A modern hero of our time, French lessons. Summary of a lesson in literature on the topic "Hero of Our Time" - the first psychological novel in Russian literature

We will talk about Lermontov’s great novel “A Hero of Our Time.” Who is a hero in Russian literature? Is not positive character, but associated with the complexity of life. Russian classical literature teaches incorrect answers to simple questions, but the difficulties of life.

Lermontov began working with prose ideas related to A Hero of Our Time in 1838. He sketches the unfinished novel “Princess Ligovskaya”, in which Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin already appears. By the end of his life, the writer completes the work. In 1839, two stories from this novel, “Bela” and “Fatalist,” appeared in the magazine.

There are works that are addictive due to a well-constructed plot. Many events and characters are united by one storyline. In Lermontov's novel everything is different. There is no single storyline. The novel consists of disparate stories and is connected by the image of the main character Grigory Pechorin (see Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. M.A. Vrubel. Portrait of a military man (Pechorin on the sofa)

Let's remember two literary concepts: plot and plot.

Fable- chronological sequence of events in literary work.

But there are practically no stories with a direct, simple chronology. The authors jump from events of the present to events from the past, looking into the future because they are building a plot.

Plot- a series of events arranged in accordance with the author’s plan.

If events were arranged in chronological order, the reader would first learn about Vera, because the hero met her a long time ago, long before he knew all the other characters.

The plot sequence of the novel's episodes

• "Taman"
• "Princess Mary"
• "Fatalist"
• "Bela"
• "Maksim Maksimych"

If Lermontov's novel had been structured this way, it might have been more exciting. In the story “Princess Mary” there is a duel between Pechorin and Grushnitsky (see Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. M.A. Vrubel. "Pechorin's duel with Grushnitsky"

The reader does not feel any excitement; it is known that Pechorin will survive. The plot tension is extinguished. The hero will die on his way back from Persia.

This means that fascination is not so important to Lermontov.

The plot sequence of the novel's episodes

• Preface. Let's get to know the author and characters.
• "Bela."
• "Maksim Maksimych."
• Pechorin's journal. Notes telling about the events that took place before “Bela”: preface, “Taman”, “Princess Mary”, “Fatalist”.

The novel “A Hero of Our Time” was published in two small books, which went to Nicholas I. The Emperor did not favor Lermontov, but read the work carefully. He liked the first book and approved it. When I read the second, which contains Pechorin’s notes, Nicholas I became disillusioned with the work. He misunderstood the title, deciding that “Hero of Our Time” was Maxim Maksimych. A simple loyal subject, a good Russian officer, faithful to the oath, without mental contradictions, Pechorin explains his internal experiences by saying that “his mother spoiled him.” This is Lermontov's deceptive move. He built the piece with a different intent. The reader does not plunge into the depths of events, but penetrates into the soul of the hero himself. The composition of the novel is subject to this plot rule. The reader moves in circles, gets acquainted with Maxim Maksimych and through his eyes looks at Pechorin in the story of Bela. Then Pechorin himself appears, a cold, contemptuous man, not like romantic hero, as Maxim Maksimych described him. Then the notes of Pechorin himself, the reader is immersed in his inner world and looks at what is happening through his eyes. This is an important feature of the novel.

"Hero of our time"- the first in Russian literature psychological novel. It is not the events that are important, but the history of the soul. It's a contradictory portrait of an entire generation. The author does not seek to help the reader. What should Pechorin be like? Should we love him or hate him, be indifferent or accept his image? The author shows three love stories related to the hero. In all of them, Pechorin looks like a monster. But women fall in love with him because they feel the power that his contemporaries have lost. For the hero, love events end in disappointment, for the girls in disaster. But still the reader finds a special meaning in them. Lermontov teaches the complexities of life, and not the decoding of simple formulas.

The last of the stories in the novel “Fatalist”, it talks about the main problem: is he responsible for his fate? main character or everything is fatal and predetermined, and nothing can be changed. There is no definitive answer. Serb Vulich, who had a presentiment of death, plays with fate, and fate leaves him alive: the gun does not fire. Having miraculously survived, Vulich dies “from an accidental saber of a drunken Cossack.” Pechorin rushes at the Cossack, and the hero has a greater chance of dying, but fate is present in our lives and Pechorin remains alive.

The author constantly reflects on the extent to which fate determines a person’s fate. The reader enters the world of the soul not only of the hero, but also of the narrator. This is a double psychological novel. Two images are in the spotlight: the hero and the narrator. Their relationships with each other are as complex as the premise of the novel. Pechorin is hopeless. The reader meets and says goodbye to him in the fortress. The hero cannot go beyond the circle outlined around his personality. The author cannot find a way out of this contradiction.

Text of the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov "Hero of Our Time".

Viktor Zolotussky in the program “M.Yu Lermontov. A Mysterious Tale" talks about the influence of the nature of the Caucasus on the perception and creativity of the poet; talks about the similarities and differences between the images of Pechorin and the Demon.

Participants in the program talk about the tragic fate of Pechorin

MBOU "Bezymenskaya Secondary School" Oleinik T.V.

Open literature lesson

Class 9

Teacher: Oleynik Tatyana Vasilievna.

Municipal educational institution "Bezymenskaya Secondary School"

Grayvoronsky district

Belgorod Region

Topic: “So what kind of person is this Pechorin?”

Lesson-epilogue to Lermontov’s novel “A Hero of Our Time”

Target: create conditions for the formation of skills and knowledge to identify the main problems in

the main character of Lermontov's “Hero of Our Time”;

contribute to the formation of skills in artistic retelling and development

memory and thinking in students;

instilling a love for Lermontov’s works.

Equipment:

Portrait of a poet;

workbooks;

Lesson type - literary court.

Lesson notes:

Students received a task

The lesson is structured as a lesson - a trial.

The teacher must skillfully introduce them into the lesson, and the students, turning to additional literature, remember the judgments of critics.

The lesson was taught in 9th grade, so the notes contain possible answers and conclusions.

During the classes.

Teacher's word. Now the time has come, guys, to bring you to the final conclusion: “what kind of person is this Pechorin?” The question “who is he?” logically calls another: “in what time did he live?” Pechorin's time - 30s - 40s of the 19th century. Remember how the hero will say: “I had the misfortune of being born on one nasty evening.”

It turns out that there were periods in Russia when being born smart and talented meant dooming yourself to misfortune, when, in the words of Herzen, “no one and nothing around knew a living person.” The Pechorin generation was too young to go to Senate Square on December 14. It saw only executions and exiles, learned to remain silent, holding back tears, learned to hide its thoughts.

Russia has turned into a grandiose barracks. Free thought was persecuted. How tragic was the fate of the advanced people!

The year 1840 arrived. Lermontov's novel was published. Accusations rained down on him. And then the author decided to have his say.

In the preface, I explain how to accept the novel and the main character. Readers were offended by me for being given “such an immoral person” as an example, because some took the title of the novel literally. Others thought that I portrayed myself in the image of Pechorin. I object and say that “A Hero of Our Time” is “a portrait made up of the vices of our generation in their full development.” I believe that people have already been fed enough of sweets... we need other medicines, caustic truths.

My task is to point out the disease of time, but God knows how to cure it!

Teacher: So we come to the topic of our lesson. Today you will have to be convinced that Pechorin really had “immense” moral forces, which gave rise to deep hopeless sadness in him, that the tragedy of the hero lies in his talent, extraordinary intellect, which did not find an echo in the era of reaction. So, from the testimony of Mr. Pechorin

Pechorin: “And maybe I’ll die tomorrow! Some will say: he was a kind fellow, others - a scoundrel!.. Both will be false.”

Teacher: What is true? This is what we will find out today. What is Pechorin like? What is his fault, and what is his trouble? Let's look at him through the eyes of those who shared the days of his life, through the eyes of the author, who spoke beautifully about him, critic V.G. Belinsky, as well as with my own eyes.

Court Clerk: The floor is given to the investigation: “Today the case of Mr. Pechorin G. A is being heard in the literary court

During the investigation, it was established that Pechorin, being a naturally intelligent, observant person with a deep understanding of people, only brings misfortune to them. He aimlessly interfered in the life and affairs of peaceful smugglers in Taman. He disturbed the peace of the highlanders: he took away Kazbich’s most precious thing - his horse, made Azamat a homeless abrek, became the culprit in the death of Bela and her father, offended a close person Maxim Maksimych, ruined Mary’s life, killed Grushnitsky in a duel. He remains an “instrument of execution” even in his relationship with Vera. We were convinced that he did not warm anyone with his heart, but only brought suffering. All this is enough to send the case to court.”

Judge: Well, gentlemen, let's get started. Everyone who has at least some connection with Pechorin is present in the hall. Do the prosecution and defense have questions for the accused?

Prosecutor: Tell me, Pechorin, what brought you to the Caucasus? Feeling wanderlust?

Pechorin: Of course not. I was expelled from St. Petersburg for a duel. On the way to the place of his new service, he stopped in Taman, where he accidentally encountered smugglers. Being naturally inquisitive, I decided to understand the secrets of their lives. But I was bitterly disappointed: it turns out that there were no secrets in this romantic story. I understood: their activities are determined by vital necessity. Believe me, I didn't mean harm to anyone.

Prosecutor: Yes, your action is pointless. Notice what a terrible conclusion the accused comes to: “What do I care about human joys and sorrows!” Isn't it cruel?

Advocate: I protest, Mr. Prosecutor! Pechorin is a romantic. A simple girl seems to him like an undine, a fairy-tale creature. In his adventure, he sees something mysterious, unknown. This is what attracted his ardent, thirsty nature. He is so young and inexperienced.

He is interested in everything, he must occupy himself with something, fill the bottomless emptiness of his spirit with at least activity without any goal. He is brave, courageous, looking for love, he liked a mysterious girl.

What's wrong with that? By the way, he himself fell into a trap and almost died. And all because he is interested in people themselves. He wants to find out the secret for himself, and not for the commandant. Think about his confession: “And why did fate throw me into the peaceful circle of honest smugglers? Like a stone thrown into a smooth spring, I disturbed their calm and, like a stone, I almost sank to the bottom! This undoubtedly evokes sympathy.

Prosecutor: I want to continue. After some military expedition, Pechorin was allowed to use the waters in Pyatigorsk. He is in a circle of people socially close to him. It would seem that you should rest and not darken the lives of those around you. But no, and here Pechorin showed complete indifference to human suffering.

Judge: I will ask you to call a witness - Princess Mary.

Mary: I fell in love with Pechorin and, of course, could not imagine that he would not reciprocate. I thought that he was afraid of obstacles from my parents, that’s why he didn’t propose to me. But it turned out that he just doesn't love me.

Advocate: Gentlemen, is it possible to judge a person for honestly admitting that he does not love. I think that this only elevates Pechorin in our eyes.

Prosecutor: Tell me, Pechorin, why did you seek Mary’s love? To then reject her? This is cruel.

Pechorin: If you think that I sought Mary’s love for petty selfish reasons, that I wanted to laugh at her feelings, then you are deeply mistaken. I just wanted to break out of the hypocritical secular circle, to find meaning in something pure and bright. But I didn't achieve anything. I'm already disappointed in everything. I don't even believe in friendship. I don't have any ideals. This is bad. And therefore, it’s not a pity to die, especially since “it’s a small loss for the world,” “and I’m pretty bored myself!”

Advocate: Gentlemen! How tragic these words sound. I understand Pechorin’s condition. Remember the people of his circle, their morals. In their midst there is no place for serious thought, spiritual life, no place for nobility and honesty, and Pechorin does not seek connection with this society. He is too smart and taller than those around him, but he is lonely. And this is his tragedy. Longing throws him from one empty action to another. This is his problem, not his fault.

Prosecutor: Tell me, Pechorin, why did you fight a duel?

Pechorin: I watched Grushnitsky for a long time and realized that he had put on the mask of a disappointed sufferer in everything, and this buffoonish comedy began to irritate me. Grushnitsky insulted me as a person who is accustomed to strictly judging himself and others. I realized that conflict was inevitable.

Advocate: Understand, gentlemen, this is not empty intrigue, but a deep human drama. Falsehood or hypocrisy forced my client to fight a duel. He is in deep discord with himself and others and is doomed to a divided life.

Judge: I'll ask you to call witness Werner.

Werner: Pechorin was the only person close to me in spirit and convictions. Only with him could I speak freely and frankly. I always considered him an incredibly brave man, capable of taking risks. Before the duel with Grushnitsky, where I was Pechorin’s second, I warned him that his pistol would not be loaded. But this did not bother him. I was surprised by Pechorin’s calmness, but even more so by his behavior during the duel: he offered one shot each, and one of the duelists had to stand on the edge of the mountain area, so that even if he was slightly wounded, death was inevitable for him. Grushnitsky shot first and missed. Pechorin ordered his pistol to be loaded before firing. The way he killed the man in cold blood amazed me. I considered Pechorin my friend, but after the duel I could not shake hands with him.

Prosecutor: I thank Mr. Werner for his testimony. We were once again convinced of what a cynical person Pechorin is. He is capable of murder, does not know how to value true friendship, is callous and cold.

Advocate: Gentlemen of the judge, I protest against this conclusion and call Princess Vera as a witness.

Faith: I have known Pechorin for many years. This is the noblest man. He loved me as property, as a source of joy and anxiety. I won't blame him. I understood a lot by communicating with him. He is deeply unhappy, there is something special about him, peculiar to him alone. He is better than other men. No matter what he says, his power is invincible. No one knows how to constantly want to be loved; Evil in no one is so attractive. No one's gaze promises so much bliss and no one can be as truly unhappy as Pechorin, because no one tries to convince himself otherwise.

Advocate: Gentlemen! Can we, after everything we have heard, blame Pechorin for all the misfortunes? You are probably convinced that before us is an extraordinary person, possessing mysterious strength, a proud and invincible character. Such a person can inspire deep love in any woman. But he was not understood by people. Hence Pechorin is lonely and unhappy. All his actions and adventures are a desire to disabuse himself of the tragedy of his fate.

Prosecutor: I cannot agree with Mr. Lawyer. The attitude towards Faith convinces us of the opposite. He brings nothing but suffering to Vera, breaks Mary’s heart, and kills Grushnitsky in cold blood. This person brings only misfortune to others. To confirm my words, I would like to call the witness Maxim Maksimych.

Maxim Maksimych: I am a simple person, but I can say that Pechorin is a strange person, although a nice fellow.

He offended me greatly - our last meeting was so cold. A wonderful person, but with “great oddities.” “Really, it’s a pity that he will come to a bad end... and it can’t be otherwise!.. I always said that there is no use in those who forget old friends!”

Bela

The narration is told on behalf of the narrator (the author of the notes). One day he was traveling by train from Tiflis. On the way, he met with staff captain Maxim Maksimych. Having met and started talking, they spend the night in one of the villages due to a snowstorm. Maxim Maksimych began to tell various stories from the service (he served under Yermolov). The conversation turned to Grigory Alexandrovich Pechorin. He came to serve in the fortress under the command of Maxim Maksimych. The staff captain gave the following description of Pechorin: “He was a nice guy,... just a little strange.” Sometimes he spends the whole day hunting in the rain - and does not get tired or freeze. And sometimes he assures that a draft can cause a cold. He flinches from the knocking of the shutter, even though he goes to the wild boar alone.

Pechorin lived in the fortress for a year, and the staff captain told his interlocutor one incident.

Not far from the fortress lived a worldly prince; he had a son about fifteen years old, who often visited the fortress. The boy was very hot-tempered, he was often teased, and he was very “hungry for money.” One day the prince invited Maxim Maksimych and Pechorin to the wedding of his eldest daughter. They went because they were kunaks of the prince.

At the wedding, Pechorin drew attention to the beauty, the youngest daughter of Prince Bela. But Kazbich, who was suspected of many robberies, also admired her. He had a beautiful horse, Karagez, who helped out his master more than once; Many tried to steal this horse.

Azamat offers Kazbich to steal his sister Bela for a horse, knowing that Kazbich really likes Bela. Maxim Maksimych accidentally overheard this conversation and then passed it on to Pechorin.

As a result of the conversation between Azamat and Kazbich, a clash arises, Kazbich leaves.

In the following days, when Azamat came to the fortress, Pechorin praised Kazbich’s horse every time. Then he offers Azamat the horse Karagez in exchange for Bela. Azamat agrees. The next day in the evening Azamat brought Bela to the fortress, and the next morning he stole the horse while Kazbich was sitting with Pechorin.

Kazbich was heartbroken when he learned about the theft. The sentry said that Azamat untied his horse and rode off on it. Kazbich wanted to take revenge, but Azamat disappeared.

Bela was shy of Pechorina. He gave her gifts, but she still did not let him near her. He insisted that he loved her. Finally, he told her that he was leaving to find his death, that if she did not love him, he had no reason to live anymore. Bela can’t stand it and throws herself on Pechorin’s neck. She said that she loved Pechorin from the first meeting.

Kazbich kills Bela's father, believing that with his consent Azamat stole the horse. Bela was told about her father's death some time later.

In the morning the narrator and Maxim Maksimych set off on their journey. Maxim Maksimych tells the end of this story. He got used to Bela, became attached to her like a daughter.

Pechorin always loved hunting, he began to leave the fortress often, and Bela began to miss him. She thinks that Pechorin no longer loves her. Maxim Maksimych consoles her.

One day, when Bela and Maxim Maksimych were walking along the fortress wall, they saw Kazbich. When Pechorin was told about this, he advised Bela not to go to the ramparts.

Maxim Maksimych began to notice that Pechorin no longer loved Bela. Having called him for a frank conversation, he heard that Pechorin had an unhappy character, bringing misfortune to others. In his youth, Pechorin enjoyed all the pleasures “that can be obtained for money,” he says that he was disgusted with high society, the love of beauties, “which leaves the heart empty.” Boredom overtook him and he went to war in the Caucasus. But he also became bored there. Seeing Bela, he thought that she was an angel sent by fate, but he grew tired of the savage’s love as quickly as the love of coquettes.

One day Maxim Maksimych and Pechorin went wild boar hunting. The hunt was unsuccessful, and Maxim Maksimych suggested returning. But Pechorin did not want to return without booty. They still failed to kill the boar. As they approached the fortress, a shot rang out. It was Kazbich who kidnapped Bela. They rushed after him. Pechorin wounded Kazbich's horse, and Kazbich wounded Bela with a dagger. Bela suffered for two days, became delirious, had a fever, and then she died. Pechorin, when Maxim Maksimych decided to console him, unexpectedly laughed. Bela was buried behind the fortress. Pechorin was ill for a long time, and then transferred to another regiment in Georgia.

Prosecutor: Here's another victim. We must judge him harshly.

Advocate: I ask you to call the main witness - the author, Mr. Lermontov.

Prosecutor: Gentlemen! So Lermontov emphasized that Pechorin contains vices, not virtues.

Advocate: Yes, vices, but for some reason Mr. Prosecutor omitted the words “of a whole generation.” Why should we blame Pechorin alone? I ask you to call a witness for Mr. Belinsky’s defense.

IN. G. Belinsky: Gentlemen! Pay attention to the title of the novel. Pechorin is truly a hero of his time, that is, the 30s of the 19th century. I explain his selfishness, his lack of faith, and disappointment by the social conditions of life. But he has a critical mind, impulses of sincere feeling. The hero's intellect is rich and multifaceted, but the possibilities of giving him a socially useful direction are negligible. Active by nature, Pechorin is forced to spend the best forces of his soul and mind on trifles. Saving himself from boredom, he sometimes pays dearly. Pechorin is an extraordinary person, but society does not need him. He is always lonely, that's why he is constantly sad. His sadness is stronger than Onegin's. Pechorin's character is active, ebullient, and the life around him is dead and monotonous. If Onegin is “bored,” then Pechorin “suffers.”

Judge: We thank Mr. Belinsky. The court considers it necessary to hear the accused.

Pechorin: Running through my entire past in memory, I ask myself: why did I live? For what purpose was I born? And it’s true, it existed, and it’s true that I had a high purpose, because I feel immense powers in my soul... But I didn’t guess this purpose, but was carried away by the lures of empty and ungrateful passions. I have lost forever the ardor of noble aspirations. And since then, how many times have I played the role of an ax in the hands of fate!

My love did not bring happiness to anyone, because I did not sacrifice anything for those I loved. Yes, I loved only for myself, for my pleasure. For a long time I have been living not with my heart, but with my head. There are two people in me: one lives in the full sense of the word, the other thinks and judges it; the first, perhaps, will say goodbye to you forever, and the second... the second...

Teacher: Well, today in the literary court we listened to the charges, the defense, and Pechorin’s witnesses. The time has come for you guys to give your assessment of Pechorin

Lesson summary.(students speak out, drawing conclusions).

What kind of person is this Pechorin?

From everything that has been said and read, we can conclude that Pechorin is full of energy, but directs it to ordinary circumstances, and from this it becomes destructive. He learned to be secretive, vindictive, bilious, and became, in his own words, a “moral cripple.”

Pechorin cannot find a use for himself. He wastes himself on petty matters, exposes himself to bullets, seeks oblivion in novels. Pechorin is characterized by a sharp confrontation of passions. He suffers deeply from the fact that he understands his contradiction between the depth and integrity of his nature and the “pity of the actions” he commits. He feels in his soul “immense forces, but cannot find use for them.” This makes Pechorin one of extra people, i.e. a typical representative of the 30s of the 19th century.

He is concerned about many issues of life, he thinks about philosophical problems, thinks about good and evil, life and death. His critical statements and deep understanding of human relationships and characters place him among the smartest people of the era. Even Pechorin’s appearance allows us to notice signs of a bright personality that stands out sharply among those around him: he is physically strong, which naturally combines with secularism, and some kind of inner concentration and self-confidence is felt in him. The inconsistency of this image speaks volumes important detail, noted by the author, Pechorin’s eyes did not laugh when he laughed. He is haunted by boredom and awareness of the insufficiency of the life he leads. Pechorin becomes an “evil genius” for many people: he pushes Azamat and Kazbich onto the path of crime, because of him Bela dies, Princess Mary suffers, and the usual course of smugglers is disrupted. Vera, the only woman he loves, is unhappy, and Maxim Maksimovich, sincerely attached to Pechorin, deeply worries about his callousness.

Pechorin regards his generation as people wandering the earth without convictions and pride, without pleasure and fear, incapable of great sacrifices, either for the good of humanity or for their own happiness.

This is our hero - born for a high goal, but forced to live in languid inaction or simply rely on himself.

"This is Onegin of histime." I think you are convinced that this noble,clever man. He madly chases life, looking for it everywhere. BitterlyBlames himself for his mistakes.

Pechorin- part of that worldwhich he himself denies, and this is his tragedy. Time, of coursesubject to discussion, but each of us in thistime is also subject to discussion.

Grigory Aleksandrovich Pechorin is a hero of the transition period, when the ideals of the past are destroyed, and new ones have not yet had time to form. Lermontov notes that Pechorin is “exactly a portrait, but not of one person, made up of the vices of our entire generation in their full development.” With this presentation, Lermontov emphasized a realistic approach to the problem of the individual and society.

Homework: Creative character. Give a written discussion on the issue:

“Did Pechorin really have a purpose on earth - to destroy other people’s hopes?”

( The guys should see

the duality of Pechorin’s nature,

his spiritual loneliness, the gradual “exhaustion of the heat of the soul” )

And some secret cold reigns in the soul,

When fire boils in the blood.

M. Yu. Lermontov. Thought

I. “Hero of Our Time” by M. Yu. Lermontov is the first psychological novel in Russian literature, a novel about an extraordinary personality. The Age of Lermontov in the Novel. Composition complexity

Lecture
The main form of work in the lesson is a lecture, during which the following theses will be developed:
1. The main period of Lermontov’s creativity is associated with the era of the 1830s, the time of reaction and social stagnation after the defeat of the Decembrist uprising. The emotional characteristics of this era are given in the poem “Duma”. The traits of his contemporaries, captured in the Duma, are also characteristic of Pechorin. Therefore, the “hero of our time” is a man of the 1830s.
2. The composition of the novel is specific and complex, combining the features of romanticism and realism: this is a discrepancy between plot and plot, the introduction of various sources of information about Pechorin, the presence of several narrators, special role landscape and subject details.
3. The confrontation between Pechorin and society is revealed not in the plot of the novel, but in the form of a “projection” onto the inner world of the hero, an image of the states of his soul, although the events are based on a real historical context. Therefore, “A Hero of Our Time” is considered the first Russian socio-psychological novel.
4. Inconsistency - main feature the character of Pechorin, whose image combines the extraordinary personality, standing above the society around him, the strength and talent of his thinking and energetic nature, realized in active self-analysis. The courage and honesty of his character are combined with unbelief, skepticism and individualism, leading to contempt and hostility towards people. The hero is dissatisfied modern morality, does not believe in friendship and love. But he strives to decide his own destiny and be responsible for his behavior.
5. The main features of Pechorin’s image help to reveal the system of images of the novel, each of which in its own way highlights various facets of the hero’s character. The methodological basis of the work will be problem analysis. To do this, the novel must be read first.
The next step in the lesson might be to read the introduction to the novel and identify its key points.

Questions for Discussion of the Preface

Paragraph 1. What is the author's opinion of the readers and audience? Why does the author accuse the reader, who has just opened the book, of “bad upbringing”?
Paragraph 2. How does the author feel about readers’ assessments of the “hero of our time”? What is the pathos of the author's argument?
Paragraph 3. How does Lermontov explain the features of the portrait of a “hero of our time”? What kind of hero did he want to show the reader?
Paragraph 4. What is the author's main purpose for writing a novel? How does he intend to create a portrait of his hero?

It is interesting to compare the impressions from the preface expressed by the students with the opinion of N. G. Dolinina (Dolinina N. G. Pechorin and our time / N. G. Dolinina. -L., 1975. - P. 14-16), but give for reading and discussing with individual students or groups small fragments from her comments to the preface (paragraph by paragraph).

II. Content overview

a) “This valley is a glorious place! On all sides there are inaccessible mountains, reddish rocks, hung with green ivy and crowned with clumps of plane trees, yellow cliffs, streaked with gullies, and there, high, high, a golden fringe of snow, and below Aragva, embracing another nameless river, noisily bursting out of a black gorge full of darkness , stretches like a silver thread and sparkles like a snake with its scales.”
(“Bela”, since we are talking about the Koishauri Valley.)

b) “Many low houses scattered along the bank of the Terek, which spreads wider and wider, flashed from behind the trees, and further on the blue jagged wall of the mountain, and from behind them Kazbek looked out in his white cardinal’s hat.”
(“Maksim Maksimych”, since “many low houses”, Terek and Kazbek indicate that the action takes place in Vladikavkaz.)

c) “Meanwhile, the moon began to become cloudy and fog rose on the sea; the lantern on the stern of the nearest ship barely shone through it; the foam of boulders sparkled near the shore, threatening to drown it every minute.”
(“Taman”, since the fragment mentions the sea and ships.)

d) “I have a wonderful view from three sides. To the west, the five-headed Beshtu turns blue, like “the last cloud of a scattered storm”; Mashuk rises to the north like a shaggy Persian hat and covers this entire part of the sky..."
(“Princess Mary”, since Beshtu and Mashuk are located near Pyatigorsk and Kislovodsk, where the action takes place.)

e) “I was returning home through the empty alleys of the village; the moon, full and red, like the glow of a fire, began to appear from behind the jagged horizon of houses; the stars were shining calmly
on the dark blue vault, and I felt funny when I remembered that there were once wise people who thought that the heavenly bodies took part in our insignificant disputes over a piece of land or for some fictitious rights!..”
(“Fatalist”, since the action takes place in the village and the author’s philosophical reasoning about the relationship between man and the “heavenly bodies” is clearly visible in the passage.)

2. Who sings these songs and where?
a) As if by free will -
Along the green sea
All the boats are sailing
White swallowtails.
(Ondine girl on the roof of the hut.)

b) There are many beauties in our villages,
The stars shine in the darkness of their eyes.
It is sweet to love them, an enviable lot;
But valiant will is more fun.
(Kazbich in a conversation with Azamat at the fence next to his house.)

c) “Our young horsemen are slender, and their caftans are lined with silver, but the young Russian officer is slimmer than them, and his braid is gold. He is like a poplar between us; onlydo not grow, do not bloom in our garden.”
(Bela at her sister's wedding.)

3. Match the characters and their clothing:
a) “an officer’s coat without epaulettes and a Circassian shaggy hat”
(Maksim Maksimych);
b) “the beshmet... torn... and the weapon is in silver”
(Kazbich);
c) “striped dress”
(undine girl);
d) “black silk beshmet”
(Bela);
e) “dusty velvet frock coat”, “stained gloves”
(Pechorin);
f) “closed dress gris de perles”, “couleur puce boots”
(Princess Mary);
g) “black coat, tie and vest”
(Werner);
h) “straw hat”, “black shawl”
(Faith);
i) “gray soldier’s overcoat”, “epaulets of incredible size”
(Grushnitsky).

Where does the romance of races begin and where does it end? the tale of Pechorin?
(In the fortress beyond the Terek.)
How many narrators are there in the novel?
(Three. Maxim Maksimych, traveling officer, Pechorin.)
What is the chronological order of the short stories?
(“Taman”, “Princess Mary”, “Bela”, “Fatalist”, “Maksim Maksimych”, “Preface to Pechorin’s Journal”.)

Lesson Summary

• The novel “A Hero of Our Time” is a unique phenomenon in Russian literature.
• The author pays the main attention not to the events and adventures of the hero, who has an extraordinary mind and differs from those around him in that he subjects all people to moral scrutiny, but to the history of his soul, the reasons and motives of his behavior.
• The self-analysis of the characters in the novel is subjected to careful analysis by the author or narrator, which suggests that this is a psychological novel.
• The author also shows the social relations of Russians and highlanders, drawing different types of Russian army officers who fought in the Caucasus.
• The novel also reflected the Caucasian impressions of Lermontov himself.

Homework
Read the chapters “Bela” and “Maksim Maksimych” carefully. Repeat the episode analysis algorithm. Answer questions in writing about the first two stories (chapters).

17.01.2017 16:26

The purpose of the lesson: initial acquaintance with the work of M. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”. - reveal the meaning of the title, the problems of the novel, genre originality(understand why the novel is psychological) and the system of images of the novel.

Development of skills to analyze, compare, highlight the main points, work with text; ensure the development of students' speech during the lesson. - carry out moral and aesthetic education.

"Lermontov Hero of Our Time Composition of the Novel"

About the genre and composition of the novel
"Hero of our time"

How is the novel “A Hero of Our Time” structured? The question of what the chronological sequence of events in the novel is still unclear. Read the statements of the scientist and writer.

“It comes from Taman straight movement to “Princess Mary”, since Pechorin comes to the waters, obviously after participating in a military expedition (in “Taman” he is an officer going to an active detachment); but between “Princess Mary” and “Fatalist” it is necessary to insert the story with Bela, since Pechorin ends up in the fortress of Maxim Maksimych after a duel with Grushnitsky.”

B. M. Eikhenbaum. Articles about Lermontov. 1961

“The chronological sequence of the five stories, if we talk about their connection with Pechorin’s biography, is as follows: “Taman”, “Princess Mary”, “Fatalist”, “Bela”, “Maksim Maksimych”.”

Find time markers in each of the stories and explain what is the chronological sequence of events in the novel?

Explain why Lermontov violated the chronological sequence in the novel?

What are the features of the genre of the novel “A Hero of Our Time”? Read the statements of scientists, critics and poets.

“And is this a novel? Is it possible to call a collection of stories that way - “Bela”, “Makim Maksimych”, “Taman”, “Princess Mary”, “Fatalist”?”

E. Gerstein. “Hero of Our Time” by M. Yu. Lermontov. 1976

“A Hero of Our Time” is by no means a collection of several stories published in two books and connected only by one common title: no, it is a novel in which there is one hero and one main idea, artistically developed. Despite its occasional fragmentation, it cannot be read in a manner other than the order in which the author himself arranged it: otherwise you will read two excellent stories and several excellent short stories, but you will not know the novel.”

V. G. Belinsky. "Hero of our time".
Essay by M. Lermontov. 1840

“All previous novelists are unsatisfactory for our time. Some express only the physical phenomena of human nature, others see only its spirituality. We need to combine both kinds in one.”

E.A. Baratynsky. Letter from I.P. Kireevsky. 1831

“The novel combines a travel sketch with a Caucasian short story in “Bel”, travel notes with a short story and a robber short story in “Maxim Maksimych” and “Taman”, a diary and a social story in “Princess Mary”, notes with a philosophical and adventure short story in “Fatalist” "

It was precisely this kind of novel that most corresponded to the spirit of the times, the need for a merciless analysis of modern reality, in all its tragedy and at the same time in the affirmation of the ideal.”

B. T. Udodov. M. Yu. Lermontov. 1973

“The whole trick of such a composition is to bring Pechorin closer to us over and over again, until finally he himself speaks to us, but by that time he will no longer be alive... Because of such a spiral composition, the time sequence appears to be blurred . The stories float, unfold before us, sometimes everything is in full view, sometimes as if in a haze, and sometimes, having retreated, they appear again in a different perspective or lighting, just as a traveler has a view of the five peaks of the Caucasus ridge from a gorge.”

V.V. Nabokov. Preface to "A Hero of Our Time". 1958

The originality of the genre and composition of the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov is associated with another feature. “A Hero of Our Time” is the first psychological novel in Russian literature. Under psychologism is understood as an artistic depiction of the inner world of characters, that is, their thoughts, experiences, desires, feelings. Lermontov most often uses a direct form of psychologism, a direct depiction of the inner life of a person, primarily Pechorin, and conveys these processes in the form of a monologue, dialogue, and psychological introspection.

Read the scientist's statements.

“For Lermontov it is important to discover hidden motives of behavior, reasons state of mind, which determined the special structure of the narrative and, in particular, the change of narrators..."

A. B. Esin. Psychologism of Russian literature. 1988

Reflect on this feature of the novel. How many narrators are there in the novel? Why is the narration first told on behalf of Maxim Maksimych, then on behalf of a passing officer, close to Pechorin in his understanding of life, and then the hero himself talks about himself? How is this change of narrators related to showing Pechorin’s inner world?

Write an essay on the topic: “Why is the chronological sequence of events disrupted in M. Yu. Lermontov’s novel “A Hero of Our Time,” and the genres of each story and their narrators change?”

View document contents
“Appendix to lesson notes No. 33 Novel Hero of Our Time”

The history of the creation of the novel. Features of genre and composition.

...a sad thought about our generation...

V.G. Belinsky

From the history of the creation of the novel “A Hero of Our Time”:

Lermontov's only completed novel was not originally conceived as a complete work. In "Domestic Notes" for 1839. “Bela. From an officer's notes about the Caucasus" and later "Fatalist" with a note that "M.Yu. Lermontov will soon publish a collection of his stories, both printed and unpublished." In 1840, “Taman” appeared there and was followed by “Hero of Our Time” in two volumes. “Collected Stories”, united by the image of the main character, turned out to be the first socio-psychological and philosophical novel in Russian prose, which in terms of genre also mastered numerous elements dramatic action.

The title “Hero of Our Time” defines the main theme and problem of the work. The title of the novel itself is two-part. The emphasis in it is on the word “hero” and on the phrase “our time”. According to Belinsky, Lermontov’s novel is “a sad thought about our time.” The novel reveals the author's idea not only of the hero, but also of his own modernity. An aphoristic problematic title was proposed by experienced journalist A.A. Kraevsky instead of the original author’s “One of the Heroes of Our Time.”

Subject :

the relationship between the individual and society, man and the environment that raised him (Griboyedov, Ryleev, Pushkin).

Idea:

the formation of personality, its development, the search for the meaning of life and the determination of one’s purpose.

Issues:

Why do smart and energetic people not find use for their remarkable abilities and wither without a fight at the very beginning of life? (life story of Pechorin, belonging to to the younger generation 30s – echoes the idea of ​​the poem “Duma”).

Indicate how M.Yu. Lermontov arranged the chapters of the novel “A Hero of Our Time.”

How should the chapters in the novel “A Hero of Our Time” be arranged so that the chronological sequence of events is observed?

Plot:

events in the order in which the author reports them.

1. "Maksim Maksimych"

   "Taman"

   "Princess Mary"

   "Fatalist"

Fable:

a collection of events in their natural chronological order.

"Taman"

"Princess Mary"

"Fatalist"

1. "Maksim Maksimych"

Vocabulary work.

Predestination:

determine in advance; stipulate;

fate, fate

in religion: the will of the deity, which determines human behavior and everything that happens in the world.

Rock- unfortunate fate.

Fatalism- belief in the inevitability of fate, in the fact that everything in the world is predetermined by a mysterious force, fate.

Fatalist- a person prone to fatalism.

Based on the chronological sequence of events, the first story of the novel should have been “Taman”. Pechorin stops in Taman on the way from St. Petersburg to the Caucasus. Then "Princess Mary". Pechorin moves to the waters, lives in Pyatigorsk and Kislovodsk, kills Grushnitsky in a duel. From “Bela” we learn that for this he was exiled to the Caucasian fortress under the command of Maxim Maksimych. Then - “Fatalist”. Pechorin arrives in the Cossack village and meets Vulich. After living in St. Petersburg for several years, Pechorin resigns and goes to Persia. On the way, in Vladikavkaz, he meets Maxim Maksimych and a traveling officer - this is the story “Maksim Maksimych”. Returning from Persia, Pechorin dies. The narrator talks about this in the preface to Pechorin's Journal.

Problematic question:

Why did Lermontov change the chronological sequence of events in the novel?
What is its purpose?

Hero of Our Time" by M.Yu. Lermontov is the first Russian psychological novel. As the author himself points out in the preface to Pechorin's Journal, the purpose of this work is to depict the "history of the human soul." Lermontov strives to most fully reveal the complex and controversial image Pechorin, to trace the history of his inner life, and all the artistic means used by the author when writing the novel are subordinated to this task.
The first thing the reader notices when reading “A Hero of Our Time” is the violation of the chronological sequence in the course of the narrative. The novel consists of descriptions of various episodes in Pechorin's life, seemingly practically unrelated to each other.

to interest the reader as much as possible in the fate of Pechorin;

trace the history of his inner life;

the image of Pechorin is revealed in two ways: from the point of view of an outside observer and in terms of internal self-disclosure;

with this construction, as if leaving the hero alive, it is easier for the author to show his position.

Story: Narrator:

"Bela" Maxim Maksimych

"Taman"

“Princess Mary” confession-diary of Pechorin

"Fatalist"

An important point in revealing the composition of “A Hero of Our Time” is who is talking about what is happening. Changing the narrator allows Lermontov to more deeply and comprehensively reveal the hero's inner world. We meet Pechorin in Bel. Maksim Maksimych, a staff captain, who served with him for a year in the Caucasus, talks about the hero. Maxim Maksimych is a kind man, but he is not able to understand Pechorin. The only thing he can say about him is “a nice fellow,” “but with great oddities.” Maxim Maksimych and Pechorin are strangers to each other. It is not only their age and social status that separates them. Before us are people of different eras, different worldviews. Pechorin's tragic love story, disappointment, and melancholy amaze Maxim Maksimych, but he cannot unravel the soul of his subordinate.

The reader is interested, but it is too early to draw conclusions. The author transfers the right to tell about Pechorin to a passing officer, on whose behalf the novel is narrated. This is a person who clearly understands Pechorin, they are people of the same generation, people of the same circle. The narrator is trying to understand Pechorin’s character, so he happily takes notes from the hero himself from Maxim Maksimych.

The aura of mystery does not disappear, although we have already learned a lot about the hero. The author allows Pechorin himself to talk about himself. The novel continues Pechorin's Journal and is preceded by a foreword by the author. Here we read important words: “Maybe some readers will want to know my opinion about Pechorin’s character? My answer is the title of this book.” So, Pechorin is a hero of his time, a typical personality, the face of the era. However, only the confession of the hero himself will help to understand him deeply.

“Pechorin's Journal” is a kind of “novel within a novel.” “Taman”, “Princess Mary”, “Fatalist” - “the history of the human soul, a consequence of the observations of a mature mind on itself.” Confessional character diary entries connects Lermontov's novel with his lyrics. Thirst for life, search true values, the meaning of human existence sometimes takes on harsh and cruel forms in Pechorin’s personality. Disappointment, boredom, suffering are the companions of his life and the lives of people who have linked their fate with him.

The final chapter, “Fatalist,” at first glance seems superfluous, falling out of the natural development of the novel. But in fact, “The Fatalist” contains the most important idea of ​​the story; the author gradually led us to it. Pechorin moves from self-esteem to thinking about his generation. What are his thoughts? Here Lermontov tirelessly speaks about what he shouted about in the Duma, what haunted him all his life, about the bitter fate of his generation: “... we... are pitiful descendants, wandering the earth without convictions and pride, without pleasures and fear, We are no longer capable of making great sacrifices, either for the good of humanity, or even for our own happiness, because we know its impossibility and indifferently move from doubt to doubt...”

“Fatalist” takes us back to the fortress where the tragedy with Bela occurred. The circle is closed. The “ring” composition emphasizes the hero’s doom. Pechorin is trying to solve the most difficult question for himself: how free a person is to control his own destiny. “And if there is definitely predestination, then why were we given will, reason?”

Thus, the peculiarity of the construction of “A Hero of Our Time” is that the plot and plot do not coincide in the work. Lermontov violates the natural chronology of events in order to gradually introduce the reader into the inner world of Pechorin, the hero of his time, which as a result is revealed precisely in the last three chapters of the novel through the diary of the protagonist. The result of Pechorin’s philosophical reasoning, as well as that of Lermontov, his creator, is the final chapter of the work, “Fatalist,” which carries Pechorin’s important and largely final conclusions.

Problematic question: Is Pechorin a hero of his time?

Opinions of Lermontov's contemporaries about Pechorin:

S. Burachek: “Pechorin is a monster”, “slander on an entire generation.”

Nicholas I: “Hero of Our Time” is an imitation of fashionable foreign novels “with an exaggerated depiction of despicable characters.”

S. Shevyrev: the image of Pechorin “has nothing significant in itself regarding purely Russian life... Pechorin is only a ghost cast upon us by the West...”

V. Belinsky: “Pechorin is a hero of our time”

Analysis of Pechorin’s image in the system artistic images novel.

Male images in the novel.

Maxim Maksimych

Dr. Werner

Grushnitsky

Women's images novel

Princess Mary

Features of romanticism in the novel

composition (torn; in the center - a confessional journal);

romantic traits in Pechorin’s character: an individualist hero in conflict with society;

description of the landscape (“Taman”, “Princess Mary”);

adventurous intrigue, which is based on tragic love(“Bela”).

Features of realism in the novel

historicism (reflection of the hero in the era);

typical characters in typical circumstances (“water society”, mountaineers, Maxim Maksimych);

Pechorin is a representative of the best part of the noble intelligentsia!

critical pathos: there is no ideal hero;

psychologism and reflection.

Pechorin is a hero of his time.

(Why is Pechorin an extra person? What is Pechorin’s tragedy?)

Pechorin is a hero of the transitional time, the main feature of which was the absence of high social ideals.

It was a transitional era, when the ideals of the past were destroyed, and new ones had not yet had time to form. Pechorin precisely reflects that transitional state, “in which for a person everything old is destroyed, but there is nothing new yet, and in which a person is only the possibility of something real in the future and a perfect ghost in the present” (V.G. Belinsky)

Lermontov's characterization of his time in lyrics and in the novel.

Pechorin is a reflective hero. Ways to reveal the complex contradictory character of the hero: composition, psychological picture, built on contrasts; change of narrators; Pechorin's magazine.

Unbelief, individualism, doubt as Pechorin’s belief system.

Moral principles derived by Pechorin from this system of views:

a) “... of two friends, one is always the slave of the other...” - hence Pechorin’s inability to make friendship;

b) “What is happiness? Saturated pride" - hence the frenzied pursuit of the "lures of passions";

c) “... I look at the suffering and joy of others only in relation to myself, as food that supports my spiritual strength” - hence selfishness and indifference.

Denial of a higher power that predetermines a person’s fate, recognition of oneself as the only creator of one’s destiny, the only judge over oneself:

a) he values ​​his freedom as the highest value (“... twenty times I will put my life, even my honor, on the line... but I will not sell my freedom”);

b) he is absolutely free to choose actions in relation to others;

c) while committing erroneous actions, he never once sinned against his convictions, never once violated his iron logic in thinking about them.

Pechorin’s tragedy is in his clear understanding of his contradiction “between the depth of nature and the pitifulness of actions”: “... why did I live? For what purpose was I born?.. and it’s true that it existed, and it’s true that I had a high destiny, because I feel immense strength in my soul...”

Is it Pechorin’s fault that he has become an “extra person”?

Pechorin is a representative of the noble youth who entered life after the defeat of the Decembrists.

The contradiction “between the depth of nature and the pitifulness of actions” is the main feature of Pechorin as a “superfluous person.”

What was the assessment of the image of Pechorin in the 19-20 centuries?

What feelings does Pechorin evoke in you - “a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation...”: warm sympathy, compassion, rejection, indifference or others? Why?

Essay topics:

The fate of a generation in the works of M.Yu. Lermontov.

“Strange love” for the homeland in the lyrics of M.Yu. Lermontov.

The tragedy of loneliness (based on the works of M.Yu. Lermontov).

The internal tragedy of the image of the Demon in the poem of the same name by M. Yu. Lermontov.

The Demon and Mtsyri are two sides of Lermontov’s man.

Why is Pechorin an extra person?

Onegin and Pechorin are “heroes of their time.”

Female images in the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov “A Hero of Our Time.”

Pechorin and Grushnitsky.

Why is Pechorin an extra person? What is the tragedy of Pechorin?)

Plan.

I “Amid empty storms our youth languishes...” (Characteristics of the era of the 30s of the 11th century).

II The tragedy of Pechorin’s fate and life.

Hero's story.

The discrepancy between Pechorin’s life and his internal capabilities and needs:

a) the originality of his nature;

b) thirst for action and the search for the use of one’s strengths;

c) his inconsistency and discord with himself;

d) selfishness, individualism, indifference of the hero.

Pechorin is one of the representatives of the progressive intelligentsia of the 30s.

Causes of Pechorin's death:

a) the socio-political situation in Russia in the 30s;

b) education and influence secular society.

III V.G. Belinsky about Pechorin.

Explanations.

The novel “A Hero of Our Time” is the first Russian psychological and realistic novel in prose. In the preface to the magazine, Lermontov writes: “The history of the human soul, at least petty soul, is almost more interesting and useful than the history of an entire people.” And Pechorin, according to the author, is “a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation in their full development,” i.e. Lermontov points out the typicality of Pechorin, the vital truth of character.

The spiritual tragedy of Lermontov's hero reflected the tragic state of Russian society. Thus, according to Belinsky, important problems of the time were solved, why smart people do not find use for their remarkable abilities, why they become “superfluous”, “smart useless things”.

V.G. Belinsky about the hero: “You anathematize him not for his vices, you have more of them, and in you they are blacker and more shameful, but for that bold freedom, for that bilious frankness with which he speaks about them... In this a person has strength of spirit and power of will, which you do not have, in his very vices something great shines... He has a different purpose, a different path than you. His passions are storms that purify the sphere of the spirit; his delusions, no matter how terrible they are, acute illnesses in a young body, strengthening him for a long time and healthy life…»

Onegin and Pechorin are “heroes of their time.”

Plan.

I Reasons for the appearance of “extra people” in Russian literature of the first half of the 11th century.

II Onegin and Pechorin are “heroes of their time.”

similarities:

• noble origin;

  secular education and upbringing;

  idle existence, lack of high goals and ideals in life;

  understanding people;

  dissatisfaction with life.

differences between them:

• the depth of Pechorin's suffering, Onegin's superficial experience;

  Pechorin’s disregard for the laws of light and Onegin’s fear of secular rumors;

  Onegin's lack of will and Pechorin's willpower;

  inconsistency, duality of nature, Pechorin’s skepticism, Onegin’s “sharp, chilled mind.”

III Place of Pechorin and Onegin in the gallery of “extra people” of the 11th century.

Explanations.

In an essay on this topic it is necessary to give a comparative description of Onegin and Pechorin. This topic we should consider first the general ones, and then individual traits character of the heroes. Explain how smart, educated people who understand life and people gradually turned into “smart useless people”, “suffering egoists”, doomed to a meaningless existence.

In your work you should proceed from Belinsky’s assessment of the heroes, but at the same time remember that the heroes live in different time: the first in the 20s, during the period of social upsurge caused by the War of 1812 and the Decembrist movement, and the second in the 30s, during the period of the defeat of the Decembrists, harsh government reaction. This left an imprint on the personality of Pechorin, who, unlike Onegin, is experiencing a great tragedy of the uselessness and hopelessness of life.

It must be proven that Pechorin is more interesting, deeper, that he attracts and repels us, readers.

“Strange love” for the homeland in the lyrics of M.Yu. Lermontov.

Plan.

I Love for the Motherland is ambiguous and sometimes painful.

II Lermontov is a patriot of his Fatherland.

Slavishly obedient Russia is hated by the poet:

a) “... unwashed Russia, a country of slaves, a country of masters...” (“Farewell, unwashed Russia”);

b) a country where “man groans from slavery and chains” (“Complaints of the Turk”).

What Lermontov contrasts with modernity:

a) the glorious past of Russia (“Song about the merchant Kalashnikov”);

b) the generation of “children of the twelfth year” (“Borodino”).”

Image of the generation of the 30s of the 11th century (“Duma”).

“I love the Fatherland, but with a strange love...” (“Motherland”).

Native spaces, nature heal the wounded soul of a person (“How often surrounded by a motley crowd”).

III Lermontov's poetry - a new link in the chain historical development society.

Explanation.

Lermontov, as a man of his generation, strives to analyze reality. Alas, what he sees is “either empty or dark.”

The poet was alien to ostentatious patriotism and therefore he does not accept the official point of view, according to which contemporary Russia is an almost ideal state. Lermontov’s Russia appears in a different form, it is “a country of slaves, a country of masters”...

Lermontov contrasts Russia's glorious past with modernity. This is how he thinks about the problem of the positive hero. The poet also calls the generation of “children of the twelfth year” who won the War of 1812 heroic.

Then it would be appropriate to contrast the heroic generation with the generation of the 30s of the 11th century. The inability, and more often the unwillingness, to find the use of forces in life is the main misfortune of man in Russia at that time.

In the poem “Motherland,” the poet sums up his thoughts about what the Fatherland is for him.

View document contents

Grade 9 Lesson No. 33 M.Yu. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time” is the first psychological novel in Russian literature. Complexity of the composition. The century of M.Yu. Lermontov in the novel. Pechorin as a representative of the “portrait of a generation”

The purpose of the lesson: initial acquaintance with the work of M. Lermontov “Hero of Our Time”.
- reveal the meaning of the title, the problems of the novel, the genre originality (understand why the novel is psychological) and the system of images of the novel.

Development of skills to analyze, compare, highlight the main points, work with text; ensure the development of students' speech during the lesson.
- carry out moral and aesthetic education.

Hero of Our Time...this is a portrait,

made up of the vices of our entire generation.

M.Yu. Lermontov.

Board design: printout

Homework for the lesson.

Reading the novel “Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov.

Analysis of the composition of the work.

a) Who tells the story of Pechorin?

The degree to which the narrator knows the character.

His social status.

Intellectual and cultural level.

Moral qualities.

b) Analyze the plot of the novel.

c) Restore the chronological sequence of events in the novel (plot).

Individual task: a story about the plot of the novel according to V. Nabokov.

During the classes:

1.Organizing moment. Recording a topic.

2. Goal setting.

Take a close look at the topic. What will the lesson be about? Define your goals.

Lesson objectives: to introduce the ideological concept of the novel;

find out the reader's initial impressions

about the novel by M.Yu. Lermontov;

note the most important features of the composition; genre.

Take a closer look at the title of the novel. What means"hero our time"? about whose time we're talking about? - Are there new words, literary terms that are not familiar to you?
(Psychological novel).

The history of the creation of the novel (slide 3-4)

Russian society became acquainted with the “long chain of stories” by M.Yu. Lermontov under the general title “Hero of Our Time” in 1839-1840. From March to February, the essay was published in the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. In 1840, “A Hero of Our Time” was published as a separate book.

The time has come for us to get acquainted with this work, form our own idea about it, formulate (define) our own (personal) attitude towards its heroes.

Who read the novel? Impression of what I read. Student answers.

You are not alone in appreciating the work and its hero. The appearance of the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov immediately caused heated controversy in society (slide 5-6)

Nicholas I found the novel “disgusting”, showing “the great depravity of the author.”

Protective criticism attacked Lermontov's novel, seeing in it slander of Russian reality. Professor S.P. Shevyrev sought to prove that Pechorin was nothing more than an imitation of Western models, that he had no roots in Russian life.

Before others, V.G. appreciated “A Hero of Our Time” with extraordinary fidelity. Belinsky, who noted in it “the wealth of content”, “deep knowledge of the human heart and modern society.”

To the second edition of “A Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov writes a “Preface,” in which he insisted that “A Hero of Our Time, my dear sirs, is like a portrait, but not of one person: it is a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation, in their full development.” That is why these words are presented as the epigraph of our lesson.

What kind of generation is this to which both M. Yu. Lermontov himself and his hero belong?

Let's look at this topic in more detail. To talk about the century of M.Yu. Lermontov, you need to master a certain vocabulary. Follow my thoughts based on the words written on the board on the right (slide 8-10)

Worldview M. Yu. Lermontov took shape in the late 20s and early 30s of the 19th century, during the era of the ideological crisis of the advanced noble intelligentsia associated with the defeat of the December uprising and the Nikolaev reaction in all spheres public life.

Nicholas I is the tamer of revolutions, the gendarme of Europe, the jailer of the Decembrists, etc., from the point of view of “communist” historiography. A.S. Pushkin, whose relationship with the emperor was complex and ambiguous, noted the undoubted merits and Petrine scale of his personality. F.M. spoke of Nicholas I “with the greatest respect.” Dostoevsky, who, as is known, ended up in hard labor by his will. Conflicting assessments of personality. The fact is that Nicholas I rejected any revolution as an idea, as a principle, as a method of transforming reality. The Decembrist uprising is not only a noble motive to destroy “various injustices and humiliations,” but a violation of the officer’s oath, an attempt to forcibly change the political system, and criminal bloodshed. And as a reaction - a tough political regime established by the emperor.

An ideological crisis is a crisis of ideas. The ideas, ideals, goals and meaning of life of the Pushkin generation - everything was destroyed. These are difficult times, later they will be called the era of timelessness.

In such years they talk about lack of spirituality, about the decline of morality. Maybe you and I have experienced or are experiencing such times associated with the collapse Soviet Union…

But let's go back to the 30s of the nineteenth century.

The need to master the “mistakes of the fathers,” to rethink what seemed immutable to the previous generation, to develop one’s own moral and philosophical position is a characteristic feature of the era of the 20s and 30s.

Practical action turned out to be impossible due to both objective (the harsh policies of the autocracy) and subjective reasons: before action, it was necessary to overcome the ideological crisis, the era of doubt and skepticism; clearly define in the name of what and how act. That is why in the 1930s they acquired exceptional importance for society. philosophical search for the best its representatives. This was extremely difficult to do. Something completely different was triumphant. Everywhere, as far as the eye could see, slowly flowed, in Herzen’s words, “deep and dirty river civilized Russia, with its aristocrats, bureaucrats, officers, gendarmes, grand dukes and emperor - a formless and voiceless mass of baseness, servility, cruelty and envy, captivating and absorbing everything.”

Man and destiny, man and his purpose, purpose and meaning human life, its possibilities and reality, free will and necessity - all these questions received figurative embodiment in the novel.

The problem of personality is central to the novel: “The history of the human soul... is almost more interesting and useful than the history of an entire people.” And this statement by M.Yu. Lermontov could become an epigraph to our lesson.

It is no coincidence that Pechorin established himself in the eyes of the generation of the 30s as a typical character of the post-Decembrist era. And with his fate, his sufferings and doubts, and the whole structure of his inner world, he truly belongs to that time. Not understanding this means not understanding anything. Neither in the hero, nor in the novel itself. To understand is, in fact, the goal of our lesson.

Determining the theme, idea and problems of the work(slide 11-12).

Let's turn to the composition of the essay.

I. – Who tells the story of Pechorin?

Student answers.

Maxim Maksimych is a staff captain, a man of the people, he has served in the Caucasus for a long time, he has seen a lot in his lifetime. a kind person, but limited. He spent a lot of time with Pechorin, but never understood the “oddities” of his aristocratic colleague, a man of a social circle too far from him.

Traveling officer (officer-narrator). He is able to understand Pechorin more deeply, and is closer to him in his intellectual and cultural level than Maxim Maksimych. However, he can only be judged on the basis of what he heard from the kind but limited Maxim Maksimych. Pechorin “...saw...only once...in my life on the highway.” Subsequently, having familiarized himself with Pechorin’s diary, which fell into his hands, the narrator will express his opinion about the hero, but it is neither exhaustive nor unambiguous.

And finally, the narrative passes entirely into the hands of the human hero sincere, “who so mercilessly exposed his own weaknesses and vices”; a man of mature mind and unconceited.

Student answers(the plot and plot of the work are written on the board before the lesson by two students).

Can this collection of stories be called a novel? Why does Pushkin have “ Stories Belkin”? Why Gogol collection of stories"Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka"?

- Why Lermontov is in no hurry to call his brainchild a novel, denoting it very differently: as “notes”, “works”, “a long chain of stories”? Let's remember this question.

III. – Restore the chronological order of events.

Student answers. Correction of the recording of the plot of the novel made before the lesson.

Chronology of the events underlying the work, according to V. Nabokov (Slide 15)

“Taman”: around 1830 - Pechorin goes from St. Petersburg to the active detachment and stops in Taman;

“Princess Mary”: May 10 – June 17, 1832; Pechorin comes from the active detachment to water in Pyatigorsk and then to Kislovodsk; after a duel with Grushnitsky, he was transferred to the fortress under the command of Maxim Maksimych;

“Fatalist”: December 1832 - Pechorin comes from the fortress of Maxim Maksimych to the Cossack village for two weeks;

“Bela”: spring 1833 – Pechorin kidnaps the daughter of “Prince Mirnov”, and four months later she dies at the hands of Kazbich;

“Maxim Maksimych”: autumn 1837 - Pechorin, going to Persia, again finds himself in the Caucasus and meets Maksim Maksimych.”

Let us restore the picture made by M. Yu. Lermontov of “chronological shifts”. It looks like this: the novel begins from the middle of events and is carried through sequentially until the end of the hero’s life. Then the events in the novel unfold from the beginning of the depicted chain of events to its middle.

- Why does Lermontov violate the chronology of events?(slide 16-20)

Here are three issues that require immediate resolution.

Student answers.

Teacher's conclusions (depending on the completeness of students' answers).

All this is true, but not the whole truth. Lermontov created absolutely new novel– new in form and content: a psychological novel.

Psychologism – this is a fairly complete, detailed and deep depiction of the feelings, thoughts and experiences of a literary character using specific means fiction.

The plot of the essay becomes “the history of the human soul.”

Lermontov first lets us hear about the hero, then looks at him, and finally opens his diary to us.

The change of narrators is aimed at making the analysis of the inner world deeper and more comprehensive (slide 21-25)

Kind, but limited Maxim Maksimych.

Officer-narrator.

“Observations of a mature mind on itself.”

V.G. Belinsky argued that the novel “despite its episodic fragmentation, “cannot be read in the order in which the author himself arranged it: otherwise you will read two excellent stories and several excellent short stories, but you will not know the novel.” M. Yu. Lermontov felt the novelty of his work, which combined such genres as a travel essay, short story, secular story, Caucasian short story, and had every reason for this. This was the first psychological novel in Russian literature.

Features of the genre: novel. Elements of romanticism and realism in the novel (slide 26-27)

Summary of material (slide 28)

Homework.

1. Write out in a cluster all the characters in the novel who are in contact with Pechorin, give their portraits.

2. Compose a quotation description of Pechorin.

Before you is a plan for the essay. Let’s just read quotes about Pechorin to understand the main character.

PECHORIN - A HERO OF HIS TIME
I. “Amid empty storms our youth languishes...” (Pechorin is a hero of the transitional time, a representative of the noble youth who entered life after the pogrom of the Decembrists; the absence of high social ideals is a striking feature of this historical period).
II. Pechorin is a tragic personality:
1. “My life was only a chain of sad and unsuccessful contradictions of the heart or mind”;
2. “I always hated guests at home”;
3. “My soul is spoiled by light”;
4. “Love only irritated my imagination and pride, but my heart remained empty”;
5. “I have an unhappy character: whether my upbringing made me this way, whether God created me this way, I don’t know, I only know that if I cause misfortune to others, then I myself am no less unhappy”;
6. “... twenty times I will put my life, even my honor, on the line... but I will not sell my freedom”;
7. Pechorin’s eyes - “they didn’t laugh when he laughed... This is a sign of either an evil disposition or deep constant sadness”
III “...there is something special in your nature” (Vera about Pechorin)
- What else can you add to the image of Pechorin after reading quotes from the novel?
A person thinking about the meaning of life, about his own purpose, trying to understand the inconsistency of his character. The hero judges himself and executes himself.

“Grade 9 Lesson No. 33 Lermontov The first psychological novel in RL. The meaning of the name and moral issues"

M.Yu.Lermontov "Hero of our time"

… sad thought about our generation...

V.G. Belinsky

3. “Bela” - published in “Notes of the Fatherland” (

1. “Taman” – autumn 1837

Published in “Notes of the Fatherland” (1840 No. 2)

2. “Fatalist” - published in “Notes of the Fatherland” (1839 No. 11)

4. “Maksim Maksimych”

"Composition

M.Yu.Lermontova

"Hero of our time"

• The novel consists of five independent stories, which are united by common characters and a common title.

• Each of the five stories has its own GENRE

"Maksim Maksimych"

"Fatalist"

• “ Taman”: around 1830 - Pechorin goes from St. Petersburg to the active detachment and stops in Taman;
• “Princess Mary”: May 10 – June 17, 1832; Pechorin comes from the active detachment to water in Pyatigorsk and then to Kislovodsk; after a duel with Grushnitsky, he was transferred to the fortress under the command of Maxim Maksimych;
• “Fatalist”: December 1832 - Pechorin comes from the fortress of Maxim Maksimych to the Cossack village for two weeks;
• “Bela”: spring 1833 - Pechorin kidnaps the daughter of “Prince Mirnov”, and four months later she dies at the hands of Kazbich;
• “Maxim Maksimych”: autumn 1837 - Pechorin, going to Persia, again finds himself in the Caucasus and meets Maxim Maksimych.”

• In the center all five short stories image of Pechorin .
• Several storylines which are based on different conflicts:

intimate,

psychological,

moral,

philosophical,

character conflicts

(Pechorin and Bela, Pechorin and Mary, Pechorin and Vera, Pechorin and Werner, Pechorin and Grushnitsky, Pechorin and Maxim Maksimych, Pechorin and the “water society”).

• These storylines, varying in length over time, are complemented hidden subtext(the conflict between Pechorin and the “powers that be,” by whose will he ended up in the Caucasus, whose “law and order” the hero does not accept).
• The connection of plot lines forms polyphonic structure of the novel. (innovation).
• The polyphonic structure of the novel is complemented by various narratives about Pechorin, that is the main character is characterized by different positions , including his confession, which can be considered dominant.

Image of Pechorin

This person does not bear his suffering indifferently, not apathetically: he madly chases after life, looking for it everywhere; he bitterly blames himself for his errors. Internal questions are incessantly heard within him, they disturb him, torment him, and in reflection he seeks their resolution: he spies every movement of his heart, examines his every thought. He has made himself a curious subject for his observations and, trying to be as sincere as possible in his confession, not only openly admits his shortcomings, but also invents unprecedented or falsely interprets his most natural movements. V.G. Belinsky .

M.A.Vrubel

Duel between Pechorin and Grushnitsky

• “A Hero of Our Time” is the first Russian realistic psychological novel in prose.

• The author sets himself the task of revealing the “history of the human soul,” about which

and writes in the preface to “Pechorin’s journal.”

• His attention is especially drawn to revealing the complex and contradictory character of the main character.

Change of narrators

Maxim Maksimych considers

events seem to be upside down

binoculars, i.e. shows the "general plan".

The narrator officer zooms in

image, translates it from

general plan to a more enlarged one

ny, but he knows too little.

Pechorin has undoubted advantages

property as a storyteller, because Not

he just knows about himself more than others,

But he is also able to comprehend his

feelings and actions.

Maxim Maksimych

(talks about Pechorin in the story “Bela”)

Traveling officer

What kind of narrator (brief description)

Pechorin

This human type characteristic of Russia first half of the 19th century century: this is a man of honor, military duty, discipline. He is simple-minded, kind, sincere.

An educated officer who already knows something about such a strange person as Pechorin. He builds his observations and conclusions taking into account what he knows about the oddities and contradictions of the character of the hero. The officer and Pechorin are much closer in level, so he can explain some things that are incomprehensible to Maxim Maksimych.

A man reflecting on the meaning of life, on his own purpose, trying to understand the inconsistency of his character, Pechorin judges and executes himself.

• composition (torn; in the center - a confessional journal);
• romantic traits in Pechorin’s character: an individualist hero in conflict with society;
• description of the landscape (“Taman”, “Princess Mary”);
• an adventurous intrigue based on tragic love (“Bela”).

• historicism (reflection of the hero in the era);
• typical characters in typical circumstances (“water society”, mountaineers, Maxim Maksimych);
• Pechorin is a representative of the best part of the noble intelligentsia!
• critical pathos: there is no ideal hero;
• psychologism and reflection .

• Pechorin is the main character of the novel.
• The characters are arranged in contrasting ways. The point is to emphasize: Pechorin is the center of the story, “the hero of his time.”
• The composition of the work helps to reveal the character of Pechorin, to identify the reasons that gave rise to him .
• May with with good reason to say that the novel contains a synthesis of romanticism and realism. Lermontov discovered the most suitable method of depiction for Russian life and character, for which the name would be suitable romantic realism.

View presentation content
"Hero of our time. Didactic materials"

Presentation

prepared

teacher of Russian language and literature MBOU "Pervomaiskaya sosh"

Pervomaisky village, Tambov region

Khalyapina L.N.

M.Yu.Lermontov

"Hero of our time"

HISTORY OF CREATION

“Hero of Our Time” is Lermontov’s largest and most significant work in prose.

The novel began in 1837-1838 and was completed in 1839. Initially, the chapters of the future novel were published as independent stories, then they were combined into a separate book, published in 1840 under the title “A Hero of Our Time.”

NAME

Initially, the novel had the title “One of the Heroes of the Beginning of the Century,” which seemed to enter into polemics with the acclaimed novel by the French writer Musset, “Confession of a Son of the Century.” In this edition, the word “hero” sounded without irony and, perhaps, directly hinted at the Decembrists.

In the final version (“Hero of Our Time”) there is an ironic connotation that falls not on the word “hero”, but on the word “ours” (that is, not on a person, but on an era).

GENRE

The novel is intended as psychological research human character - typical character. Lermontov himself said this: “The history of the human soul, even the smallest soul, is perhaps more curious and useful than the history of an entire people, especially when it is a consequence of the observation of a mature mind over itself...” “Hero of our time” is the first Russian realistic psychological novel in prose.

"Fatalist"

PLOT AND COMPOSITION

The novel consists of five independent stories, arranged in an order that violates the chronology of events. The stories are united by common characters and a common title.

"Maksim Maksimych"

"Princess Mary"

Chronological order of events

1. Pechorin travels to his destination and stops in the town of Taman. "Taman"

2. After military operations in the Caucasus (where he meets Grushnitsky), Pechorin travels to Pyatigorsk. "Princess Mary"

3. After the duel with Grushnitsky, Pechorin was sent to the fortress under the command of Maxim Maksimych. "Bela"

4. Then the story with Vulich happens. "Fatalist"

5. After 5 years, Pechorin meets Maxim Maksimych again on the way to Persia. "Maksim Maksimych"

Location of parts in the story

• Preface to the entire novel. "Bela"

The more mysterious the hero, the more interesting it is to the reader. Pechorin is interesting and mysterious. The reader's attention is intense: he already wants to find answers to many questions.

2. "Maksim Maksimych"

Here Pechorin is not shown at his best: he shows indifference and coldness towards a person who innocently admires him. The reader is ready to unconditionally condemn the hero.

"Preface" to "Pechorin's Journal". "Taman"

There comes a sharp turn in the narrative: the next three stories are parts of “Pechorin’s Diary”, and in the “Preface” to “Pechorin’s Journal” the death of the hero is reported. Here Pechorin talks about himself, revealing the reasons for his actions. As a result, the hero comes as close to the reader as possible. Pechorin turns out to be a personality, if not positive, then extremely original, complex, deep and contradictory.

"Princess Mary"

"Fatalist"

ROLE OF THE STORYTELLER

The narrator in each story is not chosen by chance and serves overall plan novel - revealing the image of Pechorin.

"BELA"

Narrator: Maxim Maksimych

There is much in Pechorin’s character that a simple-minded and inexperienced staff captain cannot understand. He sees only the outer side, which is why Pechorin is hidden and mysterious for the reader. The characteristics he gives to Pechorin testify not only to the naivety and purity of the soul of the narrator himself, but also to the limitations of his mind and inability to understand Pechorin’s complex inner life.

"MAXIM MAXIMYCH"

"Publisher of Pechorin's diary."

A person of the same social environment and culture as Pechorin. It is easier for this narrator to understand him than for Maxim Maksimych, however, he also does not understand and does not accept much about Pechorin.

“TAMAN”, “Princess Mary”, “FATALIST”

Pechorin tells

about myself

Before us is the truthful confession of the hero, which most of all reveals to us the history of the human soul and the secret of character, in which there are so many features of Lermontov’s contemporary generation.

CONCLUSION

By introducing different narrators into the story, the author gets the opportunity to gradually bring the hero closer to the reader, gradually revealing his mystery until he himself reveals himself in his diary.

GRIGORY PECHORIN

Hero of Time

In the preface to the novel, it is characterized as “a portrait made up of the vices of our entire generation in their full development.” But the reader is presented with a bright personality that everyone likes: Pechorin is loved by Bela, Mary, Vera, Maxim Maksimych. The writer also sympathizes with him, although he subjects his hero to strict judgment.

PORTRAIT OF PECHORIN

Pechorin's gait is “careless and lazy,” but he “did not wave his arms” (a sign of a secretive nature). At first glance, he can be given no more than 23 years old, and later - all 30. Light hair color, and black mustaches and eyebrows are “a sign of the breed in a person, just like the black mane and black tail of a white horse.” Special attention the author draws attention to his eyes: “...they didn’t laugh when he laughed!.. This is a sign of either an evil disposition or deep, constant sadness.”

CHARACTERISTIC

Smart, outstanding, brilliantly educated. His figurative apt speech is his weapon with which he punishes self-righteous vulgarities.

Charming, mysterious, has a strong will, calm in conflicts (for example, with Grushnitsky). He does not strive for a career, although he has no rank and is not particularly rich. From his diary it is clear that he analyzes his shortcomings, thinks about the questions of existence, feels nature. The hero reveals himself in relationships with other characters. For example, the phrase-monger Grushnitsky allows us to see the originality of Pechorin; in comparison with Maxim Maksimych, the lack of connection between the hero and the people’s environment is revealed. “Water Society” personifies the vulgar noble environment, in a collision with which they extinguish best wishes hero. Female images reveal him in love.

DUALITY AND CONTRADICTION OF PECHORIN'S PERSONALITY

Two people are united in Pechorin . One covers up his feelings and suffering with a mask of indifference, seeks pleasure in social affairs, is cold with people, uses their weaknesses to assert his superiority. The other repents of all this, judges himself, suffers, regards himself as a “moral cripple” whose better half of his soul has “dried up, evaporated, died.”

“Some consider me worse, others better than I really am... Some will say: he was a kind fellow, others - a scoundrel. Both will be false.”

WHAT CAUSES OUTRAGE IN PECHORIN

His cruelty, selfishness, cynicism in relationships with people.

Pechorin himself more than once compares himself to an executioner, with an ax in the hands of fate. And the reader, of course, cannot forgive him for the death of Bela, the coldness with Maxim Maksimych, the game with Mary’s feelings. But no one understands better than Pechorin how empty and meaningless his life is.

WHAT IS CHARM OF A HERO

In his sharp mind, strength and strength of character, in the ability to fearlessly and proudly challenge fate and ruthlessly judge himself.

The better half of his soul still hasn’t died, even though he hides it from prying eyes. His capacity for kindness and love constantly breaks through skepticism. The living soul of the hero is in the shock of Bela’s death, in tears of despair when he realized that he had lost Faith, in the ability to see his shortcomings, to judge himself, in the ability to feel nature.

MORAL ISSUES IN THE NOVEL

1. THE PROBLEM OF THE MEANING OF LIFE AND THE PURPOSE OF PERSON

2. THE PROBLEM OF HAPPINESS

3. “NAPOLEON PROBLEM”

4. THE PROBLEM OF RESPECT FOR PEOPLE

THE PROBLEM OF THE MEANING OF LIFE AND THE PURPOSE OF PERSON

Dissatisfied with his aimless life, passionately thirsting for an ideal, but not finding it, Pechorin asks himself: “Why did I live? For what purpose was I born? He feels “immense forces” in himself and understands that his purpose was high, but he manifests himself primarily as an evil force that brings people only suffering and misfortune: he killed Bela, bloodily offended Maxim Maksimych, for the sake of empty curiosity he destroyed the nest of “honest smugglers “, disturbed Vera’s family peace, insulted Mary, and killed Grushnitsky in a duel.

THE PROBLEM OF HAPPINESS

Pechorin believes that a person is happy when he subjugates everything that surrounds him to his will (happiness is “saturated pride”). But the more such victories he wins, the more deeply he himself suffers.

"NAPOLEON PROBLEM"

This is a problem of extreme individualism and selfishness. A person who refuses to judge himself by the same laws by which he judges others loses moral guidelines, loses the criteria of good and evil. Pechorin not only brings misfortune to others, but he himself is deeply unhappy.

THE PROBLEM OF RESPECT FOR PEOPLE

Respect for the world and people begins with self-respect. But a person who humiliates others does not respect himself. Triumphing over the weak, he feels strong. According to N. Dobrolyubov, Pechorin, not knowing where to use his strength, exhausts the heat of his soul on petty passions and insignificant matters. “Evil begets evil,” the hero argues, “I sometimes despise myself!.. Isn’t that why I despise others?” Pechorin feels his moral inferiority; he “has become a moral cripple.”

PECHORIN AND MAXIM MAKSIMYCH

• A deep study of Pechorin's character occurs largely through comparison of him with other heroes.
• Pechorin and Maxim Maksimych are not just people of different circles and different culture- they are also dissimilar in internal qualities.

Pechorin

Maxim Maksimych

Hidden and mysterious.

All in sight

Egoist.

Always remembers others, often forgetting about himself.

All in contradictions.

Always being true to yourself is very integral character.

He tries to get to the very essence of everything, to understand the complexities of human nature, and above all, himself.

Lacking understanding general meaning of things; kind, simple-minded, often naive.

He has a noticeable advantage of mysterious charm and culture. He is intellectually superior to Maxim Maksimych.

Morally superior to Pechorin (and this is more important than any other advantage). Maxim Maksimych is an artistically truthful embodiment of a wonderful person: kind, generous, reliable and faithful and, most importantly, unaware of his greatness.

Grushnitsky

Pechorin

Is in complete harmony with himself and society.

He is in constant conflict with society and himself.

Strives for ostentatious activities

Does not find worthy activities for himself.

Portrays himself as a lonely, mysterious and disillusioned romantic hero.

Pechorin is a romantic hero.

Under his many masks is a cruel nature, in which anger and hatred prevail. Before us is a petty and selfish soul.

Everything in it is real, not ostentatious, original. Before us is a selfish nature, but complex, deep and contradictory.

Grushnitsky and Pechorin

• Duel

Before last moment Pechorin gave Grushnitsky a chance, was ready to forgive his friend for his vindictiveness, the rumors spread in the city and his deliberately unloaded pistol by his opponents, Grushnitsky’s impudent expectation of a blank shot. After the duel, Pechorin does not experience the triumph of the winner. This duel is the hero’s attempt to kill the small side of his own soul.

• Conclusion

Grushnitsky has everything negative qualities Pechorin, but there is not a single positive thing about him. If at first he may seem like Pechorin’s double, then later he becomes a kind of caricature of him (what is tragic in Pechorin is funny in him).

• They are similar to each other in their lack of simplicity. They have common egoism and narcissism.
• Placed next to Grushnitsky, Pechorin unusually wins in the eyes of readers.

• Both have a deep and sharp analytical mind, observation, insight, and knowledge of people. These are people of the same social circle and cultural level.
• They hide their feelings and moods under the guise of irony and ridicule.
• Together it is easy and simple for them, they understand each other perfectly (“read each other’s souls”), value each other’s opinions.

Pechorin

Werner

He believes that “of two friends, one is always the slave of the other, although often neither admits it; I cannot be a slave, and in this case commanding is tedious work, because at the same time I have to deceive...”

Werner - only person, worthy of being Pechorin’s friend, but he also does not stand the test (in a duel with Grushnitsky he was a second; the outcome of the duel frightened him - the friends parted).

Active: knows that only in activity can truth be found.

Contemplative, skeptic, prone to logical philosophizing.

FEMALE IMAGES IN THE NOVEL

BELA

PORTRAIT

The author’s sympathy is already felt in the portrait he created: “...she was good: tall, thin, eyes black, like a mountain chamois...”. Bela has a strong, integral character, in which there is firmness, pride, and constancy, because she was brought up in the traditions of the Caucasus.

PARALLEL “MAN - ANIMAL”

• When Pechorin decided to steal Bela, he began to play on the thinnest strings of the soul of her brother Azamat, who dreamed of the horse Kazbich. He helped Azamat steal it. So the horse became equal to the man, which in itself is already immoral and predetermines tragedy. The name of the horse Karagyoz - “black eye” - is also not accidental (a parallel is drawn with the portrait of the Circassian Bela).

M. Vrubel. Kazbich and Azamat

• Pechorin, seeing a young Circassian woman at a wedding, was captivated by her appearance and unusualness. Bela seemed to him the embodiment of naturalness and spontaneity - everything that Pechorin had not met in secular lamas. Love for her is not a whim, but an attempt to return to the world of sincere feelings, to find harmony, to get closer to a person of a different faith, a different way of life.

• Pechorin and the smugglers are united by a secret and the desire for it.
• Watching the crying boy, Pechorin realizes that he is just as lonely.
• He has a feeling of unity of feelings, experiences, destinies.
• Both Pechorin and the other heroes of the story are not ideal. All of them are infected with vices and passions.
• But Pechorin is not able to penetrate the environment ordinary people. Here he loses his intellectual advantages of a civilized person, he is alien to the natural world and life full of dangers.

• In a clash with smugglers, Pechorin shows himself to be a man of action.
• The hero is decisive and brave, but his activity turns out to be pointless.
• The hero does not have the opportunity to indulge in major activities, to perform actions for which he feels strong.
• Pechorin wastes himself by getting involved in other people's affairs, interfering in other people's destinies, invading other people's lives and upsetting other people's happiness.

CONCLUSIONS

Mary

Portrait

• She immediately evokes sympathy: natural, brave, noble. The girl is very extraordinary: she is interested in Byron (reads him in English) and studies mathematics. Pechorin also finds merit in her: “She joked very nicely; her conversation was sharp, without pretense of sharpness, lively and free; her remarks are sometimes profound.”

• Love for Pechorin changes her: she becomes more sincere, more natural, awakened feelings turn her into kind, gentle, loving woman. She turns out to be able to forgive Pechorin. He treats her cruelly: he seeks her love without loving her himself. Pechorin wants to be honest with her, so he directly explains that he laughed at her and she should despise him for this.

FAITH

Portrait

• This is “the only woman in the world whom I would not be able to deceive,” says Pechorin. She is his guardian angel. He subtly understands Pechorin and knows how lonely and unhappy he is. Vera forgives him everything, she knows how to feel deeply and strongly.

• She and her attitude towards Pechorin help the reader to be fairer to the hero and to understand him. Now we know that this person is not always cold, calm and disappointed - he is also capable of strong feelings, is capable of not only taking, but also giving (he dreams of taking Vera away, marrying her, forgetting the old woman’s prediction, and sacrificing his fate). But as soon as true feelings awaken in Pechorin’s soul, he not only worries that a stranger will see them, but he himself is afraid of them. He kills the better half of his soul and hides it deep so that no one sees (after a desperate pursuit of Vera, who has left forever, he convinces himself that an empty stomach is to blame for his tears).

PROBLEMS OF THE NOVEL

To give a portrait of a generation of young people of our time, showing all their most weak sides: coldness of hearts, selfishness, futility of activity.

Explore the human soul, focusing on the inner world of the main character, revealing in detail the motives that prompted him to take certain actions.

To understand the main contradiction of the hero of his time - the discord between his dreams and reality.

Analyze how environment influences the formation of a person’s personality and destiny.

• When asked why Pechorin’s life is “a smooth path without a goal,” Lermontov answers with the title of the novel. The socio-psychological conditions of the era largely explain the hero’s tragedy: disappointment and skepticism are also a feature of the time.
• Vices and boredom developed by society push a person to immoral acts, and the natural inclinations of the soul remain unclaimed (that is why there are contradictions and duality in Pechorin’s character).
• When a person is not attracted by either a profitable marriage or a new star on epaulets, and the ideas of goodness and justice cannot withstand the collision with life, two beliefs remain (like Pechorin): birth is a misfortune, and death is inevitable. That is why V. Belinsky called this novel “a cry of suffering” and “a sad thought.”

• "Hero of our time". Fatalist. Stills from the film “Maksim Maksimych”. State Committee for Industry and Industry of Georgia. 1927
• Krutetskaya V.A. Russian literature in tables and diagrams. 9-11 grades. – St. Petersburg: Litera Publishing House, 2010
• http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Lermontov
• http://lermontov.niv.ru/
• http://lermontov.name/

Target: in the process of reading and analyzing the novel, trace the character properties of the main character, understand the uniqueness of the creation of a psychological image, see its inconsistency, oddities, set the goal of solving the riddle of Pechorin.

Electronic means: film by A. Kott “Hero of Our Time”

Visual aids: illustrations and other artists for the novel “Hero of Our Time”

LESSON 1 The story "BELA".

Screen recording:

Vl. Nabokov builds chronological events and the order of the stories:

1. “Taman” (c. 1830) Pechorin goes from St. Petersburg to the active army and stops in Taman.

2. “Princess Mary” (May 10 – June 17, 1832). Pechorin comes from the active detachment to water in Pyatigorsk and then to Kislovodsk; After a duel with Grushnitsky, he was transferred to the fortress under the command of Maxim Maksimovich.

3. “Fatalist” (December 1832) Pechorin comes from Maxim Maksimovich’s fortress to the Cossack village for two weeks.

4. “Bela” (spring 1833) Pechorin kidnaps the daughter of “Prince Mirnov”, and after 4 months she dies at the hands of Kazbich.

5. “Maxim Maksimych” (autumn 1837) Pechorin goes to Persia, again finds himself in the Caucasus and meets Maxim Maksimych.

QUESTION FOR DISCUSSION: Why didn’t Lermontov build the novel in chronological order, but confused and rearranged everything?

(Answer options are written on the board)

CONCLUSION: This is explained by the author’s attention to inner world hero. The reader is shown first one side or the other of his character, but the character itself does not change, it was formed earlier, and Pechorin himself sometimes explains his actions as “his unfortunate upbringing.”

2 SCREEN RECORDING:

“And maybe I’ll die tomorrow!.. and there won’t be a single creature left on earth who would understand me completely. Some honor me worse, others better than I really do. Some will say: he was a kind fellow, others – a scoundrel!.. Both will be false.”

WHO IS HE – LERMONTOV’S HERO?

Let's turn to the "Preface" test.

What epithets do we find in explaining the purpose of the essay? (evils of a generation, stupid, much more terrible and uglier fictions, bitter medicines, caustic truths, human vices).

What image of the hero is emerging? (this is not a hero in the romantic sense, but a portrait of a generation with its vices, immoral actions, without embellishment, about which Lermontov wrote bitterly in the Duma (SCREEN RECORDING):

I look sadly at our generation!

His future is either empty or dark,

Meanwhile, under the burden of knowledge and doubt,

It will grow old in inaction...

And we hate and we love by chance,

Without sacrificing anything, neither anger nor love,

And some secret cold reigns in the soul,

When fire boils in the blood.

Conclusion:

This contradictory hero, in whom a scoundrel and a good fellow are intertwined, evokes both sadness and regret in the author, because this is his contemporary, which means there is a piece of Lermontov in him; and his fate and his useless life will be repeated many times in future generations: “the bitter mockery of a deceived son over squandered father."

Let's turn to the story "Bela"

Here is staff captain Maxim Maksimovich, during the journey - the ascent to Gud Mountain, the descent to the Devil's Valley, the forced halt in the Ossetian hut, entertaining his companion with a story about his strange colleague, Pechorin.

What surprises and what is incomprehensible to Maxim Maksimovich in Pechorin?

Working with text (quoting, paraphrasing):

His inconsistency: during the hunt everyone will be tired and cold, but he won’t mind. But there is a smell of wind in the room, assuring me that I have a cold. Either he’ll be silent for hours, or he’ll start talking and you’ll tear your stomach.

He retells Pechorin’s explanations of why he quickly gets bored with everything, but explains that all misfortunes come from drunkenness or spoiling: “whatever you have in mind, give it to me, apparently, I was spoiled by my mother as a child.”

Interested in this strange person, we will turn to his actions.

How does the hero manifest himself in the story with Bela?

- He liked her immediately when she came up and sang a compliment. 16-year-old, thin, eyes black, like a mountain chamois, and look into your soul. He figured out how to steal it, and he stole it.

To win her over, he showered her with gifts, but quickly realized that he had to appeal to her feelings: “Goodbye...

I’m guilty before you... Maybe I won’t be chasing a bullet for long... then remember me and forgive me.”

He calculated the time when Bela would become his, even argued with Maxim Maksimovich - in a week.

They were happy for a while. But this did not last long. Pechorin became bored with Bela, he began to leave the fortress for a long time.

Bela left the fortress to the river, was captured by Kazbich and mortally wounded. So Kazbich took revenge on Pechorin for the horse. Pechorin amazed Maxim Maksimovich with a strange laugh after Bela’s death, then he was sick for a long time and lost weight.

Did these events and the hero’s actions clarify anything in Pechorin’s character?

- He is a charming person, Maxim Maksimovich fell in love with him as if he were his own son, and Bela fell in love with him.

He is a calculating egoist, a talented scoundrel. He is to blame for the death of Bela and her family. He treated Bela selfishly and inhumanly: he traded her for someone else’s horse.

He suffers and suffers. Bela's death left a long mark on his soul.

When he needs, he uses his methods of charm, and no one can resist him, he has a strong-willed nature, he knows how to play on human strings.

General conclusion: So, judging by the actions told by Maxim Maksimovich, Pechorin is a mysterious, strange, contradictory person. said about him: “In “Bel” he is some kind of mysterious person, as if he appears under fictitious name so that he won’t be recognized.”

Written assignment: write an essay “First acquaintance with Pechorin”

LESSON 2 .

The story "Maksim Maksimych"

GOAL: To see the hero through the eyes of a psychological narrator, to find confirmation of Maxim Maksimych’s observations and to obtain explanations for some of his contradictions by examining his portrait.

1. Let’s share our thoughts about Pechorin (we read out our homework essays)

3. Working with the text of the chapter.

The meeting with the hero is preceded by a description of the morning. Let’s read it: “The morning was fresh and beautiful. Golden clouds piled up on the mountains, like new row air mountains..." Against the backdrop of a fresh morning, the long-awaited and impatiently awaited one appears (together with Maxim Maksimych) - He. Perhaps there is some hidden meaning in this?

Yes, he was clearly indifferent to the beauty of the morning: he yawned twice and sat down on the bench on the other side of the gate.

Let's read the portrait of Pechorin and note in it the features of his personality (the ability to endure the difficulties of nomadic life, the habits of a decent person, secrecy of character, nervous weakness, a childish smile, his eyes did not laugh when he laughed - a sign of either an evil disposition or deep constant sadness, look could have seemed impudent if he had not been so indifferently calm).

What immediately catches your eye in Pechorin’s portrait?

Yes, and the portrait emphasizes inconsistency. Let's confirm this with observations: let's make a table of contradictions.

Broad shoulders - Women's hands

Childish smile - Penetrating heavy gaze

Youthful appearance - Wrinkles intersecting one another

Blonde hair - Mustache and eyebrows black

Gait is careless and lazy - Does not swing arms

Strong physique - straight waist bent, as if there was not a single bone, etc.

What in his attitude towards Maxim Maksimych surprised and amazed you?

Indeed, it is so indifferent, cold to meet an old friend, refuse to talk, remember the old life. Belu. Stop! At the name of Bela, Pechorin turned pale and turned away. He didn't forget anything! Can we explain his behavior now?

Yes, he is going to Persia and will never return. Remember, in the fortress he said to Maxim Maksimych: “As soon as possible, I’ll go... to America, to Arabia, to India, and maybe I’ll die somewhere along the way.” Does he care about talking, does he care about memories? Even the diaries are no longer needed - he is breaking ties with everything that was dear...

What is your judgment about Pechorin now? (Strange, sad, lonely, tired, secretive, devastated, indifferent to both the past and the future, surprisingly cute, arousing sympathy and interest)

Write an essay about this.

(In the remaining time, we watch an episode of Cott’s film “Hero of Our Time” “Bela”)