What are the types of art that have a visible form called? What types of art are there?

4.1. Art concept

4.2. Spatial arts:

· architecture;

· sculpture;

· painting;

· photo.

4.3. Dynamic arts:

· literature;

· music..

4.4. Synthetic arts:

· theater;

· circus;

· movie;

· stage;

· choreography;

· TV.

4.1.Art is a form of social consciousness, a specific type of spiritual and practical exploration of the world. Art is one of the most important spheres of culture. It is impossible to imagine people's lives without it.

The beginnings of the artistic activity of mankind are noted in primitive society, long before the advent of science and philosophy. And yet the problem of the essence and specificity of art has not yet been completely resolved. What meaning is put into the concept of “art”. You can select 3 different meanings this word.

1. Art is mastery. – In this meaning, “art” appears as a skillfully, technically performed activity, the result of which is something artificial in comparison with the natural. The highest degree of skill and mastery in any field of activity. It is this meaning that follows from the ancient Greek word “techne” - art, skill.

2. Art is creativity according to the laws of beauty.

This kind of creativity belongs to to a wide circle activities:

· creation of useful things, machines;

· design and organization of public and personal life;

· culture of everyday behavior;

· communication between people, etc.

Art object– like science, philosophy – the world around us.

Piece of art- reality, life in its broadest social meaning.

3. Art – artistic creativity, the products of which are social, spiritual, aesthetic values.

Art influences the formation of personality, enriches its sensory-emotional and intellectual-mental potential.

Art improves Creative skills and human capabilities, encouraging him to act according to the laws of beauty.

The difference between art and science:

1. The object of science is truth, and the object of art is beauty.

2. Reflection of reality: in science - in the form of abstract concepts, in art - in the form of artistic images.

Art exists in its specific types, is activity model personality and reflection world in certain historical conditions, it class and politically oriented, national and international.

Art exists in its specific forms: architecture, sculpture, painting, theater, literature, music and etc.

4.2. Types of art are historically established, stable forms creative activity with the ability artistic realization life content and differing in methods of material embodiment.

Each type of art has its own specific arsenal of visual means and techniques.

The types of art differ from each other:

subject of the image;

· use of various visual means.

Attempts to study the structure of the world of art were made in ancient times. First attempt is mythological classification of arts, which includes: tragedy, comedy, « technical art": architecture, medicine, geometry; " musical art": poetry, music, dance.

During the Renaissance, there was an exploration of the differences between the visual arts and poetry. L. da Vinci in “The Book of Painting” and Lessing in “Laoocon”, S. Batte in the treatise “Fine Arts” gave the first deep analysis of art.

At the beginning of the 19th century. Hegel, in The System of Individual Arts, outlined the relationships between the five main arts - architecture, sculpture, painting, music and poetry; analyzed the patterns of division of poetic art into types: epic, lyrical and dramatic.

Since the 19th century. world aesthetic thought (Hegel, Schelling, Wagner, Scriabin, etc.) proved equivalence And necessity existence and development of all types of arts.

In aesthetic and art history literature, certain schemes and systems for classifying the arts have developed. The most common scheme is to divide it into three large groups:

1 group – spatial or plastic kinds of art:

· architecture;

· all genres of fine art;

· artistic photography.

Group 2 – temporary or dynamic types of art: literature and music.

Group 3: spatiotemporal views: theater, cinema, television, choreography, stage, circus.

In modern conditions, the artistic principle in various fields human activity. Sports festivals are increasingly turning into holistic theatrical performances, and in some sports ( figure skating, rhythmic gymnastics) the skill of athletes rises to the level of real artistic creativity. The appearance, exposition, and advertising of various exhibitions and fairs represent aesthetically fulfilled artistic creativity.

Architecture(from the Greek. builder) is a type of art whose goal is to create structures that meet the utilitarian, spiritual and aesthetic needs of people.

Following the definition, it merges together benefit and beauty, technical and aesthetic principles.

Many people consider architecture to be historical art. After all, in order to shelter from bad weather, primitive I had to build some kind of housing for myself, and this is the beginning.

In Ancient Egypt Huge tombs, pyramids, and temples with many columns were built. This architecture is characterized by: geometric clarity of forms, incompatible scales of buildings and people, monumentality that suppresses the individual.

Grandiose structures were created not to satisfy the real needs of the people, but for religious purposes, in the name of exalting the despotic power of the pharaoh.

In Ancient Greece architecture takes on a democratic appearance. Religious buildings lose their oppressive character. Thus, the Parthenon temple, with its beauty, affirms the beauty, freedom, and dignity of man. New types of public buildings and structures are emerging: theaters, stadiums, Skodas. Architectural structures are built according to the humanistic principle of beauty, which was formulated by Aristotle: beauty should not be too big and not too small. Man is the measure of all things; in architecture there is a measure of the beauty and scale of the structure.

In the Middle Age dominates in architecture Gothic style. Gothic cathedrals expressed not only a religious impulse towards God, but also a passionate earthly dream of happiness.

During the Renaissance style begins to develop baroque. Buildings built in this style differed pretentiousness, a large number of stucco decorations, interior painting. The architecture of this time is characterized pathos, elation, contrast of forms. Examples of this style: the Palace of Versailles, the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, the ensembles of Tsarskoye Selo (architect Rastrelli).

In the New Age (since the 18th century) styles emerge rococo (sink) And empire style. Character traits rococo: rich painting, large mirrors, creating the impression of lightness and intangibility of the walls.

In style empire style (empire) expressed monumentality and majesty, the aesthetic tastes of the big bourgeoisie are embodied (the Arc de Triomphe in Paris).

From the 16th to the 30s of the 20th century style has a three-century history classicism. Its signs: proportionality, proportionality, clarity, achieved by simple constructive and artistic means. These are different types of buildings: industrial, administrative, multi-storey residential buildings.

All this required the architect to solve the following problems: creating a building that was convenient for use and had an aesthetically complete form. In the 20th century begins to take on greater importance

“architecture of small forms”: kiosks, trash cans, advertising stands, lamp posts, etc. In the context of the global environmental crisis, artistic and meaningful"green architecture" those.

"garden and park" culture. In transformation subject environment great importance It has"architecture of monumental forms": roads, bridges, triumphal arches

, television masts, etc. They are distinguished by the scale and complexity of the technical design. Architecture is rightly called the chronicle of the world.

After all, she speaks when the legends about the irretrievably departed people and their culture are already silent. Entire eras of human history are captured on the pages of this “stone book”. art includes:

painting, graphics, sculpture, art photography.

Painting is a type of fine art, works of which are created on a plane using paints and colored materials.

Painting happens: monumental

– large-scale paintings: paintings on walls, vaults, pillars, etc.

Its varieties: mosaic

– monumental painting, in which an image or ornamental motif is made from individual colored stones, marble, cubes of multi-colored glass paste, very tightly fitted to each other; fresco

– painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in lime mortar; easel

- painting that has independent meaning, paintings of various genres, painted on canvas (less often on cardboard, paper), most often with oil paints.

Main genres of painting:

· landscape – an image of nature;

· portrait;

· still life – image of natural objects: fruits, flowers, things, etc.;

· plot-thematic paintings - depictions of historical, battle and everyday scenes. Thumbnail – painting

small format, executed on paper, metal, ceramics, porcelain, wood. Graphics – monochromatic drawing . She comes in the form(engraving is a printed impression of a relief design applied to a wooden or metal board), caricatures, lithographs (a method of flat printing on stone (limestone)).

Sculpture is a type of fine art that reproduces reality in a three-dimensional form.

Main materials used: stone, bronze, marble, wood.

Types of sculpture:

1. monumental - monuments, monuments.

2. easel – works of painting, sculpture and graphics that have independent significance.

3. sculpture of small forms - toys, medals, stone carvings.

Artistic photography- a relatively young art form. Today, photography is not just a copy of the external appearance of a phenomenon on film. An artist-photographer can create an artistic image by choosing an object, lighting, and a special position of the camera. At the end of the twentieth century. art photography has taken its special place among fine views arts

Decorative and applied art is an ancient type of creative activity for creating household items designed to satisfy both practical and aesthetic needs of humans.

This art form is very ancient and was used to decorate objects. The artistic and figurative meaning of decorative and applied art is an ornament that becomes a sign of a certain national identity, by which we can easily find out what nationality it belongs to: ancient Greek paintings on clay vases, Turkmen and Chinese carpets, Western Ukrainian, Russian stoves, etc. This type of art contributes to the improvement of object culture; the artistic design of a thing must be strictly consistent with its practical meaning.

4.3. Literature is a written form of art, one of its main types.

The term “literature”, starting from the 18th century, replaced the concept of “poetry”. "poetic art" The main expressive and visual means of literature is word. It reveals the plot, shows literary images in action, and also directly shapes author's position and makes it accessible to the reader.

Being the most analytical of all types of art, literature, with the help of words, creates real living being and what is called “artistic reality.”

Types of literary works:

1. Epic - novels, stories, stories, essays.

2. Lyrics - poetic genres, elegy, sonnet, ode.

3. Drama - comedy, tragedy.

The history of world literature dates back to ancient times, folklore. The most ancient literary monuments are the Bible, The Tale of Bygone Years, and the Ramayana. They became the foundation of world culture.

Music is an art form that uses sound images as a means of embodying reality and human feelings.

What is striking about music is its ability to say a lot without saying a word, to express a lot without using visual images.

Music genres: opera, symphony, chamber music, instrumental, vocal-instrumental, etc.

Music can influence the most unprepared people, influence the growth of plants, heal diseases, change mood in the right direction. It is recommended to listen to works of world classics to reduce irritability, anxiety, and headaches. Music is both national and international, it knows no boundaries

According to another classification system, the arts are divided into three groups:
1. Plastic – fine arts, arts and crafts, architecture, photography;
2. Dynamic types of arts - music, literature.
3. Synthetic or spectacular - choreography, literature, theater, cinema.

Architecture (from the Greek “architecton” - “builder”) is the creation of buildings for human life that meet the utilitarian and spiritual needs of people.

art– graphics, painting, sculpture. Graphics (Greek - “I write, I draw”) – drawing, engraving, lithography. Painting can be monumental - fresco, mosaic or easel - a canvas created on an easel. Painting is distinguished by a wide variety of genres: portrait, landscape, still life, historical genre, everyday life, icon painting, animalism (depiction of animals).

With the advent of photo and video equipment, new forms appear - multimedia art.

Sculpture is a spatial fine art; there are two types of sculpture: three-dimensional three-dimensional and relief (high relief, bas-relief, counter-relief). It can be monumental (memorials, monuments, monuments), easel (decoration of interior spaces), decorative (decoration of everyday life).

Decorative and applied arts – the creation of highly artistic household items. The material can be wood, metal, clay, bone, stone. Artistic techniques very diverse: carving, painting, embroidery, chasing, etc.

Literature – fiction, educational, historical, scientific, reference. It's an art form material carrier the imagery of which is the word. The main genres of literature are lyrics, drama, epic, epic, short story, story, short story, poem.

Music (from Greek - the art of muses) is a type of art, the means of which are organized musical sounds. There are single-voice (monody) and polyphony (polyphony, homophony) music, theatrical (opera, operetta), symphonic, chamber, etc.

Choreography is the poses and movements of the human body, poetically interpreted and organized in space.

Theater - dramatic action, which is carried out by a creative team based on drama. The following genres of theatrical productions are distinguished: drama, tragedy, comedy, musical, etc.
Photography is a reproduction on a plane of the contour and shape of an object transmitted using special equipment.

Cinema - the reproduction on a screen of moving images captured on the screen, is conventionally divided into artistic and scientific-documentary. Film genres such as tragedy, drama, science fiction, comedy and others are defined.

The primary form of art was a special syncretic(undifferentiated) complex of creative activity. Everything was merged together in a single ritual action. Later, from this syncretic action began to stand out individual species art.

Kinds of art- these are historically established forms of artistic reflection of the world, using special means to build an image - sound, color, body movement, words, etc. Each type of art has its own special varieties - genera and genres, which together provide a variety of artistic attitudes to reality. Let's briefly consider the main types of art and some of their varieties.

Literature uses verbal and written means to build images. There are three main types of literature - drama, epic and lyric poetry and numerous genres - tragedy, comedy, novel, story, poem, elegy, short story, essay, feuilleton, etc.

Music uses sound means. Music is divided into vocal (intended for singing) and instrumental. Music genres - opera, symphony, overture, suite, romance, sonata, etc.

Dance uses plastic movements to construct images. There are ritual, folk, ballroom,

modern dance, ballet. Dance directions and styles - waltz, tango, foxtrot, samba, polonaise, etc.

Painting displays reality on a plane using color. Genres of painting - portrait, still life, landscape, as well as everyday, animalistic (depiction of animals), historical genres.

Architecture forms spatial environment in the form of structures and buildings for human life. It is divided into residential, public, gardening, industrial, etc. Also distinguished architectural styles- Gothic, Baroque, Rococo, Art Nouveau, Classicism, etc.

Sculpture creates works of art that have volume and three dimensional shape. The sculpture can be round (bust, statue) and relief (convex image). By size it is divided into easel, decorative and monumental.

Arts and crafts related to applied needs. This includes artistic objects that can be used in everyday life - dishes, fabrics, tools, furniture, clothing, jewelry, etc.

Theater organizes a special stage performance through the performance of actors. The theater can be dramatic, opera, puppet, etc.

Circus presents a spectacular and entertaining performance with unusual, risky and funny numbers in a special arena. These are acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, horse riding, juggling, magic tricks, pantomime, clowning, animal training, etc.

Movie is the development of theatrical performance based on modern technical audiovisual means. Types of cinema include feature films, documentaries, and animation. Genres include comedies, dramas, melodramas, adventure movies, detective stories, thrillers, etc.

Photo captures documentary visual images using technical means - optical, chemical or digital. The genres of photography correspond to the genres of painting.

Stage includes small forms of stage art - drama, music, choreography, illusions, circus acts, original performances, etc.

Design is a design activity aimed at improving the life activity of each person by creating a constructive ergonomic image of a holistic, aesthetic environment and objects that make up part of this environment. Design is the design of objects in which form corresponds to their purpose.

To the listed types of art you can add graphics, radio art, etc.

Each type, genus or genre displays a special side or facet human life, but collected together, these components of art provide a comprehensive artistic painting peace.

Need in artistic creativity or enjoyment of works of art increases with growth cultural level person. Art becomes more necessary the further a person is from the animal state.

Sculpture and symphony, painting and story, film and palace, performance and dance - all these are works various types art.

Arts are classified according to different criteria. Fine Arts show external reality in artistic images, non-fine arts express the inner world. Non-fine arts: music, dance and literature, as well as architecture. There are also mixed (synthetic) types of arts: cinema, theater, ballet, circus, etc.
Within each art form there are divisions called genres in accordance with the themes and objects of the image. This is what we will talk to you about today.

Kinds of art

Fine arts

Painting

Perhaps this is one of the most widespread forms of art. The very first works of painting date back to ancient times; they were discovered on the walls of caves of ancient people.
Monumental painting, which developed in the form of mosaics And frescoes(painting on wet plaster).

St Nicholas. Fresco of Dionysius. Ferapontov Monastery
Easel painting– these are paintings of different genres, painted on canvas (cardboard, paper) most often with oil paints.

Genres of painting

IN modern painting There are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, everyday life, landscape, still life, animalistic genre.
Portrait genre reflects the external and internal appearance of a person or group of people. This genre is widespread not only in painting, but also in sculpture, graphics, etc. The main task of the portrait genre is to convey external resemblance and reveal inner world, the essence of human character.

I. Kramskoy “Portrait of Sofia Ivanovna Kramskoy”
Historical genre(depiction of historical events and characters). Of course, genres in painting are often intertwined, because... when depicting, for example, some historical event, the artist has to turn to portrait genre etc.
Mythological genre– illustration of myths and legends different nations.

S. Botticelli “Birth of Venus”
Battle genre- an image of battles, military exploits, military operations, glorifying battles, the triumph of victory. The battle genre can also include elements of other genres - domestic, portrait, landscape, animal, still life.

V. Vasnetsov “After the massacre of Igor Svyatoslavich with the Polovtsians”
Everyday genre – depiction of scenes from a person’s everyday, personal life.

A. Venetsianov “On the arable land”
Scenery– image of nature, environment, species rural areas, cities, historical monuments etc.

And Savrasov “The rooks have arrived”
Marina- seascape.
Still life(translated from French - “dead nature”) - an image of household items, labor, creativity, flowers, fruits, dead game, caught fish, placed in a real everyday environment.
Animalistic genre– image of animals.

Graphic arts

The name of this type of fine art comes from the Greek word grapho - I write, I draw.
Graphics primarily include drawing and engraving, in which the design is created mainly using a line on a sheet of paper or a cutter on a solid material, from which the image is imprinted onto a sheet of paper.

Types of graphics

Engraving- a design is applied to the flat surface of the material, which is then covered with paint and stamped on paper. The number of impressions varies depending on the engraving technique and material. The main materials for engraving are metal (copper, zinc, steel), wood (boxwood, palm, pear, cherry, etc.), linoleum, cardboard, plastic, plexiglass. The engraving board is processed by mechanical means, steel tools or acid etching.
Printmaking– an impression from an engraving board (engraving, lithography, silk-screen printing, monotype), which is easel work artistic graphics. The print is printed from a board that the artist himself engraved; often he also makes the impressions. Such works are usually signed, author's copies and are considered originals. Prints are available in black and white and color.
Book graphics- design of the book, its decorative design, illustrations.
Industrial graphics – creation of product labels, brand names, publishing marks, packaging, advertising publications, forms and envelopes. It comes into contact with advertising and is included in the design system.
Bookplate- a sign indicating the owner of the book. The bookplate is attached to inner side book binding or cover. Book signs are engraved on wood, copper, linoleum, zincographic or lithographic methods.

Bookplate of Greta Garbo

Poster– an image designed for general attention, created for propaganda or educational purposes.
Linocut- engraving on linoleum.
Lithography– type of engraving: drawing a picture on a stone and making an impression from it.
Woodcut– wood engraving.

Katsushika Hokusai " A big wave in Kanagawa", woodcut
Etching– type of engraving on metal, engraving method and impression obtained by this method.
Computer graphics– images are compiled on a computer and shown dynamically or statically. When creating this type of graphics, it is possible to see how the image is formed at all stages and make unlimited adjustments.

Sculpture

This type of art also originated in ancient times. Many images of animals sculpted from clay or carved from stone have been found, quite accurately depicting them appearance. Many female figurines have survived that embody the mighty feminine. Perhaps these are primitive images of goddesses. Ancient sculptors exaggerated their fertile powers, depicting them with powerful hips, and archaeologists call them “Venuses.”

Venus of Willendorf, about 23 thousand years BC. e., Central Europe
Sculpture is divided into round, freely placed in space, and relief, in which volumetric images are located on a plane.
As in painting, in sculpture there are easel and monumental forms. Monumental sculpture designed for streets and squares, such a monument is created for a long time, so it is usually made of bronze, marble, granite. Easel sculpture– these are portraits or small genre groups made of wood, plaster and other materials.

Monument to the postman. Nizhny Novgorod

Arts and crafts

The creators of works of decorative and applied art set themselves two goals: to create a thing that is necessary for everyday life, but this thing at the same time must have certain artistic qualities. Everyday objects should not only serve a person practically, but also decorate life, delight the eye with the perfection of shapes and colors.
Of course, now many works of decorative and applied art have mainly aesthetic value, But it was not always so.

Main types of decorative and applied arts

Batik– hand painting on fabric

Work using the hot batik technique (using wax)
Beading
Embroidery
Knitting

Lace making
Carpet weaving
Tapestry
Quilling- the art of making flat or three-dimensional compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.

Quilling technique
Ceramics
Mosaic
Jewelry Art
Lacquer miniature

Palekh lacquer miniature
Artistic painting on wood
Artistic painting on metal

Zhostovo tray
Artistic carving
Artistic processing of leather

Artistic painting on ceramics

Artistic metal processing
Pyrography(burning on wood, leather, fabric, etc.)
Working with glass

Upper half of a window at Canterbury Cathedral, UK
Origami

Photographic art

Art artistic photography. The genres are basically the same as in painting.

Graffiti

Images on walls or other surfaces. Graffiti refers to any type of street painting on walls, on which you can find everything from simple written words to elaborate drawings.

Graffiti

Comic

Drawn stories, stories in pictures. Comics combine the features of such art forms as literature and fine art.

Artist Winsor McCay "Little Sammy Sneezes"

Non-fine arts

Architecture

Architecture– the art of designing and constructing buildings. Architectural structures can exist in the form of individual buildings or in the form of ensembles. But sometimes ensembles develop historically: buildings built at different times form a single whole. An example is Moscow's Red Square.
Architecture allows us to judge technical achievements And artistic styles different eras. Egyptian pyramids, built about 5 thousand years ago, and temples have survived to this day. Ancient Greece and Rome. Any city in any country is famous for its architectural structures.

Palace Square in St. Petersburg

Literature

In the broadest sense of the word: the totality of any written texts.
Types of literature: fiction, documentary prose, memoirs, scientific and popular science, reference, educational, technical.

Genres of literature

A literary work can be classified as a particular genre according to various criteria: by form (short story, ode, opus, essay, story, play, short story, novel, sketch, epic, epos, essay), by content (comedy, farce, vaudeville , sideshow, sketch, parody, sitcom, comedy of characters, tragedy, drama), by gender.
Epic kind: fable, epic, ballad, myth, short story, story, short story, novel, epic novel, fairy tale, epic.
Lyrical gender: ode, message, stanzas, elegy, epigram.
Lyric-epic genus: ballad, poem.
Dramatic gender: drama, comedy, tragedy.

Music

Music is art, a means of embodiment artistic images for which there are sound and silence, organized in a special way in time. But in general, it is impossible to give one exhaustively precise definition of the concept “music”. This is a special type of creative activity, including a craft and profession.
The type and stylistic variety of music is great.
Classic (or serious)– professional musical compositions born in the culture of Europe mainly from the New Age (the turn of the 16th-17th centuries) and in the Middle Ages;
Popular– predominantly song and dance musical genres.
Extra-European (non-European)– music of those peoples (East) whose culture differs from the culture of Western European civilization.
Ethnic (folk)– folklore musical works of different peoples, emphasizing the originality of an ethnic group, nation, tribe.
Variety (easy)– music of an entertaining nature, intended for relaxation.
Jazz– performing traditions of American blacks reinterpreted by Europeans, based on a synthesis of African and European musical elements.
Rock– music of small vocal and instrumental groups of young people, characterized by the obligatory presence of percussion and electric musical instruments, primarily guitars.
Avant-garde (experimental)– direction in professional composer's creativity in the 20th century
Alternative– new musical compositions or performances (sound presentations, “performances”), fundamentally different from all types of music known today.
Types of music can also be determined by the function it performs: military, church, religious, theater, dance, film music, etc.
Or by the nature of the performance: vocal, instrumental, chamber, vocal-instrumental, choral, solo, electronic, piano, etc.

Each type of music has its own genres. Let's consider for example genres of instrumental music.
Instrumental music- This is music performed on instruments, without the participation of the human voice. Instrumental music can be symphonic or chamber music.
Chamber music– compositions intended for performance in small spaces, for home, “room” music playing. Chamber music has great potential for conveying lyrical emotions and subtle mental states of a person. The genres of chamber music include: sonatas, quartets, plays, quintets, etc.
Sonata– one of the main instrumental genres chamber music. Usually consists of 3 (4) parts.
Etude– a musical piece designed to improve technical skills in playing an instrument.
Nocturne(French “night”) is a genre of a small one-part melodious lyrical piece for piano.
Prelude(Latin for “introduction”) – a short instrumental piece. Improvisational introduction to the main piece. But it can also be an independent work.

Quartet – musical composition for 4 performers.
Within each type of music, their own styles and trends can arise and develop, distinguished by stable and characteristic structural and aesthetic features: classicism, romanticism, impressionism, expressionism, neoclassicism, serialism, avant-garde, etc.

Choreography

Choreography is the art of dance.

Spectacular (mixed or synthetic) arts

Theater

A spectacular art form that represents a synthesis various arts: literature, music, choreography, vocals, visual arts and others.

Puppet show
Types of theaters: drama, opera, ballet, puppet theater, pantomime theater, etc. The art of theater has been known for a long time: theater was born from the most ancient ritual festivals, which in allegorical form reproduced natural phenomena or labor processes.

Opera

An art form in which poetry and dramatic art, vocal and instrumental music, facial expressions, dancing, painting, scenery and costumes are fused into a single whole.

Teatro alla Scala (Milan)

Stage

This type of art of small forms is predominantly popular and entertaining. The stage includes the following directions: singing, dancing, circus on stage, illusionism, conversational genre, clownery.

Circus

A type of entertainment art, according to the laws of which an entertaining performance is built. The content of modern circus performances is the demonstration of magic tricks, pantomime, clowning, reprise, demonstration of exceptional abilities, often associated with risk ( physical strength, acrobatics, balancing act,), trained animals.

Film art

A type of entertainment art, which is also a synthesis of the arts: literature, theater, dance, fine arts (scenery), etc.

Ballet

Type of performing arts; a performance whose content is embodied in musical and choreographic images. The basis of a classical ballet performance is a certain plot, a dramatic concept. In the 20th century a plotless ballet appeared, the dramaturgy of which was based on the development inherent in the music.

Painters and sculptors, designers and architects - all these people bring beauty and harmony into our lives every day. Thanks to them, we look at statues in museums, admire paintings, and marvel at the beauty of ancient buildings. Contemporary fine art amazes us, classical art makes us think. But in any case, human creations surround us everywhere. Therefore, it is useful to understand this issue.

Types of fine arts

Fine art is spatial. That is, it has an objective form that does not change over time. And it is precisely by how this form looks that types of fine art are distinguished.

They can be divided into several categories. For example, by the time of appearance. Until the 19th century, only three types were considered the main ones: sculpture, painting and architecture. But the history of fine arts developed, and soon graphics joined them. Later, others emerged: arts and crafts, theatrical decoration, design and others.

Today there is no consensus on which types of fine art should be distinguished. But there are several basic ones, the existence of which does not cause any controversy.

Painting

Drawing is a type of fine art in which images are conveyed using paints. They are applied to a hard surface: canvas, glass, paper, stone and much more.

Used for painting different colors. They can be oil and watercolor, silicate and ceramic. At the same time, there is wax painting, enamel painting and others. It depends on what substances are applied to the surface and how they are fixed there.

There are two directions in painting: easel and monumental. The first unites all those works that were created on various canvases. Its name comes from the word “machine”, which means easel. But monumental painting is a fine art that is reproduced on various architectural structures. These are all kinds of temples, castles, churches.

Architecture

Construction - monumental view fine arts, the purpose of which is to construct buildings. This is practically the only category that has not only aesthetic value, but also performs practical functions. After all, architecture involves the construction of buildings and structures for the life and activities of people.

It does not reproduce reality, but expresses the desires and needs of humanity. Therefore, the history of fine art is best traced through it. IN different times The way of life and ideas about beauty were very different. It is for this reason that architecture makes it possible to trace the flight of human thought.

This view is also different high degree depending on the environment. For example, on the form architectural structures influenced by climatic and geographical conditions, the nature of the landscape and much more.

Sculpture

This is an ancient fine art, samples of which have a three-dimensional appearance. They are made by casting, chiselling, hewing.

Mostly stone, bronze, wood or marble are used to make sculptures. But in Lately Concrete, plastic and other artificial materials have become no less popular.

The sculpture has two main varieties. It can be circular or embossed. In this case, the second type is divided into high, low and mortise.

As in painting, there are monumental and easel directions in sculpture. But decorative items are also distinguished separately. Monumental sculptures in the form of monuments decorate the streets, they designate important places. Easel ones are used to decorate rooms from the inside. And decorative ones decorate everyday life like small plastic objects.

Graphic arts

This is a decorative fine art that consists of drawings and artistic printed images. Graphics differ from painting in the materials, techniques and forms used. To create engravings or lithographs, special machines and equipment are used to print images. And the drawings are made with ink, pencil and other similar materials that make it possible to reproduce the shapes of objects and their illumination.

Graphics can be easel, book and applied. The first is created thanks to special devices. These are engravings, drawings, sketches. The second decorates the pages of books or their covers. And the third is all kinds of labels, packaging, brands.

The first works of graphics are considered to be rock paintings. But her highest achievement is vase painting in Ancient Greece.

Arts and crafts

This is a special type of creative activity, which consists of creating various household items. They satisfy our aesthetic needs and often have utilitarian functions. Moreover, they were previously made precisely for practical reasons.

Not every fine art exhibition can boast of the presence of decorative and applied items, but every home has them. These include jewelry and ceramics, painted glass, embroidered items and much more.

Fine and applied art most of all reflects national character. The fact is that its important component is folk arts and crafts. And they, in turn, are based on the customs, traditions, beliefs and way of life of the people.

From theatrical and decorative art to design

Throughout history, more and more new types of fine art appear. With the formation of the first temple of Melpomene, theatrical and decorative art arose, which consists of making props, costumes, scenery and even makeup.

And design, as one of the types of art, although it appeared in ancient times, was only recently singled out into a separate category with its own laws, techniques and features.

Genres of fine art

Each work that comes from the master’s pen, hammer or pencil is dedicated to a specific topic. After all, when creating it, the creator wanted to convey his thoughts, feelings, or even the plot. It is by these characteristics that genres of fine art are distinguished.

For the first time about any systematization of a huge amount cultural heritage thought in the Netherlands in the 16th century. At this time, only two categories were distinguished: high and low genres. The first included everything that contributed to the spiritual enrichment of a person. These were works dedicated to myths, religion, and historical events. And for the second - things related to everyday life. These are people, objects, nature.

Genres are forms of displaying life in the visual arts. And they change with it, develop and evolve. Entire eras of fine art pass while some genres acquire new meaning, others die out, and others emerge. But there are several main ones that have passed through the centuries and still exist successfully.

History and mythology

TO high genres The Renaissance included historical and mythological. It was believed that they were intended not for the common man in the street, but for a person with high level culture.

The historical genre is one of the main ones in the fine arts. It is dedicated to recreating those events of the past and present that are of great importance for a people, country or individual settlement. Its foundations were laid back in Ancient Egypt. But it was fully formed already in Italy, during the Renaissance, in the works of Uccello.

The mythological genre includes those works of fine art that reflect legendary subjects. The first examples of it appeared already in ancient art, when epics became ordinary instructive stories. But the most famous are the works of the Renaissance. For example, frescoes by Raphael or paintings by Botticelli.

The subjects of works of art of the religious genre are various episodes from the Gospel, the Bible and other similar books. In painting, his famous masters were Raphael and Michelangelo. But the genre was also reflected in engravings, sculpture and even architecture, given the construction of temples and churches.

War and life

The depiction of war in art began in antiquity. But this topic was actively developed in the 16th century. All kinds of campaigns, battles and victories found expression in sculptures, paintings, engravings and tapestries of the time. Name works of art on this topic battle genre. The word itself has French roots and is translated as “war”. Artists who paint such pictures are called battle painters.

In contrast, there is an everyday genre in the fine arts. It represents works that reflect everyday life. It is difficult to trace the history of this trend, because as soon as a person learned to use tools, he began to capture his harsh everyday life. The everyday genre in fine art allows you to get acquainted with the events that took place thousands of years ago.

People and nature

Portrait is the image of a person in art. This is one of the most ancient genres. Interestingly, it originally had cult significance. Portraits were identified with the soul of a deceased person. But the culture of fine art has developed, and today this genre allows us to see images of people of past eras. Which gives an idea of ​​the clothing, fashion and tastes of that time.

Landscape is a genre of fine art in which nature is the main subject. It originated in Holland. But on my own landscape painting very diverse. Can depict both real and fantasy nature. Depending on the type of image, rural and urban landscapes are distinguished. The latter includes such subspecies as industrial and veduta. In addition, they talk about the existence of panoramic and chamber landscapes.

The animalistic genre is also distinguished. These are works of art depicting animals.

Marine theme

Seascapes represent primarily the early Dutch painting. The fine art of this country gave rise to the marina genre itself. It is characterized by reflections of the sea in all forms. Marine artists paint seething elements and serene water surfaces, noisy battles and lonely sailing ships. The first painting of this genre dates back to the sixteenth century. On it Cornelis Antonis depicted the Portuguese fleet.

Although Marina is more genre paintings, you can find water motifs not only in paintings. For example, decorative arts often use elements of seascapes. These can be tapestries, jewelry, engravings.

Items

Still life is mainly also a genre of painting. Its name is translated from French as “dead nature”. In fact, the heroes of still lifes are various inanimate objects. Usually these are everyday things, as well as vegetables, fruits and flowers.

The main characteristic of a still life can be considered its apparent plotlessness. Nevertheless, this is a philosophical genre that at all times has reflected the connections between man and the outside world.

Prototypes of still lifes can be found in the monumental painting of Pompeii. Later this genre became part of other paintings. For example, religious paintings. But the name behind it was established only in the 16th century.

Fine art is a way of understanding reality and man’s place in it. It allows you to recreate reality using various visual images. Works of this art find a place not only in museums or exhibitions, but also on city streets, in homes and libraries, books and even envelopes. They are all around us. And the least we can do is learn to appreciate, understand and preserve the amazing heritage that we inherited from the great masters of past eras.