Individual painting. The role of worldview in the individual picture of the world

Unique picture the individual’s world and its reflection on texts: using the example of texts of people who committed p

This book may be useful to those who work professionally with words, be they psychologists, philologists, writers, historians. But first of all, it is addressed to psychotherapists, for whom analysis of the client’s statements is the most important source of information about him, and what they themselves say is their only working tool.

A strict analysis of a text, devoid of arbitrary interpretations and “reading into” extraneous meanings, allows one to recreate the individual picture of the world of the author of this text - that is, to see the world through the eyes of another.

The book consists of four sections devoted to different aspects of spending productive time with your baby. The first section of the book introduces the reader to the moral aspects of education; it is full valuable advice on personality development and character formation of the child.

The second offers a practical method for developing speech, describing in detail such exercises as telling a story based on a picture, shadow theater, and techniques for studying poetry. The next two sections are devoted to the child’s health and entertainment, in which readers will learn about the vitamin diet, vaccinations and hardening of the baby, as well as interesting organization of leisure time and introducing the child to native traditions and culture.

The book will be useful and interesting for young parents, psychologists, teachers and anyone interested in the problems of raising children.

It can be used for individual and group lessons.

Interior Design

Have you decided to become a professional interior designer? individual entrepreneur or open your own studio. What's the first thing you need to know? If you judge the work of an interior designer from TV shows dedicated to apartment renovations, you get the impression that the designer simply chooses the color of the walls and sofa cushions or hangs pictures artistically.

In fact, his task is to make the client’s dream of a beautiful, harmonious and comfortable interior come true, and this requires quite prosaic work: measurements, drawings, technical solutions, approvals, drawing up estimates, searching for the necessary building materials and furniture, working with builders.

In addition, when a designer has a serious business, he has to think about taxes, advertising, finding new clients and much more. Natalia Mitina, architect and interior designer, founder and head of the Koncepcija studio, dispels myths around interior design and talks about all the nuances of a professional’s work - starting from the choice educational institution before creating your own design studio.

I was Khrushchev's son-in-law

- …I did not write political biography Khrushchev is a lesson for historians. It’s good that such a biography did not appear in our country during Nikita Sergeevich’s lifetime - it would hardly have been truthful. I do not enter into an argument with anyone, because everyone has the right to their own point of view.

The measure of decency and responsibility is also purely individual. When I was thinking about how to build a narrative about the now distant years, it seemed to me important not so much to follow chronological steps or try to draw an exact diagram of events, in all their volume and diversity - and I am not capable of such work - but to create a picture from touches and factual sketches about people, events, joyful and sad, not only about Khrushchev... Alexey Adzhubey, husband of Rada Nikitichna Khrushcheva, editor-in-chief of the newspapers “Komsomolskaya Pravda” and “Izvestia”.

Adzhubey decided to publish memoirs about his father-in-law and his difficult time only at the height of perestroika.

Strokes of a speech portrait of the Kama region: a textbook for a special course

Tutorial in a special course, presents the results of a study of the speech of townspeople from a perspective determined by the problems of social dialectology. The norms of oral urban literary speech, the lexicon of urban sociolects, the methodology for their research, individual speech production are demonstrated - thereby creating the strokes of the linguistic picture of the world of city residents.

Intended for students of the Faculty of Philology, school teachers and those interested in the problems of a complex study of man - writers, sociologists, psychologists, etc.

How to get rid of stress

At work in popular form The role of stress in life is revealed modern man, its essence and dependence on the evolutionary structure of the psyche. The objective factors of stress and its connection with individual and social vices are characterized.

Are given practical recommendations to eliminate socio-psychological and personal causes of stress. The influence of the boundaries of a person’s picture of the world on stress is substantiated: spatial, temporal, meaningful and probabilistic. The close connection between stress and conflicts is revealed.

The dependence of stress on the quality of management, primarily strategic, is shown. Tests are offered to assess different characteristics stress in a particular person.

Psychology of biethnic family relations

The monograph sets out a well-developed author's position, examining the features of biethnic family relationships through various aspects: psychological problems of family relationships, marital satisfaction, models of cultural adaptation, the role of interpsychic and intrapsychic factors in motivating the choice of a spouse, features of spouses' adaptation to a foreign ethnic environment, psychological features of role expectations in biethnic family relationships and the degree of their consistency.

The personal characteristics of spouses and their children from biethnic marriages are also discussed - the personal characteristics of spouses from biethnic families, psycho-sociocultural factors that determine the identity of individuals from biethnic families, the ethnic identity of spouses.

It is extremely important that spouses from biethnic families, to one degree or another, encounter difficulties in interaction. This collision of often contradictory pictures of the world, different systems of values ​​that were previously not in contact or had little contact, led to the need to pair them at the level of individual consciousness, psychological adaptation to a different system of meanings and values.

For students specializing in psychology, family psychology, ethnopsychology.

Eric and revenge on Knave

Opening this book like a magic casket, we cannot even imagine that from the very first lines of this unusual work against our will, we will be involved in a fairy-tale-romantic in form, but quite real and vital in content, human cycle.

The unusualness of Alexei Sosnin’s new story “Eric and Revenge on the Knave” lies in the fact that the classical scheme “form corresponds to content” here recedes before the power of our imagination. That inexplicable force that uncontrollably draws us into the magical world of fantasy.

The action of the story develops without any outlining descriptions. From the very first pages of the book, fabulous, but realistically outlined visions are revealed to us, and contrary to our rationalism, we are transported to a romantic playing field. We immediately imagine medieval knights, we feel ourselves surrounded by magicians and wizards.

In order not to bore the reader, the author uses a minimal set artistic means. All the storylines are drawn up by him only as conceptual sketches. For the rest, he completely trusts the reader. Every stage concept is determined by individual life reality, so the reader will have his own game, his own picture of the world, corresponding to his ideas and feelings.

The author gives our imagination the opportunity to complete the picture with our own images, actions and thoughts. Thus inviting us to become co-authors of an extraordinary narrative. And, like passionate gamers, we will play this game to the very bitter end, to the very last line.

Together with the heroes of the story, we will go through all the stages of gaining maturity and wisdom. We mature in battles with werewolves, in battles with evil wizards. We will be elevated by the happiness of love and brought down by the passion of hatred. We will be gullible, believing in the truth and being deceived by insidious lies.

As the meaning of life, filial duty will rise for us to the same level as the great mission of saving humanity. What will remain behind is the thorny path of life, sanctified by the spirit of the struggle between good and evil. And on this path we will always follow our father’s completely earthly covenant to follow our heart in all matters, because it is this that helps us accept correct solution in difficult times.

Having passed through this entire cycle of character in social nature, like the heroes of the book, we will inevitably come to the line beyond which it is worth summing up. Albeit intermediate, but just as necessary in order to follow your own path at a new level. life path further.

And the main thing is to proudly write these results into your biography, as will happen in the work opened in front of you: “Despite the sadness of the departed, the two kingdoms celebrated a victory that will be written in the history of elves and people.”

Labor disputes. Educational and practical manual for bachelor's and master's degrees

The manual comprehensively covers the procedure for considering and resolving individual labor disputes in the courts, taking into account the simultaneous application by courts resolving individual labor disputes of labor and civil procedural norms. The problems that arise when resolving collective labor disputes, and ways to resolve them, and the procedure for resolving individual labor disputes by jurisdictional bodies are considered.

This publication reveals a picture of judicial practice in resolving labor disputes in accordance with the guiding clarifications to the courts developed by the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. The structure of the manual includes questions that will help students monitor their knowledge.

The image of the world in the mirror of language

The collection of scientific articles (the first issue of the new series “Conceptual and Linguistic Worlds”) is devoted to the consideration of such issues relevant to modern linguistics as the mentality and mentality of the people, conceptual, linguistic and individual author’s pictures of the world, the history of the people and the linguistic consciousness of the individual, mental space of artistic text, etc.

The collection is intended for linguists, literary scholars, cultural experts, psychologists and wide range readers interested in problems of language, psychology, and culture.

General and inorganic chemistry. At 2 o'clock. Part 1. Theoretical basis 2nd ed., trans. and additional Textbook and

The textbook will help students form a scientific picture of the world that is adequate to the modern level of knowledge based on knowledge of the laws of chemistry, the composition and structure of matter, the chemical and physicochemical properties of elements and compounds. The first part examines the fundamentals of chemical thermodynamics, kinetics, properties of solutions, the theory of atomic structure and chemical bonding, redox reactions and electrochemical processes, and properties of complex compounds.

The second part of the textbook is devoted to the chemistry of s-, p-, d-elements. Each chapter contains characteristics of a subgroup, physical and Chemical properties simple substances and their compounds, information about their preparation, use, toxicity and environmental hazard. The textbook contains sample solutions to problems, test questions and tests.

The Appendices provide all necessary supporting information. For better assimilation of the material, the textbook includes an extensive laboratory workshop. Laboratory works contain individual assignments with elements of scientific research, carrying out quantitative calculations and assessing the error of determinations.

Hide behind the flowers (collection)

The book by film playwright and documentary director Lyudmila Temnova-Zimina includes film scripts, poems, essays, reflections on cinema and life. Many films have been made around the world, varying in genre and quality. Each of them represents the individual view of the writer and director.

Ultimately, the story told begins to live on the screen independently in the form that the creators of the film gave it, while they themselves remain behind the scenes, like elf wizards hiding behind flowers.

Art. Modern. Notebook eleven

The art of China maintained a connection with ancient traditions; artists learned well the lessons of the old masters. A painter in 1800 painted pictures the same way they did in 1300. Today, turning to tradition, artists inventively introduce elements of the language of Western creators, transform them in an original way, use new technologies, creating bright, individual work; find symbols to connect the past and present like Mao, the Government House of the 18th century (backdrop for the works of Wang Guangyi, Ai Weiwei).

Be careful, people. From works of 1957–2017

Ilya Krupnik’s prose was almost never published in the second half of the 20th century: the writer was included in the so-called “black list”. Krupnik’s “almost realistic” works are internally akin to the neorealism of Fellini and parallel spaces Chagall's paintings, where visual (sur)reality reveals timeless, eternal themes life: the confrontation between kindness and cruelty, the collapse of the usual order, the mystery of creativity, collapse individual world, the great power of sincere feelings - that is, what excites readers of the new 21st century.

With all the abundance of literature dedicated to P. M. Tretyakov, it seems that an unknown artist sketched his image with light strokes, took up paints - but never finished the picture, did not color it bright colors individuality, did not breathe into her the spark of God's soul... Of course, speaking about Tretyakov, one cannot ignore what was the goal of his life - the creation of a collection of paintings in Lavrushinsky Lane.

In this book Tretyakov Gallery a lot of space will be given up. However, the author of this book sees his main task in showing the reader, based on documentary evidence, the multifaceted personality that Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov was.

Net. Decision Making Tool

This groundbreaking book by Matt Watkinson, winner of the 2014 Best Management Book Award, presents a coherent and simple system making error-free decisions in business. The author considers an enterprise or company as an integral organism in which all elements are closely interconnected, so that any changes in one of them will inevitably entail serious consequences for the entire system.

He managed to develop an easy-to-use, but very effective analytical model - a grid that allows you to correctly assess the overall picture, look at the situation in dynamics, predict the results of changes, and organize both team and individual work.

“The grid I'm going to talk about is a tool for making smarter, more informed decisions. With its help, you can identify problems and find promising areas in an existing business, as well as test new ideas. I wrote it so that the life of each of my readers would become easier and better.

Everyone will benefit from this.” (Matt Watkinson).

Valentin Serov. Beloved son, father and friend: Memoirs of contemporaries about the life and work of an outstanding

When you mention the name of Valentin Serov, the picture “Girl with Peaches” immediately appears before your eyes, familiar to everyone from childhood. IN early paintings The artist discerns the style of the Impressionists, which over time will develop into a special individual style of painting.

This great worker, a man of unique talent, rich spiritual life, rare inner beauty, by nature very silent and persistent in his once and for all chosen principles, was an excellent landscape painter and graphic artist, but it was his works in the portrait genre that made him famous.

Serov had no equal in his ability to show a person alive on canvas and accurately convey his inner essence. He is still loved and revered today, as was clearly shown by the exhibition dedicated to the artist’s 150th anniversary – it was visited by about half a million visitors. This book contains memories of Valentin Serov from his contemporaries: mother, daughter, colleagues and writers.

Novikova-Grund M.V.

Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor, Department of Design Psychology, Institute of Psychology named after. L.S.Vygotsky Russian State University for the Humanities

DISPLAYING A PERSON'S INDIVIDUAL PICTURE OF THE WORLD ON HIS TEXT. MAP OF AN INDIVIDUAL PICTURE OF THE WORLD

annotation

A person’s individual picture of the world can be extracted from his texts, formalized and presented in the form of a “map”, as a unique combination of text parameters. This allows us to strictly and uniformly compare pictures of the world different people, groups of people united by a common strategy for coping with existential anxieties, as well as register changes in a person’s individual picture of the world that have occurred as a result of trauma, psychotherapeutic influence and other fundamental changes.

Keywords: picture of the world, formalization, existential anxieties, trauma.

Novikova-Grund MW

REFLECTION OF THE PERSONAL IMAGE OF THE WORLD ON THE PERSON’S TEXTS. MAP OF THE INDIVIDUAL'S IMAGE OF THE WORLD

Abstract

The personal picture of the world could be extracted from one’s texts, formalized and represented as a kind of a “map” – as a unique combination of text characteristics – as its parameters. This affords to compare in a strict and uniformed manner world pictures of different persons and of different groups characterized by common strategies of coping with existential anxieties and to note changes which have taken place in the personal picture of the world in the consequence of trauma, psychotherapy and other fundamental changes.

Keywords: picture of the world, formalization, existential anxieties, trauma.

The proposed work is based on empirical observations of 3000 texts of textual techniques (TM), which are pairs of short spontaneous stories that are written within 15 minutes. on a specially selected topic, one on one’s own behalf, and the other on behalf of another person. Confirmed by a clinical conversation, anamnestic data, as well as a number of experiments, they indicate that a person returns to an unresolved problem and a trauma that has not been fully experienced in his stories until he solves it and survives it.

The consequence of this is a clarification: existential anxieties and fears are objects of constant return and are repeated in a person’s speech many times, since they cannot be finally resolved and experienced.

Within the framework of this concept, based on observation of regularly repeated elements of TM texts, TM was created, correlated with existential anxieties. It included text elements of three levels – deep syntactic, semantic and plot. At each level, in the process of generating a text, the speaker simultaneously performs many free elections from a number of theoretically permissible options, and only the choice of plot (but not its structure) is relatively conscious, so the systematic nature of the choices possible options is not the result of the deliberate intentions of the author of the text.

The standard list consists of 16 items represented as binary variables, and 12 of them include the required “formal marker” option. The parameters included in the list have an important property - they are mutually independent, so they can be present in the text in any set. A person’s individual picture of the world can be extracted from his texts, formalized and presented in the form of a “map”, as a unique combination of text parameters. This makes it possible to strictly and uniformly compare the worldviews of different people, groups of people united by a common strategy for coping with existential anxieties, as well as register changes in a person’s individual picture of the world that have occurred as a result of trauma, psychotherapeutic influence and other fundamental changes. Below is Standard list of text parameters , which is used to create the map.

Standard list of text parameters

1. Agent structures (Ag.). Parameter of correlation with the act of freedom Semantics of the parameter: Someone performs an action of his own free will. Formal indicators: the presence of an animate noun or a personal pronoun replacing it in the nominative (except for the verb “to be” and “to be”). Examples: he walks, writes, thinks.

2. Non-agent designs (nAg). Parameter of correlation with the act of unfreedom and with the absence of power. Semantics of the parameter: Someone performs an action against his own will, or: someone or something performs an action on him. Formal indicators: the absence of an animate noun or a personal pronoun replacing it in the nominative of a verb, or their presence in the verb “to be” and “should.” Examples: It occurred to him, a discovery had been made, computers would take over the world.

3. External predicates (Ex). Parameter of correlation with external space and movement. Semantics: the event occurs in external space, i.e. it can be seen and/or heard. Formal indicators, since we're talking about about semantic opposition, no; but the diagnostic indicators are: descriptions of acts of physical movement from one place to another, descriptions of facial and pantomimic movements, acts of speaking and other sounds (i.e. movements of the vocal cords and sound waves); acts of change physical properties and characteristics; acts of categorization according to physical signs. Examples: he ran, blushed, was fat, is an alcoholic.

4. Internal predicates (In). Parameter of correlation with internal space and inaccessibility to observation. Semantics: An event occurs in internal space, mental or physical. It is not observable from the outside. There are no formal indicators, since we are talking about semantic opposition; but the diagnostic indicators are: the presence of internal space inaccessible to vision and hearing, as well as - and thanks to this - the presence of events that are not comprehended as physical movement. Examples: he remembers, wants, is afraid, his train of thought has changed(in the latter case there is a metaphor for the movement, but not the movement itself).

5. Past tense (P). The parameter corresponds to the speaker’s statement that the event began and ended – happened. Semantics: the event has ceased to be directly observable, and no one and nothing has the power to change it. Accordingly, the speaker, regardless of the nature and assessment of the event, represents himself in relation to it within the framework of the oppositions “to be strong/weak” and “to be active/passive” as “weak” and “passive” (at the moment of speaking). Formal indicators: grammatical formants of the past tense.

6. Present tense (Pr). The parameter corresponds to the speaker's statement that the event is ongoing. Semantics: In an ongoing event, the speaker is present and directly experiences it or observes it, albeit from the outside, but also directly, and, accordingly, he has the power to influence its further course and completion, but he does not know how this event will end. Accordingly, the speaker is free to represent himself in any way within the framework of the oppositions “to be strong/weak” and “to be active/passive” (at the moment of speaking). Formal indicators: grammatical formants of the present tense.

7 Future tense (F). The parameter corresponds to the speaker's statement that the event has not yet occurred, but someone or something can influence how it begins or does not begin, as well as how it ends. Semantics: The speaker evaluates whether he, or someone else, or something else has the power to influence the course and completion of an event. Accordingly, the speaker is free to represent himself in any way within the framework of the oppositions “to be strong/weak” and “to be active/passive” (at the moment of speaking). Formal indicators: grammatical formants of the future tense.

8. Absolute time (A). The parameter refers to the speaker's assertion that the event is not defined as potentially changeable or potentially uninfluenced. Semantics: the speaker is silent about his degree of involvement in the event, avoids defining himself as strong/weak or active/passive in relation to the event. Formal markers: all predicates that are not verbs, but other parts of speech, as well as all predicates (including verbs) used to describe the act of categorization. Examples: love, death, description, categorization.

9. Number of figures (Nf). The parameter corresponds to the more or less “egocentric universe” of the author of the text. Semantics: the presence of only one figure in the text (Nf=1) means the extreme degree of egocentrism and loneliness, usually unconscious, of the author of the text, who, when creating his plot, is focused exclusively on himself and does not feel the need to introduce figures of other people into the text; the presence of several non-generalized figures (Nf>1) means that the “world of other people” of the author of the text is not empty. Examples: I managed to lose 20 kg. It took a lot of effort. Harmful foods were excluded from the diet, and I had to exercise in the pool and on exercise machines. Now I'm happy(Nf=1). I lost excess weight. That was hard. My mother reacted to my weight loss with resentment and irritation. But my husband supported me, even prepared salads for me. Now both he and the children are proud of me(Nf>1).

10-14. Levels of self-identification (Zon A-E). The parameter is correlated with the degree of identification of the speaker with those he is talking about. Semantics: depending on the placement of a figure on one or another level of identity with the speaker himself, as well as on which levels remain unfilled, the speaker reports his existing ideas about permeability inner world other people and the comparability of their inner world with his own, as well as the relevance/irrelevance for him to carry out acts of penetration and comparison. Formal markers.

Zon A: in the description of the figure there are internal predicates that go beyond the boundaries of the chronotope “here and/or now”. Examples: he remembered being in this place last summer;

Zon IN: in the description of the figure there are internal predicates that indicate the presence of a chronotope other than “here and now”, but do not introduce its description. Examples: he remembered something; I'm dreaming.

Zon WITH: in the description of a figure (and more often - a generalized set of figures) there are internal predicates that do not indicate the presence of a chronotope other than “here and now”, and are aimed only and exclusively at one character. Examples: he admires me; they all judge me.

Zon D: in the description of a figure (or a generalized set of figures) there are only external predicates in the absence of external details. Examples: he stood against the wall.

Zon E: the description of the figure contains only external predicates, as well as more than 2 external details. Examples: he stood motionless against the wall, his hair disheveled and his shoulders tense.

15-16. Plot (SJ). The parameter correlates with a message about the author's identity, as well as his life and textual strategies. Semantics: all plots of TM texts were reduced to two plot macro-schemes: “external” and “internal”, as well as their combinations. The “external” macrocircuit (SJ1) organized events occurring in the space of objects accessible to outside observation; the “internal” macrocircuit (SJ2) organized events occurring in the mental or bodily space of the projective figure from ZonA, inaccessible to outside observation. Formal markers (SJ1): the description of the action ends with a result that is assessed as positive, negative or ambivalent. Formal markers (SJ2): description of perceptions and emotions, not aimed at achieving a result. Examples (SJ1): We walked with dad, I ate ice cream. It melted and fell. I started crying. Dad bought me new ice cream. Examples (SJ2): The ice cream was delicious and beautiful. The chocolate shades were dark in depth and had a milky sheen where they had melted. My mouth felt cold and sweet. The rough waffle cone smelled like vanilla.. (two fragments of the same text are used for examples).

It is easy to see that any short connected text can be represented as a tuple (ordered set) of the given 16 parameters, and each of the 16 places can be 1 if the parameter is present in the text, and 0 if it is absent (for the parameter Nf, which in a more detailed version it is presented not as binary, but as n-ary, the presence of a single figure in the text was coded as 0, and the presence of more than one figure - as 1). This 16-place tuple of zeros and ones was called the “Map of a person’s individual picture of the world”, since each of the parameters, as shown above, is correlated with existential problems, and their specific combination represents an image of an individual strategy for coping with them.

Table 1 – Map of a person’s individual picture of the world.

The number of theoretically possible combinations is 2^16, respectively, the probability of a random match of n cards is 1: [(2^16)^n-1]. Thus, the method opens up the possibility of comparing small (in the limiting case only two) texts.

As an illustration, we present a fragment of an experimental study of TM texts obtained from 7 patients of a crisis center who were hospitalized after repeated suicide attempts. As a control group, we used 100 TM texts received from students and teachers of the Russian State University for the Humanities who had never committed suicide attempts.

Table 2 - Maps of individual worldviews of suicide victims coincided in all 16 parameters as follows:

The probability of a random coincidence is 1: [(2^16)^7-1], that is, negligible.

In the control group, no matches were found for 16 parameters.

This can be interpreted as having overall strategy coping with existential anxieties in a group of people who fearlessly resort to demonstrative suicide attempts under frustrating circumstances. The combination of parameters in the maps of their pictures of the world indicates that the studied suiciders perceive themselves as powerless and dependent on invincible circumstances (Ag=0), which is why the act of suicide attempt is subjectively safe and insignificant for them - after all, any of their actions is insignificant and has no power; the events of their inner world are intolerable and therefore devalued and kept silent (In=0); the past is also devalued and “crossed out” along with the experience of mistakes and victories (P=0), and real life and the achievement of goals will take place in a highly valuable future (F=1), which will happen by the will of circumstances and regardless of the experience of the past and the efforts of the authors of the texts. The presence of only one figure located in zone A, and generalized figures in zone C (zA=1; zC=1; Nf=0) can be regarded as a representation of total “egocentric loneliness” in the texts of suiciders. The protagonists of texts written by suiciders are surrounded by the world , where instead of specific people with names, faces, thoughts and feelings, there are only pale projections of the author himself, uniformly hating him in the “space of the present” or admiring him in the “space of the future.”

Standard list of text parameters , on the one hand, is psychologically meaningful (correlated with the elements of the existential picture of the world), and on the other hand, as is easy to see, it allows, thanks to the “Formal Markers” option, to clearly identify 16 points in any TM text, by which it can be compared with any other TM text. In other words, any TM text, as well as any other spontaneous coherent text, the writing of which took no more than 15-20 minutes, can be presented as a set of parameters from list.

Literature

1. May R. Existential foundations of psychotherapy. In the book: Existential psychology, M., 2001

2. Novikova-Grund M.V. Text techniques in the group. In: Proceedings of the Institute of Psychology named after. L.S. Vygotsky, issue 1; M., 2001

3. Novikova-Grund M.V. The problem of understanding/misunderstanding: from positivism to hermeneutics. In: Proceedings of the Institute of Psychology named after. L.S. Vygotsky, issue 2; M.2002)

4. Pines D. Unconscious use of her body by a woman, B.S.K., East European Institute of Psychoanalysis, St. Petersburg, 1997

5. Piaget J. Speech and thinking of a child., M., Pedagogy-Press 1994

6. Yalom I. Existential psychotherapy. M., Class, 1999

The following criteria are identified, on the basis of which one can distinguish the features of different pictures of the world:

· scale;

· clarity;

· emotional coloring;

· light and darkness;

· presence of past, present and future;

· analytism and synthetism;

· separation of the subject from external environment;

· activity-passivity;

· iconicity (symbolicity);

· reflexivity;

· saturation with interpersonal relationships;

· conformity;

· determinism of the world order;

· degree of general development;

· features of the development of the representative system.

(Subcultural picture of the world)

The world is neither good nor bad, the ancient sages argued, it is the way we perceive it. What determines the perception of the world, and, consequently, the attitude towards it, by a person?

It has long been known that even the most conscientious witnesses who observed the same episode often give conflicting testimony about it. This happens because witnesses may have more or less significantly different pictures of the world. Let's say that for some it is dominated by light, for others - dark tones, for some it is in the center of the past, for others - the future, for some it is saturated with human relationships, for others the main place is given to nature; Some pictures of the world are complex and colorful, others are simple and colorless, etc. And by projecting an episode into his existing picture of the world, the witness certainly subjects it to transformation. The picture of the world serves as something like a coordinate grid that determines the meaning and content of any perceived objects and images. This happens because people feel and act not in accordance with certain “objective facts,” but based on their always subjective ideas about them. And these latter are determined by many circumstances. Research has established that, for example, “ideas about happiness and the hierarchy of life values ​​can differ noticeably not only among different nations and cultures, but also among representatives different generations or different subcultures within one culture, one people.” The main reason for this is the presence of different peoples, ethnic groups and subcultures and, perhaps, each person has his own individual picture of the world, in accordance with the characteristics of which each person behaves in one way or another.

A unique picture of the world is inherent in any social community– from nation or ethnic group to social or professional group or an individual. Moreover, each period of historical time has its own picture of the world. In other words, any sufficiently large human community has differentiated pictures of the world both horizontally (different social groups of contemporaries) and vertically: pictures of the world are not something frozen, but a historically changing process of adaptation to changing realities. So, for example, the picture of the world of a peasant differs from the picture of the world of his contemporary university professor. But in the same way, today’s peasant or professor perceives the world completely differently from representatives of these same social groups a hundred years ago. The worldviews of a Catholic and an Orthodox Christian, a Muslim and a Buddhist differ. Such differences are well illustrated by art. For example, Paris as depicted by Chinese artists differs from the Paris of Pissarro and Monet. And nature in modern landscape painters is strikingly different from its depiction of the 13th - 14th centuries. It is no coincidence that they also talk, for example, about the St. Petersburg of Gogol and Dostoevsky or about Bulgakov’s Moscow.

In addition to the national linguistic picture of the world, it is customary to highlight individual (author's) linguistic picture of the world – reflection of the surrounding reality in the worldview linguistic personality, worldview of a linguistic personality through the prism of language.

According to the fair remark of D.S. Likhachev, “and the word, and its meanings, and the concepts of these meanings exist not by themselves in some independent weightlessness, but in a certain human “idiosphere.” Each person has his own individual cultural experience, a stock of knowledge and skills, which determine the richness of the meanings of a word and the richness of the concepts of these meanings, and sometimes, however, their poverty and unambiguity. In essence, each person has his own circle of associations, shades of meaning and, in connection with this, his own characteristics in the potential capabilities of the concept. The less a person’s cultural experience, the poorer not only his language, but also the “conceptosphere” of his vocabulary, both active and passive. What matters is not only broad awareness and a wealth of emotional experience, but also the ability to quickly draw associations from the store of this experience and awareness. Concepts appear in the human mind not only as “hints of possible meanings”, “their algebraic expression”, but also as responses to the previous linguistic experience of a person as a whole - poetic, prosaic, scientific, social, historical, etc.”

According to German philosopher and historian of the early 20th century. Oswald Spengler, the world is, what it means to the being living in it. The world correlated with a certain soul is a world accessible understanding And unique for each individual person. And that is why there are as many worlds as there are waking creatures, and in the existence of each of them, this supposedly unique, autonomous and eternal world turns out to be a constantly new, one-time, never repeated experience.”

An interesting justification for the existence of an individual picture of the world is given by the English philosopher Bertrand Russell in his famous treatise “Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits”: “The collective knows more and less than the individual: it knows, as a collective, all the contents of the encyclopedia and all contributions to the works of scientists institutions, but he does not know those close-to-heart and intimate things that make up the flavor and the very fabric of individual life. When a person says: “I can never convey the horror that I experienced when I saw Buchenwald” or: “No words can express my joy when I saw the sea again after for long years imprisonment," he says something which is true in the strictest and most precise sense of the word: he has through his experience a knowledge which those whose experiences have been different do not possess, and which cannot be fully expressed in words. If he is a first-class artist of words, he can create in the receptive reader a state of consciousness not entirely different from his own, but if he attempts to use scientific methods, the stream of his experience will be hopelessly lost in the dusty desert.

The most striking manifestation of an individual picture of the world is creative writing: “every literary work embodies the individual author’s way of perceiving and organizing the world, i.e. a particular version of the conceptualization of the world. The author’s knowledge about the world, expressed in literary and artistic form, represents a system of ideas directed to the addressee. In this system, along with universal human knowledge, there are unique, original, and sometimes paradoxical ideas of the author. Thus, the conceptualization of the world in literary text, on the one hand, reflects the universal laws of the world order, on the other hand, individual, sometimes unique, imaginary ideas” [Babenko 2001: 35].
Thus, it is the person who is the bearer of the national mentality and language. A person appears in two forms - man and woman . This aspect, from the point of view of philosophy and linguistics, began to develop especially intensively in science at the end of the 20th century. and received the names – gender philosophy and gender linguistics, or simply gender (from the Greek genus “genus, born, born”).

Considering the concept of “worldview” in a scientific and psychological context, one can consider concepts that are related, generic, in order to more accurately and definitely understand the meaning of the first. So yes. Leontiev believes that the concept of “image of the world”, “picture of the world” are close in meaning to the concept of “worldview”.

The concept of “image of the world” is more traditional for science and is actively used by various psychologists, linguists, and philosophers. Specifically in psychological science the introduction of the term “image of the world” was associated with the dissemination of the general psychological theory of activity by A.N. Leontiev, in the context of which the process of constructing an image was considered, which is mainly determined not by individual perceived characteristics of objects, but by the peculiarities of constructing the image of the world by the object as a whole.

A.N. Leontyev considers the “image of the world” as “a methodological installation that prescribes the study of an individual’s cognitive processes in the context of his subjective picture of the world, as it develops in this individual throughout development cognitive activity". His position that “the formation of a person’s image of the world is his transition beyond the limits of the “directly sensory picture””, that the image of the world is not a finite, shaped picture, but a dynamic formation that depends directly on the perceiving object, served as an impetus for further studying the phenomenon of worldview.

Thus, those considering the problem of image perception within the framework cognitive processes, S.D. Smirnov, V.V. Petukhov, give a different meaning to the term we have taken in their works.

S.D. Smirnov in his works makes a distinction between the “world of images”, interpreted as individual sensory impressions, and the “image of the world”, characterized by integrity and completeness, which is amodal, has a multi-level structure of knowledge, acquiring emotional and personal meaning. Petukhov, considering the concept of “image of the world,” in his article proposes to use methods and techniques for solving mental problems as a structural unit in the study of ideas about the world, and also speaks of the need for further study of the perception of images.

Also, the understanding of the external and internal world is discussed by Vasilyuk in the book “Psychology of Experience”. The author identifies a typology of life worlds based on the characteristics of simplicity or complexity of internal and outer worlds, considering them not as gradation, but as a kind of integrity. " Lifeworlds“are considered not as separate, opposed sections of the real world, but as components of a single psychological inner world of the individual.

Also, different understanding The terms “image of the world”, “picture of the world” can be found in the works of V.V. Zinchenko, Yu.A. Aksenova, N.N. Koroleva, E.E. Sapogova, E.V. Ulybina, A.P. Stetsenko.

However, for our study, the most interesting is the interpretation of D.A. Leontyev. In the article “Worldview as a Myth and Worldview as an Activity,” he gives the following definition of the term “picture of the world”: “This is an individual system of ideas that each person has about how the world works in its various details.”

Emphasizing the subjective coherence of the picture of the world, the author talks about the ability of the psyche to build up its own ideas and beliefs to some complete, finished model, as if removing all unknown components, erasing their significance for itself. Thus, the picture of the world can be filled with objective knowledge, facts of the surrounding world, and with one’s own fantasies and conjectures, but in any case, the individual has the need to feel an accurate and integral system of “life guidelines.”

And the worldview, in turn, being a central component of the picture of the world (see Fig. 3), carries within itself a certain generalization - generalized judgments and beliefs about any objects, which can be understood both as a structural unit and as a criterion for identification. So, for example, a judgment about a certain single object “Alina is stupid” is not yet a ideological unit, but only reflects an attitude towards this object or notices a fact of the surrounding world, and the belief in the position that “all women are stupid”, which contains a generalized generalized conclusion is already a worldview unit.

Rice. 3

Thus, under the worldview of Leontyev D.A. understands" component, more precisely, the core individual image world, containing both ideas about the most general properties, connections and patterns inherent in objects and phenomena of reality, their relationships, as well as human activity and relationships between people, as well as ideas about the characteristics of an ideal, perfect world, society and man."