The atlas for Pleshakov’s textbooks covers almost the entire animal world, from small insects to large mammals. The child will learn to identify animals from pictures, remember their names, and learn to divide animals into groups, that is, classify them. The atlas will be an excellent assistant in preparing lessons on the subject of the world around us in grades 1-4 of primary school, especially according to the Perspective and School of Russia program, which are based on Pleshakov’s textbooks, where he often refers to searching for material in the atlas-determinant “From Earth to Sky” ", the workbooks also contain tasks based on the atlas-identifier.

All classifications are very arbitrary, but using them it is easy to find the desired animal and find out its name. Pictures of animals to create the atlas were taken from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia and reference books on zoology.

Atlas-determinant "From earth to sky". Animals

When it comes to animals, everyone first of all remembers four-legged and furred mammals. But they are not the only ones that belong to the animal kingdom. In addition to mammals, it includes a huge variety of other organisms: fish, birds, insects, arachnids, mollusks, starfish, all kinds of worms and centipedes. Man also belongs to the animal kingdom, but is traditionally considered separately.

Unlike plants, most animals can move independently to where they need to go, and therefore are much more difficult to identify using an atlas. If you get scared, he will run away and hide. Therefore, you need to focus all your attention on it, examine and remember the color and size, so that you can later find it using the atlas-identifier.

Invertebrates

Invertebrates are animals without backbones: snails, worms, insects, spiders, crustaceans and millipedes. They are usually not too large. The exceptions are some crabs, tropical centipedes and spiders, which can reach quite large sizes.

Shellfish and worms

Mollusks live in the seas, fresh water bodies and on land. Snails are gastropods with a single shell on top. Gastropod means that the abdomen of the mollusk is its only leg, with the help of which the animal moves. And there are also bivalves, which have two shells and they are tightly adjacent to each other, the mollusk is thus completely protected inside the shells on all sides. But worms and leeches do not have shells, they only have a long soft body.

Arachnids

These are spiders, ticks and scorpions. They all have 8 legs, and the body is covered with a dense chitinous shell.

Crustaceans and centipedes

Crustaceans include crayfish, crabs, cyclops, daphnia, wood lice and the like.

Insects

Insects are also invertebrates. Unlike spiders, they have 6 legs, not 8. Insects include beetles, butterflies, dragonflies, bedbugs and cockroaches, mosquitoes and flies, bees, and grasshoppers.

Beetles

Beetles are insects whose front wings have turned into hard elytra. Hence their scientific name "Coleoptera". Before taking off, the beetle first raises these elytra, and only then flaps its wings.

Large beetles: rhinoceros beetle, stag beetle, marbled beetle, scarab, oak longhorned beetle, large beetle, fringed beetle, large water lover.

The largest beetle living on Earth is lumberjack titan, living in South America. The length of its body (without antennae) can reach 16 cm. Adult beetles have extremely sharp “jaws” - mandibles, which can even break a pencil. Sensing danger, they begin to hiss and try to injure the enemy with their mandibles.

Not too large beetles: May beetle, bronze beetle, fragrant beetle, gray long-whiskered woodcutter, dung beetle, steppe slow beetle, ground beetle.

Small beetles: ladybug, black click beetle, iris beetle, mealworm, leaf beetle, bark beetle, bee moth, weevil, Colorado potato beetle, red predator, soft beetle, large firefly, spinner.

Butterflies

The Russian name “butterfly” comes from the Old Slavonic word “babъka”, which denoted the concept of “old woman” or “grandmother”. In the beliefs of the ancient Slavs, it was believed that these were the souls of the dead, so people treated them with respect. The most remarkable thing about butterflies is their large wings. The pattern of butterfly wings varies from species to species and captivates with its beauty. The appearance and coloring of a butterfly's wings serve not only for beauty, but also act as protective camouflage, allowing it to blend into its surroundings.

Diurnal butterflies are active during the day and sleep at night.

Moths and moths are active at dusk. Moths differ from butterflies in having a plumper and fluffier body. At night, as a rule, it is moths, not butterflies, that are active.

Scoop agrippina or, as it is otherwise called, tisania agrippina is the largest butterfly in the world, the wingspan of which usually reaches 30 cm. The butterfly is nocturnal.

Caterpillars

A caterpillar is the larva of a butterfly, moth or moth. The food of caterpillars is very diverse - from plants to honey and wax.

Dragonflies

Dragonflies are relatively large insects with a movable head, large eyes, short antennae, an elongated slender abdomen and four transparent wings with a dense network of veins. Dragonflies are predators that feed on insects caught in flight.

Grasshoppers and related insects

If you see an insect that jumps quite well and can also chirp, it is most likely a grasshopper or a related insect. Very often, grasshoppers have an appearance and color similar to the appearance and color of the leaves or other parts of the plants on which they live.

Bedbugs

A feature of most bedbugs is their scent glands. The secretions of these glands have a characteristic odor that is unpleasant to humans, which repels enemies.

Bees, wasps, bumblebees and ants

These insects build houses for themselves and live in them in large families. They have 3 pairs of legs and 2 pairs of wings.

Mosquitoes and flies

Mosquitoes are most common in humid climates and remain active during the warmer seasons of the year. They have a thin body, 3 pairs of long thin legs and 1 pair of wings. Flies also have only 2 thin wings and 3 pairs of legs, but the legs are shorter than mosquito legs, large eyes and a plump body.

Common mosquito (squeaker)- a type of mosquito that is found everywhere, overwhelming humans and animals with its intrusiveness. Adult squeak mosquitoes measure 3-8 mm. Only females drink blood, and males feed on nectar. Therefore, females have a long sting on their small heads.

Insects living in houses

Unusual insects

Fish

Fish are vertebrates with gills, fins and scales. They live in water: in seas, oceans, rivers and lakes.

Aquarium fish

In aquariums we usually breed small and beautiful tropical fish from warm seas that live near coral reefs.

Amphibians

Amphibians, or amphibians, are cold-blooded animals adapted to life both in the aquatic environment and on land. Most of them first breathe with gills, and then, in adulthood, switch to pulmonary breathing. Amphibians include frogs and toads, salamanders, newts and caecilians.

Reptile

Reptiles are vertebrates that move primarily by crawling, dragging their belly along the ground. Another name for these animals is reptiles. These include snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and lizards. Their skin is dry, the outside is covered with scales, scutes, and maybe even a shell. Reptiles breathe with their lungs. All reptiles are cold-blooded and depend on the temperature of their environment. They have a spine. A well-formed skeleton and muscles provide excellent mobility.

Common viper- poisonous snake. Lives in forests, wet lowlands, along river banks, near swamps and lakes. They know how to swim. The length of the snake can reach almost 1 meter, but snakes no larger than 60-70 cm are more common. They feed on mice, lizards, frogs and small birds. Vipers can range in color from black to gray or brown with a dark diamond pattern on their backs. When you see a viper in nature, you need to stop and slowly start moving back, facing the snake. If you frighten the viper by shouting or touching it, it will attack and bite. If you are bitten by a snake, you need immediate medical attention.

Already ordinary not dangerous to humans. It can live in the same places where the viper lives, but is more often found along the banks of water bodies. Dimensions, like those of the viper, are up to 1 meter in length. They differ in the shape of their head: the snake’s is oval, the viper’s is like a triangle with rounded edges. It’s black, but there are 2 yellow-orange spots on the sides of the head, which make it possible to distinguish this snake from other snakes. It swims well under water and on its surface. Snakes feed mainly on frogs.

Birds

Birds are feathered vertebrates. All birds have wings, but not all can fly. Birds lay eggs from which chicks hatch.

Some bird species do not fly far from their habitat, while others - migratory birds - fly long distances in spring and autumn. They winter in warm countries, and in the summer they fly north, to where there is more food and the opportunity to feed the chicks.
They don't fly away from us: sparrows, tits, bullfinches, jays, nuthatch, jackdaws, pigeons, crows, magpies, woodpeckers.
Migratory birds: swallow, swift, wagtail, starling, lark, redstart, rook, cuckoo, sandpiper, thrush, crane, swan, duck, heron, wild geese.

Birds of our ponds

Predator birds

Birds of the living corner

Mammals

Mammals feed their babies with milk, hence the scientific name.

Rodents

Rodents are the largest order of mammals, which includes mice, rats, hamsters, squirrels, porcupines, beavers and many other animals. They have a similar body structure and teeth. The teeth are adapted for processing solid plant foods, but some of them also feed on small animals. Rodents are small, sometimes medium-sized animals. The largest representative is the capybara, or capybara, which lives in South America. The capybara's body length reaches one and a half meters, and its weight is 60 kg. The smallest animal is the tiny mouse. Its length is less than 5 cm.

Ungulates

Ungulates are combined into one group based on the presence of hooves. And some of them also have horns. All ungulates are herbivores. They only eat plants, while deer eat lichens in addition to plants.

Beasts of Prey

Everyone knows such predatory animals as the wolf and the fox, but there are also predators in our forests. These are the ferret, marten, weasel, ermine and otter. Their food is other animals.

Various animals

There are many different strange animals, for example fruit bats. These are not birds, but they fly well. Their forelimbs are very similar to wings without feathers. Other animals have their own interesting features, for example the ability to live underground or change color depending on the time of year. And some even have spines instead of fur, like hedgehogs and porcupines. Hares feed exclusively on plant foods, while bats, moles, hedgehogs and shrews are not averse to eating insects and worms.

Dogs

We won't ignore pets either. Man not only tamed them, but also bred different breeds. For example - dogs. Strong, large, hardy dogs are service dogs. They help the police and military in their service. Hunting dogs are adapted to catching game and accompany the owner on the hunt. Decorative breeds of dogs decorate a house or apartment.

Animals of the living corner

Little favorites are decorative hamsters, white mice and guinea pigs. The world's smallest hamster is Roborovsky's hamster. Its dimensions do not exceed 6 cm.

Learning to identify animals When people talk about animals, many people imagine animals. But animals are not only animals. These are also birds, fish, insects, shellfish, and worms. You will find many of them in our atlas. In the pictures of the atlas, many large animals are reduced in size, while small ones, on the contrary, are enlarged so that you can see them better. In many cases, dimensions are indicated in centimeters or millimeters.

Learning to identify animals

When people talk about animals, many people imagine animals.

But animals are not only animals.

These are also birds, fish, insects, shellfish, and worms.

You will find many of them in our atlas. In the pictures of the atlas, many large animals are reduced in size, while small ones, on the contrary, are enlarged so that you can see them better. In many cases, dimensions are indicated in centimeters or millimeters.

Pay attention to what exactly is indicated: body length (in many animals), wingspan (in insects and birds), shell height or width (in mollusks).

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When we say rocks, we mean minerals and rocks. Minerals are solid natural substances, minerals are an integral part of rocks. Stones have helped people out since ancient times. They were used to build homes, tools, and even make weapons in the Stone Age. Some rocks are used as fuel; jewelry was and is still being made from semi-precious and precious stones. It’s not for nothing that children begin to study the topic “minerals and rocks” in the first grade, and then repeat and consolidate them in the second, third, and fourth. An atlas-identifier like Pleshakov’s atlas will help you decide in the world of stones. It contains drawings by which the stone can be easily identified and its name found. And you will also learn a lot about some of them.

Some minerals form crystals in nature - these are figures with smooth edges, some form inclusions in rock, and others can be found in nature in the form of large stones.

Gems

People call bright, beautiful stones gems. They are used to make jewelry and crafts. Some minerals are so scarce in nature and so difficult to obtain, which is why products made from them are very expensive, these are precious (or jewelry) stones. Those that are more common are semi-precious (topaz, malachite, opal, amethyst). Even more often - ornamental, they are used to make figurines, boxes, souvenirs (agate, jasper, selenite, onyx).

There are not so many precious stones, for example, diamond, sapphire, ruby, emerald. The stones are polished, applying edges to them, and this makes the natural piece of mineral much more beautiful. A cut diamond is called a diamond.

But stones are good for more than just jewelry. Glass cutting tools are made from waste from diamond processing, which is known to be the hardest mineral. Previously, rubies were used in the production of lasers, but now they have been replaced by artificial rubies.

A beautiful slightly bluish or bright blue mineral with dark veins.

Malachite- a bright green mineral with a beautiful dark pattern. Previously, it was mined in large quantities in the Urals, in the mountains. Bazhov’s tales glorify the work of craftsmen processing Ural malachite. Malachite was used to make jewelry, boxes, and even vases and figurines.

Amber- This is petrified tree resin. It retains its yellow-orange color and transparency. Sometimes in amber you find various insects that got stuck in the resin many years ago.

Coral- this is the skeleton of sea inhabitants, coral polyps. Corals look like petrified, porous tree branches, ranging in color from yellowish to red and even black. Coral is used to make jewelry.

Pearl- it is not a mineral or a rock, although it looks like a round pebble. Pearls are produced by seashells - bivalve mollusks. Each pearl is covered with a layer of mother-of-pearl, it is smooth and shiny. There are white, pink and black pearls.

Stones are also used in construction as building materials (limestone, sandstone) and finishing materials (granite, marble).

Other minerals and rocks

These stones are collectively called minerals. Some of them are minerals, some are rocks, and some were formed from lava foam or plant remains.

Rock salt (mineral halite). If you clean this mineral from impurities, you get ordinary table salt that we eat. And in nature it is found in the form of huge crystalline blocks. Halite is very brittle and easily dissolves in water.

The mineral is one of the most common on the earth's surface. The color of the stone ranges from yellowish, greenish to brown.

A mineral that forms beautiful oblong crystals. If the crystals are transparent, it is popularly called rock crystal. If they are also colored purple, it is an amethyst. If white - milky quartz. There are many other types of quartz. They are used to make souvenirs and decorations. Quartz is part of granite.

Layered and shiny mineral. It is part of granite and gives it shine.

A rock consisting of grains of sand cemented by clay or other material. Sandstone can be of different colors, but the predominant color is grey, yellowish-gray or white, and less commonly reddish. It is often used in construction and site design.

Since ancient times, this mineral has been widely used in flints - devices for making fire. In this regard, one of the elements of flint began to be called flint, although today hardened steel is used instead of the mineral. Flint, moreover, easily splits into sharp fragments, which is why primitive people previously used it to make tools and sharp hunting weapons.

This is fossilized lava, porous volcanic glass, formed as a result of the release of gases during the rapid solidification of hot lava. She doesn't drown in water. Pumice is used for hygienic cleaning of heels from dry skin and you can find it in your bathroom.

This is a rock that consists of quartz, feldspar and mica. The color of granite depends on the ratio of minerals. Reddish, brownish, greenish or reddish inclusions in granite are pieces of feldspar, dark and shiny are mica, white translucent are quartz. The stone seems to be granular, and grain in Latin sounds like “granum”, hence the name of the rock - granite. The stone is hard and durable.

Limestone - Chalk - Marble.

The basis of limestone is the remains (shells, shells, skeletons) of mollusks and other ancient inhabitants of the seas. Over the years, they have been crushed and compressed underground. But the rock is still not strong and is washed away by water. Limestone is used as a building stone. Limestone, in which shells of marine animals and their fragments are visible, is called shell rock.

A special form of limestone is chalk. It is formed by very small organic particles left over from dead marine life. Chalk is fragile and crumbles easily. There are entire chalk islands that seem to have grown out of the sea.

Marble is hardened limestone. It, like limestone, consists of calcite, but also contains impurities. The color of marble depends on these impurities - these are stripes of different shades and curved lines. After polishing, a beautiful pattern appears on the surface of marble, and therefore it is often used for decorative finishing of rooms and buildings.

Peat - Brown coal - Hard coal - Anthracite.

Peat consists of decomposed plants that grow in bogs. Its main component is sphagnum moss. Peat is actively used as fuel, as a fertilizer, and even as a filter for wastewater treatment plants.

Over time, the peat compacts and turns into brown coal.

And if it remains underground for many years, it will become coal. The coal deposits that people mine today were formed from plants that lived on the earth millions of years ago. This is a very long process. Coal is used as fuel.

Over time, hard coal becomes anthracite. On anthracite rocks you can sometimes even see imprints of ancient plants - giant ferns. From such plants all the anthracite now existing in the world was obtained.

The main source of iron. It is usually black, slightly shiny, turns red over time, very hard, and attracts metal objects.

If we talk about minerals, we cannot fail to mention oil, although it is not a stone, a mineral, or a rock. Oil is a mineral substance, a viscous dark-colored liquid with the smell of gasoline, flammable. Oil was formed from the decay products of small animal and plant organisms (plankton) that lived millions of years ago. It is mined from the very depths of the Earth. Used to produce fuel, lubricants, and plastics.

Video about beautiful stones from the gem museum:

From earth to sky. Atlas-determinant. Pleshakov A.A.

5- ed. - M.: 20 18 - 224 p. 13th ed. - M.: 20 12 - 224s.

The book is an original atlas-identifier, first developed specifically for primary schools. It will help the student learn to recognize the natural objects around him, learn the names of the most remarkable plants, animals, mushrooms, stones, and constellations. The atlas can be used in lessons and in extracurricular activities, for joint activities between a child and an adult in the family. The book will become a constant companion for a primary school student during excursions, walks with parents, and summer holidays.

Format: pdf(2018, 5th ed., 224 pp.)

Size: 42 MB

Watch, download:drive.google

Format: pdf(2012, 13th ed., 224 pp.)

Size: 44.2 MB

Watch, download:drive.google

CONTENT
What are their names! 3
STONES 5
LEARNING TO IDENTIFY STONES 6
Flint, pumice, sandstone, salt 8
Granite and its components 10
Peat and coal 12
Limestone with his family 14
Stones used to make jewelry 16
Alphabetical index of stones 18
PLANTS 19
LEARNING TO IDENTIFY PLANTS 20
Houseplants 22
Aquarium plants 32
Flower garden plants 34
Herbaceous plants of open areas 44
Herbaceous plants of the forest 62
Herbaceous plants of ponds and wet places 70
Ferns, mosses and horsetails 78
Mosses 80
Coniferous trees and shrubs 82
Deciduous trees and shrubs 84
Shrubs and shrubs with edible fruits 88
Shrubs with inedible fruits 92
Ornamental shrubs 94
Alphabetical index of plants 96
MUSHROOMS AND LICHENS 99
LEARNING TO IDENTIFY MUSHROOMS AND LICHENS 100
Porcini mushroom, champignon and chanterelles 102
Boletus, boletus and others 104
Honey mushrooms and russula 106
Mushrooms with milky juice and valui 108
Fancy Mushrooms 110
Fly agarics and toadstools 112
Gall mushroom and others 114
Lichens 116
Alphabetical index of fungi and lichens 118
ANIMALS 119
LEARNING TO IDENTIFY ANIMALS 120
From snail to worm.122
Spiders and their relatives 124
Crustaceans and centipedes 126
Insects 128
Fishes of our waters 160
Aquarium fish 164
Amphibians 168
Reptiles 170
Birds 172
Animals 192
Alphabetical index of animals 206
STARS 209
LEARNING TO IDENTIFY STARS 210
Northern sky 212
Southern part of the sky in summer and autumn 214
Southern sky in winter 216
Southern sky in spring 220
Alphabetical index of stars and constellations 222

When we meet a person, the first thing we do is find out what his name is. Each of us has a name. There are names - names - for everything that surrounds us in nature. And therefore, acquaintance with any plant, animal, stone or constellation should begin with the question: “What is your name?”
But you can’t just ask them that! Not a flower, not a butterfly, not a star... That is, you can ask, of course, but they won’t answer, they’ll remain silent. How can you make friends with them without knowing their names? How can you find out more about them if you don’t even know their name?
And here the atlas-identifier will come to the rescue. He will tell you what their name is. And it will tell you what you first need to know about this plant or animal, constellation or stone. He will become your assistant in class and on school excursions, at home and while walking with your parents, at the dacha and on a hiking trip... Wherever you communicate with the natural world.

Click the button above “Buy a paper book” You can buy this book with delivery throughout Russia and similar books at the best price in paper form on the websites of the official online stores Labyrinth, Ozon, Bukvoed, Read-Gorod, Litres, My-shop, Book24, Books.ru.

By clicking the “Buy and download e-book” button, you can buy this book in electronic form in the official liters online store, and then download it on the liters website.

By clicking the “Find similar materials on other sites” button, you can search for similar materials on other sites.

On the buttons above you can buy the book in official online stores Labirint, Ozon and others. Also you can search related and similar materials on other sites.

The book is an original atlas-identifier, first developed specifically for elementary school, which will allow the student to understand the diversity of natural objects around him, learn the names of the most remarkable trees, herbs, insects, birds, stones underfoot, constellations in the sky and much more. Atlas will become a child's constant companion during school excursions, lessons, walks with parents, and summer holidays.

LEARNING TO IDENTIFY STONES.
Do we always look carefully at our feet? Not only to avoid tripping and falling. And in order to find, lift and examine one of the wonders of nature - a stone.

Stones are the children of the Earth itself. Our planet, folded and built mainly from hard rocks, gives us either a variegated piece of granite, or yellow-brown flint, or a black transparent plate of mica... Hold it. Admire it. Each stone is beautiful in its own way, each is interesting.

When we say “rocks,” we mean a variety of minerals and rocks. Minerals are natural substances. And rocks are natural compounds of minerals.

Many minerals are in the form of crystals. These are solid bodies with a very strict arrangement of the invisible particles that make them up. Therefore, crystals have the correct shape, smooth edges and are always very beautiful.

Stones have played a huge role in people's lives since ancient times. In the history of mankind there was even a Stone Age - a time when our ancestors made almost everything from stone: tools of labor and hunting, household items.

CONTENT
What are their names? 3
STONES 5
LEARNING TO IDENTIFY STONES 6
Flint, pumice, sandstone, salt 8
Granite and its components
Peat and coal 12
Limestone with his family 14
Stones used to make jewelry 16
Alphabetical index of stones 18
PLANTS 19
LEARNING TO IDENTIFY PLANTS 20
Houseplants 22
Aquarium plants 32
Flower garden plants 34
Herbaceous plants of open areas 44
Herbaceous plants of the forest 62
Herbaceous plants of ponds and wet places 70
Ferns, mosses and horsetails 78
Mosses 80
Coniferous trees and shrubs 82
Deciduous trees and shrubs 84
Shrubs and shrubs with edible fruits 88
Shrubs with inedible fruits 92
Ornamental shrubs 94
Alphabetical index of plants 96
MUSHROOMS AND LICHENS 99
LEARNING TO IDENTIFY MUSHROOMS AND LICHENS 100
Porcini mushroom, champignon and chanterelles 102
Boletus, boletus and others 104
Honey mushrooms and russula 106
Mushrooms with milky juice and valui 108
Fancy Mushrooms 110
Fly agarics and toadstools 112
Gall mushroom and others 114
Lichens 116
Alphabetical index of fungi and lichens 118
ANIMALS 119
LEARNING TO IDENTIFY ANIMALS 120
From snail to worm 122
Spiders and their relatives 124
Crustaceans and centipedes 126
Insects 128
Fishes of our reservoirs 160
Aquarium fish 164
Amphibians 168
Reptiles 170
Birds 172
Animals 190
Alphabetical index of animals 204
STARS 207
LEARNING TO IDENTIFY STARS 208
Northern sky 210
Southern part of the sky in summer and autumn 212
Southern sky in winter 214
Southern sky in spring 218
Alphabetical index of stars and constellations 220.