Painting is distinguished by a variety of genres and types. Each genre is limited to its own range of subjects: the image of a person (portrait), the surrounding world (landscape), etc.
Varieties (types) of painting differ in their purpose.
In this regard, there are several types of painting, which we will talk about today.
Easel painting
The most popular and known species painting – easel painting. It is called this way because it is performed on a machine - an easel. The base is wood, cardboard, paper, but most often canvas stretched on a stretcher. Easel painting is an independent work made in certain genre. It has a richness of color.
Oil paints
Most often, easel painting is executed oil paints. You can use oil paints on canvas, wood, cardboard, paper, and metal.
Oil paints
Oil paints are suspensions of inorganic pigments and fillers in drying vegetable oils or drying oils or based on alkyd resins, sometimes with the addition of auxiliary substances. Used in painting or for painting wooden, metal and other surfaces.
V. Perov “Portrait of Dostoevsky” (1872). Canvas, oil
But a picturesque picture can also be created using tempera, gouache, pastels, and watercolors.
Watercolor
Watercolor paints
Watercolor (French Aquarelle - watery; Italian acquarello) is a painting technique that uses special watercolor paints. When dissolved in water, they form a transparent suspension of fine pigment, which creates the effect of lightness, airiness and subtle color transitions.
J. Turner “Firvaldstät Lake” (1802). Watercolor. Tate Britain (London)
Gouache
Gouache (French Gouache, Italian guazzo water paint, splash) is a type of adhesive water-soluble paint, denser and more matte than watercolor.
Gouache paints
Gouache paints are made from pigments and glue with the addition of white. The admixture of white gives the gouache a matte velvety quality, but when drying the colors become somewhat whitened (lightened), which the artist must take into account during the painting process. Using gouache paints you can cover dark tones with light ones.
Vincent Van Gogh "Corridor at Asulum" (black chalk and gouache on pink paper)
Pastel [e]
Pastel (from Latin pasta – dough) – art materials, used in graphics and painting. Most often it comes in the form of crayons or rimless pencils, shaped like bars with a round or square cross-section. Pastel happens three types: “dry”, oily and waxy.
I. Levitan “River Valley” (pastel)
Tempera
Tempera (Italian tempera, from the Latin temperare - to mix paints) - water-based paints prepared on the basis of dry powder pigments. The binder for tempera paints is yolk diluted with water. chicken egg or a whole egg.
Tempera paints are one of the oldest. Before the invention and spread of oil paints until the 15th-17th centuries. tempera paints were the main material for easel painting. They have been used for more than 3 thousand years. The famous paintings of the sarcophagi of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs were made with tempera paints. Tempera painting was mainly done by Byzantine masters. In Russia, the technique of tempera painting was dominant until the end of the 17th century.
R. Streltsov “Chamomiles and violets” (tempera)
Encaustic
Encaustic (from ancient Greek ἐγκαυστική - the art of burning) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paints. Painting is done with melted paints. Many early Christian icons were painted using this technique. Originated in Ancient Greece.
"Angel". Encaustic technique
We draw your attention to the fact that you can find another classification, according to which watercolor, gouache and other techniques using paper and water-based paints are classified as graphics. They combine the features of painting (richness of tone, construction of form and space with color) and graphics (the active role of paper in constructing the image, the absence of the specific relief of the brushstroke characteristic of a painting surface).
Monumental painting
Monumental painting is painting on architectural structures or other foundations. This oldest species painting, known from the Paleolithic. Thanks to its stationarity and durability, numerous examples of it remain from almost all cultures that created developed architecture. The main techniques of monumental painting are fresco, secco, mosaic, stained glass.
Fresco
Fresco (from Italian fresco - fresh) - painting on wet plaster with water paints, one of the wall painting techniques. When dried, the lime contained in the plaster forms a thin transparent calcium film, making the fresco durable.
The fresco has a pleasant matte surface and is durable in indoor conditions.
Gelati Monastery (Georgia). Church Holy Mother of God. Fresco on the upper and southern side of the Arc de Triomphe
A secco
And secco (from Italian a secco - dry) is wall painting, performed, unlike frescoes, on hard, dried plaster, re-moistened. Paints are used, ground on vegetable glue, egg or mixed with lime. Secco allows you to paint a larger surface area per working day than with fresco painting, but is not such a durable technique.
The a secco technique developed in medieval painting along with fresco and was especially widespread in Europe in the 17th-18th centuries.
Leonardo da Vinci " Last Supper(1498). Technique a secco
Mosaic
Mosaic (French mosaïque, Italian mosaico from Latin (opus) musivum – (work) dedicated to the muses) is decorative, applied and monumental art of various genres. Images in a mosaic are formed by arranging, setting and fixing on the surface of multi-colored stones, smalt, ceramic tiles and other materials.
Mosaic panel "Cat"
Stained glass
Stained glass (French vitre - window glass, from Latin vitrum - glass) is a work of colored glass. Stained glass has been used in churches for a long time. During the Renaissance, stained glass existed as painting on glass.
Stained glass window of the Mezhsoyuzny Palace of Culture (Murmansk)
The types of painting also include diorama and panorama.
Diorama
The building of the diorama “Storm of Sapun Mountain on May 7, 1944” in Sevastopol
Diorama is a ribbon-shaped, semicircularly curved pictorial picture with a foreground subject. The illusion of the viewer’s presence in natural space is created, which is achieved by a synthesis of artistic and technical means.
Dioramas are designed for artificial lighting and are located mainly in special pavilions. Most dioramas are dedicated to historical battles.
The most famous dioramas: “Storm of Sapun Mountain” (Sevastopol), “Defense of Sevastopol” (Sevastopol), “Battles for Rzhev” (Rzhev), “Breaking the Siege of Leningrad” (St. Petersburg), “Storm of Berlin” (Moscow), etc.
Panorama
In painting, a panorama is a picture with a circular view, in which a flat pictorial background is combined with a three-dimensional subject foreground. Panorama creates the illusion of real space surrounding the viewer in a full circle of the horizon. Panoramas are used mainly to depict events covering a large area and big number participants.
Panorama Museum "Battle of Borodino" (museum building)
In Russia, the most famous panoramas are the Panorama Museum “Battle of Borodino”, “Battle of Volochaev”, “The defeat of the Nazi troops at Stalingrad” in the Panorama Museum “ Battle of Stalingrad", "Defense of Sevastopol", panorama of the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Franz Roubo. Panorama canvas “Battle of Borodino”
Theatrical and decorative painting
Scenery, costumes, makeup, props help to further reveal the content of the performance (film). The scenery gives an idea of the place and time of the action, and activates the viewer’s perception of what is happening on stage. Theater artist strives in sketches of costumes and makeup to acutely express the individual character of the characters, their social status, style of the era and much more.
In Russia, the flourishing of theatrical and decorative art occurred at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. At this time, work began in the theater outstanding artists M.A. Vrubel, V.M. Vasnetsov, A.Ya. Golovin, L.S. Bakst, N.K. Roerich.
M. Vrubel “City of Lollipop”. Set design for the opera by N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov's "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" for the Russian Private Opera in Moscow. (1900)
Miniature
Thumbnail – painting small forms. Particularly popular was portrait miniature - a portrait of a small format (from 1.5 to 20 cm), distinguished by the special subtlety of writing, a unique execution technique and the use of means inherent only to this pictorial form.
The types and formats of miniatures are very diverse: they were painted on parchment, paper, cardboard, ivory, metal and porcelain, using watercolor, gouache, special artistic enamels or oil paints. The author can inscribe the image, in accordance with his decision or at the request of the customer, into a circle, oval, rhombus, octagon, etc. A classic portrait miniature is considered to be a miniature made on a thin ivory plate.
Emperor Nicholas I. Fragment of a miniature by G. Morselli
There are several miniature techniques.
Lacquer miniature (Fedoskino)
Miniature with a portrait of Princess Zinaida Nikolaevna (Jusupov jewelry)
All types of fine art tend to reflect reality exclusively in visual, visual images. First of all, this is painting, graphics, sculpture, as well as decorative and applied arts. They all recreate visible forms in real or conditional space, but not in time. If such forms of art as music, theater, cinema unfold the plot or action in time, then in fine arts Only a demonstration of one specific moment is possible, but this does not make the power of its impact any less. If we remember that vision for a person is the main channel for receiving information, then artistic visual images serve as special media that allow us to convey very, very much.
One of the main types of fine art is undoubtedly painting. It accurately reflects all the diversity of the surrounding world, as well as the mood, the impression, and in the color of many colors and shades. Based on the technique of execution, painting is divided into oil, watercolor, tempera, fresco, mosaic, wax, stained glass, pastel, gouache. Well, by genre, painting can be easel, monumental, decorative, theatrical and decorative, miniature.
Easel painting - these are paintings that have an absolutely independent character and meaning. The idea embedded in the work will not change its meaning depending on the place where it is located, but the artistic sound and perception will still depend on the place of exhibition. Since easel painting got its name from the word machine - a device on which artists write large paintings, it is clear that the proportionality of the room, its design, and lighting are important for exhibiting an easel work.
Painting "Stone Bridge"
Monumental painting- these are, as a rule, works of large scale attached to architectural structures, decorating ceilings, walls, and various fragments. Most often it is a fresco, mosaic, panel.
Monumental painting “Winter Evening”
Vicenz Villa Valmaran. Fresco, 1757
Empress Theodora. Fragment of a mosaic in the Church of San Vitale
Decorative painting also serves for decoration architectural structures, but is also widely used to decorate various products. Acting in unity with the volumetric-spatial composition (with the interior, exterior or shape of the product), it accentuates the expressiveness of the entire composition or even transforms it, introducing its own scale, rhythm, and color.
Ceiling painting in decorative style
Theatrical and decorative painting strives through scenery, costumes, makeup, lighting to create a visual image for the performance. The basis for all this are the artists’ sketches, which help to reveal the content of the performance, the characters characters, help the viewer perceive what is happening on stage.
Theatrical and decorative composition: Roerich N.K. "Courtyard"
Miniature can be called works of fine art, characterized by their small size and, of course, subtlety artistic techniques. Book miniature, for example, appeared in handwritten books, and with the beginning of printing it developed and the pages of books were already unthinkable without such decorations. Portrait miniatures are no less widespread. This is, as a rule, a small-format pictorial portrait. It is believed that such portraits first appeared during the Renaissance. Today there is a very wide range of materials and technical means for making miniatures. Perhaps many have seen them using the enamel technique, but they can be made with ceramic paints on porcelain, gouache, watercolor on parchment, paper, cardboard, ivory, and also with oil on metal. To all that has been said above, we can add that all types of works can be combined into one genre or another based on similar themes. Everyone knows that there are genres of still life, landscape, portrait, interior, plot picture, and there are also genres: everyday life, historical, battle, and each of them has its own fans and admirers.
As it says ancient legend- painting originated from a girl in ancient times, when she outlined the shadow of her beloved man on the wall. Well, in this legend lies deep meaning, because the beginning of painting was given precisely by the need for a portrait of a person.
Portrait, still life, landscape, subject - these are genres related to easel painting. Why exactly “easel painting”? This is because the name comes from the word “machine”, i.e. This is a painting done on an easel.
By the way, the word easel (from “Malbrett”) has German roots and stands for “drawing board.”
Easel painting is a type of painting that is independent of any objects and is a completely autonomous art. For example, there is monumental painting, which is tied to architectural structures. It involves decorating walls, ceilings and other buildings. There is decorative painting - painting of glass, clothing, dishes, furniture, etc. But easel painting is perceived as an independent unit. It's like a window into another reality or time.
The most famous artists This painting is considered: Pablo Picasso, Vincent Van Gogh, Ivan Aivazovsky, Mikhail Vrubel, Diego Velazquez and others.
4 main genres of easel painting
The world of painting is huge! And in order to somehow differentiate this, genres of easel painting began to appear, which helped artists navigate their field and generalize artistic features.
Interesting! Once upon a time there was a time in which each genre had its own rank. The genres landscape and portrait were considered the lowest, and the highest rated was the subject genre of the historical variety. Even then, the famous Voltaire considered these guidelines unfair. For him, all genres were good, including the boring ones.
1. Portrait.
The artist of this genre faces a difficult task. To paint a portrait of a person, you need to have experience and mature skill. It seems that this is easy, but the portrait should not only be similar to the original, but also be alive.
As Kramskoy said, “it should be written as if it were smiling, otherwise, no, now the lips trembled, in a word, God knows what, alive!”
Remember, you've probably seen portraits that depict a person with an exact likeness. But something was wrong about him, as if he had been replaced. Similar, but not similar. Sound familiar?
This is because you not only need to accurately sketch the shape of a person’s face, you also need to feel it inner world, and even better - to know the person well. Then you can fully transfer a “living” person onto the canvas, what is called personality. You can be convinced of these words by looking at the portraits of Velazquez, Serov, Rembrandt or Repin.
2. Landscape.
In this genre, the artist conveys to the viewer the fullness of experiences and emotions from the perception of nature: sea view, landscapes, buildings, etc. The artist not only depicts nature specific place, and also puts into the picture his worldview, mood and thought associated with the object.
Interesting! If we recall the famous “Vladimirka” by I. Levitan, the picture immediately evokes some feeling of grief, sadness and heaviness. But the painting depicts the road along which prisoners were driven to hard labor in tsarist times.
It is impossible not to mention the masters of Soviet landscape:
- M. Saryan;
- G. Nissky;
- S. Gerasimov.
3. Plot
There are 5 subtypes of narrative painting: historical, everyday, mythological, religious and battle. This genre requires the artist to restore the entirety of events - atmosphere, people, life priorities, time, feelings, etc. It’s as if the painter is resuming one, but very bright and accurate fragment from the past.
Some paintings of this genre can be perceived easily by a person. And others may require some knowledge in the field and special attention(eg religious or mythological paintings).
The historical and battle subspecies are interconnected. The painter depicts the first subtype as if the painting is a portal to the past, which shows all the problems of that time: life, prejudices and beliefs. In the second subtype, the artist tries to convey a hostile atmosphere, military life, the battle for the homeland, the courage of soldiers and the patriotism of the people.
As for the everyday subspecies, here the master focuses our attention on everyday things in Everyday life so that in the picture they are perceived in a new and unusual way.
I remember the characters of Anatoly Kozelsky with a smile: wow, so much humor and imagination - amazing!
4. Still life.
This French word stands for "dead nature". A painter of this genre depicts inanimate objects: food, interior, flowers, etc. But this is by no means a blind repetition of the shape and color of an object; the artist also leaves his thoughts, mood and experiences in the picture.
In his still lifes "Moscow Food. Meat, Game" and "Moscow Food. Bread" I. Mashkov conveys his admiration and jubilation for the gifts of nature, as well as the life-affirming outlook and optimism that has always been characteristic of Soviet people.
How do masters paint an easel picture?
Classic easel painting - canvas, oil or tempera paints. Sometimes pastels, watercolors, gouache and even ink are used (in the Far East). Well, nowhere without a good old easel. Centuries have already passed, and it is still the same three- or four-legged instrument.
By the way, did you know that in past centuries wood was used as a basis for easel painting? In the West, artists used rice paper, silk and parchment. But now, of course, it is a glued and primed canvas.
It so happened historically that paintings are most often painted in oils. The paints retain their brightness and color for a long time.
Tempera paints are also used no less often. They are characterized by uniform drying and do not crack (craquelure), as can happen with some oil paints. Tempera is a strict and rigid technique. For example, to transition tones, the painter applies one layer to another, and the volume is revealed by changing the tone of the pigment or by shading.
Finally
An experienced master does not immediately pick up a brush and begin to create masterpieces! First, the artist starts with a sketch, then works on the contours of the setting, the shapes of objects and the construction future painting(composition).
When this is ready, the artist begins to study the people, the environment, the desired poses, light, psychological mood, etc. All this allows the artist to put together finished painting in his head, after which he begins to write. This is the only way the picture turns out to be alive and becomes the object of our admiration.
P. S. A few words about teaching easel painting.
In Russia, easel painting is taught at the G. K. Wagner Art School (Ryazan), at the V. Surikov Institute (Moscow) and at the E. Repin Institute (St. Petersburg).
The name "easel painting" comes from the main element, or tool, that takes part in the creation of paintings. Of course, we're talking about about an easel, which is less commonly called a machine. A canvas or a sheet of paper is attached to its surface, onto which paint is then applied. Easel painting is all the paintings that are currently available in museums and private collections around the world. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to imagine the number of all genres and varieties that form the basis of this type of art.
Modern art historians have decided to divide painting into various subtypes, which are named depending on the technique used to execute the painting, as well as the type of paints used. As a result, a certain chronology was formed, because over time more and more easel paintings appeared ancient world, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance are divided into two subgroups - tempera and oil. The artist either used dry paints, that is, tempera paints, which he diluted with water, or he used oil paints, as well as a number of chemical solvents for them.
Tempera easel painting is a complex science that requires a lot of skills, as well as great patience of the master who paints the picture. In ancient times, tempera paints were mixed with various natural products, including egg yolks and whites, honey, wine, and so on. Water was certainly added to this composition, as a result of which the paint became soaked and became suitable for application to canvas. could form a beautiful and unique pattern only if they were applied in separate layers or small strokes. Therefore, tempera art is characterized by clear lines and transitions, clearly defined boundaries and the absence of smoothly transitioning shades. Due to the fact that they are tempera, they can begin to crumble. Also, many works of art based on tempera have faded, losing their former colors and shades.
Oil easel painting dates back to the fourteenth century, when Van Jan Eyck first used oil to create his masterpieces. are still used by all world artists, since with their help you can convey not only color transitions in a picture, but also make it three-dimensional and alive. Paints based on natural oils can be applied in layers of varying thicknesses, mixed and used to create smooth color transitions. This allows the artist to put his emotions and experiences onto the canvas in full, making the picture rich and unique.
But, despite all its advantages, oil over time, like tempera, loses its color qualities. The main disadvantage of such paints is also considered to be the craquelure that appears on the surface of the paintings. Cracks can form at the transition from one color to another, turning the picture into a fragmented “stained glass window”. Therefore, easel paintings painted in oil are varnished, so the painting can be preserved in its original form for a longer period.
Modern art, which has become much more diverse and innovative, is very different from the art of yesteryear. However, despite more progressive materials and colors, the paintings of our days do not look as alive and full of emotions and experiences as the works of art of past centuries.
, cardboard, board, paper, silk), and presupposes independent perception not conditioned by the environment.
The main materials for easel painting are oil, tempera and watercolor paints, gouache, pastel, acrylic. On Far East Ink painting (mainly monochrome) became widespread, often integrating calligraphy.
A special place is occupied by monotype - a pseudo-circulation painting technique that uses a technique characteristic of printmaking of applying a layer of paint to paper by imprinting from a board (metal, plastic, glass).
A European painting is usually separated from its surroundings by a frame or mat, eastern tradition leaves the painting on a sheet or scroll, sometimes duplicating it on a decorative base.
Easel painting is one of the main types of fine art, the richest in genres and styles.
Easel painting training is conducted in art schools and studios, in secondary art schools and art institutes, the largest of which in Russia are in St. Petersburg, Ryazanskoye art school them. G.K. Wagner in Ryazan and Moscow.
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See what “Easel painting” is in other dictionaries:
A type of painting, which, unlike monumental, is not related to architecture, has an independent character. Works of easel painting (paintings) can be transferred from one interior to another and shown in other countries. Term... ... Art encyclopedia
A type of fine art, works of which are created using paints applied to any hard surface. In works of art created by painting, color and design, chiaroscuro, expressiveness are used... ... Art encyclopedia
A type of fine art whose works are created using paints applied to any surface. Painting is an important means of artistic reflection and interpretation of reality, influencing the thoughts and feelings of viewers.... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
AND; and. 1. Fine art that reproduces objects and phenomena real world using paints. Oil, watercolor. F. oil. Portrait, landscape. Genre, battle. Do painting. Be interested in painting. Lessons… … encyclopedic Dictionary
painting- and, only units, w. 1) A type of fine art that reproduces objects and phenomena of the real world using paints. Watercolor painting. Portrait painting. History of the development of painting. 2) collected Works of this type of art. Exhibition… … Popular dictionary of the Russian language
PAINTING- a type of fine art, works of which are created on a plane using paints and colored materials. System color combinations(color) allows you to convey the subtlest nuances of reality, and in general pictorial... ... Eurasian wisdom from A to Z. Dictionary
Antique painting- painting with wax paints (encaustic) or tempera on plaster, marble, limestone, wood, clay; paintings of societies and residential buildings, crypts, tombstones, as well as production are known. easel painting. A large number of monuments from other groups. painting... ... Ancient world. Dictionary-reference book.
painting- ▲ art through, color tone painting art that depicts reality with paints. easel painting: painting is a work of painting. canvas. canvas. diptych. triptych. monumental decorative painting: wall painting,... ... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
PAINTING, and, women. 1. Fine art creation artistic images using paints. Painting lessons. School of painting. 2. collected Works of this art. Wall railway Easel railway | adj. picturesque, oh, oh. Painting workshop.... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Type of fine art, works of art, which are created using paints applied to any hard surface. Like other types of art (See Art), painting performs ideological and cognitive tasks, and ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Books
- Giotto di Bondone. Easel painting, Yuri Astakhov, the Pre-Renaissance era brought to life humanistic art Giotto di Bondone. His frescoes secured the artist's fame as the first master of that time. In many ways, it was he who determined... Category: Foreign artists Series: Masterpieces of Painting Publisher:
