The system of legal protection of nature in Russia includes four groups of legal measures:

1) legal regulation of relations on the use, conservation and renewal of natural resources;

2) organization of education and training of personnel, financing and logistical support of environmental actions;

3) state and

public control over compliance with environmental protection requirements;

4) legal liability of offenders.

In accordance with environmental legislation object Legal protection is the natural environment - an objective reality that exists outside a person and independent of his consciousness, serving as a habitat, a condition and a means of his existence.

Sources of environmental law Regulatory legal acts are recognized that contain legal norms regulating environmental relations. These include laws, decrees, resolutions and orders, regulations of ministries and departments, laws and regulations of the constituent entities of the Federation. Finally, among the sources of environmental law, international legal acts regulating internal environmental relations on the basis of the primacy of international law occupy a large place.

As a result of the latest codification, a system of environmental legislation has emerged, which is based on three fundamental normative acts: Declaration of the First Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR on the state sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1990), Declaration of the Rights and Freedoms of Man and Citizen (1991) and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted by popular vote on December 12, 1993.

Environmental legislation system, guided by the ideas of the fundamental constitutional acts, includes two subsystems:

• environmental
• natural resource legislation.

In environmental legislation includes Federal Law No. 7-FZ of January 10, 2002 “On Environmental Protection” and other legislative acts of comprehensive legal regulation.

In the subsystem of natural resource legislation includes: Land Code of the Russian Federation (Federal Law No. 136 of October 25, 2001), Law of the Russian Federation of February 21, 1992 No. 2395-1 “On Subsoil”, Forestry Code of the Russian Federation (Federal Law No. 200 of December 4, 2006), Water Code of the Russian Federation (Federal Law No. 74 of June 3, 2006), Federal Law of April 24, 1995 No. 52-FZ “On the Animal World,” as well as other legislative and regulatory acts.

In the Constitution of the Russian Federation the main provisions of the state's environmental strategy and the main directions of strengthening the environmental legal order are reflected. The Constitution of the Russian Federation introduces into scientific circulation the definition of human environmental activity in the sphere of interaction between society and nature: environmental management, environmental protection, ensuring environmental safety.

The central place among the environmental norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation is occupied by Part 1 of Art. 9, which states that land and other natural resources in the Russian Federation are used and protected as the basis for the life and activities of the peoples living in the relevant territory.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation has two very important norms, one of which (Article 42) enshrines the right of every person to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and to compensation for damage caused to his health or property, and the other proclaims the right of citizens and legal entities on private property for land and other natural resources (Part 2 of Article 9). The first concerns the biological principles of man, the second - his material foundations of existence.

The Constitution of the Russian Federation also formalizes the organizational and legal relations between the Federation and the subjects of the Federation. According to Art. 72 use, ownership and disposal of land, subsoil, water and other natural resources, environmental management, environmental protection and ensuring environmental safety are the joint competence of the Federation and the subjects of the Federation.

On the subject of its jurisdiction, the Russian Federation adopts federal laws that are binding throughout the country. Subjects of the Federation have the right to their own regulation of environmental relations, including the adoption of laws and other regulations. The Constitution of the Russian Federation enshrines general rule: laws and other legal acts of the subjects of the Federation must not contradict federal laws. The provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation are specified in the sources of environmental law.

Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” defines the legal framework of state policy in the field of environmental protection, ensuring a balanced solution of socio-economic problems, preserving a favorable environment, biological diversity and natural resources in order to meet the needs of current and future generations, strengthening the rule of law in the field of environmental protection and ensuring environmental safety.

The 16 chapters of the Law establish the following legal provisions:

• fundamentals of environmental management;
• rights and obligations of citizens, public and other non-profit associations in the field of environmental protection;
• economic regulation in the field of environmental protection;
• regulation in the field of environmental protection;
• environmental impact assessment and environmental expertise;
• requirements in the field of environmental protection when carrying out economic activities;
• environmental disaster zones, emergency zones;
• state environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring);
• control in the field of environmental protection (ecological control);
• scientific research in the field of environmental protection;
• fundamentals of the formation of ecological culture;
• international cooperation in the field of environmental protection.

Protecting human health and ensuring human well-being is the ultimate goal of protecting the natural environment. Therefore, in legislative acts aimed at protecting the health of citizens, environmental requirements occupy leading place. In this sense, the source of environmental law is the Federal Law of March 30, 1999 No. 52-FZ “On the sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population.” It regulates sanitary relations related to the protection of health from the adverse effects of the external environment - industrial, domestic, natural. The environmental requirements expressed in the articles of the Law are also sources of environmental law. For example, the provisions of Art. 18 of the Law on burial, processing, neutralization and disposal of industrial and household waste, etc.

Another source of environmental law is the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Protecting the Health of Citizens in the Russian Federation” dated November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ. It contains a norm that ensures the environmental rights of citizens. Yes, Art. 18 states that: “Everyone has the right to health care. The right to health is ensured by environmental protection...”

Legal norms for nature protection and rational use of natural resources are also contained in other acts of Russian natural resource legislation. These include the Forest Code of the Russian Federation, the Water Code of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law “On Wildlife”, etc.

The range of environmental issues on which decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation can be issued is practically unlimited. Among them should be named Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated February 4, 1994 No. 238 “On state strategy Russian Federation on environmental protection and sustainable development."

On the basis of and in pursuance of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws, and regulatory decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation issues decrees and orders, also being responsible for their implementation. The Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation is also a normative legal act. In accordance with Art. 114 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation The Government of the Russian Federation ensures the implementation in the Russian Federation of a unified state policy in the field of science, culture, education, healthcare, social security, and ecology.

Decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation on environmental issues can be divided into three groups.

• The first group includes those that are adopted in pursuance of the law to specify individual provisions.
• The second group of regulations is intended to determine the competence of management and control bodies.
• The third group of resolutions includes normative legal acts for further legal regulation of environmental relations.

Environmental ministries and departments are given the right to issue regulations within their competence. They are intended for mandatory execution by other ministries and departments, individuals and legal entities.

Regulatory rules play an important role - sanitary, construction, technical and economic, technological etc. These include environmental quality standards: standards for permissible radiation, noise levels, vibration, etc. These standards are technical rules, and in this form they are not considered as sources of law. Departmental regulations can be canceled by the Government of the Russian Federation if they contradict the law. Acts come into force only after registration with the Ministry of Justice and publication in the Rossiyskie Vesti newspaper. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the subjects of the Federation also have the right to adopt laws and other regulatory legal acts on issues within their jurisdiction. Representative and executive authorities of republics, territories, regions, autonomous entities, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, and Sevastopol have the right to engage in rule-making activities.

The sphere of competence of the subjects of the Federation is determined by sectoral legislative acts: for land use - the Land Code of the Russian Federation, for subsoil - the Law of the Russian Federation "On Subsoil", for water use - the Water Code of the Russian Federation, for the use of wildlife - the Federal Law "On Wildlife", for the natural environment - Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”. This division of legal regulation is based on the attitude towards natural resources. The procedure for classifying natural resources as federal or other is regulated by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation on federal resources. The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 76) establishes laws and other regulatory legal acts of the subjects of the Federation must not contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws. If there is a contradiction between the regulations of the constituent entities of the Federation and articles of federal laws, the former are subject to repeal by a decree of the President of the Russian Federation or a resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation. In addition to special environmental regulations, in recent years the greening of regulations governing the economic, business and administrative activities of enterprises has been widely used. Under greening understand the implementation of environmental requirements in regulatory legal acts of non-environmental content. The need for such a process is explained by the fact that environmental laws may not always directly affect business entities engaged in various areas of production.

Thus, the Law of the Russian Federation of February 7, 1992 No. 2300-1 “On the Protection of Consumer Rights” (Article 7) gives the consumer the right to demand that goods are safe for his life. It also gives government authorities the right to suspend the sale of goods if there is a threat to the health of citizens or the state of the environment. Laws on local self-government and taxation of legal entities reflect various benefits for reducing emissions, using clean technologies, etc.

Despite the decline in production and the implementation of a number of environmental measures at both the federal and regional levels, the environmental situation in the most populated and industrialized areas of the country remains unfavorable, and environmental pollution remains high.

Average annual levels of air pollution in many cities and towns exceed sanitary standards. The water quality in most water bodies does not meet regulatory requirements. The scale of erosion and loss of soil fertility, degradation of shelterbelt forests are increasing, populations of rare species of plants and animals are declining and disappearing, and landscapes are becoming poorer.

The use of both non-renewable and renewable natural resources is insufficiently regulated by the state; the predatory exploitation of natural resources leads to the degradation of entire natural complexes, including the degradation and destruction of areas of traditional environmental management.

The environmental problems of cities—the territories where most of the Russian population lives—are getting worse. As a result of construction in water protection and forest park zones, the quality of drinking water and the sanitary condition of suburban areas are deteriorating, and opportunities for mass recreation are being reduced.

Large areas of Russia are dangerously contaminated as a result of the Chernobyl disaster and other radiation accidents. The morbidity rate of the population due to environmental pollution is increasing or remains at an unacceptably high level, resistance to infectious diseases is decreasing, and in places of intensive industrial development and chemicalization of agriculture, the number of newborns with birth defects is increasing.

As a result of untimely (and constantly reduced in volume) fire prevention measures, forest fires remain the main factor reducing the environmental and resource potential of Russian forests. The area of ​​forests being destroyed by industrial emissions is increasing. State authorities do not take measures to ensure the required scope of reforestation work. The reduction in the area of ​​the most valuable forests is facilitated by illegal and unfounded decisions of government authorities to transfer forest lands of the first group to non-forest lands.

When organizing work to eliminate accumulated dangerous types of weapons (chemical and nuclear), problems of ensuring environmental safety do not attract due attention at the state level. Decommissioned nuclear submarines, rocket and space systems and rocket fuel, storage and destruction sites and chemical weapons production facilities create, in some cases, an unacceptable risk for the population and ecosystems.

The problem of processing household and industrial waste remains unresolved and extremely acute. Attempts are being made to import into Russia hazardous waste that is not suitable for consumption of food and goods, and to transfer environmentally dirty and dangerous technologies from other countries to Russian territory.

The number of man-made accidents with adverse environmental consequences in industry, transport and construction is growing. Many hydraulic structures turned out to be ownerless, technically outdated or operated without complying with safety standards; The number of pipeline ruptures with dangerous consequences for the environment is growing.

A significant part of fixed production assets does not meet environmental safety requirements. The share of environmentally imperfect technologies in industry, agriculture, energy and transport exceeds 90%.

Often projects and programs are adopted and implemented without the state environmental assessment required by law, and projects do not have an “Environmental Impact Assessment” (EIA) section.

Economic mechanisms for ensuring non-exhaustive and rational use of natural resources, protecting the environment and related public health are ineffective. The low initial cost of natural resources does not encourage their careful use. During privatization and denationalization, issues of compensation for damage caused by past economic activities remained unresolved.

In recent years, there has been a de-ecologicalization of public administration: state support for environmental activities has been reduced, permanent reorganizations (accompanied by a decrease in status and a reduction in staffing levels and budgetary funding) have put the state system of environmental protection in a critical situation. The continuation of this process really threatens the destruction of environmental structures. De-ecologicalization of public administration is accompanied by increased secrecy and illegal restrictions in the dissemination of environmental information.

Targeted environmentally oriented programs already adopted at the federal level are financed only to a small extent; the systems of state environmental, sanitary-epidemiological and radiation control and monitoring are weakening and turning out to be insufficient; The adoption of the state strategy for sustainable development has been unjustifiably delayed.

The legal rights of citizens to a favorable environment, compensation for damage resulting from its deterioration, to objective and timely information about the state of the environment, and the right to direct participation of citizens in making decisions affecting the state of the environment are violated.

The possibilities for solving environmental problems at the level of federal subjects are not fully realized. Local governments are often excluded from participating in solving environmental problems of their territories.

Law enforcement agencies are not actively contributing to strengthening environmental law and order, protecting the rights of citizens and solving environmental problems; consideration of environmental cases is often delayed or unreasonably terminated; adopted court decisions are not implemented or are not implemented in full.

Federal and regional bodies of representative power are not actively eliminating contradictions and gaps in environmental and resource legislation.

Facilities mass media do not pay due attention to environmental problems, do not provide complete and objective information on environmental issues.

The system of environmental education and enlightenment does not receive proper government support.

The environmental imperative is an absolute factor in our approach to regions where dangerous pollution or irresponsible destruction of nature has become an ominous reality. From this point of view, our Special attention attract:

territories of Russia affected by Chernobyl and other radiation accidents and disasters;

zones of hazardous industrial pollution - Kemerovo, Orenburg, Tomsk, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Omsk, Vologda regions, Krasnoyarsk region and etc.;

territories of barbaric plunder of natural resources - Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, Sakhalin, Amur and Kamchatka regions, the republics of Karelia, Kalmykia and Komi, Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets NOs.

The 20th century brought humanity many benefits associated with rapid development scientific and technological progress, and at the same time brought life on Earth to the brink of environmental disaster. Population growth, intensification of production and emissions that pollute the Earth lead to fundamental changes in nature and affect the very existence of man. Some of these changes are extremely strong and so widespread that global environmental problems arise. There are serious problems of pollution (atmosphere, water, soil), acid rain, radiation damage to the territory, as well as the loss of certain species of plants and living organisms, depletion of biological resources, deforestation and desertification of territories.

Problems arise as a result of such interaction between nature and man, in which the anthropogenic load on the territory (it is determined through the technogenic load and population density) exceeds the ecological capabilities of this territory, due mainly to its natural resource potential and the general stability of natural landscapes (complexes, geosystems) to anthropogenic impacts.

Significantly polluting the atmosphere are motor transport, thermal power plants, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, oil and gas refining, chemical and forestry industries. A large amount of harmful substances enter the atmosphere with vehicle exhaust gases, and their share in air pollution is constantly growing; in Russia - more than 30%, and in the USA - more than 60% of the total emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere.

The main sources of air pollution in the regions of our country are machines and installations using sulfur-containing coals, oil, and gas. More than half of the coals mined in the European part of the country contain over 2.5% sulfur. Therefore, annually, as a result of human industrial activity, approximately 75,106 tons of sulfur oxide, 53,106 tons of nitrogen oxide and dioxide, 304,106 tons of carbon monoxide, 88,106 tons of hydrocarbons (saturated, aldehyde, etc.) enter the atmosphere.

Ferrous metallurgy enterprises waste rock containing lead, cobalt, and copper. During coal mining, about 1 billion m2 of waste rock is raised to the surface annually. They build useless pyramids out of it - waste heaps. At the same time, thousands of hectares of fertile land are wasted. The atmosphere is polluted, waste heaps are burning, and the wind is raising clouds of dust from their barren slopes.

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Penza State Pedagogical University named after. V.G. Belinsky

Faculty of Natural Geography

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Bydiscipline "Social Ecology"

subject:

"Environmental protection in Russia"

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WITHpossession

1. Introduction. Environmental problems of modern Russia

2. Geographical characteristics, climate and natural (land, forest, water) resources of the Russian Federation. Specially protected natural areas

3. Legal basis for rational environmental management. Environmental legislation. Environmental standards system

4. Security measures

4.1 Wildlife protection, hunting

4.2 Air protection

4.3 Water conservation

4.4 Protection of land resources and agricultural lands

4.5 Urban environment

5. Production and consumption waste

6. Features of environmental protection activities in Russia

7. International cooperation in the field of environmental activities

Conclusion

Literature

1. Introduction. Ecologicalsome problems of modern Russia

The modern world is unthinkable without plants and factories that produce products necessary for life modern man. But at the same time, a disregard for the environment on the part of the workers of these enterprises, who are trying to circumvent environmental regulations under the guise of producing essential products, has become almost the rule. But we must not forget that the very first necessity for a person should be the environment in which he lives. But in the modern market world, it is best to fight for the environment using economic methods, with the help of economic levers. Now in our country attempts are being made to create effective mechanisms for rational environmental management, and some success has already been achieved.

Our country is one of the countries in the world with the worst environmental situation. Pollution of the natural environment has reached unprecedented proportions. The number one environmental problem is pollution.

People's health is consistently deteriorating. Average age men in recent years has been only 68 years old. Every tenth child is born mentally or physically disabled due to a disorder at the gene level. In some regions this figure is 3-6 times higher. In most industrial areas of the country, one third of the residents have various shapes immunological deficiency. According to the standards of the WHO at the UN, the people of the Russian Federation are on the verge of degeneration. Approximately 15% of the country's territory is occupied by zones of environmental disasters and environmental emergencies. Only 15-20% of residents of cities and towns breathe air that meets established quality standards. About 50% of the drinking water consumed by the population does not meet hygienic requirements.

Therefore, the problem of environmental protection has become quite acute for the Russian population. Our activity in the field of environmental protection determines the solution to the issue of survival, preserving people’s health and creating normal conditions for their life.

Despite the decline in production and the implementation of a number of environmental measures at both the federal and regional levels, the environmental situation in the most populated and industrialized areas of the country remains unfavorable, and environmental pollution remains high. Environmental problems that have accumulated over decades are often aggravated by problems that have arisen in recent years (including as a result of the weakening of government administration and the hasty privatization of property).

In recent years, there has been a de-ecologicalization of public administration: state support for environmental activities has been reduced, permanent reorganizations (accompanied by a decrease in status and a reduction in staffing levels and budgetary funding) have put the state system of environmental protection in a critical situation. The continuation of this process really threatens the destruction of environmental structures.

The main environmental and natural resource problems of Russia:

Atmospheric air. The largest group of the population (15 million people) is exposed to suspended substances, the second place in terms of the scale of exposure is occupied by benzo(a)pyrene - 14 million people. More than 5 million people live in areas with high levels of nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, carbon disulfide in the air, more than 4 million people - formaldehyde and carbon monoxide, more than 3 million people - ammonia and styrene. A significant part of the population (more than 1 million people) is exposed to elevated concentrations of benzene, nitrogen oxide, hydrogen sulfide, and methyl mercaptan.

Water resources. Almost all surface water supplies have been polluted in recent years. In a number of regions of the country, anthropogenic loads have long exceeded established standards, and a critical situation has developed. Among the main rivers of Russia, the Volga, Don, Kuban, Ob, and Yenisei are characterized by the greatest environmental problems. They are rated as "contaminated".

Soils and land use. As part of the agricultural lands of Russia, erosive-hazardous soils and susceptible to water and wind erosion occupy more than 125 million hectares, including eroded soils - 54.1 million hectares. Every third hectare of arable land and pastures is eroded and requires measures to protect against degradation. Pollution and littering of land have been observed in 54% of the country's territory. Cities change the environmental situation not only within their own borders. Over 90% of emergency oil spills cause severe and largely irreversible damage to natural systems.

Vegetable and animal world. Compared to the level of 2006, the total volume of reforestation in Russia as a whole decreased by 344 thousand hectares. The problems of preserving tundra vegetation, which occupies about a third of the territory of the Russian Federation, have not been resolved. In cities, the level of provision of green space per capita does not meet accepted standards. In 2007, the list of animals listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation increased by 1.6 times.

Subsoil use. There is virtually no funding for environmental protection in the mining sector. In oil fields in 2007, more than 35 thousand accidents occurred due to leakage of pipeline systems. A decrease in reliability and an increase in the accident rate of pipeline systems may become a landslide in 3-4 years.

Existing economic mechanisms for environmental protection turn out to be ineffective, primarily because they do not create effective incentives for the use of resource- and energy-saving technologies and do not ensure the receipt of sufficient funds from payments for emissions and discharges, waste disposal and the use of natural resources to finance environmental activities on the required scale.

2. Geographical characteristics, climate and natural (land, forest, water) resources of the Russian Federation. Specially protected natural areas

Russia is the largest country in the world by territory with a rich variety of natural and climatic conditions. In terms of its scale, any subject of the Russian Federation can be equated to one or another European state; the territory of some Federal Districts of the country is comparable to the area of ​​a number of the largest states in the world. The country has a high diversity of territorial distribution of natural resources and population settlement.

Russia's position in the northern part of Eurasia (the country's territory mainly lies north of 50° N latitude) determined its location in the Arctic, subarctic, temperate and partially subtropical climatic zones. The predominant part of the territory is located in the temperate zone. The diversity of climate also depends on the terrain and the proximity or remoteness of the ocean.

Latitudinal zoning is most pronounced on the plains. The most complete range of natural zones is distinguished by the European part of the country, where the zone of arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga forests, mixed forests, forest-steppe, steppe, and semi-deserts successively changes from north to south. As we move eastward, the climate becomes more and more continental, and the number of natural zones in one latitudinal interval decreases significantly.

The total land fund of the Russian Federation is almost 1,710 million hectares with an average population density of about 86 people/thousand. ha. (8.6 people/km2) and land development, according to FAO, is less than 20%.

Main types of natural resources in Russia for 2009 in million tons.

The territory of the Russian Federation is characterized specific features and, first of all, the clearly expressed heterogeneity of climatic and lithological-geomorphological conditions, as well as geological history, which determines the diversity of soil cover. More than one third of Russia's territory is occupied by mountainous regions with pronounced vertical zonality of this cover. In general, the soil cover of Russia is very complex. Along with highly fertile soils, there are poor, unproductive soils, as well as those in need of special measures to improve land reclamation and increase fertility.

More than 70% of the country's territory is characterized by a low level of natural comfort for the population and is very poorly suitable for agriculture.

The total area of ​​Russian soils subject to desertification processes or potentially dangerous in this regard is, according to various estimates, from 50 to 100 million hectares. These are the Volga region, Ciscaucasia, Transbaikalia, and other regions of the Russian Federation. The area under ravines and gullies increases annually by 80-100 thousand hectares. They are common in many regions of the country, especially in mountainous and foothill areas. On the plains, high activity in the formation of ravines is observed in Voronezh, Belgorod, Kursk, Oryol, Tambov, Lipetsk, Ryazan, Tula and other regions. Areas adjacent to the valleys of large rivers in the Volga region and on the Volga Upland are also characterized by high gully formation activity.

Russia is the largest forest power. The area of ​​the forest fund and forests not included in the forest fund exceeds 1180 million hectares in the Russian Federation. Standing timber reserves in Russia as a whole amounted to 81.9 billion cubic meters at the beginning of 1998, and taking into account forests not covered by the Forest Code of the Russian Federation - about 82 billion cubic meters. Coniferous species account for more than three quarters of Russian timber reserves by volume. In terms of forest supply, Russia ranks first in the world, possessing approximately 1/5 of the world's forest plantations and timber reserves, and in relation to boreal and temperate forests it is practically a monopolist, possessing 2/3 of the world's reserves.

Forest resources (according to accounting data as of January 1)

Russia is washed by the waters of 12 seas belonging to three oceans, as well as the inland Caspian Sea. On the territory of Russia there are over 2.5 million large and small rivers, more than 2 million lakes, hundreds of thousands of swamps and other water resources.

In the national economy of the country, in quantitative terms, water consumption exceeds the total use of all other natural resources. One of the most important areas of water resource use is hydropower. Water areas are widely used as transport arteries. Great importance water resources have an impact on the recreational potential of the territory. In quantitative terms, water resources are composed of static and renewable reserves. The former are considered unchanged and constant over a long period of time; renewable water resources are estimated by the volume of annual river flow.

Total water resources of Russia

The basis of territorial nature protection in Russia is a system of specially protected natural areas ( SPNA). Russia inherited quite a lot from the USSR complex system categories of protected areas:

state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves;

National parks;

natural parks;

state nature reserves;

natural monuments;

dendrological parks and botanical gardens;

medical and recreational areas and resorts.

Traditionally highest form The protection of natural areas in our country are nature reserves. Russia's specially protected natural areas are designed, first of all, to protect the country's biological diversity.

State nature reserves and national parks

Scientific nature conservation in Russia began with the organization of nature reserves, and now they form the basis, a kind of rigid frame, of the national system of protected areas and nature conservation in general. Currently there are 99 nature reserves in Russia. They occupy an area of ​​32,700 thousand hectares, or 1.91% of the total area of ​​the Russian Federation.

The modern redistribution of property in Russia has affected wildlife resources to a lesser extent than all previous reforms. However, for the state of the natural resources themselves, the changes that have occurred are very significant. The first result of the weakening of state control over natural resources was an increase in poaching - the illegal extraction of wild animals and plants. At the same time, traditional hunting poaching (illegal shooting of ungulates, extraction of furs, etc.) increased slightly, but new types of poaching arose, much more dangerous in their consequences - targeted hunting for rare species of animals and plants began.

3. Legal basis for rational environmental management. Environmental legislation. WITHenvironmental standards system

In any civilized society, natural resources - water, subsoil, land, atmosphere, air, flora and fauna - are the objects of special laws and regulations regulating their use and protection.

The totality of environmental norms and legal acts forms environmental legislation. The objects of environmental legislation are both the natural environment as a whole and its individual natural systems (for example, Lake Baikal) and elements (water, air, etc.), as well as international law.

Currently in Russia there is a transition from administrative to predominantly economic methods of managing environmental activities. However, in conditions of hypertrophied market development, a real danger has emerged for the conservation and reproduction of natural resources. In this case, the basic principle must strictly apply: all responsibility lies with the producer. Whoever pollutes must fully compensate for the damage and bear legal responsibility.

In Russia, in order to improve the system of management and regulation of the use of natural resources, the State Committee for Nature Protection (Goskompriroda) was established. The committee must carry out: comprehensive management of environmental activities, coordination of the activities of departments in this area, state control over the use and protection of natural resources.

Regulatory acts on nature protection and rational use of natural resources are divided into laws and by-laws. In particular, the laws include the Fundamentals of civil, land, water, mining, forestry legislation of Russia, and the by-laws are the regulatory legal acts of state bodies of autonomy, issued on the basis of legislative acts, decrees of administrative-territorial bodies, as well as industry and departmental instructions, instructions, rules. Examples of departmental and industry regulations are: “Building codes and regulations”, “Sanitary standards for the design of industrial enterprises”, “Rules for the protection of surface water from pollution by wastewater”, etc.

Environmental law as an integral part public relations and the environmental legislation implementing this right are based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation, in which environmental issues are given one of the leading places. In our country, for the first time in world practice, the requirement to protect and rational use natural resources are included in the Constitution. There are about two hundred legal documents relating to environmental management. One of the most important is the comprehensive law “On Environmental Protection”, adopted in 1991. It states that every citizen has the right to health protection from the adverse effects of a polluted natural environment, to participate in environmental associations and social movements and to receive timely information about the state of the natural environment and measures to protect it.

Rules for the use of individual resources are established in the Land, Forest, Water Codes and the Law of the Russian Federation “On Subsoil”.

In the fall of 2002, the Russian government approved the Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation and the action plan for its implementation. As part of the Government of the Russian Federation, it was formed federal Service on environmental and technological control.

The legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection today makes it possible to ensure the preservation of environmental quality in the Russian Federation. It includes the following federal laws: “On Environmental Protection”, “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air”, “On Environmental Expertise”, “On Specially Protected Natural Areas”, “On Industrial and Consumption Waste” and a number of others. In recent years, several more important laws have been adopted aimed at protecting the Russian environment, but, unfortunately, they are not yet enough.

Determining the priorities of the state environmental policy of Russia is a “large-scale” task. It is extremely difficult to solve for two reasons:

1) all global environmental problems, one way or another, manifest themselves in Russia in certain regions with varying degrees of severity;

2) environmental problems, as a rule, are not solved in the places where and when they arise.

Among them:

1. Pollution of air and water basins, the occurrence of “acid rain”, zones of environmental disaster, etc.

2. Climate change, which is already manifesting itself in the regions of Russia and threatens a natural disaster in the future.

3. Reduction of arable land and deterioration of soil fertility due to overexploitation, erosion, salinization, waterlogging, desertification, absorption by cities and industry, etc.

4. Destruction and extinction of forests, impoverishment of flora and fauna

5. Generation and accumulation of huge amounts of waste.

One of the most important components of environmental legislation is the system of environmental standards. Its timely, scientifically based development is a necessary condition for the practical implementation of adopted laws, since it is precisely these standards that polluting enterprises should focus on in their environmental activities. Failure to comply with standards will result in legal liability.

Standardization means the establishment of uniform norms and requirements that are mandatory for all objects at a given level of the management system. Standards can be state (GOST), industry (OST) and factory.

The most important environmental standards are environmental quality standards - maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in natural environments. MACs are approved for each of the most dangerous substances separately and are valid throughout the country.

Recently, scientists have argued that compliance with maximum permissible concentrations does not guarantee the preservation of environmental quality at a sufficiently high level, if only because the influence of many substances in the future and in interaction with each other has not yet been well studied.

Based on the maximum permissible concentrations, scientific and technical standards for maximum permissible emissions (MAE) of harmful substances into the atmosphere and discharges (MPD) into the water basin are being developed. These standards are established individually for each source of pollution in such a way that the combined environmental impact of all sources in a given area does not lead to exceeding the MPC.

Unfortunately, at present, many enterprises, due to technical and economic reasons, are not able to immediately meet these standards. The closure of such an enterprise or a sharp weakening of its economic position as a result of penalties is also not always possible for economic and social reasons.

In addition to a clean environment, for a normal life a person needs to eat, dress, listen to a tape recorder and watch movies and television shows, the production of films and electricity for which is very “dirty”. Finally, you need to have a job in your specialty close to your home. It is best to reconstruct environmentally backward enterprises so that they stop harming the environment, but not every enterprise can immediately allocate funds for this in full, since environmental protection equipment, and the reconstruction process itself, are very expensive.

Therefore, such enterprises may be subject to temporary standards, the so-called TEC (temporarily agreed upon emissions), allowing increased environmental pollution above the norm for a strictly defined period of time, sufficient to carry out the environmental measures necessary to reduce emissions.

The size and sources of payment for environmental pollution depend on whether or not an enterprise complies with the standards established for it and which ones - MPE, PDS or only VSV.

Economic mechanism for environmental protection.

There is a security mechanism for suppression, correction and control. The economic mechanism is one of the most effective in protecting the natural environment. It is necessary to solve the problem of increasing its efficiency, i.e. improving the mechanism for applying and using environmental legal norms.

The concept of an economic mechanism for environmental protection is understood as: a legal institution that includes a set of legal norms that regulate the conditions and procedure for accumulating funds received as payment for environmental pollution and other harmful impacts on it, financing environmental measures and economic incentives for businesses subjects through the use of tax and other benefits.

Considering that environmental standards and regulations are a measure of the combination of environmental interests with economic ones, based on this, the economic mechanism for protecting the natural environment is designed to create conditions for the development of both producers and citizens of a careful attitude towards nature, to develop among legal subjects an attitude such as - There is no need to harm the environment because by doing so you are harming yourself.

All this includes a set of measures for economic incentives for environmental protection, regulation of economic impact on the environment, environmental assessment, environmental requirements for the placement, design, operation of production and economic facilities, environmental control, liability and compensation for damages.

The formation of a new economic mechanism for environmental management and financing, environmental measures during the transition to market relations should, probably, become an organic composite system of management and regulation of the economy.

Taking into account local conditions, regional administrations may exempt enterprises, organizations and institutions from payments for emissions and discharges of pollutants produced within the limits of maximum permissible emissions and discharges.

The amount of payments for emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from mobile sources is established by payments for these emissions and the amount of fuel used.

For emissions and discharges of pollutants and waste disposal within established limits, basic payment standards and coefficients are established that take into account territorial environmental features.

For above-limit emissions and discharges of pollutants, and waste disposal, an increased fee is established based on basic payment standards, coefficients taking into account territorial environmental features, and multiplicity factors for fees for above-limit emissions and discharges of pollutants, and waste disposal.

The objectives of the economic mechanism for environmental protection are that the following should be done:

1.Planning and financing of environmental activities;

2. Establishing limits on the use of natural resources, emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment and waste disposal;

3. Establishment of payment standards and amounts of payments for the use of natural resources, emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment, waste disposal and other types of harmful effects;

4. Providing enterprises, institutions and organizations, as well as citizens with tax, credit and other benefits when they introduce low-waste and resource-saving technologies and non-traditional types of energy, and implement other effective measures to protect the natural environment;

5. Compensation in accordance with the established procedure for damage caused to the environment and human health.

4. Security measures

Environmental protection is understood as a set of international, state and regional legal acts, instructions and standards that bring general legal requirements to each specific polluter and ensure its interest in fulfilling these requirements, specific environmental measures to implement these requirements.

Only if all these components correspond to each other in content and pace of development, that is, they form a single system of environmental protection, can we count on success.

Since the task of protecting nature from the negative impact of humans was not solved in time, now the task of protecting humans from the influence of a changed natural environment increasingly arises. Both of these concepts are integrated in the term “protection of the (human) natural environment.”

Environmental protection consists of:

Legal protection, formulating scientific environmental principles in the form of legally binding laws;

Material incentives for environmental activities, striving to make them economically beneficial for enterprises;

Engineering Protection, developing environmental and resource-saving technology and equipment.

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of the Natural Environment,” the following objects are subject to protection:

Natural ecological systems, the ozone layer of the atmosphere;

The earth, its subsoil, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, forests and other vegetation, fauna, microorganisms, genetic fund, natural landscapes.

State nature reserves, nature reserves, national natural parks, natural monuments, rare or endangered species of plants and animals and their habitats are especially protected.

The basic principles of environmental protection should be:

The priority is to ensure favorable environmental conditions for life, work and recreation of the population;

Scientifically based combination of environmental and economic interests of society;

Taking into account the laws of nature and the possibilities of self-healing and self-purification of its resources;

Preventing irreversible consequences for the protection of the natural environment and human health;

The right of the population and public organizations to timely and reliable information about the state of the environment and the negative impact on it and on human health of various production facilities;

The inevitability of liability for violation of environmental legislation.

The use of natural resources should be carried out in compliance with the rules developed by scientific and technical research:

Nature conservation needs to be built on a scientific basis;

Local interests must be subordinated to national interests;

The interests of the current moment are the interests of the future;

Immediately implement regulatory guidelines for the use of natural resources.

4.1 Wildlife protection, hunting

Wild living nature forms the basis for agriculture and forestry, fishing, hunting and other crafts, for the whole variety of economic and social activities of the population.

The state of the natural flora can to a certain extent be judged by information about rare and endangered species that need protection. These species were mainly identified and included in the prepared regional lists and lists, which served as the basis for the creation of regional Red Books and the Red Book of the RSFSR. The Red Book of the RSFSR contains data on 533 species of the country's flora that need protection. Of these: 440 species (82%) are flowering (angiosperms), 11 are gymnosperms, 10 are ferns, 4 are lycophytes, 22 are bryophytes, 29 are lichens and 17 are fungi. When included in the Red Book of the RSFSR, preference was given to those plant species that need protection throughout the country, among them vulnerable species, narrowly endemic and used.

Of the 400 rare species of flora of the north-west of the European part of Russia, 140 require urgent protection measures, in the Non-Chernozem zone 500 species require protection, in the Saratov region 375 species require priority protection, 188 species of the Krasnodar Territory require strict protection (127 of them are confined to to the Black Sea coast).

Almost a quarter of the species diversity of mammals is listed in the Red Book of the RSFSR. It is planned to include 64 of their species and subspecies in the second edition of the Red Book of Russia. About 90 species of mammals in Russia (33%) are threatened with extinction at the regional level (mainly in the countries of Central and Western Europe), including 39 species (14%) at the global level. The latter primarily includes a number of species of whales and subspecies of large cats. About 60% of the species diversity of Russian mammals (excluding cetaceans) is found in specially protected natural areas. The most difficult situation is for the species and subspecies of pinnipeds and ungulates, for which the share of rare species protected in reserves does not exceed 40%.

The number of rare and endangered vertebrate species in Russia, according to the Red Data Book of the RSFSR (published in 1983), is 197 (about 15% of the total number of vertebrate species in Russia), which indicates a generally unfavorable state of the fauna. Currently, in the context of a transitional economy and a structural socio-economic crisis, the risk of losing the most valuable part of the diversity of this group of animals increases.

Protected areas (reserves, sanctuaries, natural parks, etc.) are most widely used as protective measures.

The most important measure for the protection of game animals is strict adherence to the regulations on hunting, which stipulate its timing and methods. In Russia, hunting is regulated by the Regulations on Hunting and Game Management. On its basis, regional and regional administrations issue Hunting Rules. According to this provision, game animals are state property. The provisions indicate the types of animals and birds the hunting of which is completely prohibited, as well as the types of animals that can be hunted only with special permits (licenses) issued by hunting organizations. The law prohibits hunting animals in nature reserves, game reserves and green areas around cities. It is not allowed to use methods of mass production of animals, hunting from cars, airplanes, motor boats, hunting for molting birds, destruction of burrows, nests, lairs, and collecting eggs is prohibited.

The law establishes standards for shooting or capturing each species of animal. Violating hunting laws and regulations is considered poaching; persons who violate them bear administrative and criminal liability.

The successes of protecting game animals in our country are widely known. Thus, in the 1920s, the elk population decreased greatly; it became rare everywhere and completely disappeared from most central regions of the European part. As a result of the conservation measures taken, the moose population has recovered. He repopulated all forested areas. The number of these animals increased 3 times over 25 years, and hunting was again allowed. Moreover, the opening of licensed hunting in 1950, which provided for scientifically based periods of elk harvesting, did not stop, but accelerated the growth of its numbers: over the next 10 years, the number increased twofold. 70 thousand individuals are harvested annually, which produces about 9 thousand tons of meat. Similar results were obtained for other wild ungulates. Especially great success achieved in the protection of the saiga, which, as a very rare species, was on the verge of complete extinction. The harvest of all wild ungulates annually produces more than 35 thousand tons of marketable meat.

The measures taken in our country to protect fur-bearing animals were of great importance. Sable as a result of overfishing already at the beginning of the 20th century. disappeared from most areas of the taiga, it was threatened with complete extermination: its number at the time of the ban on hunting was about 25 thousand. Along with the ban on hunting, they carried out a wide re-acclimatization of the sable - they brought it to more than 100 areas where it had previously lived, but was exterminated. As a result, the number of this valuable species reached 300 thousand already in 1940. A limited fishery was opened for it. As in the case of elk, this did not lead to a new decline in numbers; on the contrary, the sable population continued to grow, exceeded the original by 12 times and has now reached approximately 800 thousand. This allows a significant number of animals to be hunted annually.

The protection and resettlement of the river beaver has been successfully carried out in Russia. By the time the hunting of this valuable fur-bearing animal was banned, only a few hundred heads survived in very few, mainly protected areas. Thanks to the settlement of the beaver in more than 75 regions and territories, its number has increased approximately 150 times, reaching 200-250 thousand heads, and since 1961, licensed fishing for it has been reopened. Significant success has been achieved in our country in protecting the gray goose and repopulating areas where it was previously found with this valuable bird. The nesting grounds of the wonderful northern duck, the eider, have been restored, along with colonies of the almost extinct egrets and many other birds.

The protection and fishing of sea animals is based on the same principles as other commercial species. The peculiarity of this group of animals is that many of them live in international waters or migrate widely across state borders. In this regard, international agreements and conventions are even more important for their protection. Thus, in 1946, the first International Whaling Convention was signed and in 1949, the International Whaling Commission was created, which developed a charter defining the species of whales that can be hunted, and establishing areas, fishing times and quotas (standards) for production. In Russia and a number of other countries, dolphin fishing was completely banned.

Pinnipeds are also subject to special protection. In Russia, since 1970, the hunting of sea animals by private individuals has been prohibited everywhere. Fishing for such rare species as the monk seal and the Atlantic walrus is completely prohibited. Hunting for the Pacific walrus is permitted exclusively for the needs of the local population of Chukotka. Fishing for other species is regulated by limits, periods and areas of production. The measures taken to protect the most valuable pinnipeds - fur seals - have made it possible to significantly increase their numbers.

Number of main species of game animals

As can be seen from the table data, the number of many species of game animals increased in 2009. But the issue of “poaching” is still acute, both in hunting reserves and in protected areas. There is a tendency to increase the number of environmental crimes in this area.

4.2 Air protection

Dynamics of volumes of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere, million tons.

Indicators of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere in the Russian Federation, thousand tons

The main volume of pollutant emissions from stationary sources in 2009, it was formed in the Ural and Siberian federal districts, which account for 59% of total emissions in Russia.

Moreover, 73.7% of the total amount of waste pollutants was captured and neutralized, and only 45.5% of them were recycled.

Measures to combat air pollution from power plants, transport and industry are as follows:

Increasing the height of pipes at power plants and metallurgical plants in order to ensure emission standards for sulfur waste and dispersion of nitrogen oxides to the required standards;

The use of rotoclones, electric precipitators and mechanical ash collectors, providing capture up to 99-99.5%;

Removal of sulfur oxides from flue gases;

Improved fuel combustion;

Removing sulfur from fuel;

Switching to low-sulfur fuel;

Transition to centralized heating in cities to avoid air pollution from small boiler houses;

Go to big cities for household electrification, including heating;

Introduction of waste-free technologies in industry and transport;

Strict compliance sanitary standards for all sources of air pollution.

Over the past two years, the number of cities with the highest air pollution (IPA? 14) has stabilized at 43-45.

Since 2000, in parallel with economic growth in the country, the volume of emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air from stationary sources and from vehicles is increasing (from 32,301 thousand tons in 2000 to 36,095 thousand tons in 2009).

The main contribution to the deterioration of atmospheric air quality comes from motor transport and road infrastructure, where gross emissions of pollutants are constantly increasing. In a number of regions, motor transport is the main air pollutant.

4.3 Water conservation

According to the state water cadastre, the total water intake from natural water bodies in 2009 amounted to 75.4 km 3 .

The volume of wastewater discharged into surface water bodies in 2009 decreased and amounted to 47.7 km 3 (2000 - 55.6 km 3, 2008 - 52.1 km 3). 18.5 km 3 of wastewater (36.1% of its total volume) is classified as polluted. The main volume of contaminated wastewater was discharged by housing and communal services (62%) and industry (31%).

Volume of discharge of normatively treated wastewater in 2007 - 2009 decreased to 2.0 billion m 3 (2000 - 2.4 billion m 3), it amounted to 10.6% of the volume of wastewater requiring treatment (20.7 km 3). This is the result of overload or lack of treatment facilities, as well as low efficiency of treatment facilities and deterioration of their technical condition. During the reporting year, the capacity of treatment facilities decreased by 1.0 km 3 (to 30.5 km 3). The following pollutants are present in wastewater: petroleum products, iron, manganese, copper, nickel, lead, phenols, sodium, potassium, phosphates, chromium, zinc, sulfates, chlorides, fluorides, surfactants, nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, thiocyanates, formaldehydes . The mass of pollutants discharged is shown in the table.

Discharge of pollutants with wastewater (thousand tons)

Indicators of water consumption and sanitation in the Russian Federation in 2009

The table data shows that the greatest damage to water resources is caused by housing and communal services and manufacturing enterprises, as well as enterprises producing electricity.

Currently, there is a decrease in the volume of contaminated wastewater discharged into water bodies in recent years, this is explained by the implementation of water protection measures and the decline in production in industry and agriculture.

The main measures to combat water pollution are:

- introduction of circulating water supply systems;

- creation of reliable treatment facilities;

- creation and implementation of new waste-free technologies;

- development and application of new sanitary standards.

On Earth, about 3/4 of the entire surface is occupied by water. The main resource for industry and everyday life is fresh water, which is unevenly distributed. In Russia, a large amount of water flows in sparsely populated areas and goes into the Arctic Ocean with little use for the national economy. The largest storage fresh water himself High Quality Lake Baikal contains 10% of the world's fresh water.

A lot of water is spent on household needs, and even more is required by industry. Thermal power plants consume large amounts of water. When using flowing rivers, the water temperature increases, which has a detrimental effect on fisheries, as it destroys eggs and lower organisms.

In addition, on the territory of our state, centuries-old reserves of fresh water are concentrated in a volume of almost 16 km3/year in the composition of underground ice, and in a volume of more than 15 km3/year in the composition of glaciers. These resources also, in principle, annually replenish the total flow.

However, having such significant water resources and using on average no more than 3% of river flow annually, Russia in a number of regions is experiencing an acute shortage of water, primarily due to the uneven distribution of resources across the territory. The most developed areas of the European part of the country, where up to 80% of the population and production potential are concentrated, account for no more than 10% of water resources. This situation is aggravated by extensive pollution of surface and groundwater. Almost all surface and some underground water bodies, especially in the European part of the country and in areas where large industrial and agricultural complexes are located, are significantly polluted by wastewater and surface water, and accidents on oil pipelines, other economic facilities, and wastewater treatment facilities become more frequent year after year. to even greater degradation of water bodies and their ecological systems. The qualitative condition and level of pollution of river waters have a direct impact on their socio-economic significance and potential use for various purposes.

4.4 Land protectionx resources and agricultural land

Agricultural land is land that is systematically used to produce agricultural products.

Of particular concern are the issues of protection and rational use of strategic types of land resources. Despite positive economic trends, the country's agriculture is still in decline. The number of livestock continues to decline, which leads to the abandonment of pastures and hayfields, and the number of sown areas is reduced. All this leads to the fact that the areas of agricultural land subject to degradation are growing, although at a slower pace than at the beginning of the century.

Protection of soil and landscape is an important part of the complex problem of environmental protection.

Agricultural lands are subject to special protection. Providing them for non-agricultural needs is permitted in exceptional cases, taking into account the cadastral value of the land. In the structure of agricultural land, the area of ​​arable land was 122.1 million hectares, fallow land - 4.8 million hectares, perennial plantings - 1.8 million hectares, hayfields - 24.0 million hectares, pastures - 68.0 million hectares .

Analysis of data from state land monitoring and other observation systems for the state of the natural environment shows that the state of land quality in virtually all constituent entities of the Russian Federation is rapidly deteriorating. The soil cover, especially arable land and other agricultural land, continues to be subject to degradation, pollution, littering and destruction, catastrophically losing its resistance to destruction, ability to restore properties, and reproduce fertility due to the exhaustive and consumptive use of land.

According to state registration of lands on agricultural land classified as agricultural land, as well as included in the land redistribution fund, in the Russian Federation 17.8% of the area of ​​agricultural land is subject to water erosion, of which 12.1% is arable land, 8% is subject to wind erosion .4% and 5.3% respectively. 2.4% of the agricultural land area is subject to the combined effects of water and wind erosion. Water erosion is widespread mainly in the Volga, Southern and Central federal districts. Wind erosion is more common in the Siberian, Southern and Volga federal districts. Waterlogged and wetlands occupy 12.3% of the agricultural area, including 6.8% of arable land. Swamping processes occur in the Central, Siberian, Volga, Ural, Northwestern, Far Eastern and Southern federal districts. Flooding and land inundation are a particular hazard. These negative processes are more pronounced in the Southern, Volga, Siberian and Far Eastern federal districts. Large areas are subject to desertification. This dangerous negative process is observed in 35 constituent entities of the Russian Federation and is most widespread in the Southern, Volga and Siberian federal districts.

There is a steady trend of dehumification of arable soils in all federal districts, the content of nutrients is rapidly decreasing, soil acidification is occurring, which is associated with the exhaustive use of land, the cessation of the introduction of mineral and organic fertilizers, violation of crop rotation, failure to implement soil protection, agrochemical and reclamation measures.

Land pollution occurs with chemical and other substances and compounds, land is littered with production and consumption waste. These negative impacts are most typical for areas adjacent to industrial enterprises, highways, and oil pipelines.

Land contamination with heavy metals and other substances and compounds is especially significant near large facilities of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries, and mechanical engineering, which occurs in all federal districts.

Land contamination by radionuclides remains significant in a number of regions of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation included in the Central and Ural Federal Districts. Land contamination with oil and oil products is observed in the Ural, Volga, Southern, and Northwestern federal districts.

Measures to combat the loss of useful territory and the deterioration of the landscape are strictly based on compliance with the “Fundamentals of Land Legislation of Russia”, which states that enterprises, organizations and institutions developing mineral deposits by open or underground methods, carrying out geological exploration, construction or other work on the land provided temporary use of agricultural land or forest land are obliged, at their own expense, to bring these land plots into a condition suitable for use in agriculture, forestry or fishing.

Based on this resolution, land reclamation is carried out. In order to combat soil erosion, shelterbelts are planted and ponds are built; they use cable lines and are developing superconducting and cryogenic power lines to reduce the consumption of fertile land under the “exclusion” strips.

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In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, everyone has the right to a favorable environment, everyone is obliged to preserve nature and the environment, to take care of natural resources, which are the basis for sustainable development, life and activities of peoples living on the territory of the Russian Federation.

This Federal Law defines the legal basis of state policy in the field of environmental protection, ensuring a balanced solution of socio-economic problems, preserving a favorable environment, biological diversity and natural resources in order to meet the needs of present and future generations, strengthening the rule of law in the field of environmental protection and ensuring environmental safety.

This Federal Law regulates relations in the sphere of interaction between society and nature that arise during the implementation of economic and other activities related to the impact on the natural environment as the most important component of the environment, which is the basis of life on Earth, within the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation.

Chapter I. General provisions

Article 1. Basic concepts

This Federal Law uses the following basic concepts:

environment - a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects, as well as anthropogenic objects;

components of the natural environment - earth, subsoil, soils, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, flora, fauna and other organisms, as well as the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-earth space, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth;

natural object - a natural ecological system, natural landscape and their constituent elements that have preserved their natural properties;

natural-anthropogenic object - a natural object changed as a result of economic and other activities, and (or) an object created by man, possessing the properties of a natural object and having recreational and protective significance;

anthropogenic object - an object created by man to provide it social needs and not possessing the properties of natural objects;

natural ecological system - an objectively existing part of the natural environment, which has spatial and territorial boundaries and in which living (plants, animals and other organisms) and non-living elements interact as a single functional whole and are interconnected by the exchange of matter and energy;

natural complex - a complex of functionally and naturally interconnected natural objects, united by geographical and other relevant characteristics;

natural landscape - a territory that has not been changed as a result of economic and other activities and is characterized by a combination certain types terrain, soils, vegetation formed under uniform climatic conditions;

environmental protection - the activities of government bodies of the Russian Federation, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, public and other non-profit associations, legal and individuals aimed at preserving and restoring the natural environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, preventing the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment and eliminating its consequences (hereinafter also referred to as environmental protection activities);

environmental quality - the state of the environment, which is characterized by physical, chemical, biological and other indicators and (or) their combination;

favorable environment - an environment whose quality ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects;

negative impact on the environment - the impact of economic and other activities, the consequences of which lead to negative changes in the quality of the environment;

natural resources - components of the natural environment, natural objects and natural-anthropogenic objects that are used or can be used in economic and other activities as sources of energy, production products and consumer goods and have consumer value;

use of natural resources - exploitation of natural resources, their involvement in economic turnover, including all types of impact on them in the process of economic and other activities;

environmental pollution - the entry into the environment of a substance and (or) energy, the properties, location or quantity of which have a negative impact on the environment;

pollutant - a substance or mixture of substances, the quantity and (or) concentration of which exceeds the standards established for chemical substances, including radioactive substances, other substances and microorganisms and has a negative impact on the environment;

standards in the field of environmental protection (hereinafter also referred to as environmental standards) - established standards for environmental quality and standards for permissible impact on it, the observance of which ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems and preserves biological diversity;

environmental quality standards - standards that are established in accordance with physical, chemical, biological and other indicators for assessing the state of the environment and, if observed, ensure a favorable environment;

standards of permissible impact on the environment - standards that are established in accordance with the indicators of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment and in which environmental quality standards are observed;

standards of permissible anthropogenic load on the environment - standards that are established in accordance with the magnitude of the permissible cumulative impact of all sources on the environment and (or) individual components of the natural environment within specific territories and (or) water areas and, when observed, ensures the sustainable functioning of natural environmental systems and conserve biological diversity;

standards for permissible emissions and discharges of chemical substances, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms (hereinafter also referred to as standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms) - standards that are established for economic and other entities in accordance with the mass indicators of chemical substances, including including radioactive and other substances and microorganisms that are allowed to enter the environment from stationary, mobile and other sources in the established mode and taking into account technological standards, and subject to compliance with which environmental quality standards are ensured;

technological standard - a standard for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms, which is established for stationary, mobile and other sources, technological processes, equipment and reflects the permissible mass of emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms into the environment per unit of output;

standards for maximum permissible concentrations of chemical substances, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms (hereinafter also referred to as standards for maximum permissible concentrations) - standards that are established in accordance with the indicators of the maximum permissible content of chemical substances, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms in the environment and non-compliance with which may lead to environmental pollution and degradation of natural ecological systems;

standards of permissible physical impacts - standards that are established in accordance with the levels of permissible impact of physical factors on the environment and, subject to which, environmental quality standards are ensured;

limits on emissions and discharges of pollutants and microorganisms (hereinafter also referred to as limits on emissions and discharges) - restrictions on emissions and discharges of pollutants and microorganisms into the environment established for the period of environmental protection measures, including the introduction of the best existing technologies, in order to achieve environmental standards;

environmental impact assessment - a type of activity to identify, analyze and take into account the direct, indirect and other consequences of the environmental impact of a planned economic and other activity in order to make a decision on the possibility or impossibility of its implementation;

environmental monitoring (ecological monitoring) - a comprehensive system of monitoring the state of the environment, assessing and forecasting changes in the state of the environment under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors;

state environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring) - environmental monitoring carried out by state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

control in the field of environmental protection (ecological control) - a system of measures aimed at preventing, identifying and suppressing violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection, ensuring compliance by economic and other entities with requirements, including standards and regulatory documents, in the field of environmental protection environment;

requirements in the field of environmental protection (hereinafter also referred to as environmental requirements) - mandatory conditions, restrictions or a combination of them imposed on economic and other activities established by laws, other regulatory legal acts, environmental regulations, state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection ;

environmental audit - an independent, comprehensive, documented assessment of compliance by a business entity and other activities with requirements, including standards and regulatory documents, in the field of environmental protection, requirements of international standards and preparation of recommendations for improving such activities;

best existing technology - technology based on the latest achievements of science and technology, aimed at reducing the negative impact on the environment and having a set period of practical application, taking into account economic and social factors;

environmental harm - a negative change in the environment as a result of its pollution, resulting in the degradation of natural ecological systems and depletion of natural resources;

environmental risk - the likelihood of an event occurring that has adverse consequences for the natural environment and is caused by the negative impact of economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies;

environmental safety is the state of protection of the natural environment and vital human interests from the possible negative impact of economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies, and their consequences.

Article 2. Legislation in the field of environmental protection

1. Legislation in the field of environmental protection is based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation and consists of this Federal Law, other federal laws, as well as other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation adopted in accordance with them.

2. This Federal Law is valid throughout the Russian Federation.

3. This Federal Law applies on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation in accordance with international law and federal laws and is aimed at ensuring the conservation of the marine environment.

4. Relations arising in the field of environmental protection as the basis for the life and activities of peoples living on the territory of the Russian Federation, in order to ensure their rights to a favorable environment, are regulated by international treaties of the Russian Federation, this Federal Law, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

5. Relations arising in the field of protection and rational use of natural resources, their conservation and restoration are regulated by international treaties of the Russian Federation, land, water, forestry legislation, legislation on subsoil, wildlife, and other legislation in the field of environmental protection and natural resource management.

6. Relations arising in the field of environmental protection, to the extent necessary to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, are regulated by legislation on the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population and legislation on health protection, otherwise aimed at ensuring a favorable environment for humans legislation.

Article 3. Basic principles of environmental protection

Economic and other activities of government bodies of the Russian Federation, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, legal entities and individuals that have an impact on the environment must be carried out on the basis of the following principles:

respect for the human right to a favorable environment;

ensuring favorable conditions for human life;

scientifically based combination of environmental, economic and social interests of man, society and the state in order to ensure sustainable development and a favorable environment;

protection, reproduction and rational use of natural resources as the necessary conditions ensuring a favorable environment and environmental safety;

responsibility of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments for ensuring a favorable environment and environmental safety in the relevant territories;

payment for environmental use and compensation for environmental damage;

independence of control in the field of environmental protection;

presumption of environmental danger of planned economic and other activities;

mandatory environmental impact assessment when making decisions on economic and other activities;

mandatory state environmental assessment of projects and other documentation justifying economic and other activities that may have a negative impact on the environment, create a threat to the life, health and property of citizens;

taking into account the natural and socio-economic characteristics of territories when planning and implementing economic and other activities;

priority of conservation of natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and natural complexes;

the permissibility of the impact of economic and other activities on the natural environment based on the requirements in the field of environmental protection;

ensuring a reduction in the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment in accordance with standards in the field of environmental protection, which can be achieved through the use of the best existing technologies, taking into account economic and social factors;

mandatory participation in environmental protection activities of government bodies of the Russian Federation, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, public and other non-profit associations, legal entities and individuals;

conservation of biological diversity;

ensuring integrated and individual approaches to establishing requirements in the field of environmental protection for subjects of economic and other activities carrying out such activities or planning to carry out such activities;

prohibition of economic and other activities, the consequences of which are unpredictable for the environment, as well as the implementation of projects that may lead to the degradation of natural ecological systems, changes and (or) destruction of the genetic fund of plants, animals and other organisms, depletion of natural resources and other negative changes environment;

respect for everyone's right to receive reliable information about the state of the environment, as well as the participation of citizens in making decisions regarding their rights to a favorable environment, in accordance with the law;

liability for violation of environmental legislation;

organization and development of the environmental education system, education and formation of environmental culture;

participation of citizens, public and other non-profit associations in solving environmental problems;

international cooperation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection.

Article 4. Environmental protection objects

1. Objects of environmental protection from pollution, depletion, degradation, damage, destruction and other negative impacts of economic and other activities are:
land, subsoil, soil;

surface and groundwater;

forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their genetic fund;

atmospheric air, the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space.

2. Natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and natural complexes that have not been subjected to anthropogenic impact are subject to priority protection.

3. Objects included in the World Cultural Heritage List and the World Natural Heritage List, state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves, state natural reserves, natural monuments, national, natural and dendrological parks, botanical gardens, health-improving areas and resorts, other natural complexes, ancestral habitats, places of traditional residence and economic activity of indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation, objects of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable significance, continental shelf and exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, as well as rare or endangered soils, forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their habitats.

Chapter II. Fundamentals of environmental management

Article 5. Powers of state authorities of the Russian Federation in the field of relations related to environmental protection

The powers of government bodies of the Russian Federation in the field of relations related to environmental protection include:

ensuring the implementation of federal policy in the field environmental development Russian Federation;

development and publication of federal laws and other regulatory legal acts in the field of environmental protection and control over their application;

development, approval and ensuring the implementation of federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation;

declaration and establishment of the legal status and regime of environmental disaster zones on the territory of the Russian Federation;

coordination and implementation of environmental protection measures in environmental disaster zones;

establishing the procedure for state environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring), forming state system monitoring the state of the environment and ensuring the functioning of such a system;

establishing a procedure for exercising state control in the field of environmental protection, including at facilities of economic and other activities, regardless of the form of ownership, under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, facilities that contribute to transboundary environmental pollution and have a negative impact on the environment within the territories of two and more than subjects of the Russian Federation (federal state environmental control);

establishment of federal executive bodies exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection;

ensuring environmental protection, including the marine environment on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation;

establishing procedures for managing radioactive waste and hazardous waste, monitoring the provision of radiation safety;

preparation and distribution of an annual state report on the state and protection of the environment;

establishing requirements in the field of environmental protection, development and approval of regulations, state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection;

establishing a procedure for determining the amount of payment for emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment, waste disposal and other types of negative impact on the environment;

organization and conduct of state environmental assessment;

interaction with constituent entities of the Russian Federation on environmental issues;

establishing a procedure for limiting, suspending and prohibiting economic and other activities carried out in violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection, and their implementation;

organization and development of the environmental education system, formation of environmental culture;

providing the population with reliable information about the state of the environment;

formation of specially protected natural areas of federal significance, natural world heritage sites, management of natural reserves, maintaining the Red Book of the Russian Federation;

maintaining state records of objects that have a negative impact on the environment and their classification depending on the level and volume of negative impact on the environment;

maintaining state records of specially protected natural areas, including natural complexes and objects, as well as natural resources, taking into account their environmental significance;

economic assessment of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment;

economic assessment of natural and natural-anthropogenic objects;

establishing a procedure for licensing certain types of activities in the field of environmental protection and its implementation;

implementation of international cooperation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection;

exercise of other powers provided for by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

Article 6. Powers of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of relations related to environmental protection

The powers of government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of relations related to environmental protection include:

determination of the main directions of environmental protection in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, taking into account the geographical, natural, socio-economic and other characteristics of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

participation in the development of federal policy in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation and related programs;

implementation of federal policy in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, taking into account their geographical, natural, socio-economic and other features;

development and publication of laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection, taking into account the geographical, natural, socio-economic and other characteristics of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, monitoring their implementation;

development and approval of regulations, state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection, containing relevant requirements, norms and rules not lower than those established at the federal level;

development, approval and implementation of target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

implementation of environmental and other measures to improve the state of the environment in environmental disaster zones on the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

organization and implementation, in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, of state environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring), formation and ensuring the functioning of territorial systems for monitoring the state of the environment in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

state control in the field of environmental protection (state environmental control) over objects of economic and other activities, regardless of the form of ownership, located on the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, with the exception of objects of economic and other activities subject to federal state environmental control;

economic assessment of the environmental impact of economic and other activities;

bringing the perpetrators to administrative and other types of liability;

filing claims for compensation for environmental damage caused as a result of violation of environmental legislation;

formation of specially protected natural areas of regional significance, management and control in the field of protection and use of such areas;

organization and development of the environmental education system and the formation of environmental culture in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

restriction, suspension and (or) prohibition of economic and other activities carried out in violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection, within the limits of their powers in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

providing the population with reliable information about the state of the environment in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

keeping records of objects and sources of negative impact on the environment in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

maintaining the Red Data Book of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation;

implementation of environmental certification;

regulation of other issues in the field of environmental protection within the limits of its powers.

Article 7. Powers of local government bodies in the field of relations related to environmental protection

The powers of local governments in the field of relations related to environmental protection are determined in accordance with federal laws.

Article 8. Executive authorities exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection

1. State administration in the field of environmental protection is carried out by federal executive authorities authorized in the manner established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Constitutional Law “On the Government of the Russian Federation”.

2. State authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that carry out public administration in the field of environmental protection are determined by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Article 9. Division of powers in the sphere of relations related to environmental protection between state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

1. The division of powers in the sphere of relations related to environmental protection between state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is carried out by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, as well as agreements on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between state authorities of the Russian Federation and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

2. Agreements between federal executive authorities and executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the transfer of part of the powers in the field of relations related to environmental protection, including in the field of state environmental assessment of objects subject to mandatory state environmental assessment conducted at the level of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, are concluded in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws.

Article 10. Management in the field of environmental protection carried out by local government bodies

Management in the field of environmental protection is carried out by local government bodies in accordance with this Federal Law, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, charters of municipalities and regulatory legal acts of local government bodies.

Chapter III. Rights and obligations of citizens, public and other non-profit associations in the field of environmental protection

Article 11. Rights and obligations of citizens in the field of environmental protection

1. Every citizen has the right to a favorable environment, to its protection from negative impacts caused by economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies, to reliable information about the state of the environment and to compensation for damage to the environment.

2. Citizens have the right:

create public associations, foundations and other non-profit organizations carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection;

send appeals to state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, other organizations and officials to receive timely, complete and reliable information about the state of the environment in their places of residence, measures to protect it;

take part in meetings, rallies, demonstrations, processions and picketing, collection of signatures for petitions, referendums on environmental issues and other actions that do not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation;

put forward proposals to conduct a public environmental assessment and participate in its conduct in the prescribed manner;

contact state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and other organizations with complaints, statements and proposals on issues related to environmental protection, negative impacts on the environment, and receive timely and reasonable responses;

3. Citizens are obliged:

preserve nature and the environment;

treat nature and natural resources with care;

comply with other legal requirements.

Article 12. Rights and obligations of public and other non-profit associations carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection

1. Public and other non-profit associations carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection have the right:

develop, promote and implement, in the prescribed manner, programs in the field of environmental protection, protect the rights and legitimate interests of citizens in the field of environmental protection, and involve citizens on a voluntary basis in activities in the field of environmental protection;

at the expense of own and borrowed funds, carry out and promote activities in the field of environmental protection, reproduction of natural resources, and ensuring environmental safety;

provide assistance to state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments in resolving environmental protection issues;

organize meetings, rallies, demonstrations, processions and picketing, collect signatures for petitions and take part in these events in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, make proposals for holding referendums on environmental issues and discussing projects related to environmental protection;

contact state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, other organizations and officials to receive timely, complete and reliable information about the state of the environment, measures to protect it, circumstances and economic facts and other activities that pose a threat to the environment, life, health and property of citizens;

participate in the prescribed manner in making economic and other decisions, the implementation of which may have a negative impact on the environment, life, health and property of citizens;

contact state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and other organizations with complaints, statements, claims and proposals on issues related to environmental protection, negative impacts on the environment, and receive timely and reasonable responses;

organize and conduct, in the prescribed manner, hearings on the design and placement of facilities, economic and other activities of which may harm the environment, create a threat to the life, health and property of citizens;

organize and conduct public environmental assessments in accordance with the established procedure;

submit to the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies, and the court of appeal for the cancellation of decisions on the design, placement, construction, reconstruction, operation of facilities, the economic and other activities of which may have a negative impact on the environment, on the limitation, suspension and termination of economic and other activities that have a negative impact on the environment;

bring claims to court for compensation for environmental damage;

exercise other rights provided for by law.

2. Public and other non-profit associations, when carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection, are required to comply with requirements in the field of environmental protection.

Article 13. System of state measures to ensure rights to a favorable environment

1. State authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies and officials are obliged to provide assistance to citizens, public and other non-profit associations in the implementation of their rights in the field of environmental protection.

2. When locating objects whose economic and other activities may cause harm to the environment, the decision on their placement is made taking into account the opinion of the population or the results of a referendum.

3. Officials who prevent citizens, public and other non-profit associations from carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection, exercising their rights provided for by this Federal Law and other federal laws, other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, are held accountable in the prescribed manner.

Chapter IV. Economic regulation in the field of environmental protection

Article 14. Methods of economic regulation in the field of environmental protection

Methods of economic regulation in the field of environmental protection include:

development of state forecasts of socio-economic development based on environmental forecasts;

development of federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation and target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

development and implementation of environmental protection measures in order to prevent harm to the environment;

establishing fees for negative impacts on the environment;

establishing limits on emissions and discharges of pollutants and microorganisms, limits on the disposal of production and consumption waste and other types of negative impacts on the environment;

conducting an economic assessment of natural objects and natural-anthropogenic objects;

conducting an economic assessment of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment;

providing tax and other benefits when introducing the best existing technologies, non-traditional types of energy, using secondary resources and recycling waste, as well as when implementing other effective measures to protect the environment in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

support for entrepreneurial, innovative and other activities (including environmental insurance) aimed at environmental protection;

compensation in accordance with the established procedure for environmental damage;

other methods of economic regulation to improve and effectively implement environmental protection.

Article 15. Federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation, target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and measures for environmental protection

1. In order to plan, develop and implement environmental protection measures, federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation and target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are being developed.

The procedure for the development, financing and implementation of federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation is established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The procedure for the development, financing and implementation of target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is established in accordance with the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

2. The development of federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation and target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is carried out taking into account the proposals of citizens and public associations.

3. Planning and development of environmental protection measures are carried out taking into account state forecasts of socio-economic development, federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation, target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the basis of scientific research aimed at solving problems in the field environmental protection.

4. Legal entities and individual entrepreneurs carrying out economic and other activities that have a negative impact on the environment are required to plan, develop and implement environmental protection measures in the manner prescribed by law.

Article 16. Payment for negative impact on the environment

1. Negative impact on the environment is subject to payment.

The forms of payment for negative environmental impact are determined by federal laws.

2. Types of negative impact on the environment include:

emissions of pollutants and other substances into the air;

discharges of pollutants, other substances and microorganisms into surface water bodies, underground water bodies and drainage areas;

contamination of subsoil and soil;

disposal of production and consumption waste;

environmental pollution by noise, heat, electromagnetic, ionizing and other types of physical influences;

other types of negative impact on the environment.

3. The procedure for calculating and collecting fees for negative impacts on the environment is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

4. Payment of the fee specified in paragraph 1 of this article does not exempt economic and other business entities from carrying out environmental protection measures and compensating for environmental damage.

Article 17. Business activities carried out for the purpose of environmental protection

1. Business activities carried out for the purpose of environmental protection are supported by the state.

2. State support for business activities carried out for the purpose of environmental protection is carried out through the establishment of tax and other benefits in accordance with the law.

Article 18. Environmental insurance

1. Environmental insurance is carried out in order to protect the property interests of legal entities and individuals in the event of environmental risks.

2. In the Russian Federation, compulsory state environmental insurance may be carried out.

3. Environmental insurance in the Russian Federation is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Chapter V. Standardization in the field of environmental protection

Article 19. Fundamentals of regulation in the field of environmental protection

1. Standardization in the field of environmental protection is carried out for the purpose of state regulation of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment, guaranteeing the preservation of a favorable environment and ensuring environmental safety.

2. Standardization in the field of environmental protection consists of establishing standards for environmental quality, standards for permissible impact on the environment when carrying out economic and other activities, other standards in the field of environmental protection, as well as state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection .

3. Standards and regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection are developed, approved and put into effect on the basis of modern achievements of science and technology, taking into account international rules and standards in the field of environmental protection.
Standardization in the field of environmental protection is carried out in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Article 20. Requirements for the development of standards in the field of environmental protection

Development of standards in the field of environmental protection includes:

carrying out research work to substantiate standards in the field of environmental protection;

establishing the grounds for developing or revising standards in the field of environmental protection;

monitoring the application and compliance with environmental standards;

formation and maintenance of a unified information database of standards in the field of environmental protection;

assessment and forecasting of environmental, social, economic consequences of the application of standards in the field of environmental protection.

Article 21. Environmental quality standards

1. Environmental quality standards are established to assess the state of the environment in order to preserve natural ecological systems, the genetic fund of plants, animals and other organisms.

2. Environmental quality standards include:

standards established in accordance with chemical indicators of the state of the environment, including standards for maximum permissible concentrations of chemicals, including radioactive substances;

standards established in accordance with physical indicators of the state of the environment, including indicators of levels of radioactivity and heat;

standards established in accordance with biological indicators of the state of the environment, including species and groups of plants, animals and other organisms used as indicators of environmental quality, as well as standards for maximum permissible concentrations of microorganisms;

other environmental quality standards.

3. When establishing environmental quality standards, the natural features of territories and water areas, the purpose of natural objects and natural-anthropogenic objects, specially protected areas, including specially protected natural areas, as well as natural landscapes of special environmental significance are taken into account.

Article 22. Standards for permissible environmental impact

1. In order to prevent the negative impact on the environment of economic and other activities for legal entities and individuals - users of natural resources, the following standards for permissible impact on the environment are established:

standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms;

standards for the generation of production and consumption waste and limits on their disposal;

standards for permissible physical impacts (amount of heat, noise levels, vibration, ionizing radiation, intensity of electromagnetic fields and other physical influences);
standards for permissible removal of components of the natural environment;

standards for permissible anthropogenic load on the environment;

standards for other permissible impacts on the environment when carrying out economic and other activities, established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the purpose of environmental protection.

2. Standards for permissible environmental impact must ensure compliance with environmental quality standards, taking into account the natural features of territories and water areas.

3. For exceeding the established standards of permissible impact on the environment, subjects of economic and other activities, depending on the harm caused to the environment, are liable in accordance with the law.

Article 23. Standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms

1. Standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms are established for stationary, mobile and other sources of environmental impact by economic and other activities based on standards for permissible anthropogenic load on the environment, environmental quality standards, as well as technological standards.

2. Technological standards are established for stationary, mobile and other sources based on the use of the best existing technologies, taking into account economic and social factors.

3. If it is impossible to comply with the standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms, limits on emissions and discharges may be established on the basis of permits valid only during the period of environmental protection measures, the introduction of the best existing technologies and (or) the implementation of other environmental projects, taking into account the phased achieving established standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms.

Establishing limits on emissions and discharges is permitted only if there are plans to reduce emissions and discharges agreed upon with the executive authorities exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection.

4. Emissions and discharges of chemical substances, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms into the environment within the established standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms, limits on emissions and discharges are allowed on the basis of permits issued by executive authorities exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection.

Article 24. Standards for the generation of production and consumption waste and limits on their disposal

Standards for the generation of production and consumption waste and limits on their disposal are established in order to prevent their negative impact on the environment in accordance with the law.

Article 25. Standards for permissible physical impacts on the environment

Standards for permissible physical impacts on the environment are established for each source of such impact based on standards for permissible anthropogenic load on the environment, environmental quality standards and taking into account the influence of other sources of physical impacts.

Article 26. Standards for permissible removal of components of the natural environment

1. Standards for permissible withdrawal of components of the natural environment - standards established in accordance with restrictions on the volume of their withdrawal in order to preserve natural and natural-anthropogenic objects, ensure the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems and prevent their degradation.

2. Standards for the permissible withdrawal of components of the natural environment and the procedure for their establishment are determined by the legislation on subsoil, land, water, forestry legislation, legislation on wildlife and other legislation in the field of environmental protection, natural resource management and in accordance with the requirements in the field of environmental protection, protection and reproduction of certain types of natural resources established by this Federal Law, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection.

Article 27. Standards for permissible anthropogenic load on the environment

1. Standards for permissible anthropogenic load on the environment are established for subjects of economic and other activities in order to assess and regulate the impact of all stationary, mobile and other sources of impact on the environment located within specific territories and (or) water areas.

2. Standards for permissible anthropogenic load on the environment are established for each type of impact of economic and other activities on the environment and the total impact of all sources located in these territories and (or) water areas.

3. When establishing standards for permissible anthropogenic load on the environment, the natural features of specific territories and (or) water areas are taken into account.

Article 28. Other standards in the field of environmental protection

For the purpose of state regulation of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment, assessment of environmental quality in accordance with this Federal Law, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, other standards in the field may be established environmental protection.

Article 29. State standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection

1. State standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection establish:

requirements, norms and rules in the field of environmental protection for products, works, services and relevant control methods;

restrictions on economic and other activities in order to prevent its negative impact on the environment;

the procedure for organizing activities in the field of environmental protection and managing such activities.

2. State standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection are developed taking into account scientific and technical achievements and the requirements of international rules and standards.

3. State standards for new equipment, technologies, materials, substances and other products, technological processes, storage, transportation, use of such products, including after their transition to the category of production and consumption waste, must take into account the requirements, norms and rules in field of environmental protection.

Article 30. Licensing of certain types of activities in the field of environmental protection

1. Certain types of activities in the field of environmental protection are subject to licensing.

2. The list of certain types of activities in the field of environmental protection subject to licensing is established by federal laws.

Article 31. Environmental certification

1. Environmental certification is carried out in order to ensure environmentally safe implementation of economic and other activities on the territory of the Russian Federation.

2. Environmental certification can be mandatory or voluntary.

3. Mandatory environmental certification is carried out in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Chapter VI. Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Expertise

Article 32. Conducting an environmental impact assessment

1. An environmental impact assessment is carried out in relation to planned economic and other activities that may have a direct or indirect impact on the environment, regardless of the organizational and legal forms of ownership of the subjects of economic and other activities.

2. An environmental impact assessment is carried out when developing all alternative options for pre-project, including pre-investment, and project documentation justifying the planned economic and other activities, with the participation of public associations.

3. Requirements for environmental impact assessment materials are established by federal executive authorities exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection.

Article 33. Environmental expertise

1. An environmental assessment is carried out in order to establish compliance of the planned economic and other activities with requirements in the field of environmental protection.

2. The procedure for conducting environmental impact assessment is established by the federal law on environmental impact assessment.

Chapter VII. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when carrying out economic and other activities

Article 34. General requirements in the field of environmental protection during the placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation, conservation and liquidation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects

1. Placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation, conservation and liquidation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects that have a direct or indirect negative impact on the environment are carried out in accordance with the requirements in the field of environmental protection. At the same time, measures should be taken to protect the environment, restore the natural environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, and ensure environmental safety.

2. Violation of requirements in the field of environmental protection entails the suspension of the placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation, conservation and liquidation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects as prescribed by executive authorities exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection environment.

3. Termination in full of placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation, conservation and liquidation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects in case of violation of requirements in the field of environmental protection is carried out on the basis of a court decision and (or) arbitration court .

Article 35. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when placing buildings, structures, structures and other objects

1. When placing buildings, structures, structures and other objects, compliance with the requirements in the field of environmental protection, restoration of the natural environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, ensuring environmental safety, taking into account immediate and long-term environmental, economic, demographic and other consequences must be ensured. operation of these facilities and compliance with the priority of preserving a favorable environment, biological diversity, rational use and reproduction of natural resources.

2. The choice of locations for buildings, structures, structures and other objects is carried out in compliance with the requirements of the law in the presence of a positive conclusion of the state environmental assessment.

3. In cases where the placement of buildings, structures, structures and other objects affects the legitimate interests of citizens, the decision is made taking into account the results of referendums held in the relevant territories.

Article 36. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when designing buildings, structures, structures and other objects

1. When designing buildings, structures, structures and other objects, standards for permissible anthropogenic load on the environment must be taken into account, measures to prevent and eliminate environmental pollution must be provided, as well as methods for disposing of production and consumption waste, resource-saving, low-waste, non-waste and other best methods must be used. existing technologies that contribute to environmental protection, restoration of the natural environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources.

2. It is prohibited to change the price design work and approved projects by excluding from such works and projects planned measures for environmental protection during the design of construction, reconstruction, technical re-equipment, conservation and liquidation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects.

3. Projects for which there are no positive conclusions of the state environmental impact assessment are not subject to approval, and work on their implementation is prohibited from being financed.

Article 37. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during the construction and reconstruction of buildings, structures, structures and other objects

1. Construction and reconstruction of buildings, structures, structures and other objects must be carried out according to approved projects that have positive conclusions of the state environmental assessment, in compliance with requirements in the field of environmental protection, as well as sanitary and construction requirements, norms and rules.

2. The construction and reconstruction of buildings, structures, structures and other objects are prohibited before the approval of projects and before the allocation of land plots in kind, as well as changes in approved projects to the detriment of requirements in the field of environmental protection.

3. When carrying out the construction and reconstruction of buildings, structures, structures and other objects, measures are taken to protect the environment, restore the natural environment, reclaim land, and improve territories in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 38. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when commissioning buildings, structures, structures and other objects

1. Commissioning of buildings, structures, structures and other objects is carried out subject to full compliance with the requirements in the field of environmental protection provided for by the projects, and in accordance with the acts of the commissions for the acceptance into operation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects, in which includes representatives of federal executive authorities exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection.

2. It is prohibited to put into operation buildings, structures, structures and other objects that are not equipped with technical means and technologies for the neutralization and safe disposal of production and consumption waste, neutralization of emissions and discharges of pollutants, ensuring compliance with established requirements in the field of environmental protection. It is also prohibited to commission facilities that are not equipped with environmental pollution control means without completing the work envisaged by the projects on environmental protection, restoration of the natural environment, land reclamation, and landscaping in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

3. Managers and members of commissions for the acceptance into operation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects bear, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, administrative and other responsibility for the acceptance into operation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects that do not comply with the requirements of legislation in the field of environmental protection .

Article 39. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during operation and decommissioning of buildings, structures, structures and other objects

1. Legal entities and individuals operating buildings, structures, structures and other objects are required to comply with approved technologies and requirements in the field of environmental protection, restoration of the natural environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources.

2. Legal entities and individuals operating buildings, structures, structures and other objects ensure compliance with environmental quality standards based on the use of technical means and technologies for the neutralization and safe disposal of production and consumption waste, neutralization of emissions and discharges of pollutants, as well as other the best existing technologies that ensure compliance with requirements in the field of environmental protection, carry out measures to restore the natural environment, reclaim land, and improve territories in accordance with the law.

3. Decommissioning of buildings, structures, structures and other objects is carried out in accordance with legislation in the field of environmental protection and in the presence of design documentation approved in the prescribed manner.

4. When decommissioning buildings, structures, structures and other objects, measures must be developed and implemented to restore the natural environment, including the reproduction of components of the natural environment, in order to ensure a favorable environment.

5. Repurposing the functions of buildings, structures, structures and other objects is carried out in agreement with executive authorities exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection.

Article 40. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during the placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning and operation of energy facilities

1. The placement, design, construction and operation of energy facilities are carried out in accordance with the requirements of Articles 34 - 39 of this Federal Law.

2. When designing and constructing thermal power plants, provision must be made for their equipping with highly effective means of purifying emissions and discharges of pollutants, the use of environmentally friendly fuels and the safe disposal of production waste.

3. When locating, designing, constructing, reconstructing, commissioning and operating hydroelectric power plants, the real needs for electrical energy of the relevant regions, as well as the features of the terrain, must be taken into account.

When placing these objects, measures must be taken to preserve water bodies, drainage areas, aquatic biological resources, lands, soils, forests and other vegetation, biological diversity, ensure the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, preserve natural landscapes, specially protected natural areas and natural monuments, and also take measures for the timely disposal of wood and fertile soil layer when clearing and flooding reservoir beds and other necessary measures to prevent negative changes in the natural environment, preserve the water regime, providing the most favorable conditions for the reproduction of aquatic biological resources.

4. During siting, design, construction, commissioning and operation nuclear installations, including nuclear power plants, the protection of the environment from the radiation effects of such installations must be ensured, the established procedure and standards for the implementation of the technological process, the requirements of federal executive authorities authorized to carry out state supervision and control in the field of ensuring radiation safety must be observed, and state regulation of safety in the use of atomic energy, measures are taken to ensure complete radiation safety of the environment and the population in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and generally accepted principles and norms of international law, training and maintenance of qualifications of workers at nuclear installations are ensured.

5. The placement of nuclear installations, including nuclear power plants, is carried out if the projects and other supporting materials contain positive conclusions from the state environmental assessment and other state examinations provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation and confirming the environmental and radiation safety of nuclear installations.

6. Projects for siting nuclear installations, including nuclear power plants, must contain solutions to ensure their safe decommissioning.

Article 41. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during the placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning of military and defense facilities, weapons and military equipment

1. The requirements in the field of environmental protection imposed upon the placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning of buildings, structures, structures and other objects fully apply to military and defense facilities, weapons and military equipment, with the exception of emergency situations that impede compliance with environmental protection requirements.

2. The list of emergency situations that impede compliance with environmental protection requirements during the placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning of military and defense facilities, weapons and military equipment is determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 42. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during the operation of agricultural facilities

1. When operating agricultural facilities, requirements in the field of environmental protection must be observed, measures must be taken to protect lands, soils, water bodies, plants, animals and other organisms from the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment.

2. Agricultural organizations engaged in the production, procurement and processing of agricultural products, and other agricultural organizations, when carrying out their activities, must comply with requirements in the field of environmental protection.

3. Agricultural facilities must have the necessary sanitary protection zones and treatment facilities to prevent contamination of soil, surface and groundwater, drainage areas and atmospheric air.

Article 43. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during land reclamation, placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning and operation of reclamation systems and separately located hydraulic structures

When carrying out land reclamation, placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning and operation of reclamation systems and separately located hydraulic structures, measures must be taken to ensure water balance and economical use of water, protection of lands, soils, forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms, as well as preventing other negative impacts on the environment when implementing reclamation measures. Land reclamation should not lead to environmental deterioration or disrupt the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems.

Article 44. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during the placement, design, construction, reconstruction of urban and rural settlements

1. When locating, designing, constructing, reconstructing urban and rural settlements, requirements in the field of environmental protection must be observed, ensuring a favorable state of the environment for human life, as well as for the habitat of plants, animals and other organisms, and the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems.

Buildings, structures, structures and other objects must be located taking into account the requirements in the field of environmental protection, sanitary and hygienic standards and urban planning requirements.

2. When planning and developing urban and rural settlements, requirements in the field of environmental protection must be observed, measures must be taken for sanitary cleaning, neutralization and safe disposal of production and consumption waste, compliance with standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms, as well as restoration of the natural environment , land reclamation, landscaping and other measures to ensure environmental protection and environmental safety in accordance with the law.

3. In order to protect the environment of urban and rural settlements, protective and security zones are created, including sanitary protection zones, green areas, green zones, including forest park areas and other protective and security zones with a limited regime withdrawn from intensive economic use environmental management.

Article 45. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during the production and operation of automobiles and other vehicles

1. The production of automobiles and other vehicles must be carried out in accordance with environmental protection requirements.

2. Legal entities and individuals operating automobiles and other vehicles that have a negative impact on the environment are required to comply with standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms, as well as take measures to neutralize pollutants, including their neutralization, and reduce noise levels and other negative impacts on the environment.

3. Relations in the field of production and operation of automobiles and other vehicles are regulated by law.

Article 46. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during the placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning and operation of oil and gas production facilities, processing facilities, transportation, storage and sale of oil, gas and their processed products

1. Placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning and operation of oil and gas production facilities, processing, transportation, storage and sale of oil, gas and their products must be carried out in accordance with the requirements established by legislation in the field of environmental protection.

2. When locating, designing, constructing, reconstructing, commissioning and operating oil and gas production facilities, processing, transportation, storage and sale of oil, gas and their products, effective measures must be taken to clean up and neutralize waste from production and collection of oil (associated ) gas and mineralized water, reclamation of disturbed and contaminated lands, reducing the negative impact on the environment, as well as compensation for environmental damage caused during the construction and operation of these facilities.

3. Construction and operation of oil and gas production facilities, processing facilities, transportation, storage and sale of oil, gas and their processed products are permitted in the presence of projects for the restoration of contaminated lands in zones of temporary and (or) permanent land acquisition, positive conclusions of the state environmental assessment and other established legislation of state examinations, financial guarantees for the implementation of such projects.

4. Construction and operation of oil and gas production facilities, oil and gas processing, transportation and storage facilities located in water areas, on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation are permitted subject to positive conclusions of the state environmental assessment and other state assessments established by law after restoration of contaminated lands.

Article 47. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during the production, handling and neutralization of potentially hazardous chemicals, including radioactive substances, other substances and microorganisms

1. The production and circulation of potentially hazardous chemical substances, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms are permitted on the territory of the Russian Federation after the necessary toxicological, hygienic and toxicological studies of these substances have been carried out, the procedure for handling them, environmental standards and state registration of these substances in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

2. The neutralization of potentially hazardous chemical and biological substances is carried out in the presence of design and technological documentation approved in the established manner in accordance with the law.

Article 48. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when using radioactive substances and nuclear materials

1. Legal entities and individuals are obliged to comply with the rules of production, storage, transportation, use, disposal of radioactive substances (sources of ionizing radiation) and nuclear materials, not to exceed the established maximum permissible standards for ionizing radiation, and if they are exceeded, immediately inform the executive authorities in in the field of ensuring radiation safety about increased levels of radiation dangerous to the environment and human health, take measures to eliminate sources of radiation contamination.

2. Legal entities and individuals who do not ensure compliance with the rules for handling radioactive substances and nuclear materials, as well as radioactive waste, bear responsibility in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

3. The import of radioactive waste and nuclear materials into the Russian Federation from foreign countries for the purpose of their storage or burial, as well as the flooding and sending of radioactive waste and nuclear materials into outer space for the purpose of burial are prohibited, except in cases established by this Federal Law.

4. Import into the Russian Federation from foreign countries of irradiated fuel assemblies of nuclear reactors for temporary technological storage and (or) their reprocessing is permitted if a state environmental assessment and other state assessments of the relevant project, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, have been carried out, and a general reduction in risk is justified radiation impact and increasing the level of environmental safety as a result of the implementation of the relevant project.

Import of irradiated fuel assemblies of nuclear reactors into the Russian Federation is carried out on the basis of international treaties of the Russian Federation.

The procedure for importing irradiated fuel assemblies of nuclear reactors into the Russian Federation is established by the Government of the Russian Federation based on the basic principles of ensuring the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, environmental protection and economic interests of the Russian Federation, taking into account the priority of the right to return radioactive waste generated after reprocessing to the state of origin of nuclear materials or to ensure their return.

Article 49. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when using chemicals in agriculture and forestry

1. Legal entities and individuals are obliged to comply with the rules for the production, storage, transportation and use of chemicals used in agriculture and forestry, requirements in the field of environmental protection, as well as take measures to prevent the negative impact of economic and other activities and eliminate harmful consequences to ensure environmental quality, sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems and conservation of natural landscapes in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 50. Protection of the environment from negative biological impacts

1. The production, breeding and use of plants, animals and other organisms that are not characteristic of natural ecological systems, as well as those created artificially, are prohibited, without the development of effective measures to prevent their uncontrolled reproduction, a positive conclusion of the state environmental assessment, and permission from the federal executive authorities carrying out public administration in the field of environmental protection, other federal executive authorities in accordance with their competence and legislation of the Russian Federation.

2. When locating, designing, constructing, reconstructing, commissioning, operating and decommissioning hazardous production facilities, and using technologies associated with the negative impact of microorganisms on the environment, requirements in the field of environmental protection and environmental standards must be observed, including including standards for maximum permissible concentrations of microorganisms, state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection.

3. Legal entities and individuals carrying out activities related to the possibility of negative impacts of microorganisms on the environment are obliged to ensure environmentally safe production, transportation, use, storage, placement and neutralization of microorganisms, to develop and implement measures to prevent accidents and disasters, prevention and liquidation consequences of the negative impact of microorganisms on the environment.

Article 51. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when handling production and consumption waste

1. Production and consumption waste, including radioactive waste, is subject to collection, use, neutralization, transportation, storage and burial, the conditions and methods of which must be safe for the environment and regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

discharge of production and consumption waste, including radioactive waste, into surface and underground water bodies, into drainage areas, into the subsoil and onto the soil;

placement of hazardous waste and radioactive waste in areas adjacent to urban and rural settlements, in forest parks, resorts, medical and recreational areas, on animal migration routes, near spawning grounds and in other places where a danger to the environment may be created, natural ecological systems and human health;

burial of hazardous waste and radioactive waste in catchment areas of underground water bodies used as sources of water supply, for balneological purposes, for the extraction of valuable mineral resources;

import of hazardous waste and radioactive waste into the Russian Federation for the purpose of their disposal and neutralization.

3. Relations in the field of management of production and consumption waste, as well as hazardous waste and radioactive waste are regulated by the relevant legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 52. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when establishing protective and security zones

1. In order to ensure the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, the protection of natural complexes, natural landscapes and specially protected natural areas from pollution and other negative impacts of economic and other activities, protective and security zones are established.

2. In order to protect human living conditions, the habitat of plants, animals and other organisms around industrial zones and objects of economic and other activities that have a negative impact on the environment, protective and security zones, including sanitary protection zones, are created in neighborhoods , microdistricts of urban and rural settlements - territories, green zones, including forested parks and other zones with a limited regime of environmental management.

3. The procedure for establishing and creating protective and security zones is regulated by law.

Article 53. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during privatization and nationalization of property

During the privatization and nationalization of property, environmental protection measures and compensation for environmental damage are ensured.

Article 54. Protection of the ozone layer of the atmosphere

Protection of the ozone layer of the atmosphere from environmentally hazardous changes is ensured by regulating the production and use of substances that destroy the ozone layer of the atmosphere, in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation, generally recognized principles and norms of international law, as well as the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 55. Protection of the environment from negative physical impacts

1. State authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, legal entities and individuals, when carrying out economic and other activities, are obliged to take the necessary measures to prevent and eliminate the negative impact of noise, vibration, electric, electromagnetic, magnetic fields and other negative physical impacts on the environment in urban and rural settlements, recreation areas, habitats of wild animals and birds, including their reproduction, on natural ecological systems and natural landscapes.

2. When planning and developing urban and rural settlements, designing, constructing, reconstructing and operating production facilities, creating and developing new technology, production and operation of vehicles, measures must be developed to ensure compliance with the standards for permissible physical impacts.

Article 56. Penalties for violation of environmental requirements

In case of violation of the environmental requirements provided for in this chapter, activities carried out in violation of these requirements may be limited, suspended or terminated in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Chapter VIII. Ecological disaster zones, emergency zones

Article 57. Procedure for establishing environmental disaster zones and emergency zones

1. The procedure for declaring and establishing the regime of environmental disaster zones is established by the legislation on environmental disaster zones.

2. Environmental protection in emergency zones is established by the federal law on the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Chapter IX. Natural objects under special protection

Article 58. Measures for the protection of natural objects

1. Natural objects that have special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable significance are under special protection. To protect such natural objects, a special legal regime is established, including the creation of specially protected natural areas.

2. The procedure for the creation and functioning of specially protected natural areas is regulated by the legislation on specially protected natural areas.

3. State natural reserves, including state natural biosphere reserves, state natural reserves, natural monuments, national parks, dendrological parks, natural parks, botanical gardens and other specially protected areas, natural objects with special environmental, scientific, historical and cultural significance , aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable values, form a natural reserve fund.

4. Confiscation of lands of natural reserve fund is prohibited, except for cases provided for by federal laws.

5. Lands within the boundaries of territories on which natural objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable significance and are under special protection are not subject to privatization.

Article 59. Legal regime for the protection of natural objects

1. The legal regime for the protection of natural objects is established by legislation in the field of environmental protection, legislation on natural and cultural heritage, as well as other legislation.

2. Economic and other activities that have a negative impact on the environment and lead to degradation and (or) destruction of natural objects that have special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable significance and are under special protection are prohibited .

Article 60. Protection of rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms

1. In order to protect and record rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the Red Books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are established. Plants, animals and other organisms belonging to species listed in the Red Books are everywhere subject to withdrawal from economic use. In order to preserve rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, their genetic fund must be preserved in low-temperature gene banks, as well as in artificially created habitats. Activities leading to a reduction in the numbers of these plants, animals and other organisms and deteriorating their habitat are prohibited.

2. The procedure for the protection of rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, the procedure for maintaining the Red Book of the Russian Federation, the red books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as the procedure for preserving their genetic fund in low-temperature gene banks and in artificially created habitats is determined by legislation in field of environmental protection.

3. Import into the Russian Federation, export from the Russian Federation and transit through the Russian Federation, as well as the circulation of rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, their especially valuable species, including plants, animals and other organisms falling under subject to international treaties of the Russian Federation, is regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation taking into account the generally recognized principles and norms of international law.

Article 61. Protection of the green fund of urban and rural settlements

1. The green fund of urban and rural settlements is a set of green zones, including areas covered with trees and shrubs and areas covered with grassy vegetation, within the boundaries of these settlements.

2. The protection of the green fund of urban and rural settlements provides for a system of measures that ensure the preservation and development of the green fund and are necessary to normalize the environmental situation and create a favorable environment.

In the territories that are part of the green fund, economic and other activities that have a negative impact on these territories and interfere with their implementation of environmental, sanitary, hygienic and recreational functions are prohibited.

3. State regulation in the field of protection of the green fund of urban and rural settlements is carried out in accordance with the law.

Article 62. Protection of rare and endangered soils

1. Rare and endangered soils are subject to state protection, and for the purpose of their registration and protection, the Red Book of Soils of the Russian Federation and the Red Books of Soils of the Subjects of the Russian Federation are established, the procedure for maintaining which is determined by the legislation on soil protection.

2. The procedure for classifying soils as rare and endangered, as well as the procedure for establishing regimes for the use of land plots whose soils are classified as rare and endangered, are determined by law.

Chapter X. State environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring)

Article 63. Organization of state environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring)

1. State environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring) is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in order to monitor the state of the environment, including the state of the environment in the areas where sources of anthropogenic impact are located and the impact of these sources on the environment environment, as well as in order to meet the needs of the state, legal entities and individuals for reliable information necessary to prevent and (or) reduce the adverse consequences of changes in the state of the environment.

2. The procedure for organizing and implementing state environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring) is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

3. Information about the state of the environment, its changes, obtained during state environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring) is used by state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments to develop forecasts of socio-economic development and adoption relevant decisions, development of federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation, target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and measures for environmental protection.

The procedure for providing information on the state of the environment is regulated by law.

Chapter XI. Control in the field of environmental protection (ecological control)

Article 64. Tasks of control in the field of environmental protection (ecological control)

1. Control in the field of environmental protection (ecological control) is carried out in order to ensure that government bodies of the Russian Federation, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, legal entities and individuals comply with legislation in the field of environmental protection, compliance with requirements, including including standards and regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection, as well as ensuring environmental safety.

2. In the Russian Federation, state, industrial, municipal and public control is exercised in the field of environmental protection.

Article 65. State control in the field of environmental protection (state environmental control)

1. State control in the field of environmental protection (state environmental control) is carried out by federal executive authorities and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

State control in the field of environmental protection (state environmental control) is carried out in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

2. The list of objects subject to federal state environmental control in accordance with this Federal Law and other federal laws is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

3. The list of officials of the federal executive body exercising federal state environmental control (federal state inspectors in the field of environmental protection) is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

4. The list of officials of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercising state environmental control (state inspectors in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation) is established in accordance with the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

5. It is prohibited to combine the functions of state control in the field of environmental protection (state environmental control) and the functions of economic use of natural resources.

Article 66. Rights, duties and responsibilities of state inspectors in the field of environmental protection

1. State inspectors in the field of environmental protection in the performance of their job responsibilities within the limits of their powers, they have the right, in the prescribed manner:

to visit for the purpose of inspection organizations, objects of economic and other activities, regardless of their form of ownership, including objects subject to state protection, defense objects, objects civil defense, get acquainted with documents and other materials necessary for the implementation of state environmental control;

check compliance with regulations, state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection, the operation of treatment facilities and other neutralizing devices, control means, as well as the implementation of plans and measures for environmental protection;

verify compliance with requirements, norms and rules in the field of environmental protection during the placement, construction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning of production and other facilities;

check compliance with the requirements specified in the conclusion of the state environmental assessment and make proposals for its implementation;

make demands and issue instructions to legal entities and individuals to eliminate violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection and violations of environmental requirements identified during the implementation of state environmental control;

suspend economic and other activities of legal entities and individuals if they violate legislation in the field of environmental protection;

bring to administrative responsibility persons who have committed violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection;

exercise other powers determined by law.

2. State inspectors in the field of environmental protection are obliged to:

prevent, identify and suppress violations of environmental legislation;

explain to violators of environmental legislation their rights and obligations;

comply with legal requirements.

3. Decisions of state inspectors in the field of environmental protection can be appealed in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

4. State inspectors in the field of environmental protection are subject to state protection in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 67. Industrial control in the field of environmental protection (industrial environmental control)

1. Industrial control in the field of environmental protection (industrial environmental control) is carried out in order to ensure the implementation in the process of economic and other activities of measures for environmental protection, rational use and restoration of natural resources, as well as in order to comply with requirements in the field of environmental protection, established by legislation in the field of environmental protection.

2. Subjects of economic and other activities are required to provide information on the organization of industrial environmental control to executive authorities and local government bodies, respectively, exercising state and municipal control in the manner established by law.

Article 68. Municipal control in the field of environmental protection (municipal environmental control) and public control in the field of environmental protection (public environmental control)

1. Municipal control in the field of environmental protection (municipal environmental control) on the territory of a municipal entity is carried out by local government bodies or bodies authorized by them.

2. Municipal control in the field of environmental protection (municipal environmental control) on the territory of a municipal entity is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and in the manner established by regulatory legal acts of local government bodies.

3. Public control in the field of environmental protection (public environmental control) is carried out in order to realize everyone’s right to a favorable environment and prevent violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection.

4. Public control in the field of environmental protection (public environmental control) is carried out by public and other non-profit associations in accordance with their charters, as well as by citizens in accordance with the law.

5. The results of public control in the field of environmental protection (public environmental control), submitted to the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, are subject to mandatory consideration in the manner established by law.

Article 69. State registration of objects that have a negative impact on the environment

1. State registration of objects that have a negative impact on the environment is carried out for the purpose of state regulation of environmental activities, as well as current and long-term planning of measures to reduce the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment.

2. State registration of objects that have a negative impact on the environment, as well as assessment of this impact on the environment, is carried out in the manner established by law.

3. Objects that have a negative impact on the environment and data on their impact on the environment are subject to state statistical registration.

Chapter XII. Scientific research in the field of environmental protection

Article 70. Scientific research in the field of environmental protection

1. Scientific research in the field of environmental protection is carried out for the purpose of social, economic and environmentally balanced development of the Russian Federation, creating a scientific basis for environmental protection, developing scientifically based measures to improve and restore the environment, ensuring the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, ensuring environmental safety.

2. Scientific research in the field of environmental protection is carried out for the purposes of:

development of concepts, scientific forecasts and plans for environmental conservation and restoration;

assessing the consequences of the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment;

improving legislation in the field of environmental protection, creating regulations, state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection;

development and improvement of indicators for comprehensive assessment of environmental impact, methods and methods for their determination;

development and creation of the best technologies in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources;

development of rehabilitation programs for territories classified as environmental disaster zones;

development of measures for the conservation and development of natural potential and recreational potential Russian Federation;

other purposes in the field of environmental protection.

3. Scientific research in the field of environmental protection is carried out by scientific organizations in accordance with the federal law on science and state scientific and technical policy.

Chapter XIII. Fundamentals of the formation of ecological culture

Article 71. Universality and complexity of environmental education

In order to form an environmental culture and professional training of specialists in the field of environmental protection, a system of universal and comprehensive environmental education is being established, which includes preschool and general education, secondary, vocational and higher vocational education, postgraduate vocational education, professional retraining and advanced training of specialists, and also dissemination of environmental knowledge, including through the media, museums, libraries, cultural institutions, environmental institutions, sports and tourism organizations.

Article 72. Teaching the basics of environmental knowledge in educational institutions

1. In preschool educational institutions, general education institutions and educational institutions of additional education, regardless of their profile and organizational and legal forms, the fundamentals of environmental knowledge are taught.

2. In accordance with the profile of educational institutions providing vocational training, retraining and advanced training of specialists, teaching of academic disciplines on environmental protection, environmental safety and rational use of natural resources is provided.

Article 73. Training of heads of organizations and specialists in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety

1. Heads of organizations and specialists responsible for making decisions when carrying out economic and other activities that have or may have a negative impact on the environment must have training in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety.

2. Training of heads of organizations and specialists in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety, responsible for making decisions when carrying out economic and other activities that have or may have a negative impact on the environment, is carried out in accordance with the law.

Article 74. Environmental education

1. In order to form an environmental culture in society, cultivate a caring attitude towards nature, and rational use of natural resources, environmental education is carried out through the dissemination of environmental knowledge about environmental safety, information about the state of the environment and the use of natural resources.

2. Environmental education, including informing the population about legislation in the field of environmental protection and legislation in the field of environmental safety, is carried out by government bodies of the Russian Federation, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, public associations, the media, and also educational institutions, cultural institutions, museums, libraries, environmental institutions, sports and tourism organizations, and other legal entities.

Chapter XIV. Responsibility for violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection and resolution of disputes in the field of environmental protection

Article 75. Types of liability for violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection

For violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection, property, disciplinary, administrative and criminal liability is established in accordance with the law.

Article 76. Resolution of disputes in the field of environmental protection

Disputes in the field of environmental protection are resolved in court in accordance with the law.

Article 77. Obligation to fully compensate for damage to the environment

1. Legal entities and individuals who have caused harm to the environment as a result of its pollution, depletion, damage, destruction, irrational use of natural resources, degradation and destruction of natural ecological systems, natural complexes and natural landscapes and other violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection are obliged reimburse it in full in accordance with the law.

2. Damage to the environment caused by a subject of economic and other activities, including the project of which has a positive conclusion from the state environmental assessment, including activities for the removal of components of the natural environment, is subject to compensation by the customer and (or) the subject of economic and other activities.

3. Damage to the environment caused by a subject of economic and other activities is compensated in accordance with the fees and methods for calculating the amount of damage to the environment approved in the established manner, and in their absence, based on the actual costs of restoring the disturbed state of the environment, taking into account the losses incurred, including lost profits.

Article 78. Procedure for compensation for environmental damage caused by violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection

1. Compensation for environmental damage caused by violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection is carried out voluntarily or by decision of a court or arbitration court.

Determination of the amount of damage to the environment caused by violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection is carried out based on the actual costs of restoring the disturbed state of the environment, taking into account the losses incurred, including lost profits, as well as in accordance with projects for reclamation and other restoration work, in their absence, in accordance with the rates and methods for calculating the amount of damage to the environment, approved by executive authorities exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection.

2. Based on a decision of a court or arbitration court, damage to the environment caused by a violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection can be compensated by imposing on the defendant the obligation to restore the disturbed state of the environment at his own expense in accordance with the restoration project.

3. Claims for compensation for environmental damage caused by violation of environmental legislation may be brought within twenty years.

Article 79. Compensation for harm caused to the health and property of citizens as a result of violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection

1. Damage caused to the health and property of citizens by the negative impact of the environment as a result of economic and other activities of legal entities and individuals is subject to compensation in full.

2. Determination of the scope and amount of compensation for harm caused to the health and property of citizens as a result of violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection is carried out in accordance with the law.

Article 80. Requirements for restriction, suspension or termination of activities of persons carried out in violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection

Requests for restriction, suspension or termination of activities of legal entities and individuals carried out in violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection are considered by a court or arbitration court.

Chapter XV. International cooperation in the field of environmental protection

Article 81. Principles of international cooperation in the field of environmental protection

The Russian Federation carries out international cooperation in the field of environmental protection in accordance with generally accepted principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection.

Article 82. International treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection

1. International treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection, which do not require the publication of internal acts for application, apply directly to relations arising in the implementation of activities in the field of environmental protection. In other cases, along with the international treaty of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection, the corresponding regulatory legal act adopted to implement the provisions of the international treaty of the Russian Federation is applied.

2. If an international treaty of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection establishes rules other than those provided for by this Federal Law, the rules of the international treaty apply.

Chapter XVI. Final provisions

Article 83. Entry into force of this Federal Law

This Federal Law comes into force on the date of its official publication.

Article 84. Bringing regulatory legal acts into compliance with this Federal Law

1. From the date of entry into force of this Federal Law, the following shall be declared invalid:

Law of the RSFSR of December 19, 1991 N2060-I “On the protection of the natural environment” (Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and Supreme Council Russian Federation, 1992, N10, Art. 457), with the exception of Article 84, which loses force simultaneously with the entry into force of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses;

Law of the Russian Federation of February 21, 1992 N2397-I “On Amendments to Article 20 of the Law of the RSFSR “On Environmental Protection” (Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, 1992, N10, Art. 459);

Article 4 of the Law of the Russian Federation of June 2, 1993 N5076-I "On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the RSFSR "On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population", the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Consumer Rights", the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of the Natural Environment" "(Vedomosti of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, 1993, No. 29, Art. 1111);

Federal Law of July 10, 2001 N93-FZ “On introducing amendments to Article 50 of the RSFSR Law “On Environmental Protection” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2001, N29, Art. 2948).

2. Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR dated December 19, 1991 N2061-I “On the procedure for enacting the Law of the RSFSR “On Environmental Protection” (Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, 1992, N10, Art. 458) loses force simultaneously with Article 84 of the RSFSR Law “On Environmental Protection”.

3. The President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation shall bring their regulatory legal acts into compliance with this Federal Law.

The president
Russian Federation
V. Putin

Vernadsky's doctrine of the biosphere became the basis for understanding general patterns development of our planet. The protection of the atmosphere, soils, waters, and living nature surrounding humans is built on their knowledge; without it, in the future, the creation of the noosphere - the kingdom of reason and progress throughout the Earth - is impossible. In 1944 V.I. Vernadsky in his work “A few words about the noosphere” wrote: “In the history of our planet, a critical moment of enormous significance for man has arrived, which has been preparing for millions, or rather billions of years, and has penetrated deeply into millions of human generations,” “Man is becoming a geological force capable of changing the face of Earth"

Pollution is the presence in the environment of harmful substances that disrupt the functioning of ecological systems or their individual elements and reduce the quality of the environment from the point of view of human habitation or economic activity. This term characterizes all bodies, substances, processes that appear in a given place in the environment and can remove its systems from a state of equilibrium.

The main legislative documents in the field of environmental hygiene of the Russian Federation: 1. Law of the Russian Federation “0 on environmental protection” dated January 10, 2002 N 7-FZ; 2. Land Code of the Russian Federation of October 25, 2001 N 136-FZ; 3. Federal Law “On Environmental Expertise” dated November 23, 1995 N 174-FZ; 4. Federal Law “On Radiation Safety of the Population” dated January 9, 1996 N 3-FZ; 5. Federal Law “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air” dated May 4, 1999 N 96-FZ December 2012 approved the State Program of the Russian Federation “Environmental Protection” for the years

For the purposes of a comprehensive analysis of the state of the environment, indicators, depending on their role, are classified according to the following scheme: DS-D-S-V-R: driving forces (DS), pressure (D), state (S), impact (B) and response (R). This diagram illustrates the relationship between indicators, on the one hand, and explains the UNECE's choice of specific indicators for assessing the state of the environment, on the other.

Emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air in 2007 – 2012. in the Russian Federation (data from Rosstat and Rosprirodnadzor) YEAR: Solid substances, from stationary sources thousand tons/year 2743.4 2704.22341.02381.22283.12249.4 Share of captured and neutralized substances in the total volume of waste substances from stationary sources, % 74,875,073,775,775,574.3 Volume of emissions from stationary sources and road transport per unit of GDP (at current prices) tons/million. rub. 1,060,820,840,700,580.52 Volume of emissions from stationary sources and road transport per capita, tons/person. 0.250.240.23

List of cities and towns in the Russian Federation with a dangerous category of soil contamination with a complex of metals, established during the observation period of the year.

In total, in the Russian Federation there are more than 13 thousand specially protected natural areas of federal, regional and local significance, the total area of ​​which is more than 200 million hectares, which is 11.8% of the territory of Russia. In 2011, this figure was 11.7%.

In the Russian Federation, specially protected natural areas are divided into protected areas of federal, regional and local significance of various categories: – state natural reserves, including biosphere ones; - National parks; – natural parks; – state nature reserves; – natural monuments; – dendrological parks and botanical gardens; – medical and recreational areas and resorts; – other categories of protected areas.