helmet-shaped ones - 11-36, rectangular (table-shaped) - 55-66 strings.
7. Guitar (Spanish guitarra, from Greek cithara) is a lute-type plucked string instrument. It has been known in Spain since the 13th century; in the 17th and 18th centuries it spread to Europe and America, including as a folk instrument. Since the 18th century, the 6-string guitar has become commonly used; the 7-string guitar has become widespread mainly in Russia. Varieties include the so-called ukulele; Modern pop music uses an electric guitar.
8. Balalaika is a Russian folk 3-string plucked musical instrument. Known since the beginning. 18th century Improved in the 1880s. (under the leadership of V.V. Andreev) V.V. Ivanov and F.S. Paserbsky, who designed the balalaika family, and later - S.I. Nalimov.
9. Cymbals (Polish: cymbaly) - a multi-stringed percussion musical instrument of ancient origin. They are members of folk orchestras of Hungary, Poland, Romania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.
10. Piano (Italian fortepiano, from forte - loud and piano - quiet) - the general name for keyboard musical instruments with hammer mechanics (grand piano, upright piano). The piano was invented in the beginning. 18th century The emergence of a modern type of piano - with the so-called. double rehearsal - dates back to the 1820s. The heyday of piano performance - 19-20 centuries.
11. Harpsichord (French clavecin) - a stringed keyboard-plucked musical instrument, the predecessor of the piano. Known since the 16th century. There were harpsichords of various shapes, types and varieties, including the cymbal, virginel, spinet, and clavicytherium.
Keyboard musical instruments: a group of musical instruments united by a common feature - the presence of keyboard mechanics and a keyboard. They are divided into various classes and types. Keyboard musical instruments can be combined with other categories.
1. Strings (percussion-keyboards and plucked-keyboards): piano, celesta, harpsichord and its varieties.
2. Brass (keyboard-wind and reed): organ and its varieties, harmonium, button accordion, accordion, melodica.
3. Electromechanical: electric piano, clavinet
4. Electronic: electronic piano
piano (Italian fortepiano, from forte - loud and piano - quiet) is the general name for keyboard musical instruments with hammer mechanics (grand piano, upright piano). It was invented at the beginning of the 18th century. The emergence of a modern type of piano - with the so-called. double rehearsal - dates back to the 1820s. The heyday of piano performance - 19-20 centuries.
Percussion musical instruments: a group of instruments united by the method of sound production - impact. The source of sound is a solid body, a membrane, a string. There are instruments with a definite (timpani, bells, xylophones) and indefinite (drums, tambourines, castanets) pitch.
1. Timpani (timpani) (from the Greek polytaurea) is a cauldron-shaped percussion musical instrument with a membrane, often paired (nagara, etc.). Distributed since ancient times.
2. Bells - an orchestral percussion self-sounding musical instrument: a set of metal records.
3. Xylophone (from xylo... and Greek phone - sound, voice) - a percussion, self-sounding musical instrument. Consists of a series of wooden blocks of varying lengths.
4. Drum - a percussion membrane musical instrument. Varieties are found among many peoples.
5. Tambourine - a percussion membrane musical instrument, sometimes with metal pendants.
6. Castanets (Spanish: castanetas) - percussion musical instrument; wooden (or plastic) plates in the shape of shells, fastened on the fingers.
Electromusical instruments: musical instruments in which sound is created by generating, amplifying and converting electrical signals (using electronic equipment). They have a unique timbre and can imitate various instruments. Electric musical instruments include the theremin, emiriton, electric guitar, electric organs, etc.
1. Theremin is the first domestic electromusical instrument. Designed by L. S. Theremin. The pitch of the sound in a theremin varies depending on the distance of the performer's right hand to one of the antennas, the volume - from the distance of the left hand to the other antenna.
2. Emiriton is an electric musical instrument equipped with a piano-type keyboard. Designed in the USSR by inventors A. A. Ivanov, A. V. Rimsky-Korsakov, V. A. Kreitzer and V. P. Dzerzhkovich (1st model in 1935).
3. Electric guitar - a guitar, usually made of wood, with electric pickups that convert vibrations of metal strings into vibrations of electric current. The first magnetic pickup was made by Gibson engineer Lloyd Loehr in 1924. The most common are six-string electric guitars.
Find a trading organization where you can buy musical instruments, including children's ones. not difficult, knowing what exactly you need, and also if you live in Moscow, St. Petersburg or another large city. There are quite a lot of stores that sell them, most of them have their own website. Having familiarized yourself with the lists of assortments and prices on the websites of such music stores, as well as their territorial location, you can make a choice and call them in order to clarify what may have remained unclear. These may be the conditions of order and delivery, the availability of the necessary tool, the opportunity to receive the necessary advice. You will really need it if you do not have sufficient experience and find it difficult to make a decision on your own to purchase this or that model. In the store you can, for example, evaluate how a guitar or piano sounds while listening to it played.
In small towns there is less choice, so it is quite possible that you will need to go or order what you need, at least to the nearest regional center, having first found out whether the necessary product is in stock.
Types of musical instruments and their most famous representatives
As a rule, the list of types of musical instruments presented in stores specializing in the sale of these wonderful items that allow gifted people to show their talents, create and realize a wide variety of creative ideas, things that we uniquely associate with something magical and beautiful consists of the following categories: guitars, folk, bowed, keyboard and wind instruments, drums and percussion, as well as harmonicas.
Let us list the musical instruments belonging to each of the above categories.
What types of guitars are there?
The main types of guitars include the following varieties:
- Acoustic guitars and their subtypes such as classical, Spanish, Hawaiian, with metal and nylon strings.
- Electro-acoustic guitars with various pickups and piezoelectric pickups that allow you to pick up sound, including from instruments equipped with nylon strings.
- Electric guitars without a hollow soundboard, which require an amplifier and an acoustic cabinet to produce sound, and their semi-acoustic subspecies with a soundboard that is smaller in volume than that of acoustic ones, but still present.
- Regular bass guitars with different numbers of strings and neck structure, as well as their electro-acoustic variants.
Keyboard categories
In addition to classic grand pianos and upright pianos, the range of modern music salons includes electric organs, synthesizers, midi keyboards, as well as digital pianos and fortopianos. In addition, useful electronic instruments used by many musicians such as rhythm machines, samplers and sequencers are available for sale.
Group of drums, percussion and accessories
The first items on the list of instruments in this category include drum sets, orchestral drums, various percussion elements and noise. You can also buy pedals, cymbals, drums, various stands and other components separately. Electronic drums are represented by various devices, from kits and drum machines, to compact pad trainers with exercises and lessons included in the kit, which can be used for other purposes, for example, recording drum parts.
Popular wind instruments from trumpet and oboe to flute and clarinetWhat woodwind and metal wind instruments do modern musical groups use?There are more than a dozen of them:
Bowed string instruments
Harmonics and digital accordions and button accordions
Folk musical instrumentsFolk instruments are not only Russian, but also those we associate with other countries, including:
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Terms of rental of musical instruments
Since musical instruments are not the cheapest pleasure, and, in addition, there are many other objective reasons why it is more profitable to rent them. Renting equipment and tools in Moscow and other cities is practiced quite widely.
Not every group has its own rehearsal space, and renting one may be a solution. In addition to directly renting out premises with equipment for temporary use, organizations providing such services also provide other related services. Work, as a rule, is structured flexibly, the range of services is quite wide and varied.
On mutually beneficial terms, you will be offered both individual units of audio equipment, in most cases for well-known reasons, well-known brands, amplifiers, amps, stands, remote controls, microphones, etc., as well as ready-made sets of equipment, formed based on the experience and requests of clients. For regular customers, as a rule, there is a system of discounts.
The equipment is often provided to famous musicians, stars, actors and provides high-quality sound.
Approximate prices for rental tools can be viewed on the dedicated pages of the website of the organization providing such services. For example, a set of equipment for a concert, corporate or other event, discotheque, presentation, wedding, etc., which requires sound amplification up to 1000 W, including speaker systems, signal processing devices, microphones, and players, will cost about 8 tons .R. (300 ue).
In addition to direct rental, services are provided for equipment installation, sound engineering and maintenance of events, discotheques, exhibitions, etc.
View offers, and also report the sale or purchase of new, used. or commission musical instruments with their descriptions can be found on the site’s bulletin board.
There is also free advertising of organizations providing services for setting them up and teaching how to play them.
Modern high-quality sound equipment
| Equipment for broadcasts and conferences, concert equipment |
Note. The suggested answer lists more tools for reference than the participant can provide. The answer may contain attempt
more detailed systematization(division brass strings keyboards
drums with fixed and non-fixed pitch).
A suggested answer to item 3 of task 4 is given to show how the answer might be assessed. Participants have the right to give answers in their own logic with their own examples.
Music has special language: bypassing words, she is able to convey feelings, thus erasing the boundaries between people, overcoming time s e and spatial barriers. But music affects people at the moment of its sound and therefore refers to temporary s m types of art. The painter, conveying the impact of music on a person, puts musical instruments into the hands of characters: angels and gods, depicts them against the backdrop of the sky. Position ru It conveys the tenderness of touching instruments and creates a premonition of the finest harmonies. The artist conveys musical harmony combination of colors, expressive, but not flashy. Thus, through gesture, color, and composition, the artist strives to convey the impression of a musical work. The artist conveys musical flight and elusiveness, the material etherealness of music translucency angelic wings, light and powerful at the same time.
The modern artist conveys the power of musical influence and the universality of the language of music through a fantasy composition in which a mythological figure with a special musical gift Orpheus forces the wild animals to obey the musical order, obediently surrounding the musician and listening to the harmonious
Another way of pictorially embodying a musical impression is to convey the musical flow through glare, glow, play of tones and shades, as demonstrated in the work of Alexander Maranov, who recreated a portrait of the brilliant virtuoso violinist Nicolo Paganini, existing on the canvas surrounded by musical flows.
Response analysis and evaluation
1. The participant correctly names 4 musical instruments depicted in these fragments. 2 points for each correct name = 8 points. If instead
the tambourine is indicated, the tambourine is given 1 point. If instead of viola it is called
violin gets 1 point.
2. Participant
a. names 4 groups of musical instruments. 2 points for each correct name = 8 points;
b. names 30 musical instruments, correctly attributing them to the group.
2 points for each correct name = 60 points.
Note. The intended answer lists more tools for reference. If the answer contains an attempt at a more detailed systematization(division brass for brass, wood, folk, symphony orchestras; strings plucked, bowed, folk; keyboards for keyboard-strings, keyboard-pneumatic, drums with a fixed and non-fixed pitch), an answer can be awarded 2 additional points for naming each group of more detailed systematization, but so that the total score for this part of the task does not exceed 60 points.
3. Participant
a. explains his point of view on the question posed coherently and logically.
2 points (if the answer contains logical mistakes, speech and grammatical errors, no points are awarded);
b. names two qualities of music as a temporary art form: special
language, sound in time. 2 points for each correct name = 4 points,
c. names 3 possibilities of painting in conveying a musical impression
(composition, color, position of figures). 2 points for each correct name = 6 points;
d. names 4 compositional techniques, analyzing these works. 2 points for each correct name = 8 points;
e. names 5 coloristic features of the analyzed works. 2 points for each correct name = 10 points;
Music and various sounds accompany a person throughout his life. We are surrounded by the sounds of the forest, birdsong, the sound of the sea and, of course, music. She is always with us, in times of joy and in moments of sadness, in sadness and in joy, night and day. To extract sounds, man invented various types of musical instruments. Currently, there are musical instruments that are divided into several groups:
- strings;
- winds;
- drums.
The emergence of musical instruments
It is difficult now to find out how and when the first musical instrument appeared. Legend has it that the shepherd's pipe was first invented by the Greek gods. Music also accompanied primitive people: they danced, clapped and drummed. The conclusion suggests itself that the first musical devices were percussion musical instruments.
Much later, people learned to make wind instruments from animal horns. Man learned to produce gentle sounds after the invention of bowed instruments.
Types of musical instruments are divided into different classes and families depending on:
- sound source;
- material of manufacture;
- timbre and type of sound;
- way of producing sounds.
Each musical instrument has its own device in order to obtain the necessary sound. This is how the classification of musical instruments appeared. The list is constantly growing, electronic musical instruments have appeared. But live music is still beyond competition.
In fact, every body, if set in motion or vibration, can produce sound. This kind of sound source is used for classification.
Groups of instruments, depending on the method of producing sound, are divided into subgroups.
Percussion instruments
Percussion musical instruments appeared at a time when people were hunting. Percussion musical instruments were invented, the names of which are known to everyone: drums and tambourines. They were made from dried skins and hollow objects: fruits, wooden blocks, clay pots. To produce sound, they beat percussion instruments with fingers, palms or special sticks. That is, percussion musical instruments are instruments in which sounds are produced using blows, shaking, hammers, sticks or palms.
Today, drums are the largest family of musical instruments. Based on their pitch, they are divided into two groups:
- indefinite pitch - drums, there - there, cymbals, tambourine, triangle, castanets;
- a certain pitch - bells, timpani, vibraphone, xylophone.
Wind instruments
Wind musical instruments are a type of instrument in which sound arises from the vibration of air in a tube. They are classified according to manufacturer, material and methods of sound production. This category can be divided into:
- wooden – flute, fanot, oboe;
- brass - trombone, trumpet, tuba, horn.
Stringed instruments
Stringed musical instruments are a group of instruments in which the source of sound is the vibration of strings. String instruments are divided into:
- plucked strings – gusli, guitar, dombra, balalaika, dombra, sitar, harp;
- bowed instruments - violin, viola, cello, double bass;
- drums - piano, cymbals,
At the beginning of the 20th century, electric musical instruments appeared. The first such tool is theremin, was invented back in 1917. Today, numerous modern sound synthesizers have been created that can imitate not only the sound of many famous musical instruments, but also reproduce all kinds of sounds - thunder, birdsong, the sound of an airplane or a passing train. As a rule, synthesizers are produced with a piano keyboard.
Video: Gordon Hunt, Saint-Saëns Oboe Sonata
A musical instrument is not just an object for producing sound, it is a virtuoso instrument in the hands of a musician that can conquer, pacify, and excite minds and souls. The history of musical instruments goes back to the distant past.
The Birth of Musical Instruments
Historians have put forward many different hypotheses regarding the appearance of ancient musical instruments. Based on the results of archaeological excavations in the territories inhabited by different ethnic groups, scientists came to the conclusion that the most ancient type of musical instruments were percussion instruments. The essence of percussion instruments is to tap out a rhythm, and simple rhythm was the first form.
Other types of musical instruments have an equally long history. Thus, the prototype of the first stringed instruments was the bow string, which, when pulled, produced a characteristic sound. And the sound created by blowing air into a hollow stem has become a prototype.
Three ways to classify musical instruments
All musical instruments are divided into groups according to the presence of common features. The first of them is the method of sound production. Based on the name of the element responsible for producing sound, several different types of instruments are distinguished. So, strings include and, and the saxophone, like the flute, is a wind instrument. The accordion and the simple harmonica are all kinds of drums - webbed instruments. There are also rarer types: for example, plate (xylophone) or rod (triangle, celesta).
Harp
The second classification is based on the method of exciting sound. Moreover, in a group of instruments with the same sound production, several groups with different types of sound excitation can be distinguished. Among the wind instruments, there are dulce or whistling flutes; reed or reed (oboe, bassoon), mouthpiece or brass (viola, trombone, trumpet, bugles and even hunting horns). Strings are divided into plucked (harp, balalaika, harpsichord) and bowed (family .
Clarinet
The third principle of typing is the method of sound production. In the percussion group, sound is produced by striking with a hand or a hammer, which provokes the vibration of vibrators of any shape: plates in a xylophone, rods in a triangle, drum membranes...
Xylophone
Based on all of the above, we get a triple classification: the piano is a keyboard-percussion string musical instrument.
Evolution of musical instruments
Each stage of human evolution was reflected in musical culture. Century after century, music becomes more diverse, more complex, and more perfect from a technical point of view. The development of music is manifested in the emergence of new musical instruments, more virtuosic, comfortable, and melodic.
Many pre-existing musical instruments remain buried in the annals of history. Others improve over time, becoming the founders of entire families of instruments. Instruments such as the organ, harpsichord, piano, flute and many others played an important role in the development of world musical culture.
The most modern type of musical instruments today are considered. They are created using the latest advances in electronics and technology and are capable of producing radically new, unusual sound. Electromusical instruments are a whole phenomenon in modern musical culture, which has given rise to separate directions of music, and another confirmation of the thesis of the parallel development of culture in general and music in particular.
