Kazakh written literature. Kazakh literature Kazakh literature of the 19th century in the Kazakh language

STATE PROGRAM OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

"CULTURAL HERITAGE"

"HISTORY OF KAZAKH LITERATURE"in 10 volumes

National literary criticism continues to work to overcome the ideological crisis, which, due to objective reasons, arose at the turn of 80-90. XX century This overcoming goes in two directions: eliminating ideologization and class approaches to literature and, at the same time, counteracting the other extreme: a nihilistic attitude towards Russian classics of both the 19th and 20th centuries. The gradual overcoming of the theoretical crisis in which the humanities have been for some time indicates a return to a historical view of the literary process, the desire to rethink and recreate on a scientific basis the history of Kazakh literature from antiquity to the present.

Scientists from the Institute of Literature and Art named after. M.O. Auezov began creating a new 10-volume “History of Kazakh Literature” under the State Program “Cultural Heritage”. Fundamental scientific work that examines the history of Russian literature from the perspective of today is urgently needed today by both universities and schools; without it, it is impossible to create high-quality textbooks and teaching aids of the new generation.

The work of creating a new history of literature is based on a concept arising from the need to take into account not only the principle of historicism, but mainly the laws of development of world literature and the internal development of national artistic thought and culture. This presupposes not blindly following the civil history or political history of the state, although no one can deny that the spiritual life of a society is closely connected with the historical and socio-political conditions of the country.

The new history of literature in 10 volumes will be periodized in a new way, based on the evolution of the literary word according to the laws of aesthetics. This means that Kazakh literature in its artistic development went through three large stages: 1) literature before Abai (ancient and medieval period), 2) literature of the Abay era (modern times), 3) post-Abaev literature (modern times).

Volume 1 - history of Kazakh folklore,
Volume 2 - history of ancient literature,
Volume 3 - history of Kazakh literature of the Middle Ages and the period of the Kazakh Khanate,
Volume 4 - history of Kazakh literature of the first half of the 19th century,
Volume 5 - history of Kazakh literature of the second half of the 19th century,
Volume 6 - history of Kazakh literature of the early twentieth century,
Volume 7 - history of Kazakh literature of the 20-30s of the twentieth century,
Volume 8 - history of Kazakh literature of the 40-60s of the twentieth century,
Volume 9 - history of Kazakh literature of the 60-80s of the twentieth century,
Volume 10 - history of Kazakh literature of the period of independence.
Currently, the following volumes have been prepared and published:
Volume 1 - history of Kazakh folklore

The work presented to the attention of readers is first volume“History of Kazakh literature”, written by scientists from the Institute of Literature and Art named after. M.O. Auezov in 10 volumes. It is dedicated to folklore. For the first time, an attempt was made to study folklore in a diachronic context, to explore the history of national folklore from ancient times to the present. Unlike works of previous years, in which folklore was considered only as oral literature, in this monograph folklore is understood broadly, namely as folk culture as a whole and is studied in conjunction with the customs, rituals and beliefs of both the distant ancestors of the Kazakhs and the Kazakh ethnic group itself . It was this approach that determined the structure and purpose of the book, which made it possible to show the genesis and evolution of folklore genres from the earliest, syncretic forms to full-fledged artistic formations, to reveal the ancient foundations of classical plots and motifs, to trace their transformation into works of art, images and poetic techniques. This was not possible in previous works, since in them folklore was studied in a synchronous, static state.

In accordance with the objectives and goals of the study, folklore is considered as a cultural process that has developed at all times, from the most primitive society to the present day, accompanying man in all periods of his history. This understanding made it necessary to study Kazakh folklore against the background of universal human spiritual development using historical-typological, comparative methods and taking into account both historical-stage and civilizational-national patterns. All this was intended to give the book, which consists of three main parts, an introductory article defining not only its goals and objectives, but also the status and theoretical foundations of Kazakh folklore. It also characterizes the specifics of Kazakh folklore and offers a conceptual interpretation of it: a) as the worldview and culture of ancient people, b) as part of human life and life, c) as the art of words and artistic heritage.

Each of the three parts is preceded by an article that reveals the general picture of the spiritual culture of the corresponding period and characterizes the folklore process in this era. The first part is devoted to the syncretic culture of antiquity and includes three chapters: 1) Folklore associated with human labor activity. Here we examine the ancient hunting, pastoral and agricultural rites and customs that have survived to this day and the various folklore texts that accompanied them. 2) Ritual folklore, which is divided into calendar, family and magical folklore. The calendar includes the New Year holiday “Nauryz” and songs about it, the spring holiday on the occasion of the first milking of mares (“Kymyzmuryndyk”) and joke songs about it, songs “Zharapazan” performed during the month of Ramadan. Since the content of “Zharapazan” largely goes back to pre-Islamic folklore, they are classified as ancient ritual folklore. Family ritual folklore is classified into wedding rites and songs, funeral rites and songs, and children's folklore. Magical folklore stands out as an independent type for the first time and includes arbau (spell), zhalbarynu (spell, prayer), algys (blessing), kargys (curse), ant (oath), badik (sentence), baksy saryny (shaman's song). 3) Archaic folklore itself, which includes such ancient genres as myth, hikaya (story), etiological tale, fairy tale, archaic epic and riddle, which already have signs of artistry.

The object of the second part of the book is the folklore of the Middle Ages, covering a long period, from the formation of early feudal states to the decline of the Kazakh Khanate. Due to the fact that there are no actual folklore texts recorded at that time, the main sources are the samples of folklore imprinted on stones and in individual literary works, which make it possible, albeit indirectly, to judge the state and forms of folklore in that period. These are the ancient Truk inscriptions in honor of Kultegin and Bilge Kagan, these are the anonymous works “Oguz-name”, “Code Cumanikus” and “Kitabi Dedem Korkud”, these are the author’s works “Kissas-ul-anbiya” Rabguzi, “Mukhabbat-name » Khorezmi and others.

In them, i.e. In these written monuments, folklore motifs and plots (sometimes genres) are quite widely represented, folk customs are described, and the actions of characters are shown, reminiscent of the acts of mythical ancestors, epic heroes, fairy-tale heroes or historical figures. For example, in the ancient Turkic texts carved on stones, traces of the archaic myth about the origin of heaven and earth, the ancestors of the Turks are clear, the spirit and motives of the heroic epic are evident, and “Oguz-name” and “Kitabi Dedem Korkut” are something other than examples of medieval book epic with all the properties inherent in the epic genre, the Codex Cumanix contains a large number of proverbs, riddles and quatrains.

During the period of the Kazakh Khanate, many ancient genres and subjects received new impetus and were transformed into real artistic formations. The formation of the entire system of classical folklore takes place, the heroic and romantic epics especially flourish, on the basis of the ancient ones, tales about animals, heroic tales, legends and legends, proverbs develop, the historical epic arises... It is during this period that the process of historical, biographical and genealogical cyclization of the epic and other genres, therefore, in most folklore works the life and life of the people of the Kazakh Khanate are uniquely reflected.

The third part of the book examines the state of folklore in modern and contemporary times, showing how traditional genres are modified and new genre forms arise, caused by historical, cultural and socio-political events that took place in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. During this period, ancient genres continue to develop in a new form, other types sprout from old ones, new genres are formed, and fresh plots and motifs are developed. Thus, in the 18th-19th centuries, many genres acquired everything that has come down to us, i.e. until the first half of the twentieth century, in the form of classical folklore and priceless heritage. In particular, we can point to novelistic and satirical tales, lyrical, historical and lyric-epic (ballad) songs. Aitys, dastan and historical epic receive especially strong development. It must be said that in modern times lyrical genres dominate, historical epics and historical songs, which told about the struggle of the Kazakh people with the Dzungarian invaders and Russian colonialists, are also becoming relevant, a new genre is emerging, conditionally defined by lyrical-epic (ballad) songs, in which The archaic and the new are intricately combined, but without mythologizing.

In the twentieth century, work songs and tales that are non-traditional for Kazakh folklore appear, various songs and stories about the people's liberation uprising of 1916 are created, new songs, riddles, proverbs and sayings appear. But all of them were actively in use until the first half of the twentieth century, and only a few examples of the small didactic genre find application in the everyday life of modern people. At the present stage, the genre of the joke is beginning to take shape, which is due to intensive urbanization, and traditional folklore is used by professional art as a source. And this suggests that folklore has become a classical heritage and part of modern artistic culture.

Volume 2 - history of ancient literature

The ten-volume “History of Kazakh Literature” is a collective work of employees of the Institute of Literature and Art named after M.O. Auezov, Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, completed with the participation of literary scholars from universities in our country.

The second volume systematizes a huge layer of the history of ancient and medieval Kazakh literature. It covers material starting from the sources of spiritual culture of the pre-Turkic period and from the first written works of a general Turkic nature (YIII-YIII centuries) to the literature of the period of the Kazakh state. Many works were introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Sources were used not only in Turkic languages, but also in Russian, Arabic, Persian, Chinese, Turkish, Mongolian, and also in Western European languages, related to ancient and medieval Kazakh literature and culture.

The second volume opens with a preface that sets out the scientific and methodological foundations of this large multi-volume research work, and an introductory article to the second volume, which defines the chronological boundaries of the history of ancient and medieval Kazakh literature and gives its periodization.

In the volume, for the first time, literary motifs of the Sako-Hun period, Turkic sketches in ancient Chinese sources, common Turkic spiritual and cultural monuments of the Turanian civilization, literary examples of Turkic-Mongol unity are explored, the literature of the Turkic (the 2nd-9th centuries), Oguz-Kipchak (the 9th-9th centuries) is analyzed. XI centuries), Karakhanid (XI-XII centuries) periods, as well as the literature of the Golden Horde and Kipchak literature of Egypt (XIII-XY centuries). Each stage is accompanied by introductory essays about the spiritual culture and literature of that time, creative portraits of prominent Turkic poets of the 9th-10th centuries.

The monographic sections highlight the work of such major representatives of medieval literature Zhusup Balasagun, Mahmut Kashkari, Akhmet Iasawi, Suleimen Bakyrgani, Akhmet Iugneki, Khorezmi, Rabguzi, Qutb, Seif Sarai, as well as the work of previously unknown poets such as Khusama Katiba, Kul Gali, Durbek, Ali. For the first time, the literary work of the great Eastern thinker al-Farabi is presented separately.

Thus, for the first time in the volume, all significant stages in the development of ancient and medieval written Kazakh literature are covered in a large-scale and comprehensive manner, in historical sequence.

Volume 3 - history of Kazakh literature of the Middle Ages and the period of the Kazakh Khanate

The ten-volume “History of Kazakh Literature” is a collective work of employees of the Institute of Literature and Art named after M.O. Auezov of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, completed with the participation of literary scholars from universities in our country.

The third volume systematizes a huge layer of the history of Kazakh literature of the 13th-18th centuries. It covers material ranging from samples of original poetry and written literature of the Golden Horde era to the poetry of akyns and zhyrau of the Kazakh Khanate.

Individual creativity was characterized by authorship, relative stability of the text, specificity of its content, and the presence of an addressee. By creatively combining the old folk poetics with the new, emerging one, individual poetry in its own way reflected the events in Desht-i Kipchak during the Golden Horde state, and in its own way created literary examples of historical figures and fictional characters. The main thing for the author's poetry was the idea of ​​preserving the unity of the people of Desht-i Kipchak and protecting its independence.

The era of the Golden Horde was characterized by the rapid development of written literature. The most significant works were created mainly in the court environment by talented poets, who, as a rule, were in public service or served under rulers and often dedicated their creations to them or brought them as gifts. From the total number of works created in the era of the Golden Horde, one can single out such masterpieces of written literature as a classic example of scientific, educational and partly fiction literature from the period of domination of the Kipchaks (Cumans, Polovtsians) on a vast territory from the Dzungar Gate to the Danube - “Code Cumanicus” (XIV century .), the lyrical poem “Mukhabbat-name” by Khorezmi, a new work in form and content in the literature of the Golden Horde era, the dastan “Gulistan Bit-Turki” by Saif Sarai, the dastan “Khosrow and Shirin” by Qutb, written in the spirit of Nazira and glorifying the boundless pure love and an ideal ruler, the dastan “Zhusup-Zylikha” by Durbek, the book “Qissa sul-anbiya” by Nasreddin Rabguzi, which is dedicated to a description of the life and adventures of the prophets before Muhammad, the biography of Muhammad himself and the Muslim caliphs.

The originality of the state structure and life of the Kazakh Khanate brought to the forefront of the spiritual life of society the poetry of akyns and zhyrau, the creativity of sheshen-biys. The main themes of Zhyrau poetry in the 15th-18th centuries. there were issues of cohesion and unity of the tribes that make up the Kazakh Khanate, strengthening the state and its military power. In their poetic monologues-tolgau, akyns and zhyrau, along with important state problems, touched upon issues of ethics and morality, honor and dignity, and expressed their thoughts about life and death, about the variability and frailty of the world. The largest representatives of Zhyrau poetry in the 15th-18th centuries. were Asan Kaigy zhyrau (XV century), Sypyra Zhyrau (XV century), Shalkiiz (Shalgez) Zhyrau (1465-1560), Kaztugan Zhyrau (XV century), Dospambet Zhyrau (XV century), Zhiembet Zhyrau (XVII century .), Margaska zhyrau (XVІІ century), Aktamberdy zhyrau (1675-1768), Umbetey zhyrau (1697-1786), Bukhar zhyrau (1698-1778), akyn Tatikara (1705-1780).

During the era of the Kazakh Khanate, written literature also developed, which was created mainly in the court environment and mainly in the form of historical works. History has preserved many such works that are important not only as chronicle or narrative sources, but also as monuments of artistic literature of the Turkic peoples of the late Middle Ages. Among them, we can especially highlight the wonderful book of memoirs “Babur-name” by Zakhriddin Babur, the historical work “Zhami at-tauarikh” by Kadyrgali Zhalairi, the book “Shezhre-i Turk” by Abylgazy Bahadurkhan, written in the traditions of medieval historical prose of the East, the essay “Tarikh-i and Rashidi" and the poem "Jahan-name" by Muhammad Haidar Dulati.

The volume opens with an introductory article by Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan S.A. Kaskabasov, where the chronological boundaries of the history of literature of the Golden Horde era and the period of the Kazakh Khanate are determined and its brief description is given.

The monographic sections highlight the work of prominent representatives of written Zhyrau literature and poetry of the period under review, and also present for the first time the work of the Sheshen-biys of the 18th century. Tole-bi, Kazybek-bi, Aiteke-bi, Aktailak-bi, Syrym Sheshena, Boltirik Sheshena, who in their works sang and affirmed the ideals to which the inhabitants of the Kazakh Khanate should strive. Their work is unique both in form and content, therefore, in terms of genre, it combines prose with poetry.

This volume also examines for the first time the Armenian-written Kipchak literary monument of the 16th century. - the story “The Story of the Wise Hikare.” This is the most ancient creation of the East, which has overcome oblivion and has not lost its charm over the centuries. The story is expressed in flexible artistic forms. This story is about an ungrateful nephew, interpolated with teachings, parables and riddles. Edifications occupy a large place in the story. It contains the covenants and wisdom of centuries.

Thus, in this volume, for the first time, all significant stages in the development of zhyrau poetry and written Kazakh literature of the 13th-18th centuries have been studied in a large-scale and comprehensive manner, in historical sequence.

The following people took part in writing the sections of the third volume: N. Kelimbetov, Doctor of Philology, Professor (“Literature of the Golden Horde era”, “Qutb”, “Khorezmi”, “Saif Sarai”, “Durbek”, “Historical shezhre and artistic tradition”, “Abylgazy Bahadurkhan”, “Zakhiriddin Muhammad Babyr”); S. Kaskabasov, Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan (“Introduction”, “Literature of the period of the Kazakh Khanate”); A. Derbisali, Doctor of Philology, Professor (“Muhammad Haydar Dulati”); R.G.Syzdyk, Academician of NAS RK, M.Koygeldiev, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor (“Kadirgali Zhalairi”); M. Zharmukhameduly, Doctor of Philology, Professor (“Sypyra zhyrau”, “Asan Kaigy”, “Bukhar zhyrau”, “Creativity of biev-sheshen”, “Kazybek-bi”); U. Kumisbaev, Doctor of Philology, Professor (“Umbetey”); Zh. Dadebaev, Doctor of Philology, Professor (“Tole-bi”, “Syrym Sheshen”, “Boltirik Sheshen” "); M. Magauin, Candidate of Philological Sciences (“Tatikara”); TO.Sydiykuly, Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor (“Shalkiiz (Shalgez) zhyrau”); S.Korabay, Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor (“Code Cumanicus”, “History of the Wise Hikara”, “Dospambet”, “Kaztugan”, “Aktamberdy”, “Aktaylak-bi”); S. Kosan, Candidate of Philological Sciences (“Ali”, “Zhiembet”, “Aiteke-bi”); A. Alibekuly, Candidate of Philological Sciences (“Kypchak Literature of Egypt”); G. Kurmangali, Candidate of Philological Sciences (“Margaska”).

Volume 4 History of Kazakh literature of the first half of the 19th century

The 19th century in the history of Kazakh literature is a period of firmly established traditions and significant creative discoveries, closely related to the history of the people and their freedom-loving democratic aspirations. The beginning of the century was marked by a sharp intensification of the process of colonization of the region by the tsarist autocracy, the first ominous step of which was the elimination of the khan's power with the subsequent introduction of a new form of government convenient for the activities of the administrative bodies of the central authorities.

This left its mark on the development of traditional oral and poetic creativity of the people. New socio-political conditions brought literature significantly closer to the vital interests of the masses. The former institution of zhyraustvo, brought to life by the interests of the khan's power, was now gradually transformed into the category of akyns, who stood much closer to the people and therefore the main content of their creativity was primarily determined by the immediate spiritual needs and interests of ordinary people.

It is this factor that determines the need to consider the patterns of development of national literature of that time in close connection with the history of the people. From complex problems of the socio-economic life of society down to elementary issues of work and life of people, it becomes a theme for the creativity of akyns.

At the same time, and perhaps better said, in connection with this process, anxiety arises in the minds of the people and their leading representatives, caused by the strengthening of the colonial policy of tsarism, and the idea of ​​a national liberation movement is maturing. This is confirmed by the emergence in poetry of the so-called “era of sorrow” and then the appearance of heroic poems reflecting the struggle against colonial enslavement.

According to the scientific project "Patterns of development of Kazakh literature of the new era (19th century - early 20th century)" for the first time, the problems of creative continuity of prominent poets and writers of the 19th - early 20th centuries are studied in depth, the patterns of development of literature of the period under review are analyzed, relevant ones are developed problems of the historical and literary process and the main literary movements.

Three volumes of this ten-volume edition of the history of all national literature are devoted to the history of Kazakh literature of the new era. This period is conventionally divided into three stages.

The first stage is the first half of the 19th century, which, as indicated above, is characterized by the emergence of akyn creativity that was closer to life.

The next stage, covering the second half of the century, to which the 5th volume is dedicated, is marked by the further improvement of the skills of the creators of the oral poetic genre and the emergence of a new phenomenon in the history of the people - the enlightenment movement, the outstanding representatives of which are the first Kazakh scientist Chokan Valikhanov, poet-teacher Ibray Altynsarin and of course, a brilliant thinker, the founder of national written literature, Abai Kunanbayev, whose work gave every reason to call the nineteenth century the golden age of Kazakh literature. The 6th volume is dedicated to the third stage, i.e. the beginning of the twentieth century, which examines the problems of the further development of Altai traditions, in particular, in the light of the creativity of the leaders of the Alash-Orda movement, inspired by the ideas of the first Russian revolutions. By the way, this segment is a new page for the modern history of Kazakh literature, since for political reasons it remained a blank spot for a long time and is now being considered for the first time in terms of broad scientific research.

In the 4th volume, in its introductory part, a detailed overview of the akyns’ creativity is given. In which the most significant problems of literature are examined in close connection with the patterns of development of the socio-political process of that time. Many of them are revealed for the first time in the light of new approaches to certain socio-political phenomena in the life of the people.

Separate chapters are devoted to the most important authors. Among them, we should especially highlight such prominent representatives of the era of sorrow as Dulat Babatayuly, Shortanbai Kanaiuly, as well as heroic poetry reflecting the themes of the national liberation movement, represented by Makhambet Utemisov, whose work is presented in the most complete volume and with a deep disclosure of ideological and aesthetic works .

Volume 5 History of Kazakh literature of the second half of the 19th century

By the second half - the end of the 19th century, the latest Kazakh literature became widespread and recognized; the literature of this period is characterized by clearly clear realistic features of artistic reality.

The newest period of Kazakh literature is one of the richest, most intense, fruitful and at the same time complex centuries in the history of literary art. This period has traditionally been and will be the glory-forming crown of the multifaceted combination of mastery of highly artistic words and the national and civil maturity of writers and poets of that time.

New horizons in the history of Kazakh literature, widely opened in the first half of the 19th century, thanks to the colorful and talented creativity of original masters - the titans Dulat, Makhambet, Shortanbay, and after them - Abay, Shokan, Ybyray Altynsarin on the eve of the 20th century brought national recognition to the latest Kazakh fiction and significance, placing at the head of a complex process the development of national identity.

The 19th century for the Kazakh people, as for many other peoples of the world, was a time of awakening of national consciousness. It was this multifaceted socio-political process that was reflected in the literature of that time. That is why the works of akyns and zhyrau of this period are an inexhaustible source of noble motives, high civic morality and love of freedom.

With a deep awareness of national identity, citizenship, and free-thinking in Kazakh literature, the process of reviving national self-awareness among the masses begins - a qualitatively new milestone in the centuries-old history of the Kazakh people. The literature of the second half of the 19th century, being a successor to the best traditions of classical Kazakh literature, was replenished and sparkled with new, fresh, bold colors and shades. First of all, literary works began to comprehensively and realistically reflect the causes and consequences of reforms in the socio-political life of the Kazakh steppe, transformations in the consciousness of the nation after the establishment of the colonial policy regime of the Russian monarchy. The fertile Kazakh land was declared the state property of the Russian government, a completely new management regime was established, and the system of power and government of the Kazakh Khanate was completely reformed and destroyed. The changes that took place in the life of the people, the further invasion and criminal cruelty of tsarist colonialism were subjected to sharp, irreconcilable criticism in the works of akyns, thinkers of that time. If the main idea and problematic of literary works of the first half of the 19th century was deep hostility and sharp opposition to colonialism, which increased in the call for national liberation movements (Dulat, Makhambet, Shortanbay, etc.), then in the second half of the 19th century the idea of ​​enlightenment, the desire for political struggle, national independence through state legal, people's democratic reforms, universal education (Abai, Shokan, Ybyrai, Shadi, Mailykozha, etc.).

The directions and genres of traditional literature continued their further development (historical epic, tolgau, philosophical lyrics, aitys, nazira, ritual and everyday songs, traditions of sal-seri, songwriters, etc.). Creative ties with the East, the leading representatives of Russian democratic literature, strengthened. A whole galaxy of akyns, storytellers, and scribes appeared, who, in turn, translated the best examples of oriental literature and created qualitatively new works in the Kazakh language on oriental subjects. It was they who contributed to the rapid development of book printing and periodicals in the Kazakh language in the country, as well as in neighboring cities.

The research materials of the fifth volume of “History of Kazakh Literature” comprehensively analyze the ways of development and formation of the second final period of the latest Kazakh realistic literature (1850-1900) and are a continuation of the fourth volume.

This study is a generalization of the patterns of development of Kazakh literature from the middle to the very end of the 19th century. A problem-thematic, genre-artistic research method was chosen. This principle allows us to highlight the most significant and characteristic features in the development of literature. Monographic chapters are devoted to the most important masters of artistic expression (Ybyray Altynsarin, Akmolla Mukhamediaruly, Murat Monkeuly, Bazar-zhyrau Ondasuly, Akan Koramsauly, Birzhan Kozhagululy, Mailykozha Shotanuly, Arip Tanirbergenuly, etc.).

A special place is given to the work of the great thinker, poet Abai Kunanbayuly and the laboratory of his poetic school.

The scientific publication summarizes the experience of the artistic, aesthetic, social and civic school, the direction of Kazakh literature. In particular, Kazakh literature of the second half of the 19th century set itself and tried to solve pressing social, moral and aesthetic problems, philosophical issues of Kazakh society. Particular attention is paid to those works that reflected the dreams and aspirations of the people about freedom, independence, and the desire for independent, distinctive development. A number of works of this period were subjected to scientific analysis and research for the first time. The book opens with a detailed analysis of the latest Kazakh literature, which identifies the trends in the development of the literary process of the second half of the 19th century. The most significant problems of literature are considered in close connection with the patterns of development of the socio-political process of that time, many of which are revealed for the first time in the light of new approaches to the events of national history. The introductory part of the volume provides a detailed overview of the akyns' creativity. Creative portraits of Abai Kunanbayuly, Shokan Ualikhanov, Ybyrai Altynsarina, Akmolla Mukhamediaruly, Murat Monkeuly, Bazaar Zhyrau Ondasuly, Akan Koramsauly, Shangerey Bokeeva, Musabek Baizakuly, Aktan Kereyuly, Birzhan sal Kozhagululy, Shadi Zhangirova, Mailykozha Shotanuly Arip, Tanirbergenuly, Nurzhan Naushabayuly, Aset Naimanbayuly represent a separate monographic value. The creativity of dozens of other prominent representatives of this period is analyzed on the pages of a detailed review section. Bibliographic indexes, descriptions of manuscripts, information about researchers and collectors are presented in a separate additional section.

The second half of the 19th century, to which volume 5 is dedicated, is marked by the further improvement of the skills of the creators of the oral poetic genre and the emergence of a new phenomenon in the history of the people - the enlightenment movement, the outstanding representatives of which are the first Kazakh scientist Shokan Ualikhanov, a brilliant thinker, the founder of national written literature Abai, and poet-teacher Ibrai Altynsarin, whose work gave every reason to call the nineteenth century the golden age of Kazakh literature.

Volume 6 History of Kazakh literature of the early twentieth century

The sixth volume of “History of Kazakh Literature” is devoted to the consideration of the main trends and features of the development of literature of the early twentieth century, determining the artistic originality of the creative heritage of figures of that time.

Thus, the fourth-sixth books of the ten-volume edition of “History of Kazakh Literature”, covering a huge period of time, examines the patterns of development of domestic artistic literature of an entire era, traces the path of its development from oral poetic creativity to written forms of professional literature, from the first experiences of realistic depiction of life phenomena to classical forms of artistic exploration of reality up to the Soviet period.

This period was characterized by the emergence and development of multilateral and multi-genre forms of national literature, the formation and consolidation of fruitful realistic traditions in it. It is also known that this growth of artistic practice was accompanied by an almost simultaneous study of its various historical and theoretical problems.

It should be noted that an entire book of the three-volume part of the “History of Kazakh Literature” was devoted to the academic analysis of the phenomena of artistic creativity of the 20th century. The foundations for studying the problems of the development of national literature of the period were laid in the works of M. Auezov, S. Mukanov, E. Ismailov, B. Kenzhebaev, Kh. Zhumaliev, T. Nurtazin and others.

The native literature of the early twentieth century is rich and extremely diverse. But, unfortunately, many names and phenomena of this period, for certain reasons, were subsequently forcibly isolated from the general flow of literary development. But, nevertheless, the studies of M. Auezov “History of Literature” (1927), S. Seifullin “Kazakh Literature” (1932), S. Mukanov “Kazakh Literature of the 20th Century” (1932), withdrawn at one time, did not lose their significance for the same reasons.

Research work received a new lease of life during the years of perestroika and glasnost. Thus, the works “Kazakh literature of the 20th century. Pre-October period" (reader, 1983), "Poets of five centuries" (3rd volume, 1985), "Kazakh literature of the early twentieth century" (1994), "Kazakh literature of the 20-30s" (1997), etc.

Completely new conditions and a wide field of activity opened up for literary scholars during the years of Independence. The artistic riches of the post-Abaev period were returned to the people, including the priceless treasures of writers of the so-called Alashorda movement. Accordingly, the need for a new vision, new approaches to studying and covering this rich heritage has arisen.

Already when preparing the materials for the fifth volume of this publication, it was necessary to consider many problems in a new way from a methodological point of view, in order to free them from the influence of the previous ideological dictate, from a narrow class assessment of literary phenomena. Moreover, almost the entire content of the sixth volume was permeated with the spirit of updating previous ideas.

At the forefront was the need to consider the ideological and aesthetic merits of certain literary phenomena in close connection with the specific historical features of that time, with persistent calls for social progress. The connection between national literature and the history of the people was put in the foreground, and keen attention was paid to the organic connection between artistic truth and historical truth. The new realities of the educational-democratic trend in literature were considered in the light of the artistic and aesthetic traditions of the people and in inextricable connection with them.

It was from these positions that the approach to assessing and studying the innovative legacies of Shakarim Kudaiberdiev, Alikhan Bukeikhanov, Akhmet Baitursynov, Mirzhakip Dulatov, Magzhan Zhumabaev, Sabit Donentaev, Sultan-Makhmut Toraigyrov was determined. These legacies, which immeasurably enriched the spiritual treasury of the people, were considered as an organic continuation and further development of the great tradition of Abai, which became a true stimulus for the subsequent flowering of national literature.

As a result of the return of previously prohibited names and phenomena, modern Kazakh literature was significantly enriched, its poetic bar was raised immeasurably, the spiritual connection between society and literature became more prominent, and the influence of spiritual factors on the national self-awareness of the people increased.

All this determines the general content of the book offered to the reader.

Well-known literary scholars in the Republic were involved in the preparation of the sixth volume. At the same time, the collective publication reflected the views and works of former prominent specialists in literary criticism, who left a deep mark in the study of the patterns of development of artistic literature of this period.

The book offers readers a general overview of the work and bibliographic data of a large number of poets and writers. Monographic portraits (characteristics) are dedicated to fifteen of the most famous literary figures. The preface and introduction (“Kazakh literature of the early twentieth century”) were written by Doctor of Philology, professor, head of the research project A.K. Egeubaev.

The following people were involved in writing monographic portraits: academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Philological Sciences,

Professor S.S. Kirabaev (“Sultan-Makhmut Toraigyrov”); Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Philology, Professor R. Nurgali (“A.N. Bokeikhanov”); Doctor of Philology, Professor Zh. Ismagulov (“Akhmet Baitursynov, Mirzhakip Dulatov”); doctors of philological sciences, professors B. Abdigaziev and M. Bazarbaev (“Shakarim Kudaiberdiev”); Doctor of Philology, Professor B. Abdigaziev (“Shakarim Kudaiberdiev, Narmanbet Ormanbet”); Doctor of Philology, Professor T. Kakishev (“S. Donentaev”), Doctor of Philology S. Baymenshe (“Zhiengali Tlepbergenov”); Doctor of Philology, Professor K. Ergobek (“Mukhametzhan Seralin”); Candidate of Philological Sciences K. Sydiykov (“Gumar Karash”).

Volume 7 History of Kazakh literature of the 20-30s of the twentieth century

The relevance of the book lies in the fact that it meets the need to determine at a new level the features of turbulent historical, literary and artistic phenomena, which until recently were explained very one-sidedly.

There is no doubt that gaining the independence of a country requires the study of its own history, not as part of a multinational state, as it was before, but a separate study, a broad display of what has been won and lost, achieved and lost by our nation at various historical passes, which will help to further reveal the patterns of the idea of ​​struggle for independence. The history of our literature, which has gone through a contradictory path of development together with the people, the culture of the nation, needs to be considered from precisely this perspective. Works written earlier on this topic (“Essay on Kazakh Soviet Literature.” 1949, 1958. “History of Kazakh Literature,” Volume 3, 1967) could not fully cover the entire literary process. The names and works of the so-called “Alashorda” writers (A. Baitursunov, Sh. Kudaiberdiev, M. Dulatov, Zh. Aimauytov, M. Zhumabaev) were consigned to oblivion. Soviet literature was studied largely in isolation from previous traditions. Other works were evaluated only on thematic grounds, in isolation from their artistic merits.

The specificity of the study lies in a new interpretation of these problems, the promotion of fresh concepts, a fair assessment of the work of many poets and writers, a more complete and holistic display of the truth veiled by previous literature, guided by the principle of evaluating works not by their adaptability to Soviet ideology, as was the case in the past, but by the extent to which they meet the eternal requirements of the art of words, artistry. These requirements are fully consistent with the guidelines of the state program “Kazakhstan-2030” and “Cultural Heritage”.

The structure of the book consists of chapters: “Kazakh literature in the 20-30s”, “Poetry”, “Prose”, “Dramaturgy, “Literary Criticism”, as well as literary portraits of poets and writers: “Zhusipbek Aimautov”, “Magzhan Zhumabaev”, “ Saken Seifullin", "Iliyas Dzhansugurov", "Beimbet Maylin", "Dzhambul Dzhabayev", "Nurpeis Baiganin", "Isa Baizakov". It also includes carefully prepared subsections: "Chronicle of Literary Life" and "A Brief Bibliographic Index of Kazakh Literature 20 -30s".

The introduction examines questions about the conditions that influenced the literary process, the positions of Kazakh writers in relation to the October Revolution, the work of attracting writers to the side of the party, discussions during the construction of writers' organizations, the selection of literary personnel, the congresses of writers held in the thirties, the triumph of the principle partisanship in literature, etc.

In the chapter devoted to the works of S.S. Seifullin and M. Zhumabaev, who outlined different directions of literary development of the 20s, their worldview and principles, typifications, artistic achievements and shortcomings generated by the contradictions of the era are considered. Issues of artistic tradition, artistic knowledge and taste, and aesthetic perception are thoroughly explored here. The content, artistic world, features of the poetic searches of the poems by M. Zhumabaev “Batyr Bayan”, S. Seifullin “Kokshetau”, S. Mukanov “Lushash”, I. Dzhansugurov “Kyushi”, “Kulager”, I. Baizakov “Kuralay slu” are outlined etc.

Issues of accelerated development of prose genres are considered on the basis of the first prose works of such writers as S. Seifullin, M. Auezov, Zh. Aymautov, B. Mailin, S. Mukanov, etc., the great desire to create a novel, the searches of different years, their themes and artistic features. New conclusions have been drawn on the novels of S. Seifullin “The Thorny Path”, Zh. Aimautov “Kartkozha”, “Akbilek”, S. Mukanov “The Lost”, “The Mysterious Banner” (“Botakoz”), their innovative searches and artistic features.

Enough has been said about the evenings of amateur performances of young people, which stimulated the development of performing arts and the birth of dramatic works. It is also said that the founders of the first genres of this kind were Zh. Aimautov, M. Auezov, S. Seifullin. The book analyzes all the plays of this period, such as: Zh. Aimautov’s “Rabiga”, “Careerists”, “Kanapiya-Sharbanu”, M. Auezov’s “Enlik-Kebek”, “Baybishe-tokal”, “Karakoz”, S. Seifullina “On the Path to Happiness”, “Red Falcons”, B. Maylina “Mulla Shanshar”, “School”, “Marriage”, “Glasses”, J. Shanin “Batyr Arkalyk”, K. Kemengerova “Golden Ring”, Zh. Tlepbergenova "Perizat-Ramazan". Attention is paid to the historical conclusion and artistic quality of the first dramatic works related to the development of Kazakh theatrical art. The plays of M. Auezov "Enlik-Kebek", "Aiman-Sholpan", G. Musrepov "Kyz-Zhibek", "Kozy Korpesh-Bayan Slu" and others are also widely represented.

Samples of literary criticism, discussions on the ways of development of literature, different opinions in the assessment of the works of S. Seifullin, M. Zhumabaev, M. Auezov on ways to understand the role of socialist realism, on controversial concepts in the assessment of cultural heritage, etc. received their assessment. example of the works of A. Baitursunov "Literary Guide", M. Auezov "History of Literature", K. Dosmukhamedov "Literature of the Kazakh People" (in Russian), S. Seifullin "Kazakh Literature of the 20th Century", K. Zhumaliev "Theory of Literature", E. Ismailova "Questions in the theory of literature."

The following features are characteristic of all monographic sections: an abundance of materials covering the truth of those years, their specific analysis. On this basis, the creative characteristics of each of the poets and writers and their place in the history of national literature are clarified.

Volume 8 History of Kazakh literature of the 40-60s of the twentieth century

The 8th volume of “History of Kazakh Literature” is dedicated to Kazakh literature of the Soviet period of 1940-1950. It explores the paths of development, changes in genre forms and other aspects of the literary movement in Kazakhstan, starting from the Great Patriotic War (1941) to mid-1950. In this volume, as well as in the previous one, the literature that developed under influenced by the ideology of the Soviet period. The work identifies the features of the creative laboratory and gives a new assessment of the artistry of literary works. In this direction, researchers sought to show achievements and mistakes, as well as the influence of politics on Kazakh literature, which developed in parallel with Russian and world literature. They tried to draw attention to national literary interest and the struggle for independence during this period. All of the above goals and objectives fully coincide with the state programs “Kazakhstan - 2030” and “Cultural Heritage”.

The book consists of the following chapters: “Kazakh literature in the 40-50s”, “Poetry”, “Prose”, “Dramaturgy”, “Literary criticism” and literary portraits of poets and writers: “Mukhtar Auezov”, “Sabit Mukanov”, “ Gabit Musrepov", "Gabiden Mustafin", "Tair Zharokov", "Abdilda Tazhibaev", "Gali Ormanov", "Kasym Amanzholov", "Kalizhan Bekkhozhin". In addition, there are chapters: “Literary connections”, “Literature of the Kazakhs of Mongolia and China”, “Chronicle of literary life”, “Bibliographic index of Kazakh literature of the 40-50s”.

The introduction examines the features of the literary process of that period, the political and social factors that influenced literature. The reflection of the theme of the front and rear during the Great Patriotic War in literature is also considered.

The chapter on poetry examines in detail the lyrics and poems of Kazakh literature. Front-line songs created during the Great Patriotic War (K. Amanzholov, Zh. Sain, A. Sarsenbaev, D. Abilev) and poetry of the peaceful post-war period are analyzed. Poems that enriched Kazakh fiction are discussed here; among them are the works of K. Bekhozhin “Maria - Egor’s Daughter”, K. Ergaliev “Kurmangazy”, G. Kairbekov “Bell in the Steppe”, Zh. Moldagaliev “I am a Kazakh”, M. Alimbayev “My Kazakhstan”, A. Tazhibaev “ Portraits" and others.

The development of the prose genre in the 40-50s is considered; the leading role of the novel is determined. New findings and conclusions are presented on the study of searches and artistic achievements in such works as the second book of the novel “Abai” by M. Auezov, a revised version of the novel “Botagoz” (“Mysterious Flag”) and “Syr-Daria” by S. Mukanov, “Kazakh soldier" and "Awakened Land" by G. Musrepov, "Millionaire" and "Karaganda" by G. Mustafin.

In the chapter “Dramaturgy” based on M. Auezov’s plays “Karakoz”, “Night Motif”, “In the Hour of Trial”, “Amangeldy” (co-authored with G. Musrepov), “Abai” (co-authored with L. Sobolev), plays by G. Musrepov “Kozy-Korpesh and Bayan-Sulu”, “Akan Seri - Aktokty”, S. Mukanov “Chokan Valikhanov”, A. Tazhibaev “Mayra”, “We are Kazakhs!”, “One tree is not a forest” , Sh. Kusainova “Spoiled sissy?”, “Shansharlar”, “Aldar Kose”, it was demonstrated how Kazakh drama rose to the classical level.

The main achievements of national drama in the 40-50s were plays on historical, biographical and legendary-epic themes. Many of them entered the golden fund of national drama and became classic examples of this genre. The development of national theatrical art is closely related to these works.

During this same period, the formation of national literary criticism took place. Folklore studies of previous years by M. Auezov, Kh. Dosmukhamedov, S. Seifullin were systematized by genre. The first volume of “History of Kazakh Literature” (1948), “Essays on the History of Kazakh Soviet Literature” edited by K. Zhumaliev (1949), a monograph on the works of prominent representatives of Kazakh literature, which were an achievement in the field of criticism and literary criticism, were published.

The legacy of S. Seifullin, B. Mailin, I. Zhansugurov took a worthy place in the history of literature and their work became the object of scientific research. Along with E. Ismailov and T. Nurtazin, a new wave of young literary critics, such as A. Nurkatov, S. Kirabaev, Z. Kabdolov, T. Alimkulov, R. Berdibay, M. Bazarbayev, B. Sakhariev, came to literary criticism.

For the first time in the history of Kazakh literature, the literature of Chinese and Mongolian Kazakhs of the 1920-1950s has been studied. A separate chapter examines the stages of formation and development of Chinese and Mongolian Kazakh literature by genre, and talks about the creative laboratories of prominent representatives of different genres.

The following features are characteristic of all monographic sections: an abundance of materials covering the literary process of those years, a specific analysis of works. The creative characteristics and searches of prominent poets and writers of this period, their place in the history of national literature are considered.

Prominent representatives of Kazakh literary scholarship took part in the collective study.

Volume 9 History of Kazakh literature of the 60-80s of the twentieth century

The 9th volume of "History of Kazakh Literature" covers the third and final stage of the development of Kazakh literary art of the Soviet period (1956-1990).

Being a continuation of the literary process studied in volumes 7-8, this period, in comparison with the previous ones, is marked by a number of features. This is primarily due to the changes that took place in the socio-political life of the country after the exposure of Stalin’s personality cult. There was a reassessment of many values, the policy of distrust in man, suspicion of him as a potential enemy, and the policy of economic and political isolation from the rest of the world were sharply criticized. The thaw in the life of the country had a beneficial effect on the development of multinational literature and art. Measures have been taken to correct errors made in party resolutions of 1946-1948. Illegally repressed writers and poets were rehabilitated /S. Seifullin, B. Mailin, I. Dzhansugurov and others/. As a result, the social and creative activity of literary artists increased, who in their new works subjected the inhuman essence of Stalinism to severe condemnation.

The generation of “sixties” took shape and strengthened (K. Myrzaliev, T. Moldagaliev, S. Zhunisov, M. Makataev, A. Kekilbayev, M. Magauin, D. Isabekov, O. Bokeev, etc.). Literature opened up new social conflicts, which truthfully reflected the essence of the era, created images of heroes with uninhibited free thought, clearing themselves of dogmatic distortions that fettered creative searches. In collaboration with front-line writers (Dzh. Moldagaliev, S. Maulenov, T. Akhtanov, A. Nurpeisov), they boldly overcame the frozen norms of socialist realism, striving to depict the milestones of history from new life positions. In poetry, lyricism on topics that were previously not encouraged, or even completely forbidden (about love and nature), gained wide scope; in prose, the opportunity opened up for a deep and comprehensive disclosure of human destinies by means of psychological analysis.

The study summarizes the experience of ideological and aesthetic achievements of Kazakh literature, which have received recognition in the all-Union and world arenas, and its inextricable connection with life. Particular attention is paid to those works of national literature that reflect the eternal dreams of the people about freedom and independence. Their pathos is consonant with the ideas set out in the state programs “Kazakhstan-2030” and “Cultural Heritage”.

The structure of the book consists of reviews by genre: “Literature of the 60-80s”, “Prose”, “Poetry”, “Dramaturgy”, “Criticism and Literary Studies”, as well as creative portraits of writers and poets who distinguished themselves as outstanding in their time achievements such as I. Yesenberlin, Kh. Ergaliev, Zh. Moldagaliev, S. Maulenov, T. Akhtanov, A. Nurpeisov, K. Mukhamedzhanov, G. Kayyrbekov, S. Zhunisov, M. Makataev, K. Myrza-Ali, T .Moldagaliev, A.Kekilbaev, M.Magauin, K.Iskakov, Sh.Murtaza. Materials from these chapters complement the sections: “Literary connections”, “Literature of Mongolia and China”. “Russian-language Kazakh literature”, as well as “Chronicle of literary life of the 60-80s”, “Bibliographic index of Kazakh literature of the 60-80s”.

Based on the analysis of a number of prominent works of literary art, the development trends of the literary process of the 60-80s are determined. Questions about the ways of development of the history of Kazakh literature, especially those that for a long time it was under pressure from the party authorities, censor control, many other problems such as time, society and personality - all these problems are considered in their interrelation and interdependence.

The chapter devoted to the genre of poetry is examined in its two components: lyrics and poem. The study emphasizes the lyricist's efficiency and responsiveness to the advanced ideas of the time, and highlights the features thanks to which her artistic level was raised to a qualitatively new level. It talks about the uneven development of the epic genre, its causes and consequences. A scientific assessment is given and the place of modern Kazakh poetry is determined, meaningful, vibrant poems of poets such as A. Sarsenbaev, G. Kairbekov, T. Zharokov, J. Moldagaliev, S. Zhienbaev, Kh. Ergaliev, A. Shamkenov, T. Abdrakhmanova, M .Shakhanov, K.Myrzaliev, F.Ungarsynova, K.Zhumagaliev.

The development of the prose genre is considered on the basis of the works of prominent writers. Prose is studied according to its main genres: short story, novella, novel (on historical and modern topics). The object of study was the works of T. Alimkulov, O. Bokeev, T. Nurmagambetov, D. Isabekov and other writers who made a significant contribution to the flourishing of the short story genre.

The main features of the genre of the story are defined in the works of G. Musrepov, “Ulpan”, A. Sharipov “The Partisan’s Daughter”, N. Gabdullin

“Kesteli oramal”, B.Sokpakbaeva “Kolgabys”, S.Shaimerdenova “Mezgil”, T.Alimkulova “Kok karshyga”, K.Zhumadilov “Kokeikesti”, M.Magauina “Kara kyz”, T.Nurmagambetova “On tort jasar zhigit” " and etc.

In the chapter “Modern Novel,” works of the sixties and eighties are assessed from the perspective of the present day. Novels on modern themes by T. Akhtanov, Z. Shashkin, K. Zhumadilov, D. Isabekov, D. Doszhanov and others were analyzed. In the process of researching the novel “Khan Kene” by I. Yesenberlin, considered the ancestor of historical novels of recent years, as well as the novels by M. Magauin “Spring Waters”, A. Alimzhanov “Messenger”. S. Smataev’s “Native Side”, A. Kekilbayev’s “Urker”, “Elen-Alan”, K. Zhumadilova’s “Daraboz”, the originality and innovation of their artistic searches are revealed.

The book talks in detail about the achievements of Kazakh drama of the period under review, which, consistently following the best traditions, was enriched with full-fledged works born in the spirit of its time. Plays on historical themes by Sh. Murtaza, O. Bodykov, on contemporary themes by T. Akhtanov, S. Zhunisov were studied. Particular emphasis is placed on the successful, truly innovative breakthroughs of the plays of O. Bokei, D. Isabekov, N. Orazalin, A. Suleimenov, S. Balgabaev, in which creative courage and philosophical depth are observed in the study of social phenomena, the organization of event and conflict vicissitudes, thanks to which it is possible avoid common places, beaten paths.

Criticism and literary criticism developed in full accordance with the requirements of the time. They reflect the movement of the literary process of the period under study; a number of pressing problems in the development of national literature are acutely, fundamentally posed and resolved.

An analysis is given of the life and creative path of poets-writers, whose works have been translated into foreign languages, the distinctive features of the artistic searches of each of the writers, their connections with the traditions of world literature. This made it possible to evaluate the contribution of masters of artistic expression to the national treasury and to determine their place in the history of Kazakh literature.

Prominent representatives of Kazakh literary science took part in the collective research.

Volume 10 History of Kazakh literature of the period of independence

The 10th volume of “History of Kazakh Literature” is devoted to the study of the ways of development of Kazakh verbal art of the late 20th, early 21st centuries /1991-2001/. This period, as can be seen, covers a relatively short period of time - ten years - however, in terms of the level of ideological and artistic renewal, it represents an entire era in the centuries-old history of Kazakh literature. The efforts of the team of authors were aimed, first of all, at determining the nature of this renewal, revealing its patterns that arise in the depths of artistic development under the influence of socio-economic and spiritual transformations of recent years.

The structure of the volume is determined adequately to the specifics of the study. Due to the fact that the circle of artists who have a decisive influence on the ideological and aesthetic direction and style of literature of the period of independence has not yet fully formed, it was decided to refrain for now from creating literary portraits of prominent writers and poets. The main attention is paid to understanding the literary phenomena of the decade according to the system of genre differentiation, the uniqueness of their themes and issues. Hence the title of the chapters: “Prose: novel”, “Tale”, “Story”, “Lyrics”, “Poem”.

As in previous volumes, the book includes sections: “Chronicle of Literary Life”, “Bibliographic Index of Kazakh Literature”, this time covering only one decade - 1991-2001.

The preface and introduction contain reference material regarding the structure of the book, the topics of the chapters and information about their authors, as well as the initial part of the research that guides readers in presenting the initial concepts, explaining the features of the formulation and development of the topic, revealing the significance of the book and its connection with the national program "Cultural Heritage" ".

It also provides a definition of both the ideological and aesthetic originality of the works of the decade, a special period in the development of Kazakh literature, the distinctive feature of which lies primarily in the interpretation of the purpose of art itself. Modern Kazakh literature, all its genres: prose, poetry, drama, criticism and literary criticism, imbued with the spirit of independence and freedom of creativity, have acquired features that together give literature a different look. The most characteristic of its current post-Soviet stage are, in particular, the following components:

rejection of the canons of socialist realism with its harsh tendentiousness, immutable demands for depicting class enmity between different strata of the people, mythologizing utopian ideals that conflict with reality;

deepening the historical and objective approach to the phenomena of life, highlighting the interests of the nation and country;

the emergence of signs of de-ideologization of literature. Tolerance and respect for other people's opinions. Pluralism, which sometimes allows the appearance of works written in line with socialist realism or from the position of postmodernism.

The chapter devoted to the prose of the decade analyzes a large number of novels, novellas and short stories on themes of the past and present. The spiritual and moral results of the decade are especially noticeable in the novels by A. Nurpeisov “The Last Duty”, Z. Kabdulov “My Auezov”, K. Isabaev “Sean Bi”, Sh. Murtaza “Moon and Aisha”, A. Tarazi “Retribution”, K .Segizbayeva “Pass”, B. Mukai “Vain Life”, K. Zhumadilov “Daraboz”, A. Altai “Ballad of Altai”, etc. The essence of the results is in posing the big questions of the time, affecting the life and fate of the nation and often connecting with universal ones . Small genres of prose, a number of novels and short stories, demonstrating their mobility, were actively involved in creating the image of heroes of the new time, in the development of pressing issues raised by market relations.

The book is the first to devote space to individual genres of prose, such as: documentary literature, problems of modern satire, the world of fantasy.

The chapters “Lyrics” and “Poem” reflect the current state of the oldest kind of national literature - poetry. The object of the study was the lyrical works of N. Orazalin, T. Moldagaliev, M. Shakhanov, F. Ungarsynova and many others, whose poems are characterized by the scale of poetic vision, connecting the layers of all the fateful stages of national history, civic tone, richness of spiritual, journalistic, critical intonations. Poems in which the spirit of different eras and the diversity of modern life were figuratively embodied are examined here.

During the period under study, the genre of drama was enriched with national liberation themes.

Two chapters of the volume are devoted to literary criticism and criticism. Their increased activity is noted, especially in eliminating the so-called blank spots in the history of literature. These are works about the life and work of Sh. Kudaiberdiev, M. Zhumabaev, A. Baitursunov, M. Dulatov, Zh. Aymautov. From the perspective of modernity, the works of prominent literary figures of the Soviet era are also considered.

The volume includes the following chapters: “Literature of the peoples of Kazakhstan”, “Literary connections”.