Types of vessels and ships. Marine terms (types of ships and vessels)

According to historical data, the first documented use of sails for navigation dates back to the 4th millennium BC. It was then, in ancient Egypt, that the first : Barges used to navigate the Nile and coastal areas were first equipped with mat sails. Initially, the sail played the role of an auxiliary propulsion device when wind directions were favorable. But over time it became the main thing, almost completely replacing the oars. Gradually the sails became more complex and more diverse.

Classification of sailing ships

The main impetus for the development of sailing ships was the era of great geographical discoveries of the 15th-16th centuries. At this time, navigation areas and the tasks assigned to ships change dramatically. And, consequently, new requirements for the design and performance of ships appear. From now on, continuous improvement and complication begins, more and more highly specialized types appear sailing ships.

Starting from the 17th-18th centuries, with the development of a unified maritime terminology, there was an urgent need to classify all ships by type. The main classifying feature for ships is the type of equipment installed on them. Secondary signs type of sailing ship were the number of masts and its purpose, and for warships also the caliber and number of cannon weapons. Let's consider types of sailing ships with various weapons.

All diversity can be divided into three large groups according to the type of prevailing sails:

• Mixed type.

In addition, all ships are usually divided into:

• Big ones.
• Small ones.

Large ones include those that carry at least two masts. Small sailing ships are conventionally considered to be small ones that have 1 or one and a half masts (an option when one of the masts is much lower).

Straight rigged sailboats

They are the most ancient invention, used since antiquity. They were installed on Egyptian, Phoenician, Greek, Polynesian and Roman ships and boats long before our era. They have not lost their relevance in our time. Their distinctive feature is their quadrangular shape - in the form of a regular rectangle or trapezoid. They are attached with the upper luff to the yard or gaff, and the lower luff to the boom, lower yard, or directly to the deck.

The advantage of straight sails is that they are easy to work with; they are easy to set up and remove. They have good driving force in tailwinds, however, in cross and head winds it is extremely difficult or even impossible to use them. To move, the minimum angle between the wind direction and the plane of the sail must exceed 65-67 o, and this makes tacking almost impossible. The name of the sails depends on the name of the masts on which they are installed and the order of the tiers.

Types of sailing ships, with predominant square sails:

• Ship. In this case, we mean “ship” not as a vessel in general, but as a name denoting a large sailing ship with three or more masts. At the same time, they must have exclusively straight sails.
• Barque. It can also have over 3 masts, but it differs from a ship in that it has oblique sails on the mizzen mast, while all the others have only straight sails.
• A brig is a smaller vessel. However, it always has only two masts.

Sailboats with oblique rigs

They were invented much later than direct ones, only in the Middle Ages. The first to use them were presumably Arab sailors. From them, the oblique sail was adopted by the Europeans, where it spread quite widely, both as an independent sail and as a supplement to straight sails. The undoubted advantage of an oblique sail over a straight sail is the ability to move in side and even counter wind directions. Large ships that have oblique sails as their main ones are called schooners. Depending on the design features, they, in turn, are divided into several types:

• Gaffle. It is equipped with a gaff sail, stretched between the gaff at the top and the boom at the bottom, and the luff is attached directly to the mast.
• Bermuda. Sails of this type have the shape of a triangle. Its base is fixed to the boom, and the leading edge is attached to the mast.
• Staysail - this type includes schooners on which the main sails are staysails (oblique sails mounted on the forestay in front of the masts).
• Marseille - with an oblique foresail, but in addition to it it is equipped with a straight topsail sail.

The last two types, judging by their , would be more correctly classified as mixed-type vessels. But, in the maritime historical tradition, the name “schooner” was assigned to them, which defines them as ships with a predominant oblique rig.

Sailboats with mixed weapons

Vessels with a mixed rig include those in which both types of sails are represented in approximately equal proportions. This includes two types of ships:

• A brigantine is a 2-masted ship, with slant sails on the mainmast, and only straight sails on the foremast.
• Barquentine - carries at least 3 masts. The foremast has straight sails, while all subsequent ones have exclusively oblique sails.

Small sailboats

Today the vast majority of modern sailing ships belongs to the small class - yachts and boats. Small sailing ships, like their large-tonnage “brothers,” can be divided into groups according to the type of sails.

Small sailing ships and their types:

A small sailboat can carry either 1 or 2 (one and a half) . 2-masted vessels include ketches and lols. Both types carry mizzen and mainmasts, and differ in the location of the rudder stock. In a ketch it is located behind the mizzen mast, while in an iola it is in front. In addition, these two types of small sailing ships have different mizzen areas. In a ketch, its area exceeds 15% and can reach up to ¼ of the total sail area. In Iola, the size of the mizzen is somewhat more modest, and rarely exceeds 10% of the total sail area. Both ketch and yol can carry either gaff or Bermuda sails - in this situation they are called "Bermuda ketch", or, for example, "gaff yol".

Single-masted small sailboats are divided into the following types:

• Tender. It has a single mast, shifted towards the amidships. Standard set of sails: mainsail (either), topsail, and jibs. Like other small sailboats, depending on the type of mainsail, they can be gaff or Bermuda.
• The sloop has a slanting sail on the mainmast, and is the only one. In some cases, an additional topsail is installed above the gaff mainsail.
• Kat, a small sailboat with the simplest rig, consisting of a single oblique sail.

In addition, modern yachts and boats can be classified according to the type of material from which their hull is made:

• Steel.
• Fiberglass.
• Wood.
• Reinforced cement.

Depending on the number of hulls, sailing boats can be single-hulled, double-hulled (catamarans) and even triple-hulled (trimarans). By presence of keel small sailing ships there are:

• Keel boats – have a massive keel that acts as a balancer, preventing the yacht from capsizing during rough seas. Increases stability by shifting the center of gravity below the waterline.
• Dinghy boats. It has a centerboard - a lifting keel, which can be removed if necessary, thereby reducing the draft of the boat.
• The so-called “compromise” yachts, combining in their design the advantages of both of the above types.

, takeoff and landing of aircraft

Air transport- a special vessel designed for transporting aircraft, but unlike an aircraft carrier, it is not suitable for take-off and landing of airplanes or helicopters.

Car carrier- a specialized dry cargo vessel for transporting cars.

cable ship (cable layer) - a vessel for laying, repairing and maintaining sea and ocean communication and power lines.

capstan ship (capstan) - a self-propelled river vessel, common in the 19th century on the Volga.

Coaster- a vessel performing cabotage transportation.

Camara- the Greek name for a small, narrow, light boat of the peoples of the Eastern Black Sea region in ancient times.

Karakora, korokora- sailing and rowing ship of the Moluccas Islands.

Privateer- a ship engaged in privateering.

Kapudan- flagship ship (katorga) of the Turkish Kapdan Pasha.

Kleper- a small northern sea vessel like a schooner, but smaller (length 12-15 m, width 3.5-5 m, draft 1.2-2 m, carrying capacity 15-20 tons). It had 1-2 masts with 1 yard and gaff sails. Thanks to its long hull with smooth contours, it had good seaworthiness. Another meaning is a type of folding kayak.

Goat- a rowing fishing boat, common in the Black and Azov Seas. .

Komyaga - 1. A cargo-passenger sailing and rowing ship of the 17th century on the Black Sea coast of Turkey and Crimea, with a capacity of 85-90 people. 2. A small fishing boat of the 17th-18th centuries on the Crimean coast. 3. Barge used as a ferry on the Don.

Kochmara, Kochmora- a large single-mast sailing boat of Pomors, used for fishing or transport purposes.

Luger- a small three-masted military ship of the first half of the 19th century. armed with 10-16 guns. Used for messenger service.

M

Shop- floating warehouse.

Multihull- a vessel, ship or boat consisting of more than one displacement hull. Double- and triple-hulled vessels have been studied and used. Double-hulled vessels include catamaran (see), duplus (see), trisec (see), proa (see). Three-hulled vessels or ships include a vessel with outriggers (see), trimaran (see), tricor (see). All types of multihull vessels are distinguished by increased deck area (and internal volume of structures), simple provision of lateral stability, to one degree or another better seaworthiness, increased unsinkability and navigation safety. Multihull ships are most effective for transporting passengers in salons or cabins, wheeled vehicles, light containers, for housing scientific laboratories and combat posts of surface ships. Double-hulled vessels are widely used, and the use of vessels and ships with outriggers has begun. A four-hulled ship with a small waterline area was built, and five-hulled ships and vessels were proposed.

Monitor- An armored coastal defense turret ship with a shallow draft. Displacement of monitors: sea - up to 8000 tons, river - up to 1900 tons. Armament: 2-3 large-caliber guns (up to 381 mm). Received its type name from the name of the first ship of this class, “Monitor,” built in the USA in 1861-62.

N

Nave- an ancient sailing ship, which, as it developed in the 16th century, became a large ship with straight sails and strong artillery weapons; prototype of sailing ships.

ABOUT

P

Steam frigate- a warship of the transition period from the sailing to the steam fleet, which had sails and a steam engine as an engine.

Packetbot- a two-masted sailing ship for transporting mail and carrying out messenger service. Displacement 200-400 tons, armament from 12 to 16 guns.

Pinasse- three-masted ship of the 17th-18th centuries.

Pink- a sailing commercial ship in Northern Europe with a capacity of about 200 tons. In the 18th century, kicks were used as warships on the Baltic Sea.

Pontoon- flat-bottomed barque with high sides; used for intermediate supports of floating bridges. Diving bridges are convenient because they can be moved to the sides at any time to free up part or the entire width of the river.

Pontoon(from lat. ponto- bridge on boats) - a floating structure for supporting various devices on the water using its own reserve of buoyancy.

Pram- flat-bottomed artillery sailing ship of the 18th century. Armament from 18 to 38 guns was used for operations in shallow water, off the coast and in rivers against fortresses and coastal fortifications

Proa- a double-hulled vessel consisting of a larger central hull and a smaller additional one, also called an “outrigger”.

R

Reefer ship- a specially built cargo ship equipped with refrigeration units for the transportation of perishable goods.

They are on par with the US Navy. And this is not surprising. Well, we should briefly talk about the Navy, and separately touch on such an interesting topic as the classification of ships.

Definition

The modern one is the successor to the navy of the USSR and the Russian Empire. These troops protect the country’s sovereignty, which extends beyond its land territory, and also create and maintain conditions for ensuring calm maritime economic activity in the World Ocean. The Russian fleet also participates in military, humanitarian and other actions that meet the interests of our country. And, in addition to the above, the Navy ensures the naval presence of the Russian state in the World Ocean.

There are many tasks. They are all diverse and have their own characteristics. And it is not surprising that our fleet includes a wide variety of equipment and vessels. That is why there is a classification divided into classes (depending on what their purpose is). And they, in turn, are divided into subclasses. It all depends on the specialization, type of power plant and displacement.

It is also important to know that all ships are also divided into ranks. The distribution among them depends on the tactical and technical elements and their immediate purpose. And to begin with, I would like to say that in Russia there are four ranks, and the first is considered the highest.

General characteristics of the first rank

This class includes nuclear submarines, as well as large surface ships. That is, aircraft carriers, anti-submarine, missile, heavy and light cruisers, as well as battleships. All ships of the first rank have seniority over the others in matters relating to supply and manning. And, of course, in terms of ceremonial procedures.

The commander of a ship of the first rank is obliged to be responsible for the mobilization and combat readiness of his regiment. Also, monitor the successful completion of combat missions and the training, education, and discipline of personnel. He is also responsible for internal order, as well as for the safety of weapons and related equipment. And, of course, he is obliged to control the material, financial, medical, etc. services of the regiment.

Vessels belonging to the first rank

The classification is very detailed. Aircraft carriers stand tallest. These are large surface ships for special purposes, the main striking force of which is carrier-based aircraft. They provide air cover, landing of landing forces, and also carry out air strikes against a formation of enemy ships. Plus, they are used to transport goods and people. The main weapons are helicopters and aircraft based on the deck. They are also equipped with all the necessary means to ensure the functioning and basing of aircraft.

Next come cruisers - surface combat ships that perform tasks regardless of the main forces of the Navy. They use artillery, missile, mine-torpedo, anti-submarine weapons and air defense. Cruisers can destroy enemy ships, hold defenses and support the coastal flanks of ground forces.

The first rank also includes the main weapons of which are the air defense system and the strike missile system. This classification of ships also includes underwater combat ships. They destroy enemy ships, conduct reconnaissance, and secretly lay minefields. Their weapons include mines, torpedoes and missiles. Rank 1 also includes anti-submarine and landing ships.

Subclasses: cruisers

Since the first rank is the most serious, it is necessary to pay attention to the subclasses of ships. First on the list are heavy aircraft-carrying cruisers. Their displacement is more than 25,000 tons! They work on a steam turbine power plant. It is this classification of ships of the Russian Navy that demonstrates the power of our state in the international arena.

Next come heavy nuclear-powered missile cruisers. Their characteristics are close to those of the above-mentioned vessels. Only they work at a nuclear power plant. These vessels are permanently based on two helicopters and an attack guided missile system, which is capable of destroying large surface ships.

Also, the classification of ships of the Russian Navy includes missile cruisers. They operate in remote areas of the oceans and seas, and their purpose is to destroy large enemy surface vessels, thereby providing anti-aircraft defense and air defense for their ships. Also of the first rank are nuclear submarine cruisers, which are capable of hitting large coastal objects at a distance of up to 8,250 kilometers from a position under water at a depth of 400-600 meters.

Boats and ships of the first rank

When discussing such a topic as the classification of 1st rank Navy ships, one cannot fail to mention a large nuclear submarine. She is worthy of attention. Here the boat has one name: it is a large, 2-hulled warship. Its displacement is ~6000-10000 tons. The ship is equipped with torpedo tubes, a nuclear installation, cruise missiles - everything that can destroy aircraft carrier strike groups and submarines.

Also, the classification of ships by size includes large anti-submarine and universal landing ships. Displacement - 6500-9000 and<11500 тонн соответственно. Первые из перечисленных обеспечивают слежение и уничтожение атомных подводных лодок, а вторые - перевозку техники и войск.

2nd rank

A vessel of the second rank is a three-deck vessel. It has a jack that rises on the bow flagpole when moored. The purpose of ships of the second rank is to carry out military and defensive operations in the far sea zone. Moreover, both independently and as part of compounds.

The classification of ships of rank 2 begins with a patrol vessel. His main task is to protect. But, nevertheless, this is a multi-purpose combat ship. And it has weapons (artillery, mines, anti-submarine, missile and air defense). It is designed to protect both the ship itself and the escort. The classification of ships of the second rank also includes missile ships. They are designed to destroy surface enemy equipment on closed seas, as well as in the near sea zone.

Another rank 2 includes special-purpose submarines (to destroy enemies) and landing ships (to transport military equipment and employees).

Third rank ships

They are also commonly called two-deck, linear. They do not have a jack, and their purpose is to carry out operations in the near sea zone. The classification of third-rank warships begins with small missile ships. They are designed to destroy any enemy naval combat equipment on closed seas. The main weapons are an air defense system and a strike missile system.

There are also small artillery and anti-submarine ships. These are combat surface vessels. Artillery units provide fire support for the amphibious assault, and anti-submarine units search for, track down and destroy enemy submarines.

Also, the classification of warships includes the so-called minesweepers. These are special purpose surface vessels. Their task is to search, detect and mine bottom and sea anchor mines. Minesweepers also guide ships and other vessels through mines.

Small landing craft also belong to the third rank. These are surface ships that transport personnel and military equipment.

Fourth rank ships

These include two-deck linear ships, the number of guns of which ranges from 44 to 60 units. If we touch on such a topic as the classification of warships by size, then it should be noted that rank 4 is the smallest ships. They do not have a jack, and their displacement is only 100-500 tons. Compare at least with aircraft carriers, whose figure is 25,000 tons!

And vessels of the fourth rank operate in the coastal sea zone, as well as in roadsteads.

The classification of warships by size ends with combat and landing boats. These are small surface ships. Vessels of the first type listed are designed to strike enemy naval equipment. And landing boats unload troops and equipment onto the shore. Among the vessels of the 4th rank there are also minesweepers operating in roadsteads, in the coastal zone and in the waters of the naval base.

Based on all of the above, everyone, even a person not privy to the details, will draw the conclusion: it is not without reason that the Russian Navy is considered one of the most powerful in the whole world. And this fact cannot but rejoice.

The main feature of the domestic classification of ships is its purpose. All civil vessels, depending on their purpose, are divided into transport, fishing, service and auxiliary vessels and technical fleet vessels.

TRANSPORT VESSELS

Transport vessels form the main core of the sea and river fleet. They are intended for the transportation of various cargoes and passengers and are divided into cargo, passenger, cargo-passenger and special transport vessels.

types of cargo ships

Cargo ships are divided into two main classes - dry cargo and liquid cargo, which, in turn, include ships of various types and purposes.

TYPES OF DRY CARGO VESSELS

The class of dry cargo ships includes general purpose dry cargo ships and specialized ships for the transportation of certain cargoes.

DRY CARGO SHIPS General purpose vessels are designed for the transportation of general cargo and are the most common type of vessel.

Dry cargo ships () have spacious cargo holds, occupying the main part of the hull, and usually two decks (small ships have a single deck, large ships have two and three decks). The engine room, as a rule, with a diesel engine, is located in the stern or shifted forward to one or two cargo holds. Each hold has a cargo hatch (sometimes two), closed with metal closures with a mechanized drive. Cranes or booms with a lifting capacity of up to 10 tons are used as cargo vehicles; For heavy loads, cargo booms with a lifting capacity of 30 to 200 tons are used. Many modern dry cargo ships are equipped with one refrigerated hold for the transportation of perishable goods and a deep tank for the transportation of liquid edible oils. River dry cargo ships, regardless of their size, usually have only one cargo hold - for the convenience of loading and unloading operations.

TO FOR SPECIALIZED DRY CARGO VESSELS include refrigerated, container, trailer ships, ships for transporting bulk cargo, timber carriers, ships for transporting cars, livestock, etc.

REFRIGERATED VESSELS designed for transportation of perishable products (fish, meat, fruits). Their cargo holds have reliable thermal insulation and refrigeration units that keep the holds cool. Depending on the type of cargo transported, the temperature in the holds is maintained from +5 to -25° C.

Some refrigerators have powerful refrigeration units that not only maintain the set temperature, but also quickly freeze the cargo. Such vessels are called production and transport refrigerators. Vessels designed to transport fruit (banana carriers) have enhanced hold ventilation.

The carrying capacity of refrigerated vessels reaches 8000-12000 tons. The speed is slightly higher than that of general purpose dry cargo ships, since perishable goods require quick delivery to their destination.

CONTAINER SHIPS() are intended for the transportation of goods pre-packed in special heavy-duty containers, the weight of which with cargo is 10-20 tons. The carrying capacity of container ships ranges from 8,000 to 20,000 tons, and the speed is 30 knots.

Due to the fact that standard containers, rather than piece cargo of various sizes and weights, are placed in cargo holds, loading and unloading operations on container ships are performed 10 times faster than on conventional dry cargo ships.

Container ships are distinguished by a large deck opening above the cargo holds, which eliminates such a labor-intensive operation as horizontal movement of cargo in the hold. Rolling gantry cranes with a lifting capacity of 20-25 tons are usually used as cargo equipment on container ships (feeder container ships). On some container ships serving a permanent line, there is no loading device at all. In these cases, cargo operations are performed by terminal means - portal cranes.

A type of container ship is a vessel for transporting floating container barges called. Such barges with a carrying capacity of 250-300 tons are unloaded from the vessel directly onto the water, after which they are towed to the consignee’s pier. Due to the fact that container transportation, especially advantageous for mixed transport (railway - truck - ship), allows you to deliver cargo from the sender to the recipient with minimal costs when transshipping from one type of transport to another and at the same time ensuring good safety of the cargo. Container ships have received widespread development in recent years and are the most promising type of dry cargo vessel.

TRAILER VESSELS are used for transporting goods located in so-called trailers (caravans). Cargo placed in wheeled trailers can be loaded (or unloaded) by rolling the trailers on or off the ship and back in a very short time - in a few hours instead of several days on a conventional bulk carrier. The carrying capacity of trailer ships ranges from 1000 to 10,000 tons, the speed is 20-26 knots. Like container ships, trailer ships have recently become widespread. Some new ships of this type are adapted to simultaneously transport trailers (in the holds) and containers (on the upper deck). Such vessels are called piggyback vessels.

BULK CARGO VESSELS designed for transportation of ore, ore concentrates, coal, mineral fertilizers, building materials, grain, etc. These cargoes make up about 70% of all dry cargo transported by sea, so the number of ships for transporting bulk cargo is growing rapidly and already accounts for more than 20% of tonnage of the entire world maritime transport fleet.

Bulk cargo ships () are divided into ore carriers, ships carrying the heaviest cargo, ships for light cargo and universal ones. Some of these ships may have a dual purpose, for example, transporting bulk cargo in one direction and cars in the other direction, or ore there and oil back (oil carriers).

Vessels of this type are single-deck, with the engine room and superstructure located at the stern. They differ from other dry cargo ships by their large carrying capacity of up to 150,000 tons and relatively low speed of about 14-16 knots.

Cargo holds, as a rule, have inclined walls in the lower and upper parts, ensuring self-distribution of the cargo (self-stowing) both in the longitudinal and transverse directions. The tanks located between these walls and the side are designed to receive ballast water, the amount of which is usually much larger than on general purpose dry cargo ships. Some ships have longitudinal bulkheads in their cargo holds, which reduce heel when cargo is shifted on board, and the second bottom has thickened flooring and reinforcements, allowing cargo operations to be carried out using a grab.

The vast majority of bulk cargo ships do not have cargo handling facilities and are loaded and unloaded by port facilities; the rest use either rotary or rolling gantry cranes. Some ships are equipped with conveyor belts that allow cargo to be automatically unloaded from the hold (self-unloading ships).

TIMBER TRUCKS designed for transportation of timber cargo - round timber and lumber. Timber carriers differ from general-purpose dry cargo vessels in their lower speed (13-15 knots), the presence - regardless of the size of the vessel - of only one deck and reinforced ice reinforcements, allowing them to enter the ports of the Polar Basin, from where timber is mainly exported.

The reinforced upper deck and hatch covers ensure the transportation of a significant amount of cargo (about a third) on the open deck. Timber carriers usually, even when fully loaded, take water ballast (about 10 percent of the load capacity) to ensure stability, so they have large-capacity ballast compartments.

There are also ballastless timber carriers, but when traveling without timber they experience gusty rolling, which is undesirable. Recently, timber has begun to be transported in packages. This method of transportation can more than halve parking for cargo operations. Timber package carriers have large hatches and high-performance loading devices (slewing or rolling gantry cranes, jib cranes).

TYPES OF TANK VESSELS

The type of tankers is divided into: tankers for the transportation of crude oil and petroleum products (fuel oil, gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, etc.), vessels for the transportation of liquefied gases (gas carriers), chemicals (acid, molten sulfur, etc.) - chemical tankers, as well as other liquid cargo (Aquarius, wine carriers, cement tankers).

TANKERS

Tankers are one of the most common types of transport vessels, accounting for about 40% of the world's transport fleet tonnage.

It is a single-deck vessel with the engine room and superstructure located aft. The cargo part of a tanker is divided by transverse and one, two or three longitudinal bulkheads into cargo compartments called cargo tanks. Some of the tanks are set aside for water ballast, which the tanker always takes on the return voyage.

The cargo part in the bow and stern is separated from adjacent rooms by narrow dry compartments, impervious to oil and gases, called cofferdams.

A pump room with cargo pumps is located forward of the engine room to unload the vessel from oil. For communication between the aft superstructure and the forecastle deck, on which the anchor-mooring device is located, a transition bridge is equipped. Some large tankers are built without a walkway; it is replaced with a walkway along the upper deck, and electrical lines, which are usually laid along the walkway, are in this case pulled in metal pipes.

Tankers that are particularly dangerous in terms of fire are equipped with reliable fire protection systems.

The carrying capacity of tankers varies widely from 1,000 tons for distribution tankers to 400,000 tons for giant supertankers, which are the world's largest vessels. The dimensions of tankers depend on their carrying capacity. River tankers have a carrying capacity from 150 to 5000 tons and a speed of 10-20 km/h. The carrying capacity of river liquid barges reaches 12,000 tons.

GAS TRUCKS

Gas carriers are designed to transport liquefied natural and petroleum products, i.e. gases released during oil production - methane, propane, butane, ammonia. These gases, which are excellent fuels and valuable raw materials for the chemical industry, are transported in a liquefied state, refrigerated (in insulated tanks) or under pressure.

Unlike tankers, whose cargo tanks form elements of the hull structure, gas carriers have inset cargo tanks - cylindrical (vertical or horizontal), spherical or rectangular. Gas carriers intended for the transportation of liquefied natural gas methane, which is transported in a refrigerated state (up to -161.5 ° C), have only rectangular tanks with reliable insulation.

To perform cargo operations, they are equipped with a cargo system consisting of pumps, compressors, pipelines and an intermediate tank. Since it is prohibited to take water ballast into cargo tanks, gas carriers are equipped with ballast tanks (in the double bottom or on the sides).

Transportation of liquefied gases is associated with increased explosiveness of the cargo. To avoid the formation of explosive gas-air mixtures, gas carriers are equipped with reliable ventilation for compressor compartments located in the bow, and alarms for the formation of dangerous gas concentrations. A carbon dioxide system is usually used to extinguish fires.

Currently, the class of combined vessels is rapidly developing, that is, vessels adapted to transport several specific types of cargo, which is very beneficial for oncoming sea transport, since it eliminates empty ballast runs. This class of cargo ships includes oil ore carriers, cotton carriers and the like.

types of passenger and cargo-passenger ships

The class of passenger ships includes ships designed to carry passengers. Sometimes passenger cabins are provided on regular cargo ships, but a ship is considered a passenger ship if it carries more than 12 passengers. If the cargo accepted on such a vessel is more than 40 percent of the total carrying capacity, then the vessel is called a cargo-passenger vessel.

According to their purpose, they are divided into vessels for servicing regular lines, vessels for tourist travel, vessels for mass transport of people and local communication vessels.

types of vessels for servicing regular passenger lines

These are passenger ships that travel between specified ports according to a specific schedule. Of particular interest here are transoceanic passenger liners, designed for 2000-3000 passengers with a displacement of up to 100,000 tons and a speed of 30 knots.

boats for tourist travel

Passenger ships for tourist travel (cruises), which have become especially widespread recently, have more moderate speeds (18-22 knots) and are large in size.

River passenger ships serving regular lines or used to accommodate up to 600 passengers on board and have a speed of about 27 km/h.

On modern ocean-going passenger ships, all passengers are provided with one-, two-, three-, four-berth cabins or penthouses with all amenities. For relaxation and entertainment of passengers there are lounges, game rooms, gyms, swimming pools, restaurants, cafes, themed clubs, etc.

A distinctive feature of large passenger ships is the presence of several decks and platforms in the hull, and a multi-tiered superstructure. Particular attention is paid to ensuring navigation safety - life-saving equipment, fire-fighting measures, and ensuring unsinkability. Almost all passenger ships are equipped with pitch stabilizers.

vessels for local services

Vessels for local communications include both small passenger ships and boats, and large vessels designed for 500-600 passengers. Currently, passenger hovercraft with a speed of up to 40 knots, designed for 600 passengers, as well as passenger hovercraft are widely used.

types of special transport vessels

The class of special transport vessels includes various ferries, transport vessels and pusher tugs.

SEA FERRIES There are railway, railway-automobile, automobile-passenger and passenger. They are used to transport railway cars, cars, as well as passengers on ferry crossings connecting overland road arteries. In addition, car-passenger ferries have become widespread for sea travel.

RAIL FERRIES have one cargo deck, and car ferries have one or two. But since cars are usually loaded onto the deck from the shore at the level of one of the decks, an elevator or inclined ramps are used to transfer them to another deck.

On railway ferries, entry to the cargo deck is carried out from the stern, on automobile ferries - from the stern, bow or side. Entrance openings (laptops) are closed with hinged covers. On some car ferries, part of the hull structure is folded down at the bow - the so-called folding bow. Passenger accommodations, including seating and sleeping places depending on the duration of the voyage, as well as lounges, bars, and restaurants on ferry ships are located in the superstructure. Ferries usually have two steering stations (in the bow and stern), stabilizers and thrusters to ensure good maneuverability when mooring.

The carrying capacity of modern ferries ranges from 200 to 60,000 tons. Average CAR AND PASSENGER FERRY accommodates about 200 cars and 1000 passengers, railway - up to 50 cars.

TRANSPORT TUGS AND PUSHERS serve as a propulsion vehicle for self-propelled and non-self-propelled vessels, mainly on inland waterways, where cargo is transported on barges, lighters, sectional trains, etc.

Unlike transport tugs pusher tugs carry out the movement of non-self-propelled vessels by pushing and towing.

types of vessels:

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The 17th century was a rich period in the history of shipbuilding. Ships have become faster, more maneuverable, and more stable. Engineers learned to design the best examples of sailing ships. The development of artillery made it possible to equip battleships with reliable, accurate guns. The need for military action determined progress in shipbuilding.

The most powerful ship at the beginning of the century

The beginning of the 17th century marks the dawn of the era of battleships. The first three-decker was the British HMS Prince Royal, which left the Woolwich shipyard in 1610. The British shipbuilders took the prototype from the Danish flagship, and subsequently rebuilt and improved it several times.

Four masts were installed on the ship, two each for straight and lateen sails. The three-deck, originally 55-gun, ship in its final version in 1641 became 70-gun, then changed its name to Resolution, returned the name, and in 1663 already had 93 guns in its equipment.

• Displacement about 1200 tons;
• Length (keel) 115 feet;
• Beam (midship) 43 feet;
• Interior depth 18 feet;
• 3 full artillery decks.

As a result of battles with the Dutch, the ship was captured by the enemy in 1666, and when they tried to recapture it, it was burned and scuttled.

The most powerful ship at the end of the century

The French Soleil Royal was built by shipbuilders at the Brest shipyard 3 times. The first 1669 three-masted with 104 guns, created as an equal opponent to the British "Royal Sovereign", died in 1692. And in the same year, a new battleship was already built, armed with 112 guns and had:

• Guns 28 x 36-pounders, 30 x 18-pounders (on the middeck), 28 x 12-pounders (on the forward deck);
• Displacement 2200 tons;
• Length 55 meters (keel);
• Width 15 m (midship frame);
• Draft (interior) 7 m;
• A team of 830 people.

The third was built after the death of the previous one, as a worthy heir to the glorious traditions associated with this name.

New types of ships of the 17th century

The evolution of past centuries has shifted the emphasis of shipbuilding from the need to simply move safely across the seas, from the merchant ships of the Venetians, Hanseatics, Flemings and, traditionally, the Portuguese and Spaniards to overcome significant distances, to asserting the importance of dominance at sea and, as a result, defending their interests through military means actions.

Initially, merchant ships began to be militarized to counteract pirates, and by the 17th century, a class of only warships was finally formed, and a separation of the merchant and military fleets took place.

The shipbuilders and, of course, the Dutch provinces succeeded in building the navy. The galleon, the basis of the power of the squadrons of Spain and England, originated from the Portuguese shipbuilders.

17th century galleon

Shipbuilders in Portugal and Spain, who played a significant role until recently, continued to improve traditional ship designs.

In Portugal at the beginning of the century, 2 types of ships appeared with new hull proportions in the ratio of length to width - 4 to 1. These are a 3-masted pinnace (similar to a flute) and a military galleon.

On galleons, guns began to be installed above and below the main deck, highlighting battery decks in the design of the ship, port-cells for guns were opened on board only for combat, and were battened down to avoid flooding with waves of water, which, given the solid mass of the ship, would inevitably flood it; warheads were hidden in holds below the waterline. The displacement of the largest Spanish galleons of the early 17th century was about 1000 tons.

The Dutch galleon had three or four masts, up to 120 feet long, up to 30 feet wide, 12 feet low. draft and up to 30 guns. For ships with such a proportion of long hulls, speed was added by the number and area of ​​sails, and additionally by foils and underlisels. This made it possible to cut the wave steeper into the wind compared to rounded hulls.

Linear multi-deck sailing ships formed the backbone of the squadrons of Holland, Britain, and Spain. Three- and four-deck ships were the flagships of squadrons and determined military superiority and advantage in battle.

And if battleships constituted the main combat power, then frigates began to be built as the fastest ships, equipped with a small number of guns of one closed firing battery. To increase speed, the sail area was increased and the curb weight was reduced.

The English ship Sovereign of the Seas became the first classic example of a battleship. Built in 1637, armed with 100 guns.

Another classic example was the British frigate - reconnaissance and escort of merchant ships.

Actually, these 2 types of ships became an innovative line in shipbuilding and gradually replaced the European galleons, galliots, flutes, and pinnaces, which were obsolete by the middle of the century, from shipyards.

New technologies of the navy

The Dutch for a long time maintained the dual purpose of the ship during construction; shipbuilding for trade was their priority. Therefore, regarding warships, they were clearly inferior to England. In the middle of the century, the Netherlands built the 53-gun ship Brederode, similar to the Sovereign of the Seas, its flagship of the fleet. Design parameters:

• Displacement 1520 tons;
• Proportions (132 x 32) ft.;
• Draft - 13 ft.;
• Two artillery decks.

Flutes "Schwarzer Rabe"

At the end of the 16th century, the Netherlands began to build flutes. Due to the new design, the Dutch flute had excellent seaworthiness and had:

• Shallow draft;
• Fast sailing rig that allowed steep sailing to the wind;
• High speed;
• Large capacity;
• A new design with a length-to-width ratio starting from four-to-one;
• Was cost effective;
• And the crew is about 60 people.

That is, in fact, a military transport ship to transport cargo, and on the high seas to repel an enemy attack, and to quickly break away.

Flutes were built at the beginning of the 17th century:

• About 40 meters long;
• About 6 or 7 m wide;
• Draft 3÷4 m;
• Load capacity 350÷400 tons;
• And a weaponry of 10÷20 guns.

For a century, flutes dominated all seas and played a significant role in wars. They were the first to use a steering wheel.

From the sailing running equipment, topmasts appeared on them, the yards were shortened, the length of the mast became longer than the ship, and the sails became narrower, more convenient to control, and small in size. Sails of the main, foresails, topsails, topsails on the main and foremasts. On the bowsprit there is a rectangular blind sail, a bomb blind. On the mizzen mast there is a slanting sail and a straight cruisel. A smaller upper crew was required to operate the sailing rig.

17th century warship designs

The gradual modernization of artillery pieces began to allow their successful use on board a ship. The important characteristics in the new battle tactics were:

• Convenient, quick reloading during the battle;
• Conducting continuous fire with intervals for reloading;
• Conducting targeted fire over long distances;
• An increase in the number of crew, which made it possible to fire during boarding conditions.

Since the 16th century, the tactics of dividing combat missions within a squadron continued to develop: some of the ships retreated to the flanks to conduct long-range artillery fire on a concentration of large enemy ships, and the light vanguard rushed to board the damaged ships.

British naval forces used such tactics during the Anglo-Spanish War.

The wake column during the review in 1849

Ships are classified according to the purpose of their use. Rowing galleys are being replaced by sailing cannon ships, and the main focus is moving from boarding to destructive gunfire.

The use of heavy large-caliber weapons was difficult. Increased number of artillery crews, significant weight of the gun and charges, destructive recoil force for the ship, which is why it was impossible to fire salvos simultaneously. The emphasis was on 32...42-pound guns with a barrel diameter of no more than 17 cm. For this reason, several medium guns were preferable to a pair of large ones.

The most difficult thing is the accuracy of the shot in conditions of pitching and recoil inertia from neighboring guns. Therefore, the artillery crew needed a clear sequence of salvos with minimal intervals, and the training of the entire crew of the team.

Strength and maneuverability have become very important: it is necessary to keep the enemy strictly on board, not allow them to go to the rear, and be able to quickly turn the ship around on the other side in case of serious damage. The length of the ship's keel was no more than 80 meters, and in order to accommodate more guns, they began to build upper decks; a battery of guns was placed on each deck along the side.

The coherence and skill of the ship's crew were determined by the speed of maneuvers. The highest manifestation of skill was considered to be the speed with which a ship, having fired a salvo from one side, managed to turn its narrow bow into the oncoming salvo of the enemy, and then, turning on the opposite side, fired a new salvo. Such maneuvers made it possible to receive less damage and inflict significant and rapid damage to the enemy.

Worth mentioning are the numerous military rowing vessels used throughout the 17th century. The proportions were approximately 40 by 5 meters. Displacement is about 200 tons, draft is 1.5 meters. A mast and lateen sail were installed on the galleys. For a typical galley with a crew of 200 people, 140 oarsmen were placed in groups of three on 25 banks on each side, each with his own oar. The oar bulwarks were protected from bullets and crossbows. Guns were installed at the stern and bow. The purpose of the galley attack is boarding combat. Cannons and throwing weapons began the attack, and when they approached, boarding began. It is clear that such attacks were designed for heavily loaded merchant ships.

The most powerful army at sea in the 17th century

If at the beginning of the century the fleet of the winner of the Great Spanish Armada was considered the strongest, then later the combat effectiveness of the British fleet fell catastrophically. And failures in battles with the Spaniards and the shameful capture of 27 English ships by Moroccan pirates finally diminished the prestige of British power.

At this time, the Dutch fleet takes a leading position. This is the only reason why its rapidly growing neighbor encouraged Britain to build up its fleet in a new way. By the middle of the century, the flotilla consisted of up to 40 warships, six of which were 100-gun. And after the Revolution, combat power at sea increased until the Restoration. After a period of calm, towards the end of the century Britain was again asserting its power at sea.

From the beginning of the 17th century, the flotillas of European countries began to be equipped with battleships, the number of which determined their combat strength. The first 3-deck linear ship is considered to be the 55-gun ship HMS Prince Royal of 1610. The next 3-deck HMS “Sovereign of the Seas” acquired the parameters of the production prototype:

• Proportions 127 x 46 feet;
• Draft - 20 feet;
• Displacement 1520 tons;
• The total number of guns is 126 on 3 artillery decks.

Placement of guns: 30 on the lower deck, 30 on the middle deck, 26 with a smaller caliber on the upper deck, 14 under the forecastle, 12 under the poop. In addition, the superstructures have many embrasures for the guns of the remaining crew on board.

After three wars between England and Holland, they united in an alliance against France. By 1697, the Anglo-Dutch alliance was able to destroy 1,300 French naval units. And at the beginning of the next century, led by Britain, the alliance achieved an advantage. And the blackmail of the naval power of England, which became Great Britain, began to determine the outcome of the battles.

Naval tactics

Previous naval wars were characterized by disorderly tactics, with skirmishes between ship captains and no structure or unified command.

Since 1618, the British Admiralty introduced ranking of its warships

• Ships Royal, 40...55 guns.
• Great Royals, about 40 guns.
• Middle Ships. 30...40 guns.
• Small Ships, including frigates, less than 30 guns.

The British developed linear combat tactics. According to her rules were followed

1. Peer-to-peer formation in wake columns;
2. Building an equal-strength and equal-speed column without breaks;
3. Unified command.

What should ensure success in battle.

The tactics of equal-rank formation excluded the presence of weak links in the column; the flagships led the vanguard, the center, the command and brought up the rear. A unified command was subordinate to the admiral, and a clear system for transmitting commands and signals between ships appeared.

Naval battles and wars

Battle of Dover 1659

The first battle of the fleets a month before the start of the 1st Anglo-Dutch War, which formally gave it its beginning. Tromp with a squadron of 40 ships set off to escort and protect Dutch transport ships from English corsairs. Being in English waters close to a squadron of 12 ships under command. Admiral Burn, the Dutch flagships did not want to salute the English flag. When Blake approached with a squadron of 15 ships, the British attacked the Dutch. Tromp covered a caravan of merchant ships, did not dare to get involved in a long battle, and lost the battlefield.

Battle of Plymouth 1652

Took place in the First Anglo-Dutch War. de Ruyter took command of the Zeeland squadron of 31 troops. ship and 6 fire ships in defense of the trade caravan convoy. He was opposed by 38 soldiers. ships and 5 fire ships of the British forces.

When the Dutch met, they divided the squadron; some of the English ships began to pursue them, breaking the formation and losing the advantage in firepower. The Dutch, using their favorite tactic of shooting at masts and rigging, disabled some of the enemy ships. As a result, the British had to retreat and go to the ports for repairs, and the caravan safely left for Calais.

Battles of Newport 1652 and 1653

If in the battle of 1652 Ruyter and de Witt, having united 2 squadrons of 64 ships into a single one - the vanguard of Ruyter and the center of de Witt - the squadron, gave an equal battle to Black's 68 ships. Then in 1653, the squadron of Tromp, who had 98 ships and 6 fire ships against the 100 ships and 5 fire ships of the English admirals Monk and Dean, was significantly destroyed when trying to attack the main forces of the British. Ruyter, rushing into the wind as a vanguard, attacked the English. the vanguard of Admiral Lauzon, he was energetically supported by Tromp; but Admiral Dean managed to come to the rescue. And then the wind subsided, an artillery exchange began until darkness, when the Dutch, having discovered a lack of shells, were forced to quickly leave for their ports. The battle showed the superiority of the equipment and weapons of the English ships.

Battle of Portland 1653

Battle of the First Anglo-Dutch War. Convoy under command. Admiral M. Tromp of 80 ships was accompanied in the English Channel by a returning caravan of 250 merchant ships loaded with colonial goods. Having met with a fleet of 70 British ships under command. Admiral R. Blake, Tromp was forced into battle.

For two days of fighting, changing winds did not allow groups of ships to line up; The Dutch, pinned down by the defense of transport ships, suffered losses. And yet, at night, the Dutch were able to break through and leave, ultimately losing 9 military and 40 merchant ships, and the British 4 ships.

Battle of Texel 1673

Victory of de Ruyter with admirals Bankert and Tromp over the Anglo-French fleet at Texel in the third Anglo-Dutch war. This period was marked by the occupation of the Netherlands by French troops. The goal was to recapture the trade caravan. 92 ships and 30 fire ships of the Allies were opposed by a Dutch fleet of 75 ships and 30 fire ships.

Ruyter's vanguard managed to separate the French vanguard from the British squadron. The maneuver was a success and, due to the disunity of the allies, the French chose to keep the flotilla, and the Dutch managed to crush the British center in a brutal battle that lasted many hours. And as a result, having ousted the French, Bankert came to reinforce the Dutch center. The British were never able to land troops and suffered heavy losses in manpower.

These wars of advanced sea powers determined the importance of tactics, formations and firepower in the development of the navy and the art of warfare. Based on the experience of these wars, classes of division into ranks of ships were developed, the optimal configuration of a linear sailing ship and the number of weapons were tested. The tactics of combat between enemy ships was transformed into a combat formation of a wake column with coordinated artillery fire, quick formation and unified command. Boarding combat was becoming a thing of the past, and strength at sea influenced success on land.

17th century Spanish fleet

Spain continued to form its armadas with large galleons, the unsinkability and strength of which were proven by the results of the battles of the Invincible Armada with the British. The artillery the British had was unable to inflict damage on the Spaniards.

Therefore, Spanish shipbuilders continued to build galleons with an average displacement of 500 ÷ 1000 tons and a draft of 9 feet, creating an ocean-going ship - stable and reliable. Such ships were equipped with three or four masts and about 30 guns.

In the first third of the century, 18 galleons with up to 66 guns were launched. The number of large ships exceeded 60 against 20 large royal ships of England and 52 of France.

The features of durable, heavy ships are their high resistance to staying in the ocean and combating water elements. Installing straight sails in two tiers did not provide maneuverability and ease of control. At the same time, the lack of maneuverability was compensated by excellent survivability during storms in terms of strength parameters, and the versatility of galleons. They were used simultaneously for trade and military operations, which were often combined during an unexpected meeting with the enemy in the vast waters of the ocean.

The extraordinary capacity made it possible to equip ships with a decent number of weapons and take on board a large crew trained for combat. This made it possible to successfully carry out boarding - the main naval tactics of battles and capture of ships in the arsenal of the Spaniards.

17th century French fleet

In France, the first battleship "Crown" was launched in 1636. Then the rivalry with England and Holland at sea began.

Ship characteristics of a three-masted two-deck "" 1st rank:

• Displacement more than 2100 tons;
• Length on the upper deck is 54 meters, along the waterline 50 m, along the keel 39 m;
• Width 14 m;
• 3 masts;
• Mainmast 60 meters high;
• Sides up to 10 m high;
• The sail area is about 1000 m²;
• 600 sailors;
• 3 decks;
• 72 different-caliber guns (14x 36-pounders);
• Oak body.

The construction required about 2 thousand dried trunks. The shape of the barrel was matched to the shape of the ship part by matching the bends of the fibers and the part, which gave special strength.

The ship is famous for eclipsing the Sovereign of the Seas, the British masterpiece Sovereign of the Seas (1634), and is now considered the most luxurious and beautiful ship of the sailing era.

Fleet of the United Netherlands Provinces of the 17th century

In the 17th century, the Netherlands fought endless wars with neighboring countries for independence. The maritime confrontation between the Netherlands and Britain had the character of internecine rivalry between neighbors. On the one hand, they were in a hurry to control the seas and oceans with the help of the fleet, on the other, to oust Spain and Portugal, while successfully carrying out robbery attacks on their ships, and on the third, they wanted to dominate as the two most militant rivals. At the same time, dependence on corporations - the owners of the ships, which financed shipbuilding, overshadowed the importance of victories in naval battles, which stopped the growth of the Dutch maritime industry.

The formation of the power of the Dutch fleet was facilitated by the liberation struggle with Spain, the weakening of its strength, and numerous victories of Dutch ships over the Spaniards during the Thirty Years' War by its end in 1648.

The Dutch fleet was the largest, numbering 20 thousand merchant ships, and a huge number of shipyards operated. Actually, this century was the Golden Age of the Netherlands. The Netherlands' struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire led to the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648). After the completion of the war of liberation of the Seventeen Provinces from the rule of the Spanish monarchy, there were three Anglo-Gol. wars, a successful invasion of England, and wars with France.

3 Anglo-Dutch wars at sea tried to determine a dominant position at sea. By the beginning of the first, the Dutch fleet had 75 warships along with frigates. The available warships of the United Provinces were scattered around the world. In case of war, warships could be chartered, or simply hired from other European states. The designs of the “pinnace” and “Flemish carrack” were easily upgraded from a merchant vessel to a military vessel in case of war. However, apart from Brederode and Grote Vergulde Fortuijn, the Dutch could not boast of their own warships. They won battles through courage and skill.

By the Second Anglo-Dutch War in 1665, van Wassenaar's squadron was able to assemble 107 ships, 9 frigates and 27 lower ships. Of these, 92 are armed with more than 30 guns. The number of crews is 21 thousand sailors, 4800 guns.

England could oppose 88 ships, 12 frigates and 24 inferior ships. A total of 4,500 guns, 22 thousand sailors.

In the most disastrous battle in the history of Holland, the Battle of Lowestoft, the Flemish flagship, the 76-gun Eendragt, was blown up along with van Wassenaar.

17th century British fleet

In the middle of the century, there were no more than 5 thousand merchant ships in Britain. But the navy was significant. By 1651, the Royal Navy squadron already had 21 battleships and 29 frigates, with 2 battleships and 50 frigates being completed on the way. If we add the number of free-hire and chartered ships, the fleet could reach up to 200 ships. The total number of guns and caliber were unrivaled.

Construction was carried out at the royal shipyards of Britain - Woolwich, Davenport, Chatham, Portsmouth, Deptford. A significant part of the ships came from private shipyards in Bristol, Liverpool, etc. Over the course of the century, growth gradually increased with the predominance of the regular fleet over the chartered one.

In England, the most powerful battleships were called Manovar, as the largest, with the number of guns exceeding a hundred.

To increase the multi-purpose composition of the British fleet in the middle of the century, more combat ships of smaller types were created: corvettes, bombards.

During the construction of frigates, the number of guns on two decks increased to 60.

In the first Battle of Dover with the Netherlands, the British fleet had:

60-push. James, 56-push. Andrew, 62-push. Triumph, 56-push. Andrew, 62-push. Triumph, 52-push. Victory, 52-push. Speaker, five 36-guns, including President, three 44-guns, including Garland, 52-guns. Fairfax and others.

What the Dutch fleet could counter:

54-push. Brederode, 35-push. Grote Vergulde Fortuijn, nine 34-guns, the rest of lower ranks.

Therefore, the reluctance of the Netherlands to engage in open water combat according to the rules of linear tactics becomes obvious.

Russian fleet of the 17th century

As such, the Russian fleet did not exist before Peter I, due to the lack of access to the seas. The very first Russian warship was the two-deck, three-masted "Eagle" built in 1669 on the Oka River. But it was built at the Voronezh shipyards in 1695 - 1696 from 23 rowing galleys, 2 sailing-rowing frigates and more than 1000 ships, barques, and plows.

Ship "Eagle" 1667

The parameters of the 36-gun frigates “Apostle Peter” and “Apostle Paul” are similar:

• Length 34 meters;
• Width 7.6 m;
• 15 pairs of oars to ensure maneuverability;
• Flat-bottomed body;
• The anti-boarding sides are curved inward at the top.

Russian masters and Peter himself in 1697 The frigate Peter and Paul was built in Holland.

The first ship to sail into the Black Sea was the Fortress. From the shipyard at the mouth of the Don in 1699:

• Length - 38 meters;
• Width - 7.5 m;
• Crew - 106 sailors;
• 46 guns.

In 1700, the first Russian battleship “God's Predestination”, intended for the Azov flotilla, left the Voronezh shipyard, and it was rebuilt by Russian craftsmen and engineers. This three-masted ship, equal to IV rank, had:

• Length 36 meters;
• Width 9 m;
• 58 guns (26x 16-pounder guns, 24x 8-pounder guns, 8x 3-pounder guns);
• A team of 250 sailors.