Artistic culture of the Muslim East. Presentation - The artistic culture of the Muslim East: the logic of abstract beauty (2 parts)

Outline of the lesson on world artistic culture.

Teacher: Gabdrakhmanova Lilia Anasovna

Educational institution : MOBU secondary school, Chuyunchi village, Davlekanovsky district, Republic of Bashkortostan

Item : world art culture.

Lesson topic: Artistic culture of the Muslim East:

logics abstract beauty.
Lesson type : learning new material

Goals: to form in students a holistic view of the historical traditions and values ​​of the artistic culture of the peoples of the East.

Tasks:
motivation of students for further deep independent development of the art and culture of the Arab East;
development of the abstract and figurative thinking;
education of tolerance.

Forms of organizing the work of children:

Pupils complete tasks ahead of the lesson:

Prepare reports on the architecture of the East.

Write out definitions of terms in a notebookMosque, minaret, arabesque.

Prepare architecture reports using the resources of the Unified Digital Collection ( )

At the lesson:

students make up reference abstract on the topic of the lesson;

participate in the analysis of works of architecture.

Forms of organization of the teacher's work:

teacher lecture

Accompanying the lecture with an electronic presentation

Involving students in the discussion of the architecture of the East

-Used equipment:

multimedia projector

computer

screen

electronic presentation on the topic "Art of the Muslim East"

Used resources from other public sources:

–materials federal center information and educational resources ( )

Literature:

Encyclopedia on MHK, Moscow, 2005

Oistrakh O.G., Demidova T.L. Toolkit course: "World Artistic Culture", Moscow, 2001

Rapatskaya L.A. Art of the East - M., Enlightenment: "Vlados", 1999

Lesson form: lesson-lecture with elements of dialogue

Lesson structure:

I. Class organization

Learning new material:

Lesson topic message

Statement of problematic tasks and objectives of the lesson

Teacher Lecture and Listening to Students' Messages (Students' Leading Messages)

II. Consolidation of the studied material.

III. Lesson summary

Introductory part:

Epigraph:

Pray to the Creator; he is powerful
he rules the wind, on a hot day
sends clouds to the sky;
Gives the earth a tree canopy
He is merciful; He to Mohammed
Opened the shining Quran,
Yes, flown and we are to the light.
And let the fog fall from the eyes.

A.S. Pushkin.

Main part:

1. Organizational moment. (Slide 1 and 2)
2. Teacher: Guys,today we will get acquainted with the artistic culture of the Muslim East.

The Muslim East is a huge region that united different nations on the basis of the youngest of the world religions - Islam. On the lands of the modern states - Syria and Egypt, Iran and Iraq, Turkey and Afghanistan, Spain and Israel, Azerbaijan and the countries of Central Asia, numerous monuments of the Middle Ages have been preserved, testifying to a single original artistic tradition. She was born under the influence of worldview through the prism of the doctrine of Allah - almighty and eternal.(Slide 3)

Islam is monotheistic (Abrahamic) world religion. The word "Islam" has several meanings, literally translated as peace. Another meaning of this word is "giving oneself to God" ("submission to God"). In Sharia terminology, Islam is complete, absolute monotheism, subordination to God, His orders and prohibitions, and abstaining from polytheism. People who submit to God are called Muslims in Islam.

From the point of view of the Koran, Islam is the only true religion of mankind; all the prophets were its followers. In its final form, Islam was presented in the sermons of the Prophet Muhammad, who received information about the new religion in the form of Divine Revelation.(Slide 4, 5).

Muhammad -genussiltApril 20 (22), 571 (according to some sources 570), on the 12th of the month of Rabiul-avval, on Monday, shortly before sunrise, Mecca - mind. June 8, 632, Medina - Arab preacher of monotheism and the prophet of Islam, the central (after the one God) figure of this religion; according to the teachings of Islam, God sent down to Muhammad his holy scripture - the Koran. Also political figure, the founder and head of the Muslim community (ummah), which, in the process of his direct rule, made up a strong and fairly large state on the Arabian Peninsula.(Slide 6.7).

Student 1 . The main principles of Islam are stated in the Qur'an. The main dogmas are the worship of one God - the almighty God-Allah and the veneration of Muhammad as a prophet - the messenger of Allah. Muslims believe in the immortality of the soul and afterlife. Islam rests on the "five pillars" - the basic rules that every Muslim must follow. (Slide 7, 8)
1) Shahada - the belief that there is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah;
2) Namaz - a daily 5-fold (from dawn to dusk) prayer. Women and children read it at home. Boys from 12 years old in the mosque.
3) Zyaket - Charity for the benefit of the poor - 1/40 of the annual income.
4) Fasting in the month of Ramadan (from dawn to dusk)
5) Hajj - a 6-day pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj), performed at least once in a lifetime. (Slide 8)

Koran (Arabic kur "an, lit. - reading), the main sacred book of Muslims, a collection of sermons, ritual and legal regulations, prayers, edifying stories and parables uttered by Muhammad in Mecca and Medina.
It is impossible to translate from Arabic - holiness is lost. The "real" Koran is printed in one of the cities of Saudi Arabia, in a specially consecrated printing house. The Quran has 114 sections - suras, which are divided into verses. The length of the suras tends to decrease towards the end of the book. Most of the Quran is written in non-rhyming prose.
The Koran was supplemented by the Sunnah, written in the 7th-8th centuries. These are 6 volumes of commentary on the Qur'an. The Sunnah served as the basis for the Sharia - a set of Islamic laws
Today, 4 of the most ancient Korans (VII-VIII centuries) have been preserved: in Mecca, Medina, Cairo, Samarkand.

Teacher: The art of the Muslim East, like the art of many peoples in the Middle Ages, was based on canonical principles. These rules developed quite quickly. The combination of decorativeness and rhythm became the leading beginning of religious artistic thinking in Islamic culture (slide 9). The beauty of a work of art was seen in the harmony of a strict, logical geometric form with sophisticated abstract decorative embellishments. For the first time, the most vivid and visible Islamic artistic canon was embodied in architecture. Its prototype was the house of Muhammad in Mecca. Here, on the site of the ancient pagan sanctuary of the Kaaba, where the magical Black Stone (probably a fallen meteorite) was kept, the earliest Muslim shrine arose.

Student 2 . Mosque- "place of worship" - Muslimliturgical architectural structure.(slide 10).

It is a separate building with a gambiz dome, sometimes the mosque has a courtyard (Al-Haram Mosque). Tower-minarets are attached to the mosque as an outbuildingnumber from one to nine (the number of minarets should be less than in the al-Haram mosque). The prayer hall is devoid of images, but lines from the Qur'an in Arabic may be inscribed on the walls. The wall facing Mecca is marked by an empty niche, the mihrab. To the right of the mihrab is a pulpit-minbar, from which the preacher imam reads his sermons to believers during Friday prayers. At mosques, as a rule, there are madrasah schools.

Al-Masjid Al-Haram - the main Mosque, in the courtyard of which the Kaaba is located. Located in Mecca in Saudi Arabia. (slide 11).

The construction of the first mosque near the Kaaba dates back to 638. The existing mosque has been known since 1570. During its existence, the mosque was rebuilt several times, so little remains of the original building. At first, the Forbidden Mosque had six minarets, but when six minarets were also built at the Blue Mosque in Istanbul, the Imam of Mecca called it sacrilege: no mosque in the world should be equal to the Kaaba. And then Sultan Ahmed ordered the construction of the seventh minaret in the Forbidden Mosque. (Slide 12).

The last reconstruction of the mosque took place in the late 1980s, when a huge building with two minarets was added to it from the southwestern side. It is in this building that the main entrance to the mosque is now located - the gate of King Fahd. Currently, the Haram Mosque is a huge building with an area of ​​​​309 thousand square meters. meters. The mosque has 9 minarets, the height of which reaches 95 m. In addition to 4 gates, there are 44 more entrances to the mosque. There are 7 escalators in the building. The air in the rooms is refreshed by air conditioners. There are special rooms for prayers and ablutions, and these rooms are divided into male and female. Al-Masjid al-Haram accommodates up to 700 thousand people at the same time, although believers are even placed on the roof of the building.(slide 13).

Student 3 . Mosque Kubbat as-Sahra-Dome of the Rock , sometimes translated asDome over the rock - monument (not ) on V , Near .

Kubbat as-Sahra, in addition to its religious significance, is one of the most ancient and the most beautiful monuments of early Islamic architecture, having the correct proportional outlines and an interior richly decorated patterned ornament.(slide 14).

By command (65-86 g / 684-705 years n. e.) in Jerusalem on the site destroyed by the Romans in 687-691 two engineers, from And from Jerusalem, appointed , erected the mosque Kubbat as-Sahra ("Dome of the Rock"). Inside the dome there is a rock ledge from which, according to legend, the prophet committed . It is thanks to this ledge that Kubbat as-Sahra got its name.(slide 15).

Very often in the literature architectural monument Islamic history is erroneously identified with (Al-Aqsa). Although the Qubbat as-Sahra (Dome of the Rock) and the Mosque of the Caliph - two completely different Islamic temples, but they form a single architectural complex .

Now this building is used as a "women's" mosque. Although, according to the original plan, this is not a house of prayer, but an architectural monument that protects the stone from which the prophet ascended on which he stood at the time and from which traditions started (cm. ).

Access to the Dome of the Rock is prohibited by Muslims for all "infidels".

On February 15, 2008, an earthquake measuring 5.3 on the Richter scale left its mark on . Near the Dome of the Rock, a noticeable hole appeared in the ground 1 m deep, 1.5 m wide and about 2 m long.

Student 4. Great Mosque of Damascus , also known asMosque , one of the largest and oldest in the world. Located in one of the most sacred places in the old city , is of great architectural value.(slide 16).

The Mosque contains a Treasury which is said to contain the head ( ), revered both Christians and Muslims. The head may have been found during excavations during the construction of the mosque. There is also a tomb in the mosque. located in a small garden adjacent to the northern wall of the mosque.

Shrine of John the Baptist (or Yahya) inside the mosque. The site where the mosque now stands era was occupied by the Temple . Aramaic presence has been attested by the discovery representing and excavated in the northeast corner of the mosque. Later, in the Roman era, the Temple was located on this site. , then, in Byzantine times, dedicated to John the Baptist.(slide 17).

The original Arab conquest of Damascus in did not affect the church, as a building revered by both Muslim and Christian parishioners. This preserved the church and worship services, although the Muslims built an outbuilding from bricks opposite the southern wall of the temple. At caliph however, the church was purchased from Christians before it was destroyed. Between And an existing mosque was built on this site. According to the legend, Al-Walid personally started the destruction of the church by introducing a golden thorn. From this moment on, Damascus becomes the most important point on and later became the capital of the Umayyad State.

The mosque is separated from the noisy city by powerful walls. The huge courtyard is lined with black and white polished slabs, to the left of the entrance is an impressive wooden cart on hefty wheels. Some say it's a ramming device left behind after the assault , others consider the wagon the war chariot of the times . The floor of the prayer hall is covered with many There are more than five thousand of them here.

Interior plan of the Umayyad Mosque

In the prayer hall there is a tomb with the Head cut off by order of the king . The tomb is made of white , decorated with niches of embossed green glass. Through a special opening, you can throw a memorial note inside, , donate to the prophet Yahya (so called John the Baptist) money. One of the three minarets of the Umayyad Mosque (the one located on the southeast side) bears the name of Isa ben Mariam, that is, " , ". According to the prophecy, it was according to him on the eve descend from heaven to earth . The hands of the Savior, dressed in white clothes, will lie on the wings of two angels, and the hair will appear wet, even if water has not touched it. That is why the imam of the mosque lays a new carpet on the ground under the minaret, where the foot of the Redeemer should set foot.

Relics of John the Baptist (Yahya)

History of relics has not yet been fully elucidated. As Archimandrite Alexander Elisov says (representative of the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' under the Patriarch of the Great and the whole East), we can only talk about part of the head of the Baptist. There are three more fragments of the saint's head - one is kept on , the other is in French , the third - in , V .

At the mosque. Parishioners behave relaxedly - they not only pray, but also read, sit, lie down, some even sleep. Every day, except Friday, representatives of any faith are freely allowed into the mosque, and there is no hostility towards guests here.

Student 5. Great Mosque of Hassan II - was built under the rule of the king . She is in on the ocean. The Great Mosque is the second largest mosque after the main Muslim temple located in . It is noteworthy that the architect of the mosque is French was not a Muslim.(slide 18).

Height mosques 200 meters. It is the tallest religious building in the world. The minaret is 30 meters higher than the famous and 40 meters . (slide 19).

At the same time in the mosque 20 thousand believers can pray and another 80 thousand - in the square near it. The total cost of this facility was about $800 million. And this is the donations of believers. The Hassan II Mosque is one of the few religious buildings in where non-Muslims are allowed. Inside, the prayer hall is decorated with 78 columns of pink , the floors are covered with slabs of golden and green , in winter the floor is heated, and the central part of the roof can be moved apart. By paying 100 (about 10 US dollars), anyone can get inside and take photos.

Student 6. Alhambra - architectural ensemble mainly period ( ), consisting of , And in the south , located on a hilly terrace in the eastern part of the cityGive it to him, mistress, give it,
For there is no fate more cruel,
Than to be blind in Granada.

This palace was built conquerors. Representatives of the Moorish culture, they wished on the conquered lands sunny create a piece of heaven on earth. Thus, among the shady gardens, the Alhambra arose - the administrative center and ».

Student 7. Minaret (Arab.منارة‎‎ , manara , "lighthouse") - in the architecture of Islam, a tower (round, square or multifaceted in section), from which the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer. The minaret is placed next to the mosque or included in its composition. Early minarets often had a spiral staircase or ramp outside (spiral minarets), in later ones - inside the tower. (slide 23).

There are two main types of minarets: tetrahedral (North Africa) and round-barreled (Near and Middle East). The minarets were decorated with patterned brickwork, carvings, glazed ceramics, openwork balconies (sherefe).

Small mosques usually have one minaret (or none at all), medium ones - two; the large sultan mosques in Istanbul had four to six minarets. The largest number of minarets, nine, is at the Al-Haram mosque in Mecca.

Teacher. Arabesque (Arabesque) - a type of ornament: a bizarre combination of geometric and stylized plant motifs, sometimes including a stylized inscription (in Arabic script or handwritten). An arabesque is built on the repetition and multiplication of one or more pattern fragments. The endless movement of patterns flowing in a given rhythm can be stopped or continued at any point without violating the integrity of the pattern. Such an ornament virtually excludes the background, since one pattern fits into another, covering the surface (the Europeans called this "fear of the void"). An arabesque can be placed on a surface of any configuration, flat or convex. There is no fundamental difference between the compositions on the wall or on the carpet, on the binding of the manuscript or on ceramics. (slide 24).

In the art history of many European countries, the term arabesque has a narrower meaning: an ornament of only stylized plant motifs (as opposed to the so-called seascape - an ornament of geometric motifs). (slide 25).

The very idea of ​​an arabesque is consonant with the ideas of Islamic theologians about the "eternally continuing fabric of the Universe."
An arabesque is built on the repetition and multiplication of one or more pattern fragments. The endless movement of patterns flowing in a given rhythm can be stopped or continued at any point without violating the integrity of the pattern. Such an ornament actually excludes the background, because. one pattern fits into another, covering the surface (the Europeans called this "fear of the void").
(Slide 26) An arabesque can be placed on a surface of any configuration, flat or convex. There is no fundamental difference between the compositions on the wall or on the carpet, on the binding of the manuscript or on ceramics.
Arabesques became widespread in Europe during the Renaissance. Later European art more than once turned to this bizarre and intricate, very complex and exquisitely refined type of painting. Beautiful examples of arabesques were created by modernist artists (late 19th-early 20th centuries), especially Aubrey Beardsley.

Final part:

Arab art as a whole was a bright, original phenomenon in the history of the world artistic culture of the Middle Ages. His influence extended to the entire Muslim world and went far beyond its borders.

Homework
First level: topic 5, read, answer questions.

Second level:

prepare an essay on the art of the East.

Music and architecture of the Muslim East. Music according to Islamic tradition was considered as one of the forms scientific knowledge. Arab music theorists have made a great contribution to the development of musicology. Among them is the outstanding scientist Al-Farabi, the creator of the "Great Treatise on Music", which developed the problems of acoustics, instrumentation, aesthetics and philosophy of musical art.

• Music according to Islamic tradition was considered as one of the forms of scientific knowledge. Arab music theorists have made a great contribution to the development of musicology. Among them is the outstanding scientist Al-Farabi, the creator of the "Great Treatise on Music", which developed the problems of acoustics, instrumentation, aesthetics and philosophy of musical art.

• Professional Arabic music, both vocal and instrumental, was created on the basis of the canonical rules of maqam (maqom, mugham), which determine the modal and rhythmic features of the composition. The Makamat culture, which was born in the Islamic world in ancient times, gave rise to various national offshoots. Music created in the traditions of maqam is often called the "symphony of Islamic peoples."

• The peoples of Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and southern Spain wrote original pages in the history of medieval Muslim culture. The art created by the masters of these countries was called Moorish. Since antiquity, the Moors (from the Greek "dark") were considered North African peoples related to the Arabs. The expansion of these peoples into southern Spain resulted in the formation of a caliphate centered in Cordoba (X century). The Islamic Cordoba state became one of the most powerful and prosperous medieval European states with a developed culture and an educated population. The city of Cordoba was distinguished by its beauty and civilization. The houses of the nobility were distinguished by the richness and variety of architectural appearance. The palace of the caliph was buried in the greenery of gardens and outlandish flowers; the beauty of the inner chambers of the ruler's house was legendary.

• In 785, a cathedral mosque of striking beauty was founded in Cordoba. Its construction continued until the 10th century. The shape of the mosque corresponds to the columnar classical style. It was surrounded by a wall of large golden-honey blocks. The main space of the mosque was given to a unique prayer hall: about 850 columns, stretching in 19 rows from north to south and 36 rows from east to west, filled its space from the inside. The columns brought from Africa, France, and Spain itself are made of pink and blue marble, jasper, granite, and porphyry. The central dome of the mosque is decorated with a huge "flower" - an octagonal star formed at the intersection of two squares. The colonnade was illuminated by hundreds of hanging silver lamps, creating a mood of detachment from everyday bustle and tranquility.

• The Emirate of Granada became the last stronghold of Islamic culture on Spanish soil. “I am a garden that beauty has adorned, you will know my being if you look into my beauty” - these lines of the court poet Ibn Zumruk are preserved on the tiled panel of the Two Sisters Hall from the palace, which is part of the famous architectural ensemble of the Algrambra. Striking with the sophistication of its external appearance and the artistic perfection of its interiors, the emir's residence resembles scenery for magical oriental tales. Its main buildings are grouped around open courtyards - Myrtle and Lion. The mighty ancient tower of Comares dominates the buildings, where the throne of the caliph was located.

Islam (Arabic إسلام‎) is a monotheistic world religion.

The Quran is the holy book of Muslims

Koran

Mecca. Kaaba

Kaaba

The strict laws of Islam have imposed a ban on many forms of art, preference is given only to those that glorify

Architecture

The main architectural elements of the mosque:

Jalal

minaret

Minaret al-malwiya in samara

Minarets of Suleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul

Sifat

Mihrab, Ivan

The Mosque of the Rock - Qubbat-as-Sahra. Jerusalem.

Qubbat al-Sahra Mosque in Jerusalem The mosque is covered with a huge golden dome. Its diameter is 20 m, height is 34 m. Dome

Suleymaniye Mosque (Suleiman the Magnificent). Istanbul.

Umayyad Grand Mosque in Damascus

Moorish art

Cathedral Mosque in Cordoba

alhambra

Alhambra

Lion's Yard

Taj Mahal

Tomb of Gur-Emir in Samarkand

Fine art features

Artistic culture of the Muslim East. Pray to the Creator; he is mighty, he rules the wind, on a hot day he sends clouds into the sky; Gives the earth a tree canopy. He is merciful; He revealed to Mohammed the shining Koran, May we also flow into the light. And let the fog fall from the eyes. A.S. Pushkin.

Muslim East. In the VI century AD. The Arabian Peninsula was considered "the end of the world." Most of the population of the p / o were Bedouin tribes, who called themselves Arabs, which meant "dashing riders." Only in Yemen did a culture exist that created a large number of trading cities. In the VI century AD. The Arabian Peninsula was considered "the end of the world." Most of the population of the p / o were Bedouin tribes, who called themselves Arabs, which meant "dashing riders." Only in Yemen did a culture exist that created a large number of trading cities.

Islam. Its origin and role in the formation of Arab culture. Translated from Arabic means "submission, devotion." It arose at the beginning of the 7th century AD. Translated from Arabic means "submission, devotion." It arose at the beginning of the 7th century AD. The followers of Islam were called “Muslims” (“submissive to God”), hence the name “Muslims” (“devoted to Allah”). The followers of Islam were called “Muslims” (“submissive to God”), hence the name “Muslims” (“devoted to Allah”). Founder - a real man- Mohammed (YY). The founder is a real person - Mohammed (Year). In 610, the prophet preached for the first time in Mecca, in 622 he moved with his followers to Yathrib, which would be called Medina, the city of the prophet. In 610, the prophet preached for the first time in Mecca, in 622 he moved with his followers to Yathrib, which would be called Medina, the city of the prophet. Muslim chronicles begin this year. Muslim chronicles begin this year.

Arab Caliphate. The first leader is Mohammed. The first leader is Mohammed. The territory included Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, part of the Transcaucasus, Central Asia, North Africa, and Spain. The territory included Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, part of the Transcaucasus, Central Asia, North Africa, and Spain. The Arabic language has become the language of international communication, a powerful factor that unites all Arab countries. The Arabic language has become the language of international communication, a powerful factor that unites all Arab countries. In the X century AD. disintegrated into separate independent parts - the emirates, but the Arab culture remained united thanks to Islam. In the X century AD. disintegrated into separate independent parts - the emirates, but the Arab culture remained united thanks to Islam.

Qur'an ("reading"). Muhammad was revered as the last prophet of mankind, who brought the words of Allah to people. His speeches were recorded by the disciples and collected in the Qur'an. All recorded sayings in which speaking face is not Mohammed, but Allah, are called revelations, all the rest are traditions. Muhammad was revered as the last prophet of mankind, who brought the words of Allah to people. His speeches were recorded by the disciples and collected in the Qur'an. All the recorded sayings, in which the speaking person is not Muhammad, but Allah, are called revelations, all the rest are traditions. The entire Qur'an was collected after the death of Muhammad. The entire Qur'an was collected after the death of Muhammad. The second source of Muslim doctrine is the Sunnah, sacred tradition, examples from the life of Muhammad. The second source of Muslim doctrine is the Sunnah, sacred tradition, examples from the life of Muhammad.

General provisions Muslims believe in one God - Allah. Muslims believe in one God - Allah. The last and main prophet is Muhammad. The last and main prophet is Muhammad. After the death of a person, God's judgment awaits, and then his fate will depend on what deeds he did during his lifetime. After the death of a person, God's judgment awaits, and then his fate will depend on what deeds he did during his lifetime. Muslims believe in heaven and hell, but they believe that the fate of man, as well as everything that happens in the world - good and evil - is predetermined by the Almighty. Muslims believe in heaven and hell, but they believe that the fate of man, as well as everything that happens in the world - good and evil - is predetermined by the Almighty. The basis of the Qur'an is the commandments, sermons, ritual and legal regulations, prayers, edifying stories and parables of Muhammad. The basis of the Qur'an is the commandments, sermons, ritual and legal regulations, prayers, edifying stories and parables of Muhammad.

Practical ritual precepts of Islam. Mandatory fivefold daily prayer- prayer, ablution before prayer and in some other cases, an annual fast that is required to be performed from sunrise to sunset, a pilgrimage to Mecca - a hajj, at least once in a lifetime. Mandatory five times daily prayer - prayer, ablution before prayer and in some other cases, an annual fast that is required to be performed from sunrise to sunset, a pilgrimage to Mecca - Hajj, at least once in a lifetime.

What are the trends in Islam? There are three main directions into which Islam broke up in antiquity: Sunnism, Shiism and Kharijism. There are three main directions into which Islam broke up in antiquity: Sunnism, Shiism and Kharijism. Sunnis (from Arabic "people of tradition") - stand for the power of the Caliph, who must belong to the Quraish family, be a theologian of the highest rank, fair and wise. Shiites believe that state and religious power is of divine nature and can only belong to the heirs of Muhammad. Recognized Form state government- imamat, imam - secular and spiritual head communities. Kharijites believe that any devout Muslim can be elected head of the religious community.

The Mosque of Omar was built in the years, during the reign of the caliphs from the Umayya family. The huge building, topped with a golden dome, is located in the Old City, where the grandiose temple of King Solomon, destroyed by the Romans, once stood, and where Jesus Christ delivered his sermons. The huge building, topped with a golden dome, is located in the Old City, where the grandiose temple of King Solomon, destroyed by the Romans, once stood, and where Jesus Christ delivered his sermons.

Calligraphic inscriptions have become one of the forms of ornamentation. Calligraphic inscriptions on the walls of mosques are the only decoration, the word and letter of the Koran is the only approximation to God. Allah cannot be seen or touched, the power of influence is in the sacred word. Hence the ban on depicting the visible world and living beings in religious art. Calligraphic inscriptions on the walls of mosques are the only decoration, the word and letter of the Koran is the only approximation to God. Allah cannot be seen or touched, the power of influence is in the sacred word. Hence the ban on depicting the visible world and living beings in religious art. Moorish style. Cathedral Mosque in Cordoba. Cathedral Mosque in Cordoba. Its feature is 850 columns made of pink and blue marble, jasper, granite, porphyry, stretching in 19 rows from north to south and 36 rows from east to west. The colonnade was illuminated by hundreds of silver lamps.

Lesson Objectives:

1. To acquaint children with the masterpieces of Islamic architecture, with the work of the poet, scientist, philosopher Omar Khayyam, with the ancient form of Persian poetry - rubaiyat;
2. Develop a love for beauty, instill aesthetic taste, ability to work with texts;
3. Cultivate love and respect for cultural heritage humanity.

Equipment:

• multimedia projector,
• multimedia presentation,
• individual handout,
• theme book exhibition,
• structural and logical scheme for Islam.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

Teacher's word: Assalam alaikum! Hello! It was not by chance that I began our lesson with an oriental greeting.

The East has long captivated travelers with its original culture, wealth and some kind of mystery. Oriental beauty, oriental songs, dances, poems - all this amazed those who visited Eastern countries. Refinement in everything: in aromas, in clothes, in manners.

Many call the East wise, someone cunning, many beautiful! Today we will try to look under the mysterious veil of Eastern culture.

1st slide- the topic of the lesson is announced:

"The Artistic Culture of the Islamic East"

But before we talk about cultural achievements, let's remember the religion that dominated the East.

3. Checking homework.

Task number 1. Blitz - poll.

• name the youngest religion in the world (Islam)
• when did she appear? (In the 7th century AD)
• where did Islam originate? (On the Arabian Peninsula)
• Is Islam a belief in one god or in polytheism? (In Allah, 1 god)
• the main centers of Islam? (Mecca and Medina)
• holy book of muslims (Koran)
• name the five pillars of islam (confession of faith; hajj; five times prayer; zakat (almsgiving, sadaka); fasting).
• holy day for muslims (Friday)

Task number 2. Correct the errors in the text (underline the identified errors)

Islam, as a religion, appeared in the III millennium BC. It originated in Mesopotamia and spread throughout the world. Sindhartha Gautama was the founder of Islam. During meditations, he foresaw Allah, who spoke prophecies. In the future, these prophecies were the holy book of Muslims "Talmud". The main Muslim centers are Athens and Rome, where Muslims come once a year. Gautama was called a prophet. All Muslims must keep the 10 commandments. (Enter them in the blank lines).

On the holy day for all Muslims on Sunday, believers must remain in prayer and fast.

4. New theme.

The word of the teacher: "The West is the West, the East is the East, they will never meet ...". These words, spoken by R. Kipling, fortunately did not turn out to be prophetic. Eastern culture did not develop in isolation from the culture European countries. Having absorbed many of its features, it at the same time had a significant impact on the general character of the culture of the peoples of Europe. Along the Great Silk Road, which in ancient times passed through many states, for two millennia, not only the exchange of goods was carried out, but also the interpenetration of the cultures of the peoples of the East and West. For a long time, Eastern culture remained sealed with seven seals. It began to be studied relatively recently, in the 19th century. And now we will take a step towards the knowledge of the mysterious and unique oriental, Islamic culture.

Slide 2: Arab Caliphate (the teacher tells the children about the formation of the Arab Caliphate).

Slide 3: Madrasah of Ulugbek in Samarkand

Guys, we are going to have a little research work. Before you texts, you read them and answer the questions that are given after the text. Some architectural elements of the mosque need to be shown on the screen.

Sheet #2

The earliest creation of Muslim architecture was the mosque, where the faithful gathered for prayer. Initially, it was a square courtyard or hall, surrounded by galleries on pillars or columns. The beam ceilings of the galleries are located on lancet or horseshoe-shaped arches supported by small columns. On one of the walls there is an altar niche (mihrab) facing towards Mecca, the holy city of Muslims. The main façade of the whole structure from the side of the street was decorated with an aivan, i.e. arched portal of a large scale. In addition, it was supplemented by minarets - slender towers, from the upper platform of which the priest (muezzin) called the faithful to prayer five times a day.

Madrasah is spiritual, educational institution, differs from the mosque in that the courtyard gallery is divided into small rooms - khujras, in which seminarians live.

Questions to the text:

1. Where did Muslims pray?
2. What is the mosque, what does it look like?
3. What is the name of the altar niche?
4. In which direction does the altar niche face?
5. How was it made out main facade from the street?
6. What was added to the mosque?
7. Who called to prayer?

5. Teacher: Guys, you have done research work at home and prepared reports on the pearls of Islamic architecture.

Children performances:

• 4th slide:"Taj Mahal" - Yakovshchenko Anastasia.
• 5th slide:"Bibi - Khanym" - Seredinskaya Anastasia.
• 6th slide:"Kaaba" - Kismetov Aman.

6. Relaxation.

Teacher: The East is famous not only for its monuments, but also for its wonderful music and dancing. Your attention is invited to watch such a dance.

(Children dance a dance).

7. Work on slide 7:

The rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam is displayed on the screen, the teacher reads: -

We are the goal of creation, its meaning is excellent,
The gaze of the deity and the essence of seeing eyes.
The circumference of the world is a precious ring,
And we are in that ring-set diamond.

Teacher's question: Who do you think these words belong to?

(Answers of children).

Teacher: indeed, these words belong to Omar Khayyam.

(Teacher reads a poem):

The pen gives birth to the word, and the very
All with the same word.
Through the word glory revived,
Removed the word from the mystery of the veil.
Without living words and the song is dead,
If you throw words out of music.
Under the sky you will call perfection.
Breathing is life, the law of the living,
This idea is confirmed by the word.

Teacher: The word, especially the poetic one, has always been valued in the East. When peacetime came, poets performed at public holidays with their improvisations, competing in this skill with newcomers from other cities. Connoisseurs especially valued the sharpness and brevity of poetic forms (rubai, ghazal, qasida), which became widespread throughout the Arab world. In short poetic lines, the poets sought to convey a complete thought and give a description of a whole range of feelings and moods inherent in a person.

8. Teacher: Guys, you have prepared a biography of Omar Khayyam. Let's listen to who he was and fill out the table, which is called “Biography of Omar Khayyam” Open sheet number 3.

Biography of Omar Khayyam.

(Students are speaking and filling in the table).

9. Work on slide 8:

Teacher: What is a ruby? Let's turn to the explanatory dictionary

Rubaiyat - philosophical sentences. The word "sentiment" has 2 meanings.

1. Moral saying, moralizing;
2. Legal verdict.

Teacher: The rubaiyat has been called the flying form of Persian poetry. Representing one of the oldest forms of Persian poetry, the quatrain came to written literature from folklore.

Rubai Khayyam amaze with its utmost logical accuracy, philosophical weight, gloomy and daring irony. These verses are a dispute with God about the rationality and justice of the world order, a dispute that a fearless scientist, always doubting and rebellious, led all his life. Khayyam saturates the folk song form with previously uncharacteristic themes of reflective lyrics, characteristic of other types of poetry. He pioneered these themes in the rubaiyat, mastering the tiny enclosed space of four lines to talk to God about man's place in the universe. A small poetic form requires extreme economy in the use of means of poetic expression and a high concentration of meaning. Relying on his analytical, sharp mind, using the experience of folk and literary eloquence. Khayyam created an amazingly flexible genre form, capable of containing the depths of philosophical thought, an evil epigram, a drinking couplet, a love sketch.

10. Independent work. Sheet number 4.

Rubai is offered to your attention. You need to carefully read them and distribute them in a table by numbers.

11. Work on slides No. 9, No. 10, No. 11.

Reading and analyzing the rubaiyat.

12. The result of the lesson.

Teacher: The rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam is a striking phenomenon in the culture of the Muslim East. They amaze with their wisdom and desire for harmony, which Great master able to see the world. Much in the work of the great genius has not yet been fully understood and appreciated, his personality remains a mystery. This lesson is only a "peephole" into the world of one of the titans of an amazing era. I wish you to open "the doors to the Universe, whose name is Omar Khayyam."