FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION State educational institution higher vocational education Pacific State University Department of “Economics and Management of the Chemical-Forest Complex” CONTROL WORK Discipline “Economics of Environmental Management” Topic: “Natural Resources: Reproduction and Protection. Energetic resources." Completed by a 3rd year student gr. FKv - 81 Gradebook No. 080442878 Last name: First name: Patronymic: Checked by: Glukhov A.I. Khabarovsk 2009
Contents 1. Natural resources: reproduction and protection 1.1 Natural resources, rational use and reproduction 1.2 Environmental activities and their results 1.3 Economic regulation in the field of environmental protection 2. Energy resources 2.1 Fuel energy resources

2.2 Alternative sources energy

2.3 Energy efficiency

Conclusion List of references used

1. Natural resources: reproduction and protection

1.1 Natural resources, rational use and reproduction

Natural resources include:

Water resources - bodies of water used or suitable for use as a source of water supply, hydropower, and

transport waterways;

Land resources used or intended for use in agriculture, for buildings in villages and cities; lands occupied by mineral resources, under railways, highways and other structures, parks, squares, etc.;

Mineral resources (mineral resources) - mineral substances used in the economy with sufficient efficiency in their natural form or after processing (iron, manganese, chromium, lead, rare and precious metals, etc.);

Energy resources - energy in nature in the form of mineral reserves (coal, oil), hydropower, wind energy, etc.

Natural resources, their potential and the possibility of its implementation are classified and grouped according to different criteria: renewable and non-renewable; unproduced (gifts of nature) and produced (man-made); by components (types) - water, forest, mineral, etc.; by purpose (primary use) - economic, health (social and hygienic), etc.; by region; explored and potential; according to the degree of exploration; forms of ownership, etc.

Rational use of resources involves not only their reasonable development and protection, but also the reproduction (restoration) of renewable resources. The system of measures for rational use is different for different types resources. The rational use of water and air consists, first of all, in preventing their pollution, i.e., qualitative depletion. Water resources are characterized by uneven distribution over territory and time. Their rational use also includes measures to redistribute runoff in time and space, if this redistribution does not damage the natural environment and increases the efficiency of use of water and other natural resources(land, mineral, feed, etc.) Redistribution of runoff in time is achieved by creating reservoirs and regulating the release of water from them, and redistribution in space by the construction of canals. For the rational use of exhaustible mineral resources, it is necessary to ensure their more complete extraction from the subsoil. The urgent task is the integrated use of mineral resources, which saves raw materials, increases the economic efficiency of enterprises and prevents pollution of the natural environment with industrial waste. Resources of the organic world and soil (renewable resources), under favorable conditions, are restored themselves and compensate for the damage caused to them by humans. The main task in organizing the rational use and protection of these resources is to regulate their exploitation. Permissible norms of use loads for each type of resource are established taking into account the geographical conditions of individual natural areas.

Planning the use of renewable natural resources must take into account the interests of their reproduction. The use of special measures (afforestation, fish farming, land reclamation, etc.) can ensure not only the restoration of previous resources, but also their increase. Types of work for the production of natural resources include: mineral exploration, land reclamation and reclamation, afforestation, purification of industrial wastewater and atmospheric emissions, acclimatization and restoration of animal numbers. Problems of rational use of natural resources are closely related to problems of nature conservation and transformation.

1.2 Environmental activities and their results

Protection of natural resources is a complex of international, national and regional administrative, economic, political and social measures to preserve the physical, chemical and biological parameters of the functioning of natural systems within the limits necessary, from a human point of view, as well as for rational use, prevention of pollution and other types of degradation environmental components, reproduction and restoration of natural resources. The crisis of the Russian economy hinders the development of waste-free technologies and the creation of an environmental industry (construction of wastewater treatment and other facilities).

The environmental crisis is characterized by the fact that industrial consumption various types natural resources conflict with nature’s ability to self-heal.

Environmental activity is the process of conservation, restoration and reproduction of natural resource potential, which should be essential component economic activity generally. The development of environmental protection activities is a necessary prerequisite for overcoming the crisis situation in the environment. IN modern conditions The content and direction of activities for nature conservation and conservation of natural resource potential have expanded significantly. In order to preserve this part of the national wealth in the process of environmental management, it is necessary to determine: the correspondence of the natural resources available on the planet (in the country, region), their geological location and condition to the goals and desired rates of economic development; the possibility of developing a particular production depending on the state of the environment; changes in economic growth rates due to the limitation of certain resources; limiting the consumption of certain natural resources in the interests of future generations; the impact of environmental pollution on further development economics; main strategic ways to solve economic and environmental problems; opportunities for exploration of natural resources and the influence of scientific and technical progress on this process; replacement options traditional types fuel, energy and other natural resources, non-traditional, etc.

IN developed countries a significant part of these problems is already being solved using waste-free technologies. In other cases, restrictions or refusal of production and consumption of certain goods are possible. Environmental protection activities include a whole range of areas and activities: ensuring the safety of natural resources and preventing pollution of their components; eliminating the negative impacts of human activity on the environment; reproduction of natural resource components; restoration of natural resources; rationalization of the use of raw materials and other natural resources, ensuring their minimum consumption in production; minimization of production and consumption waste, their complete recycling and optimal, environmentally acceptable placement of production in the natural environment; protection of unique natural complexes from destruction, pollution and other types of degradation.

The main directions of environmental protection activities, providing a fundamental solution to many problems, are the prevention of clean production, as well as meeting the needs for natural resources through the production of substitutes for natural materials, the use of non-traditional and inexhaustible types of energy.

There is a system of environmental control in Russia. Environmental control – checking compliance by enterprises and citizens with environmental requirements for protecting the natural environment and ensuring environmental safety. Control is exercised by legislative and executive bodies, as well as specially authorized bodies. The purpose of environmental control is to protect the natural environment by preventing and eliminating environmental violations to ensure sustainable development. The following forms of environmental control are distinguished: informational (collection and synthesis of environmental information), preventive (preventing the occurrence of harmful consequences) and punitive (application of state coercive measures against environmental violators). Its objects are the state of the natural environment, implementation of mandatory protection measures and compliance environmental legislation legal and individuals. Officials of state environmental control bodies (state inspectors) have broad powers.

There are international organizations for nature conservation. They operate in almost every country in the world. The governing bodies are concentrated primarily in the UN. Russia actively cooperates with UNEP, the most important international organization created by the UN in 1972, and with other organizations in the field of environmental protection in developing a strategy for protection against pollution, creating a global monitoring system, combating desertification, etc. Greater activity in solving global environmental problems problems are manifested by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), renamed in 1990 into the World Conservation Union, of which Russia is a member. Russia pays a lot of attention to work in specialized UN organizations that have a comprehensive environmental nature, in particular: UNESCO, WHO, FAO (UN body for food and agriculture). Scientific ties between Russia and the IAEA, created under the auspices of the UN in 1957, are being strengthened. Russia actively promotes the implementation of the main programs of the UN World Meteorological Organization (WMO), in particular the World Climate Program.

Russia continues to develop and deepen environmental cooperation through international conventions (treaties) and agreements on a multilateral basis. Over 70 international documents signed by the Russian Federation, as well as former USSR and accepted by it for execution, now regulate Russian environmental cooperation with other states. Speaking about international treaties concluded by Russia on a multilateral basis, one cannot speak about international cooperation with the CIS countries. The main document here is the intergovernmental Agreement on cooperation in the field of ecology and environmental protection, signed in Moscow in February 1992 by representatives of ten countries.

“In the interests of present and future generations, the USSR is taking the necessary measures to protect and scientifically based, rational use of the earth and its subsoil, water resources, flora and fauna, to preserve clean air and water, ensure the reproduction of natural resources and improve the human environment »

Article 18 of the USSR Constitution

Protection of natural resources is a system of measures that ensures the ability of nature to preserve resource-reproducing and environment-reproducing functions, as well as the conservation of non-renewable natural resources.

Man has always used the environment mainly as a source of resources, but for a very long time his activities have not had any impact significant influence to the biosphere. Only at the end of the last century, changes in the biosphere under the influence of economic activity attracted the attention of scientists. In the first half of this century, these changes increased and have now fallen like an avalanche on human civilization. Striving to improve his living conditions, a person constantly increases the pace of material production, without thinking about the consequences. With this approach, most of the resources taken from nature are returned to it in the form of waste, often toxic or unsuitable for disposal. This creates a threat to the existence of both the biosphere and man himself. The only way out of this situation lies in the development of new systems for the rational use of natural resources, and in human prudence.

The third law of ecology: “any substance we produce must not violate any natural biogeochemical cycle.” This is the law of reasonable, conscious use of natural resources. We must not forget that a person is also biological species that he is part of nature, and not its ruler. This means that you cannot try to conquer nature, but you need to cooperate with it.

Rational use of natural resources.

In connection with the problem of nature conservation, the ideas of monitoring the environment as a form of scientific observation included in the technology of rational environmental management are becoming widespread.

The problem of using mineral resources.

Every year, 100 billion tons of mineral resources, including fuel, are extracted from the bowels of the earth, of which 90 billion tons turn into waste. Therefore, resource conservation and reduction of environmental pollution are two sides of the same coin. How can we stop or slow down this process of resource depletion? The only possibility is to simulate the biosphere cycle of substances in industry. It is necessary that useful elements contained in raw materials do not end up in landfills, but are reused many times.

Rational use of water resources.

Drainage systems and structures are one of the types of engineering equipment and landscaping settlements, residential, public and industrial buildings that provide the necessary sanitary and hygienic conditions for work, life and recreation of the population. Water disposal and treatment systems consist of a set of equipment, networks and structures designed for receiving and removing domestic industrial and atmospheric waste through pipelines. Wastewater, as well as for their cleaning and neutralization before discharge into a reservoir or disposal.

The amount of industrial wastewater is determined depending on the productivity of the enterprise according to integrated standards for water consumption and wastewater disposal for various industries. Water consumption rate is the appropriate amount of water required for production process, established on the basis of scientifically based calculations or best practices. The consolidated water consumption rate includes all water consumption at the enterprise. Consumption rates for industrial wastewater are used in the design of newly built and reconstructed buildings. existing systems water disposal of industrial enterprises. Enlarged norms allow us to assess the rationality of water use at any operating enterprise. Water use efficiency per industrial enterprises is assessed by such indicators as the amount of recycled water used, the coefficient of its use and the percentage of its losses.

Rational use of soil resources.

Uncontrolled influence on the climate, combined with irrational agricultural practices (excessive application of fertilizers or plant protection products, improper crop rotation) can lead to a significant decrease in soil fertility and large fluctuations in crop yields. But a decrease in food production by even 1% can lead to the death of millions of people from starvation.

Under the influence of economic activities, soil salinization occurs, perennial plants disappear, sand encroaches, and modern times these processes accelerated and took on completely different scales. Over the course of history, humans have turned at least 1 billion hectares of once productive land into desert.

Excessive concentration of animals in small areas with unstable vegetation cover, the renewal of which is difficult due to lack of moisture and poor soils, leads to overgrazing and, as a consequence, to the destruction of soils and vegetation. Since soils in arid areas are often sandy, areas of overgrazing create areas of loose sand that are blown away by the winds.

Desertification is recognized as one of the global problems of humanity, the solution of which requires the combined efforts of all countries. Therefore, in 1994, the UN Convention to Combat Desertification was adopted.

Rational use of forest resources.

Now all forests occupy only a third of the land surface. Already the first farmers burned large areas of forests to clear the area for crops. With the development of agriculture and industry, forests began to quickly disappear.

Reduction of forest areas and forest degradation - deforestation - have become one of the global environmental problems. Deforestation in developing countries continues to be driven, in part, by the need for fuel. Almost 70% of the population in these regions still use firewood and charcoal. Due to the destruction of forests, almost 3 billion people are now facing an acute shortage of wood fuel. Prices for it are rising, and almost 40% is often spent not purchasing firewood. family budget. In turn, high demand for wood fuel fuels further deforestation.

Rational use of natural resources is necessary because Forests are the “lungs of our planet,” which means that if complete deforestation occurs, oxygen production will sharply decrease.

Recycling is one of the most important areas of production to reduce the consumption of primary resources.

Recycling, or recycling, is the reuse or reuse of resources. There has been significant progress in the development of recycling around the world. For example, during the period 1985-1995, the recycling of glass in the world increased from 20 to 50%, and metals - from 33 to 50%, today these figures are even higher.

Resource-saving technologies.

Currently, a huge amount of metal goes into chips. Some machines (excavators, machine tools, cars, tractors) weigh a lot, which makes their disposal difficult. Powder metallurgy is one of the most important ways to save metal. If during metal processing, casting and rolling, 60-70% of the metal is lost into chips, then when manufacturing parts from press powders, the loss of materials does not exceed 5-7%. This not only saves raw materials, but also energy, reduces air and water pollution. You can do without chips when using precision casting, sheet metal and volumetric cold stamping.

Integrated use of raw materials.

Significant savings in primary resources can be ensured by the integrated use of raw materials, i.e. obtaining many useful substances from it at once.

Increasing the efficiency of product use.

One of the most important aspects of resource saving is increasing the efficiency of using resource-intensive products and extending their service life, from agricultural equipment, cars to clothing and footwear. Repairing a product rather than replacing it with a new one is not only economically beneficial, it also creates new jobs, especially in the field of repairing household appliances, computers, and cars. Doubling the lifespan of a vehicle halves the use of resources needed to produce it.

Information technology as one of the ways to reduce the consumption of certain resources.

Electronics in the last decades of the 20th century created telecommunications networks. Each cell of these networks contains a monitor, a telephone, a modem, and a computer. Paper, materials, and energy spent on printing production and delivery of printed products are saved. There is no need for long and long business trips. Using the Internet saves material resources, time and energy. Today they are already talking about an information “post-industrial civilization”. The information media themselves are changing. They become smaller in size, even miniature.

Information technologies make it possible to reduce the energy and material intensity of corresponding products and radically change the entire industrial sphere. 11/12/04 a new mine was opened in Kemerovo with a capacity of 3 million tons of coal per year using computers and modern technologies.

The international cooperation.

In 1992 (June 3 - 14), the UNCED World Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) at the level of heads of state and government. A huge amount of work was done, and as a result of the meeting in Rio, two international agreements were concluded, two statements of principles and a plan of major actions for global sustainable development were adopted. Principles and rules of nature conservation. Economic activity causes numerous changes in nature, the consequences of which must be predicted. In the process of long-term use of natural resources, general principles and rules for the rational use and conservation of nature were developed.

Nature must be used and protected. The basic principle of nature conservation is protection in the process of its use.

The first principle boils down to the fact that all natural phenomena have multiple meanings for humans and must be assessed from different points of view. Each phenomenon must be approached taking into account the interests of different branches of production and preserving the restorative power of nature itself.

Thus, the forest is considered primarily as a source of wood and chemical raw materials, but forests have water-regulating, soil-protecting, and climate-forming significance. The forest is important as a place for people to relax. In these cases, the industrial importance of the forest is relegated to the background. A river cannot serve only as a transport route or as a site for the construction of hydroelectric power stations. The river cannot be used as a place for drainage of industrial waste water. Rivers deliver nutrients necessary for living organisms to the seas. Therefore, using the river only in the interests of one industry, as often happens, is irrational. It is necessary to use it comprehensively in the interests of various sectors of production, healthcare, and tourism, taking into account maintaining the cleanliness of the reservoir and restoring water flows in it.

The second principle is the need for strict consideration of local conditions when using and protecting natural resources. It is called the rule of regionality. This is especially true for the use of water and forest resources.

There are many places on Earth where there is currently a shortage of fresh water. Excess water elsewhere does not improve the water predicament in dry areas.

Where there are many forests and they are undeveloped, intensive logging is permissible, and in forest-steppe regions, in the central industrialized and densely populated regions of Russia, where there are few forests, forest resources must be used very carefully, with constant care for their renewal. The rule of regionality also applies to the animal world. The same species of game animal in some areas requires strict protection, while in others, with high numbers, intensive fishing is possible.

There is nothing more destructive than the intensive use of a resource where it is in short supply, on the basis that in other places this resource is in abundance. According to the rule of regionality, the treatment of the same natural resource in different areas should be different and depend on how this resource is currently represented in a given area.

The third principle, arising from the mutual connection of objects and phenomena in nature, is that the protection of one object simultaneously means the protection of other objects closely related to it.

Protecting a reservoir from pollution is the simultaneous protection of the fish living in it. Preserving the normal hydrological regime of the area with the help of forest vegetation also prevents soil erosion. The protection of insectivorous birds and red forest ants is the simultaneous protection of the forest from pests.

Often in nature, relationships of an opposite nature develop, when the protection of one object causes harm to another. For example, protecting elk in some places leads to its overpopulation, and this causes significant damage to the forest due to damage to the undergrowth. Therefore, the protection of each natural object must be correlated with the protection of others.

Therefore, nature conservation must be comprehensive. What should be protected is not the sum of individual natural resources, but a natural complex (ecosystem), including various components connected by natural connections that have developed in the process of long historical development.

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  Rational usage And security natural resources. Man is always used environment mainly as a source resources, however, for a very long time its activities did not show a noticeable impact on the biosphere.


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  Security And rational usage water resources. Man cannot live without water.
  Water contains more than 13 thousand toxic elements. People don't have natural mechanisms for neutralizing such a number of exotoxins.


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  Relationships that arise in the sphere security And rational use natural resources, their conservation and restoration, are regulated by international treaties of the Russian Federation, land, water, forestry legislation, legislation on subsoil, wildlife...


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  Article 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation established that land is equal to other natural resources used and o.
  Security And rational usage forest resources. Forests cover over 30% of the Earth's land area.


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  Security land resources and them rational usage. Article 9 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation established that land is equal to other natural resources is used and protected in the Russian Federation as the basis for the life and activities of the peoples living in the relevant territory.


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  State management of the quality of the human environment, rational using And security natural resources.


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  Mineral resources, their security And rational usage. Every year 100 billion tons of minerals are extracted from the bowels of the earth resources, including
  During the existence of the USSR, it was believed that our country was the richest in all types natural resources.


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  Indicators and standards, used for planning events protection environment.
  The main goal of environmental management planning is to ensure rational and economical use natural resources and balance in...


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  In Russia, in order to improve the management and regulation system use natural resources State
  Regulatory acts on protection nature and rational environmental management are divided into laws and regulations.


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  ...international environmental law) is a set of norms and principles designed to regulate international relationships in the field of environmental protection in order to security And rational use natural resources.

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1. Natural-territorial aspects of environmental problems.

2. Natural resources and methods of their protection.

3. Protection of forest resources in Russia.

1. Natural-territorial aspects of environmental problems

The most significant factor determining the specificity of Russia and its ecological originality is its large territory. It is equal to 17.1 million km 2, which is 11.5% of the total land surface. About 147 million people live in this territory, which determines the average density of 8.5 people/km 2 . For comparison, we point out that the average population density in Europe is 64 people/km 2, and in Asia - 55 people/km 2. The second feature of Russia is the uneven distribution of the population throughout the country. In the Siberian-Far Eastern region it does not exceed 3 people/km 2 . The development of the territory and the pressure on the natural environment are uneven to approximately the same extent.

The European-Ural region, whose area makes up 31.2% of the country's territory, accounts for about 70% of the industrial potential. In the Siberian-Far Eastern region the ratio is the opposite - 30% of industrial potential and 70% of the territory.

The third ecologically important feature of Russia is its great natural diversity. It is represented by various relief, natural areas, landscapes, climatic, hydrological and other conditions. Thus, the presence of vast plains sharply reduces the likelihood of stagnant atmospheric phenomena and contributes to the dispersion of pollutants and the self-purifying ability of the air environment.

The ecological specificity of Russia is also associated with the presence large areas occupied by swamps and wetlands. They occupy 200-220 million hectares, which is about 65% of the planet's marsh fund. These are, on the one hand, objects of colossal concentration of valuable organic matter - fuel, raw materials for chemical processing, fertilizer, etc., and on the other hand, they are the most important factor in the binding, accumulation and removal of carbon from the atmosphere (its “sink” or “leave into geology” , according to V.I. Vernadsky), as well as various pollutants.

The development of swamp formations is impossible without high technological and ecological culture. In addition to the loss of these unique ecosystems, their use is inevitably accompanied by disruption of the water regime, intensification of the cycle of substances, the transformation of accumulative type ecosystems into destructive or transit ones, and the release of carbon into the atmosphere. Disturbance of the swamp ecosystems of the Far North is fraught with the possibility of soil freezing and the release from these natural “traps” of colossal reserves of methane, hydrogen sulfide and other compounds that are not indifferent to global atmospheric processes.

In general, the natural-territorial features of Russia can be assessed positively both in terms of the formation ecological environment, and in relation to the possibilities of neutralizing the negative consequences of human activity. Russia is one of the few countries in the world that have significant undeveloped or poorly developed territories. Their share, as noted above, accounts for more than 60% of the country's surface.

It should, however, be borne in mind that the presence of such territories has little connection with any targeted measures for their conservation. These are mostly remote areas that are difficult or economically unprofitable to develop. A significant proportion of them are represented by easily vulnerable (tundra, forest-tundra, swamp, etc.) ecosystems that require extremely careful handling during further development.

2. Natural resources and methods of their protection

Natural resources are objects and forces of nature used by humans to maintain their existence. These include sunlight, water, soil, air, minerals, tidal energy, wind power, plant and animal world, intraterrestrial heat, etc.

Natural resources are classified according to a number of criteria:

According to their use - for production (agricultural and industrial), healthcare (recreational), aesthetic, scientific, etc.;

According to their belonging to one or another component of nature - land, water, mineral, as well as animal and vegetable world and etc.;

By replaceability - into replaceable (for example, fuel and mineral energy resources can be replaced by wind, solar energy) and irreplaceable (there is nothing to replace oxygen in the air for breathing or fresh water for drinking);

According to exhaustibility - into exhaustible and inexhaustible.

Inexhaustible natural resources primarily include processes and phenomena external to our planet and inherent to it as a cosmic body. First of all, these are resources of cosmic origin, for example, the energy of solar radiation and its derivatives - the energy of moving air, falling water, sea ​​waves, ebbs and flows, sea currents, intraterrestrial heat.

Exhaustible resources include all natural bodies within globe How physical body having a specific mass and volume. Exhaustible resources include flora, fauna, minerals and organic compounds contained in the bowels of the Earth (mineral resources).

Based on their ability to self-regenerate, all exhaustible resources can be conditionally classified into renewable, relatively renewable and non-renewable (Figure 5).

Figure 5. Classification of natural resources according to their exhaustibility and renewability

Renewable resources are resources that can be restored through various natural processes in a time commensurate with the timing of their consumption. These include vegetation, fauna and some mineral resources deposited on the bottom of modern lakes and marine lagoons.

Non-renewable resources are resources that cannot be restored at all or the rate of their restoration is so low that their practical use by humans becomes impossible.

These include, first of all, ores of metals and non-metals, groundwater, solid Construction Materials(granite, sand, marble, etc.), as well as energy resources (oil, gas, coal).

A special group consists of land resources. The soil is a bio-inert body resulting from various forms weathering (physical, chemical, biological) of rocks in different climates, topography and in conditions of earth's gravity.

The soil-forming process is long and complex. It is known that a layer of chernozem horizon 1 cm thick is formed in about a century. Thus, being in principle a renewable resource, soil is restored over a very long period of time (many decades and even centuries), which gives grounds to evaluate it as a relatively renewable resource.

A special position has two most important natural bodies, which are not only natural resources, but also at the same time the main components of the habitat of living organisms (natural conditions): atmospheric air and water. While inexhaustible quantitatively, they are exhaustible qualitatively (at least in certain regions). There is enough water on Earth, however, fresh water reserves suitable for use account for 0.3% of the total volume.

3. Protection of forest resources in Russia

Russian forests are of global importance due to their timber resources, biodiversity, role in the global cycle and potential impact on international trade in forest products.

The forests of Russia contain 82 billion m3 of wood with an annual increase of 994 million m3. Russia's timber resources make it possible not only to meet the country's current and future needs for wood and its processed products, but also to significantly expand their exports in the face of a projected increase in demand for wood on the world market.

However, it would be wrong to consider Russia’s forest fund inexhaustible: almost 95% of Russia’s forests grow in the boreal zone, and about 50% have low natural productivity. In areas available for exploitation, the forest fund was depleted as a result of concentrated logging in the 1950-1960s and has not yet fully recovered.

The forest fund of the Russian Federation, which is federally owned, occupies 1172.3 million hectares.

However, this huge potential is used extremely irrationally. Over the past years, the production of many socially significant wood products has sharply decreased: lumber - by more than 4 times, wood boards, cellulose, paper - by 2.5 - 3 times. Russia's share in the global forestry sector is also insignificant: in timber removal - 3.2%, in the production of lumber - 4.4%, wood-based panels - 2.4%, paper and cardboard - 1.4%.

Characteristic feature distribution of Russia's timber resources is a sharp imbalance in their availability and actual use. The timber reserve of mature forests in the European-Ural part of Russia is 18% of the total reserve of mature forests in the country, and over 60% of the total volume of timber is harvested in this part.

Forest areas in Russia have been constantly declining for 500 years, but, of course, most sharply in the 20th century. But still, this process affected Russia to a lesser extent than the rest of the world.

There are several problems causing degradation of forest resources:

1. Current forest management practices and deviations from basic forestry principles. Back at the beginning of the 20th century. In many countries, a forestry management system was developed, which provided, on the one hand, for the possibility of large-scale logging, and on the other, restoration and protection of forests, taking into account their value for preserving land and water resources, ensuring favorable living conditions for the population, regulating environmental processes.

2. Forest fires. In total, since the beginning of the fire season, 13,486 fires have occurred in the forest fund of the Russian Federation, and 323,542 hectares have been covered by fire.

The main causes of forest fires are anthropogenic factors, which cause more than 80 percent of forest fires.

3. In many regions, forest restoration is taking place due to a deep crisis in agriculture and the economy as a whole. But at the same time, wood reserves decreased by 1.2 billion m3, which indicates that Russia’s forests are “getting younger,” that is, the most valuable ones - mature and productive forests - are being cut down, and restoration is being done at the expense of low-value small-leaved young forests. At the same time, an increase in the volume of final felling has not been achieved. On high level The volume of illegal logging continues.

4. In recent years, radioactive contamination has become a significant factor in forest degradation. According to scientists, the total area of ​​forests affected as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant is Chelyabinsk region and in the zone of influence nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test site, amounted to more than 3.5 million hectares.

General requirements to ensure the protection and protection of forests. All forests in our country are subject to protection from fires, illegal logging (cutting), violations of forest management rules and other actions that cause harm to the forest fund and forests not included in the forest fund, as well as protection from forest pests and diseases (Article 92 of the Leningrad Code). The conservation and protection of forests is carried out taking into account their biological and other characteristics and includes a set of organizational, legal and other measures for the rational use of the forest fund and forests not included in the forest fund, the preservation of forests from destruction, damage, weakening, pollution and other negative impacts .

Conservation and protection of forests is carried out by ground and aviation methods by organizations of the Ministry of Natural Resources: forestry enterprises, aviation forest protection bases and other organizations. The main tasks of protecting forests from fires are preventing forest fires, detecting them, limiting their spread and extinguishing them. The most important measures for the protection and rational use of forest resources in resort and recreational areas are as follows:

a) strengthening and further improving measures to protect forests from fires, increasing the fire resistance of forests;

b) streamlining and regulating the developing process of mass recreational use of forests;

c) protection of forests from the harmful effects of solid, gaseous, dust and other emissions from industrial and other enterprises into the atmosphere;

d) identification and strengthening of measures for the protection of valuable forests - natural, historical and cultural monuments, relict formations, forests of exceptionally great sanitary, health and protective significance;

e) comprehensive improvement of the sanitary condition of forests, protecting them from pests and diseases;

f) preservation and enrichment of useful wild animals, birds and microorganisms, streamlining the use of pesticides;

g) regulation of the hydrological regime of forest lands;

h) regulation of the transfer of forest areas to other categories of land as a result of urbanization, the growth of urban agglomerations, the construction of reservoirs, transport systems and other communications.

4. Possibilities for managing ecological systems (using the example of forest biogeocenoses)

Sustainable forest management refers to the maintenance and use of forests in a manner and to an extent that maintains their productivity, regenerative capacity, biodiversity and potential for present and future environmental, economic and social functions at local, national and global levels. Therefore, the goal of sustainable management of forest ecosystems is to obtain as many benefits as possible, including social and preservation of the ecological functions of forests.

The guiding document of the Federal Forestry Service of Russia (FSL) Criteria and Indicators (1996) defines the main criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management in the Russian Federation. They meet European criteria. 6 criteria have been identified:

Maintaining and preserving the productive capacity of forests;

Maintaining acceptable sanitary condition and viability of forests;

Preservation and maintenance of the protective functions of forests;

Conservation and maintenance of biological diversity;

Maintaining the socio-economic functions of forests;

Forest policy instruments for maintaining sustainable forest management

Management of a system is understood as such an impact on it that ensures its stable functioning in the conditions of the external and internal environment to achieve a certain goal. The control system includes a control object and an active regulator or control system. The object of management is forest ecosystems of different ranks and economic units based on them (economic section, economic part, parts of different categories of protection or groups of forests, etc.). The guiding influence (forestry project, policy documents) forces the control object to behave in the required manner.

Sustainable management of forest ecosystems has two features.

(1) To achieve the management goal, it is necessary to solve several diverse problems: obtaining products, preserving forest ecosystems, preserving their role in performing their environmental functions; fulfillment of social functions of forests.

(2) Forest ecosystems are very complex probabilistic systems, and the task of sustainable management of them becomes much more difficult. It is necessary to take into account not only disturbing external influences on the object, but also the laws of behavior of the object itself, primarily the mechanisms of its stability.

Natural resources: reproduction and protection. Energetic resources

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

State educational institution of higher professional education

Pacific State University

"Economics and management of the chemical forestry complex"

TEST

Discipline "Environmental Economics"

Topic: “Natural resources: reproduction and protection. Energetic resources."

Completed by a 3rd year student

gr. FKv – 81

Record book number 080442878

Surname:

Checked by: Glukhov A.I.

Khabarovsk 2009

1. Natural resources: reproduction and protection

1.1 Natural resources, rational use and reproduction

1.2 Environmental activities and their results

1.3 Economic regulation in the field of environmental protection

2.Energy resources

2.1 Fuel energy resources

2.2 Alternative energy sources

2.3 Energy efficiency

Conclusion

Bibliography

1. Natural resources: reproduction and protection

1.1 Natural resources, rational use and reproduction

Natural resources include:

Water resources - bodies of water used or suitable for use as a source of water supply, hydropower, and

transport waterways;

Land resources used or intended for use in agriculture, for buildings in villages and cities; lands occupied by mineral resources, under railways, highways and other structures, parks, squares, etc.;

Mineral resources (mineral resources) - mineral substances used in the economy with sufficient efficiency in their natural form or after processing (iron, manganese, chromium, lead, rare and precious metals, etc.);

Energy resources - energy in nature in the form of mineral reserves (coal, oil), hydropower, wind energy, etc.

Natural resources, their potential and the possibility of its implementation are classified and grouped according to different criteria: renewable and non-renewable; unproduced (gifts of nature) and produced (man-made); by components (types) - water, forest, mineral, etc.; by purpose (primary use) - economic, health (social and hygienic), etc.; by region; explored and potential; according to the degree of exploration; forms of ownership, etc.

Rational use of resources involves not only their reasonable development and protection, but also the reproduction (restoration) of renewable resources. The system of measures for rational use is different for different types of resources. The rational use of water and air consists, first of all, in preventing their pollution, i.e., qualitative depletion. Water resources are characterized by uneven distribution over territory and time. Their rational use also includes measures to redistribute runoff in time and space, if this redistribution does not damage the natural environment and increases the efficiency of use of water and other natural resources (land, mineral, feed, etc.) Redistribution of runoff over time is achieved by creating reservoirs and regulation of water discharge from them, and redistribution in space - by the construction of canals. For the rational use of exhaustible mineral resources, it is necessary to ensure their more complete extraction from the subsoil. The urgent task is the integrated use of mineral resources, which saves raw materials, increases the economic efficiency of enterprises and prevents pollution of the natural environment with industrial waste. Resources of the organic world and soil (renewable resources), under favorable conditions, are restored themselves and compensate for the damage caused to them by humans. The main task in organizing the rational use and protection of these resources is to regulate their exploitation. Permissible norms of use loads for each type of resource are established taking into account the geographical conditions of individual natural areas.

Planning the use of renewable natural resources must take into account the interests of their reproduction. The use of special measures (afforestation, fish farming, land reclamation, etc.) can ensure not only the restoration of previous resources, but also their increase. Types of work for the production of natural resources include: mineral exploration, land reclamation and reclamation, afforestation, purification of industrial wastewater and atmospheric emissions, acclimatization and restoration of animal numbers. Problems of rational use of natural resources are closely related to problems of nature conservation and transformation.

1.2 Environmental activities and their results

Protection of natural resources is a complex of international, national and regional administrative, economic, political and social measures to preserve the physical, chemical and biological parameters of the functioning of natural systems within the limits necessary, from a human point of view, as well as for rational use, prevention of pollution and other types of degradation environmental components, reproduction and restoration of natural resources. The crisis of the Russian economy hinders the development of waste-free technologies and the creation of an environmental industry (construction of wastewater treatment and other facilities).

The environmental crisis is characterized by the fact that industrial consumption of various types of natural resources conflicts with nature’s ability to self-heal.

Environmental activity is the process of conservation, restoration and reproduction of natural resource potential, which should be an essential component of economic activity as a whole. The development of environmental protection activities is a necessary prerequisite for overcoming the crisis situation in the environment. In modern conditions, the content and direction of activities for nature conservation and conservation of natural resource potential have expanded significantly. In order to preserve this part of the national wealth in the process of environmental management, it is necessary to determine: the correspondence of the natural resources available on the planet (in the country, region), their geological location and condition to the goals and desired rates of economic development; the possibility of developing a particular production depending on the state of the environment; changes in economic growth rates due to the limitation of certain resources; limiting the consumption of certain natural resources in the interests of future generations; the impact of environmental pollution on the further development of the economy; main strategic ways to solve economic and environmental problems; opportunities for exploration of natural resources and the influence of scientific and technical progress on this process; the possibility of replacing traditional types of fuel, energy and other natural resources with non-traditional ones, etc.

In developed countries, a significant part of these problems is already being solved using waste-free technologies. In other cases, restrictions or refusal of production and consumption of certain goods are possible. Environmental protection activities include a whole range of areas and activities: ensuring the safety of natural resources and preventing pollution of their components; eliminating the negative impacts of human activity on the environment; reproduction of natural resource components; restoration of natural resources; rationalization of the use of raw materials and other natural resources, ensuring their minimum consumption in production; minimization of production and consumption waste, their complete recycling and optimal, environmentally acceptable placement of production in the natural environment; protection of unique natural complexes from destruction, pollution and other types of degradation.

The main directions of environmental protection activities, providing a fundamental solution to many problems, are the prevention of clean production, as well as meeting the needs for natural resources through the production of substitutes for natural materials, the use of non-traditional and inexhaustible types of energy.

There is a system of environmental control in Russia. Environmental control – checking compliance by enterprises and citizens with environmental requirements for protecting the natural environment and ensuring environmental safety. Control is exercised by legislative and executive bodies, as well as specially authorized bodies. The purpose of environmental control is to protect the natural environment by preventing and eliminating environmental violations to ensure sustainable development. The following forms of environmental control are distinguished: informational (collection and synthesis of environmental information), preventive (preventing the occurrence of harmful consequences) and punitive (application of state coercive measures against environmental violators). Its objects are the state of the natural environment, implementation of mandatory protection measures and compliance with environmental legislation by legal entities and individuals. Officials of state environmental control bodies (state inspectors) have broad powers.

There are international organizations for nature conservation. They operate in almost every country in the world. The governing bodies are concentrated primarily in the UN. Russia actively cooperates with UNEP, the most important international organization created by the UN in 1972, and with other organizations in the field of environmental protection in developing a strategy for protection against pollution, creating a global monitoring system, combating desertification, etc. Greater activity in solving global environmental problems problems are manifested by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), renamed in 1990 into the World Conservation Union, of which Russia is a member. Russia pays a lot of attention to work in specialized UN organizations that have a comprehensive environmental nature, in particular: UNESCO, WHO, FAO (UN body for food and agriculture). Scientific ties between Russia and the IAEA, created under the auspices of the UN in 1957, are being strengthened. Russia actively promotes the implementation of the main programs of the UN World Meteorological Organization (WMO), in particular the World Climate Program.

Russia continues to develop and deepen environmental cooperation through international conventions (treaties) and agreements on a multilateral basis. More than 70 international documents signed by the Russian Federation, as well as the former USSR and accepted for execution, currently regulate Russian environmental cooperation with other states. Speaking about international treaties concluded by Russia on a multilateral basis, one cannot speak about international cooperation with the CIS countries. The main document here is the intergovernmental Agreement on cooperation in the field of ecology and environmental protection, signed in Moscow in February 1992 by representatives of ten countries.

1.3 Economic regulation in the field of environmental protection

In Russia, an economic mechanism for environmental protection has been created and is functioning, oriented towards a market economy. According to the Federal Environmental Law, the main methods of economic regulation include:

1.) payments and taxes: administrative fees; user payments; fees for effluents and emissions; payment for products with a high degree of environmental risk, including an indirect tax on final products; differentiation of taxes; carbon tax (on energy containing carbon);

2.) Contribution refund system (“tax-deposit”);

3.) Creation of a new market: sale of emissions licenses (pollution rights); water markets;

4.) Economic coercion: fines for failure to comply with environmental legislation; bonds redeemable during the operation of the enterprise;

5.) Liability Insurance, Compensation Funds: Strict Liability; civil liability insurance (for environmental damage); creation of compensation funds;

6.) Classification of products as environmentally hazardous;

The most important task of the new economic mechanism is to make environmental protection an integral part of production and commercial activities, so that business executives and entrepreneurs are no less interested in environmental protection than they are interested in producing competitive products.

State accounting of natural resources is carried out according to a unified system by statistical accounting bodies. Economic, environmental and some other indicators of natural resources are usually summarized in the form of inventories. There are subsoil cadastre, land, water, forest, animal, medical-biological, commercial and other types of cadastres. Recently, due to the aggravation of the environmental situation, it has become necessary to take into account the disposal of waste according to its composition and degree of toxicity, as well as to register environmental pollutants.

Methods of state regulation of rational environmental management and environmental development are divided into indicative, administrative, and institutional.

2. Energy resources

2.1 Fuel energy resources

For thousands of years, the main forms of energy used by humans have been the chemical energy of wood, the potential energy of water in dams, the kinetic energy of wind, and the radiant energy of sunlight. But in the 19th century. The main sources of energy were fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. Due to the rapid increase in energy consumption, numerous problems have arisen and the question of future energy sources has arisen. Progress has been made in the field of energy saving. Recently, there has been a search for cleaner forms of energy, such as solar, geothermal, wind energy and nuclear fusion energy. Energy consumption has always been directly related to the state of the economy. The increase in gross national product (GNP) was accompanied by an increase in energy consumption. However, the energy intensity of GNP (the ratio of energy used to GNP) in industrialized countries is constantly decreasing, and in developing countries it is increasing.

Fossil fuels.

There are three main types of fossil fuels: coal, oil and natural gas. Approximate values ​​of the calorific value of these types of fuel, as well as explored and commercial (i.e., allowing for economically viable development at a given level of technology) oil reserves are presented in Table. 1 and 2.

Oil and natural gas reserves. It is difficult to accurately calculate how many years oil reserves will last. If current trends continue, annual oil consumption in the world will reach 3 billion tons by 2018. Even assuming that industrial reserves will increase significantly, geologists come to the conclusion that by 2030 80% of the world's proven oil reserves will be exhausted.

Coal reserves. Coal reserves are easier to estimate (see Table 3). Three quarters of the world's reserves, which are approximately 10 trillion. tons, occur in the countries of the former USSR, the USA and China.

Although there is much more coal on Earth than oil and natural gas, its reserves are not unlimited. In the 1990s, global coal consumption was more than 2.3 billion tons per year. Unlike oil consumption, coal consumption has increased significantly not only in developing but also in industrialized countries. According to current forecasts, coal reserves should last for another 420 years. But if consumption grows at the current rate, then its reserves will not be enough for 200 years.

Nuclear power.

Uranium reserves. The largest known sources of uranium are in North America, Australia, Brazil and South Africa. The countries of the former Soviet Union are believed to have large quantities of uranium.

Breeder reactor. A nuclear breeder reactor has the miraculous ability to generate energy while also producing new nuclear fuel. In addition, it works on the more common uranium isotope 238U (converting it into the fissile material plutonium). It is believed that using breeder reactors, uranium reserves will last at least 6,000 years. This appears to be a valuable alternative to current generation nuclear reactors. Nuclear fission is not an ideal solution to the energy problem. The energy of thermonuclear fusion seems more promising in environmental terms.

The energy of thermonuclear fusion. Such energy can be obtained through the formation of heavy nuclei from lighter ones. This process is called a nuclear fusion reaction. As with nuclear fission, a small fraction of the mass is converted into a large amount of energy. The energy emitted by the Sun results from the formation of helium nuclei from merging hydrogen nuclei. On Earth, scientists are searching for a way to achieve controlled nuclear fusion using small, controllable masses of nuclear material.

At present, neither the magnetic nor the inertial plasma confinement method has yet succeeded in creating the conditions necessary for thermonuclear fusion.

2.2 Alternative energy sources

Recently, a number of alternative energy sources have been explored. The most promising of them seems to be solar energy.

Solar energy. Solar energy has two main advantages. Firstly, there is a lot of it and it belongs to renewable energy resources: the lifespan of the Sun is estimated at approximately 5 billion years. Secondly, its use does not entail undesirable environmental consequences. However, the use of solar energy is hampered by a number of difficulties. Although the total amount of this energy is enormous, it dissipates uncontrollably. To receive large amounts of energy, large area collector surfaces are required. In addition, there is the problem of instability of energy supply: the sun does not always shine. Even in deserts, where cloudless weather prevails, day gives way to night. Therefore, solar energy storage devices are needed.

Finally, many applications of solar energy have not yet been thoroughly tested and their economic viability has not been proven. Three main uses of solar energy can be identified: for heating (including hot water) and air conditioning, for direct conversion to electricity through solar photovoltaic converters, and for large-scale power generation based on the thermal cycle.

Geothermal energy. Geothermal energy, i.e. The heat from the Earth's interior is already used in a number of countries, for example in Iceland, Russia, Italy and New Zealand. The Earth's crust, 32–35 km thick, is much thinner than the underlying layer, the mantle, which extends approximately 2,900 km to the hot liquid core. The mantle is a source of gas-rich fiery liquid rocks (magma), which are erupted by active volcanoes. Heat is released mainly due to the radioactive decay of substances in the earth's core. The temperature and amount of this heat are so great that it causes the melting of mantle rocks. Hot rocks can create thermal “sacs” under the surface, in contact with which water heats up and even turns into steam. Because these “bags” are usually sealed, hot water and steam are often under great pressure, and the temperature of these media exceeds the boiling point of water on the surface of the earth. The greatest geothermal resources are concentrated in volcanic zones along the boundaries of crustal plates. The main disadvantage of geothermal energy is that its resources are localized and limited unless surveys show significant deposits of hot rock or the ability to drill into the mantle. A significant contribution of this resource to the energy sector can only be expected in local geographic areas.

Hydropower. Hydropower provides almost a third of the electricity used worldwide. Norway, which has more electricity per capita than anywhere else, relies almost exclusively on hydropower. Hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) and pumped storage power plants (PSPPs) use the potential energy of water stored through dams. At the base of the dam there are hydraulic turbines driven by water (which is supplied to them under normal pressure) and rotating the rotors of electric current generators.

Tidal energy. There are tidal power plants that use the difference in water levels created during high and low tides. To do this, the coastal basin is separated by a low dam, which retains tidal water at low tide. Then the water is released and it rotates the hydraulic turbines.

Tidal power plants can be a valuable local energy resource, but there are not many suitable places on Earth to build them to make a difference to the overall energy situation.

Wind power.

Wind is another form of solar energy conversion, since its cause is the uneven heating of the Earth's atmosphere by the Sun. Wind energy has been used in Europe since the 12th century thanks to windmills. Objective prerequisites for the further development of wind energy can be considered: the existence of a fairly stable wind rose - the average annual frequency of winds in all directions for any region of the earth's surface; the existence on Earth of areas with stable winds - like annual ones. And seasonal ones - with a force of 25-30 km/h.

To convert wind energy into electricity, use:

large wind turbines with a blade span of about 100 m, placed on towers about 60 m high; wind stations, which are a complex of small wind turbines with a blade span of about 15-17 m, compactly located around a single power unit.

Solid waste and biomass. The energy use of biomass can go in several directions:

direct waste incineration. Wastes of plant and other origin are burned.

Production of methane (natural gas). Biogas is used as fuel to generate electricity.

In this case, the excess work of generators can be used for heating needs.

Obtaining alcohol (liquid fuel). Alcohol is used in a number of countries as automobile fuel. Brazil is the leader in this direction, where alcohol from sugar cane is widely used, as well as a mixture of alcohol and gasoline - benzyl alcohol.

With proper management, such an energy resource can be renewable. More research is needed, especially on fast-growing crops and their cost-effectiveness when considering harvesting, transportation and crushing costs.

Fuel cells. Fuel cells, as converters of chemical energy from fuel into electricity, are characterized by higher efficiency than thermal power devices based on combustion. While the efficiency of a typical fuel-burning power plant does not exceed about 40%, the efficiency of a fuel cell can reach 85%. However, for now, fuel cells are expensive sources of electricity.

Although the world is not yet experiencing energy shortages, serious difficulties are possible in the next two to three decades unless alternative energy sources become available or growth in energy consumption is curbed. The need for more rational use of energy is obvious. There are a number of proposals to increase the efficiency of energy accumulation and transportation, as well as to use it more efficiently in various industries, in transport and in everyday life.

Energy storage. The load of power plants varies throughout the day; There are also seasonal changes. The efficiency of power plants can be increased if, during periods of low energy load schedules, excess power is spent pumping water into a large reservoir. The water can then be released during periods of peak demand, causing the pumped storage plant to generate additional electricity.

A broader application could be to use the base-mode power of a power plant to pump compressed air into underground cavities. Turbines running on compressed air would save primary energy resources during periods of increased load.

Electricity transmission. Large energy losses are associated with the transmission of electricity. To reduce them, the use of transmission lines and distribution networks with increased voltage levels is expanding. An alternative direction is superconducting power lines. The electrical resistance of some metals drops to zero when cooled to temperatures close to absolute zero. Superconducting cables could transmit powers of up to 10,000 MW. It has been established that some ceramic materials become superconducting at temperatures that are not very low, achievable using conventional refrigeration technology. This amazing discovery could lead to important innovations not only in the field of power transmission, but also in the fields of land transportation, computer technology and nuclear reactor technology.

Hydrogen as a coolant.

Hydrogen is recognized by scientists as the fuel of the future. This is due to the fact that it is fashionable to use hydrogen: in everyday life instead of natural gas, by slightly changing the distribution networks and burners; in transport as automobile fuel when modifying the carburetor.

The only drawback is that hydrogen is practically never found on Earth in free form; it is all oxidized to water. To obtain it, you can use solar energy. The installation for this realizes the dissociation of water into hydrogen and oxygen as a result of electrolysis of water (by passing an electric current through water). The efficiency of such an installation does not exceed 15-20%. Hydrogen could be transported via natural gas pipelines without much difficulty. It can also be stored in liquid form in cryogenic tanks. Hydrogen diffuses easily into some metals, such as titanium. It can be accumulated in such metals and then released by heating the metal.

Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). This is a method that allows for more efficient use of fossil energy resources. The idea is to replace the copper current windings of a conventional machine electric generator with a stream of ionized (conducting) gas. MHD generators can probably produce the greatest economic effect when burning coal. Because they have no moving mechanical parts, they can operate at very high temperatures, resulting in high efficiency. Theoretically, the efficiency of such generators can reach 50–60%, which would mean up to 20% savings compared to modern power plants using fossil fuels. In addition, MHD generators produce less waste heat. Their additional advantage is that they would pollute the atmosphere to a lesser extent with emissions of gaseous nitrogen oxides and sulfur compounds. Therefore, MHD power plants could operate on coal with a high sulfur content without polluting the environment.

Energy consumption limits. Continuous growth in energy consumption not only leads to depletion of energy resources and pollution of habitats, but can ultimately cause significant changes in the temperature and climate of the Earth.

Energy from chemical, nuclear and even geothermal sources is ultimately converted into heat. It is transmitted to the earth's atmosphere and shifts the equilibrium towards higher temperatures. At the current rate of population growth and per capita energy consumption, by 2060 the temperature increase could be 1 C. This will have a significant impact on the climate.

Even earlier, the climate may change due to increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, produced by the combustion of fossil fuels.

Conclusion

The environmental problem has confronted humanity with a choice of a further development path: should it continue to focus on limitless growth of production or should this growth be consistent with the real capabilities of the natural environment and the human body and commensurate not only with the immediate but also with the long-term goals of social development.

Technological progress plays a decisive role in the emergence of today's environmental crisis. With the development of technogenic civilization, there is an increase in the risk of environmental crises and their consequences. The source of such a relationship is man himself, who is both a natural being and a bearer of technological development.

Creation of new low-waste technologies. And then, waste-free production in a closed cycle will ensure a fairly high standard of living without disturbing the fragile ecological balance.

And a gradual transition to alternative energy will preserve clean air, stop the catastrophic burning of atmospheric oxygen, eliminate thermal pollution of the atmosphere, thereby preserving the lives of future descendants.

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