"FATHER" OF THE SYMPHONY JOSEPH HAYDN

This composer created with the hope that his works would help people become at least a little happier and serve as a source of cheerfulness and inspiration. With such thoughts, he began his favorite pastime.

Joseph Haydn became the “father” of the symphony, a pioneer of other musical genres, he first wrote in German secular oratorios, and his masses became the pinnacle of Viennese classical school.

The carriage maker's son

No one could have imagined that the son of a carriage maker from Austria would achieve such honors. Joseph Haydn was born on March 31, 1732 in the small Austrian village of Rohrau.

His father had no music education, but independently mastered playing the harp, the composer Joseph Haydn, who was not indifferent to music, was also the mother of the future composer. WITH early childhood Joseph's parents discovered that Joseph had good vocal abilities and hearing.

Already at the age of five, he loudly sang along with his father, and then learned to play the violin and clavier and came to the church choir to perform masses.

The far-sighted father sent young Joseph to a neighboring town to his relative Johann Matthias Frank, the rector of the school. He taught children not only grammar and mathematics, but also gave them lessons in singing and playing the violin.

There, Haydn mastered string and wind instruments and learned to play the timpani, retaining his gratitude to his teacher throughout his life.

Hard work, perseverance and a naturally beautiful treble made young Joseph famous in the city. One day, the Viennese composer Georg von Reuter came there to select young singers for his choir.

Joseph Haydn impressed him and at the age of 8 he joined the choir of the largest cathedral in Vienna. For eight years, young Haydn learned the art of singing, the subtleties of composition, and even tried to compose sacred works for several voices.

Heavy bread

composer Joseph Haydn

At the same time, the young man never became discouraged and did not lose his desire to comprehend everything new. He took lessons from the composer Nicolo Porpora, and paid him by accompanying his young students.

Haydn studied books on composition and analyzed keyboard sonatas, until late at night diligently composed music of various genres. And in 1951, in one of the suburban Viennese theaters staged a singspiel by Haydn called “The Lame Demon.”

In 1755 he produced his first string quartet, and four years later his first symphony. These genres in the future will become the most important in the entire work of the composer.

The Strange Union of Joseph Haydn

28-year-old Joseph had tender feelings for the youngest daughter of the court hairdresser, and she, unexpectedly for everyone, went to a monastery.

Then Haydn, either in revenge or for some other reasons, married her sister Maria Keller, who was 4 years older than Joseph. Their family union was not happy.

The composer's wife was grumpy and wasteful; she did not at all appreciate her husband's talent; she folded his manuscripts into paper curlers or used them instead of baking paper.

But, to my surprise, they family life in the absence of love, desired children and home comfort lasted about 40 years.

In the service of the prince

The prince and his relatives lived in Vienna only in the winter, and spent the rest of the time at his residence in the town of Eisenstadt or at his estate in Esterhazy. Therefore, Joseph had to leave the capital for 6 years.

composer Franz Haydn

When Prince Paul died, his brother Nikolaus expanded the chapel to 16 people. IN family estate There were two theaters: one was intended for the performance of operas and dramas, and the second for puppet shows.

Of course, Haydn's position was highly dependent, but for that time it was considered completely natural. The composer valued his now comfortable life and always remembered his youthful years of need. Sometimes he was overcome by melancholy and a desire to throw off these shackles.

According to the contract, Joseph Haydn was obliged to compose those works that the prince wished. The composer had no right to show them to anyone, make copies or write for someone else. He had to be with Esterhazy all the time. Because of this, Joseph Haydn was never able to visit his homeland. classical music in Italy.

But such a life also had a second side. Haydn did not experience material or everyday difficulties, so he could calmly engage in creativity. The entire orchestra was at his complete disposal, thanks to which the composer had an excellent opportunity to experiment and perform his works at almost any time.

Late love

The young Neapolitan singer Luigia Polzelli charmed Haydn. Josef, passionately in love, achieved an extension of the contract with her, simplified the vocal parts especially for her, perfectly understanding her capabilities.

But Luigia did not bring him real happiness - she was too selfish. Therefore, even after the death of his wife, Haydn wisely did not marry her and even in the last version of his will he reduced the amount initially allotted to her by half, noting that there were more needy people.

Fame and male friendship

His works began to be published in Naples and London, and the rival entrepreneurs of the Foggy composer Joseph Haydn Albion invited him on tour. The most amazing event was the performance of two symphonies by Joseph Haydn in New York.

At the same time, the life of the great composer was illuminated by his friendship with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. It should be noted that their relationship was never marred by the slightest rivalry or envy.

Mozart claimed that it was from Joseph that he first learned how to create string quartets, so he dedicated several works to “Papa Haydn.” Joseph himself considered Wolfgang Amadeus the greatest of contemporary composers.

Pan-European triumph

The chapel itself was dissolved by the prince's descendants, and the composer left for Vienna. In 1791 he was invited to go on tour to England. The terms of the contract included the creation of six symphonies and their performance in London, as well as the writing of an opera and twenty other works.

Haydn was given one of the best orchestras at his disposal, which employed 40 musicians. The year and a half spent in London became triumphant for Joseph.

composer Joseph Haydn

The second English tour was no less successful and turned out to be the pinnacle of creativity for him. During these two trips to England, the composer composed almost 280 works and became a Doctor of Music at Oxford University, the oldest educational institution England.

The king even invited the composer to stay in London, but he refused and returned to his native Austria.

By that time, the first lifetime monument to him had been erected in his homeland near the village of Rohrau, and an evening was organized in the capital at which Haydn’s new symphonies and a piano concert performed by the maestro’s student, Beethoven, were performed.

They first met in Bonn when Haydn was traveling to London. The lessons were tense at first, but Wolfgang always treated the elderly composer with the greatest respect, and then dedicated piano sonatas to him.

In recent years, Joseph Haydn became interested in choral music. This interest arose after visiting a grand festival in honor of George Frideric Handel, organized at Westminster Cathedral.

Haydn then created several masses, as well as the oratorios “The Seasons” and “The Creation of the World.” The composer's 76th birthday was celebrated with a performance of the latter at the University of Vienna.

Musical protest

composer Joseph Haydn

After the capitulation of the city, Napoleon gave the order to place a sentry near Haydn’s house so that no one would disturb the dying man. There is still a legend in Vienna that the weakened composer played the Austrian anthem almost every day in protest against the French invaders.

Joseph Haydn passed away on May 31 of the same year. A few years later, the descendants of Prince Esterhazy decided to rebury the maestro in the church of the city of Eisenstadt. When the coffin was opened, a skull was not found under the preserved wig.

It turned out that Haydn’s friends secretly removed it before burial. Until 1954, the skull was in the museum of the Vienna Society of Music Lovers and only in the middle of the 20th century was it connected with the remains.

DATA

One day they turned to Haydn so that he voiced to the prince their desire to see their relatives. The maestro figured out how to do this. The guests came to listen to his new symphony.

Candles were lit on music stands and sheet music was open. After the first sounds, the horn player played part of his part, put down the instrument, put out the candle and left.

The moment came when the last sound died down and all the lights went out.

The prince understood Haydn's original hint and gave the musicians the opportunity to take a break from continuous service.

For most of his life, Joseph Haydn suffered from nasal polyps. One day, his surgeon friend suggested removing them and saving the composer from suffering.

He initially agreed, went into the operating room, saw several healthy orderlies who were supposed to hold the maestro, and was so scared that he ran out of the room screaming, leaving him with polyps.

Gen 4:20 ...he was father living in tents with flocks...
Gen 4:21 ...he was father all those playing the harp and flute...
Gen 9:18 ...And he was a boor father Canaan...
Gen 9:22 ...And Ham saw father Canaan, the nakedness of his father...
Gen 19:31 ...And the elder said to the younger: father our old...
Gen 19:37 ...He father The Moabites to this day...
Gen 19:38 ...He father The Ammonites to this day...
Gen 22:7 ...and said: father my!..
Gen 26:18 ...which [Abraham] called them father his...
Gen 27:6 ...behold, I heard how father your said to your brother Esau:...
Gen 27:12 ...perhaps he will feel me father my,..
Gen 27:14 ...and his mother made food that he loved father his...
Gen 27:18 ...He went in to his father and said: father my!..
Gen 27:26 ...Isaac, father him, said to him: come [to me]...
Gen 27:31 ...and he said to his father, Arise, father my,..
Gen 27:32 ...And Isaac, father him, said to him: who are you?..
Gen 27:34 ...and he said to his father: father my! bless me too...
Gen 27:38 ...is it really, father my, one blessing you have?..
Gen 27:38 ...bless me also, father my!..
Gen 27:39 ...And Isaac answered, father him, and said to him, Behold...
Gen 27:41 ...with which he blessed him father his;..
Gen 31:7 ...a father yours deceived me and changed my reward ten times;...
Gen 34:6 ...And Hamor went out, father Shechem, to Jacob, talk to him...
Gen 35:18 ...But father he called him Benjamin...
Gen 36:43 ...Behold Esau, father Idumeev...
Gen 37:4 ...that father He loves them more than all his brothers...
Gen 37:10 ...and he rebuked him father his...
Gen 37:11 ...His brothers were angry with him, and father he noticed this word...
Gen 37:35 ...So he mourned him father his...
Gen 42:35 ...And they saw the bundles of their silver, and they father them and got scared...
Gen 42:36 ...And Jacob said to them, father them: you deprived me of children:..
Gen 43:2 ...then father them said to them: Go again, buy us some food...
Gen 43:7 ...saying, Is he still alive? father your? do you have a brother?..
Gen 43:11 ...Israel, father their,..
Gen 43:27 ...and said, Are you well? father your elder you were talking about?..
Gen 43:28 ...They said, Thy servant is well, father our;..
Gen 44:19 ...saying, Have you father or brother?..
Gen 44:20 ...what we have father elderly...
Gen 44:20 ...and he was left alone from his mother, and father loves him...
Gen 44:25 ...And he said father ours: go again, buy us some food...
Gen 44:27 ...And your servant said to us, father our:..
Gen 45:3 ...is he still alive? father my?..
Gen 47:1 ...and said: father mine and my brothers...
Gen 47:5 ... father yours and your brothers have come to you;...
Gen 48:1 ...After this they said to Joseph, Behold, father yours is sick...
Gen 48:17 ...that father put it down right hand his on the head of Ephraim;...
Gen 48:18 ...and Joseph said to his father, It is not so, father my,..
Gen 48:19 ...But father didn't agree...
Gen 49:28 ...and this is what he said to them father their;..
Gen 50:5 ... father mine cursed me, saying: behold, I am dying;...
Gen 50:15 ...And Joseph's brothers saw that he had died father their,..
Gen 50:16 ... father before your death you bequeathed, saying:...
Exodus 22:17 ...what if father will not agree [and will not want] to marry her to him...
Numbers 12:14 ...if only father spat in her face...
Numbers 27:3 ... father ours died in the desert, and he was not among the accomplices...
Numbers 30:5 ...and he will hear father her vow and pledge...
Numbers 30:5 ...and will remain silent about it father her, then all her vows will come true...
Numbers 30:6 ...if father Hearing her, he will forbid her...
Numbers 30:6 ...and the Lord will forgive her, because he forbade her father her...
Deut 21:19 ...then father let him and his mother take him...
Deut 22:15 ...then father the young woman and her mother...
Deut 22:16 ...and father the young women will say to the elders:...
Deuteronomy 26:5 ... father mine was a wandering Aramean...
Deuteronomy 32:6 ...isn't He Father is yours, Which got you...
Joshua 24:2 ... Terah, father Abraham and father Nahora,..
Judges 9:17 ...For you father mine fought, did not value his life...
Judges 11:36 ...She said to him: father my!..
Judges 14:3 ... Father and his mother said to him, “Are there no women...
Judges 14:4 ... Father he and his mother did not know that this was from the Lord...
Judges 14:10 ...And he came father him to a woman...
Judges 15:1... father she didn’t let him in...
Judges 15:2 ...And he said father her: I thought you hated her...
Judges 19:4... Father this young woman, seeing him, greeted him with joy...
Judges 19:4 ...and his father-in-law restrained him, father young woman...
Judges 19:5 ...And he said father young woman to her son-in-law:...
Judges 19:6 ...And he said father young woman to that person:..
Judges 19:8 ...And he said father that young woman:..
Judges 19:9 ...And his father-in-law said to him, father young woman:..
Ruth 4:17 ...He father Jesse, father of David...
1 Samuel 9:5 ...so that father mine, leaving the donkeys, did not worry about us...
1 Samuel 10:2 ...and behold father yours, forgetting about the donkeys, is worried about you...
1 Samuel 10:12 ...And one of those who were there answered and said, But those who father?..
1 Samuel 14:27 ...But Jonathan did not hear when father the people conjured him...
1 Samuel 14:28 ...saying: father your people have cursed...
1 Samuel 14:29 ...And Jonathan said, I have troubled father my land;..
1 Samuel 14:51 ...Kis, father Saulov, and Nir, father Avenira,..
1 Samuel 19:2 ...saying: father my Saul seeks to kill you;...
1 Samuel 20:2 ...behold, father mine does neither big nor small things...
1 Samuel 20:3 ...David swore and said: father yours knows well..
1 Samuel 20:6 ...If father yours asks about me, you say:..
1 Samuel 20:10 ...if father will yours answer you harshly?..
1 Samuel 20:13 ...If father mine is plotting to do you harm...
1 Samuel 20:33 ...And Jonathan realized that father he decided to kill David...
1 Samuel 20:34 ...because I grieved for David and because I offended him father his...
1 Samuel 22:3 ...let father mine and my mother will stay with you...
1 Samuel 23:17 ...and Saul, father my, knows this...
1 Samuel 24:12 ... Father my!..
2 Samuel 10:2 ...for the good deed he showed me father his...
2 Samuel 13:5 ...and when father yours will come to visit you:..
2 Samuel 17:8 ...and father yours is a warlike man;..
2 Samuel 17:10 ...for all Israel knows how brave father is yours...
1 Kings 1:6 ... Father I never bothered him with a question:..
1 Kings 2:26 ...and endured all that he endured father my...
1 Kings 3:14 ...as he walked father your David...
1 Kings 5:3 ...you know that David, father my,..
1 Kings 7:14 ... Father his Tyrian was a coppersmith;...
1 Kings 9:4 ...as he walked father your David...
1 Kings 11:6 ...and did not completely follow the Lord, like David, father his...
1 Kings 12:4 ... father yours has placed a heavy yoke on us...
1 Kings 12:9 ...and said, Lighten the yoke that you have put on us father is yours?..
1 Kings 12:10 ... father Yours has placed a heavy yoke on us, but you lighten us;...
1 Kings 12:11 ...so if father mine burdened you with a heavy yoke...
1 Kings 12:11 ... father mine punished you with whips...
1 Kings 12:14 ...and said: father
1 Kings 12:14 ... father mine punished you with whips...
1 Kings 13:12 ...And he asked them father them: which way did he go?..
1 Kings 15:11 ...like David, father his...
1 Kings 20:34 ...which mine took father from your father, I will return...
1 Kings 20:34 ...as father mine was in Samaria...
1 Kings 22:53 ...all that I did father his...
2 Kings 2:12 ...Elisha looked and exclaimed: father my, father my,..
2 Kings 3:2 ...though not in the same way father him and his mother:..
2 Kings 3:2 ...he took down the statue of Baal that he had made father his;..
2 Kings 5:13 ...And his servants came and spoke to him, and said: father my,..
2 Kings 6:21 ...shall we beat them up? father my?..
2 Kings 13:14 ... father my! father my! the chariot of Israel and his cavalry!..
2 Kings 14:3 ...but not as father his David:..
2 Kings 14:3 ...he did in everything as father his Joash...
2 Kings 15:3 ...in every way just as Amaziah did, father his...
2 Kings 15:34 ...in every way, just as Uzziah did, father him, so did he...
2 Kings 16:2 ...like David, father his,..
2 Kings 18:3 ...in everything just as David did, father his;..
2 Kings 21:3 ...And he built again the high places which he had destroyed father his Hezekiah...
2 Kings 21:20 ...as Manasseh did, father his;..
2 Kings 21:21 ...and he walked exactly in the same way that he had walked father his,..
2 Kings 21:21 ...and served the idols which he served father him, and worshiped them...
2 Kings 24:9 ...in everything just as he did father his...
1 Chronicles 2:17 ... father and Amasa - Jether, the Ishmaelite...
1 Chronicles 2:42 ...he father Zifa;..
1 Chronicles 2:45 ...and Maon - father Beth-Tzura...
1 Chronicles 2:50 ... Shobal, father Kiriath-Jearim;..
1 Chronicles 2:51 ...Salma, father Bethlehem;..
1 Chronicles 2:51 ...Haref, father Befgadera...
1 Chronicles 4:4 ...Penuel, father Gedora and Ezer, father Husha...
1 Chronicles 4:11 ...he is father Ashtona...
1 Chronicles 4:21 ...Ir. father Lehi and Laeda, father Mareshi,..
1 Chronicles 7:22 ...And Ephraim wept for them, father them, many days...
1 Chronicles 7:31 ...He father Birzaifa...
1 Chronicles 8:29 ...In Gibeon lived: [Jel.] father Gibeonites -..
1 Chronicles 9:35 ...In Gibeon lived: father Gibeonite Jeel, -..
1 Chronicles 19:2 ...for the good deed which father he gave it to me...
1 Chronicles 26:10 ...though he was not the firstborn, yet father he was put in charge;...
2 Chronicles 2:7 ...which David prepared, father my...
2 Chronicles 2:14 ...son one women from the daughters of Dan, and father his Tyrian, -..
2 Chronicles 7:17 ...as David walked, father is yours,..
2 Chronicles 10:4 ... father yours has placed a heavy yoke on us;...
2 Chronicles 10:9 ...lighten the yoke you have put on us father is yours?..
2Par 10:10 ... father yours has placed a heavy yoke on us, but you lighten us, -..
2 Chronicles 10:11 ... Father mine has placed a heavy yoke on you...
2 Chronicles 10:11 ... father
2 Chronicles 10:14 ... father mine has placed a heavy yoke on you...
2 Chronicles 10:14 ... father mine punished you with whips, and I [will beat you] with scorpions...
2 Chronicles 17:2 ...and through the cities of Ephraim, which Asa took possession of, father his...
2 Chronicles 21:3 ...And he gave them father their big gifts...
2 Chronicles 24:22 ...as Jehoiada did to him, father his,..
2 Chronicles 26:4 ...just as Amaziah did, father his;..
2 Chronicles 27:2 ...just as Uzziah did, father his,..
2 Chronicles 28:1 ...as did David, father his:..
2 Chronicles 29:2 ...just as David did, father his...
2 Chronicles 33:3 ...and built again the high places which Hezekiah had destroyed, father his,..
2 Chronicles 33:22 ...as Manasseh did, father his;..
2 Chronicles 33:22 ...and to all the graven images that Manasseh made, father his,..
2 Chronicles 33:23 ...as Manasseh humbled himself, father his;..
Job 17:14 ...I will say to the grave: you father my,..
Job 38:28 ...Does the rain have father?..
Job 42:15 ...and gave them father their inheritance among their brothers...
Psalm 26:10 ...for father mine and my mother left me...
Ps 67:6 ... Father God is the judge of the orphans and the judge of widows in His holy habitation...
Psalm 88:27 ...He will call Me: You father my,..
Psalm 102:13 ...as father has mercy on his sons...
Proverbs 3:12 ...and delights in how father to his son...
Proverbs 17:21 ...and father a fool won't be happy...
Proverbs 23:24 ... Triumphant father righteous...
Proverbs 23:25 ...Let him rejoice father is yours...
Isaiah 8:4 ...the child will be able to say: father my, my mother, -..
Isaiah 9:6 ...Mighty God, Father eternity, Prince of Peace. ...
Isaiah 38:19... father He will proclaim Your truth to the children...
Isaiah 63:16 ...Only You - Father our;..
Isaiah 63:16 ...You, O Lord, Father our,..
Isaiah 64:8 ...But now, O Lord, You are Father our;..
Jeremiah 2:27 ...saying to the tree, You are mine. father,..
Jeremiah 3:4 ...Will you not cry to Me from now on: Father my!..
Jeremiah 22:15 ... father yours ate and drank...
Jer 31:9 ...for I am father Israel...
Jeremiah 35:6 ...for Jonadab the son of Rechab father our,..
Jeremiah 35:10 ...and we do everything that Jonadab commanded us, father our...
Eze 16:3 ... father your Amorite, and your mother a Hittite;...
Ezekiel 16:45 ...Your mother was a Hittite, and father your Amorite...
Ezekiel 18:18 ...A father him, since he cruelly oppressed...
Ezekiel 18:20 ...the son shall not bear the iniquity of the father, and father will not bear the guilt of his son...
Dan 5:2 ...who are Nebuchadnezzar, father his,..
Dan 5:11 ...and King Nebuchadnezzar, father is yours,..
Dan 5:11 ...himself father yours, king...
Dan 5:13 ...which father my king, brought from Judea?..
Amos 2:7 ...even father and my son go to the same woman...
Zechariah 13:3 ...then father him and his mother who gave birth to him will say to him:...
Zechariah 13:3 ...and they will smite him father him and his mother who gave birth to him...
Mal 1:6 ...if I father, then where is the respect for Me?..
Mal 2:10 ...Have we not all one Father?..

Matthew 3:9 ...and do not think of saying within yourself: father We have Abraham...
Matthew 5:48 ...how perfect Father your Heavenly...
Matthew 6:4 ...and Father
Matthew 6:6 ...and Father yours, who sees in secret, will reward you openly...
Matthew 6:8 ...for he knows Father yours, whatever you need...
Matthew 6:14 ...he will also forgive you Father your Heavenly,..
Matthew 6:15 ...then Father yours will not forgive you your sins...
Matthew 6:18 ...and Father yours, who sees in secret, will reward you openly...
Matthew 6:26 ...and Father your Heavenly One feeds them...
Matthew 6:32 ...and because Father your Heavenly knows..
Matthew 7:11 ...even more so Father your Heavenly...
Matthew 10:21 ...and father- son;..
Matthew 15:13 ...which is not Father My Heavenly One planted...
Matthew 16:17 ...but Father Mine who art in heaven;...
Matthew 18:35 ...And so Father My Heavenly One will deal with you...
Matthew 23:9 ...for you have one Father Who is in heaven;...
Matthew 24:36 ...but only Father My one;..
Mark 9:24 ...And immediately father the youth exclaimed with tears:..
Mark 11:25 ...so that Father Your Heavenly One has forgiven you your sins...
Mark 11:26 ...then Father your Heavenly will not forgive you your sins...
Mark 13:12 ...and father- children;..
Mark 13:32 ...but only Father...
Luke 1:67 ...And Zechariah, father him, filled with the Holy Spirit...
Luke 2:48 ...Behold, father Yours and I searched for You with great sorrow...
Luke 3:8 ...and do not think to say within yourself: father We have Abraham...
Luke 6:36 ...Therefore be merciful, just as Father your merciful...
Luke 10:22 ...and who is Father, Not knows nobody except the Son...
Luke 11:11 ...Which of you father,..
Luke 11:13 ...even more so Father He who is in heaven will give the Holy Spirit to those who ask Him...
Luke 12:30 ...yours Father knows that you have a need;..
Luke 12:32 ...for Father it has been your pleasure to give you the Kingdom...
Luke 12:53 ... father will be against the son, and the son against the father;...
Luke 15:20 ...saw him father and took pity on him;..
Luke 15:22 ...A father He said to his servants:...
Luke 15:27 ...and father yours slaughtered the fatted calf...
Luke 15:28 ... Father he came out and called him...
Luke 22:29 ...and I command you as I commanded Me Father My, Kingdom,..
John 3:35 ... Father loves the Son and has given all things into His hand...
John 4:23 ...for such worshipers Father looking for himself...
John 4:53 ...From this father I found out that it was that hour...
John 5:17 ... Father Mine is still doing it, and I am doing it...
John 5:20 ...For Father loves the Son and shows Him everything that He Himself does;..
John 5:21 ...For as Father raises the dead and gives life...
John 5:22 ...For Father and judges no one, but has given all judgment to the Son...
John 5:26 ...For as Father has life in Himself...
John 5:36 ...for the works that Father gave me to do...
John 5:36 ...bear witness of Me that Father sent me...
John 5:37 ...And he who sent me Father You yourself have testified about Me...
John 6:27 ...for He sealed Him My Father, God...
John 6:32 ...a Father Mine gives you the true bread from heaven...
John 6:37 ...Everything that gives Me Father, will come to Me;..
John 6:44 ...unless he attracts him Father, who sent Me;...
John 6:57 ...As the living one sent me Father and I live by the Father...
John 8:16 ...but I and Father who sent me...
John 8:18 ...and testifies of Me Father who sent me...
John 8:19 ...Then they said to Him, Where is Your Father?..
John 8:28 ...but as he taught me Father My, that's what I say...
John 8:29 ... Father did not leave me alone...
John 8:39 ...They answered him: father ours is Abraham...
John 8:42 ...if there were God Father yours, then you would love Me...
John 8:44 ...Yours father devil;..
John 8:44 ...for he is a liar and father lies...
John 8:54 ...glorifies me Father My,..
John 8:56 ...Abraham, father yours, I was glad to see My day;...
John 10:15 ...How Father knows Me So and I know the Father;...
John 10:17 ...Therefore he loves Me Father,..
John 10:29 ... Father Mine, who gave them to Me, is greater than all...
John 10:30 ...Me and Father- one thing...
John 10:36 ...Whether Father sanctified and sent into the world...
John 10:38 ...to know and believe that Father in Me and I in Him...
John 12:26 ...And whoever serves Me will be honored Father My...
John 12:49 ...but he who sent me Father,..
John 12:50 ...Therefore whatever I say, I speak as I spoke to Me. Father...
John 13:3 ...Jesus, knowing that Father I have given everything into His hands...
John 14:10 ...Do you not believe that I am in the Father and Father in my?..
John 14:10 ... Father abiding in Me, He does the works...
John 14:11 ...Believe Me that I am in the Father and Father in my;..
John 14:13 ...that he may be glorified Father in the Son...
John 14:23 ...and Father Mine will love him...
John 14:26 ...Whom he will send Father in my name...
John 14:28 ...for Father Mine is more than me...
John 14:31 ...and as I commanded Father, so I do:..
John 15:1 ...a Father Mine is a winegrower...
John 15:8 ...By this he will be glorified Father My,..
John 15:9 ...How Thou hast loved Me Father and I have loved you;...
John 16:15 ...Everything that has Father, is Mine;..
John 16:27 ...for He Himself Father loves you,..
John 16:32 ...but I am not alone, because Father with me...
John 18:11 ...shall I not drink the cup which you have given me? Father?..
John 20:21 ...peace be upon you! how he sent me Father, So and I am sending you...
Acts 1:7 ...which Father He has placed it in His power...
Acts 16:1 ...whose mother was a Jew who believed, and father Ellin,..
Acts 28:8 ... Father Publius lay suffering from fever and abdominal pain;...
James 2:21 ...Was not Abraham justified by works? father our,..
1 Peter 1:3 ...Blessed be God and Father
1 John 3:1 ...See what love he has given us Father,..
1 John 4:14 ...that Father sent the Son as the Savior of the world...
1 John 5:7 ...For three testify in heaven: Father, Word and Holy Spirit;..
Rom 4:1 ...Well, let's say Abraham, father ours, acquired according to the flesh?..
Rom 4:16 ...which is father for all of us...
1 Cor 8:6 ...but we have one God Father from whom are all things, and we are to Him...
2 Cor 1:3 ...Blessed be God and Father Our Lord Jesus Christ...
2 Cor 1:3 ... Father mercy and God of all comfort...
2 Cor 11:31 ...God and Father Our Lord Jesus Christ, blessed forever,...
Eph 1:3 ...Blessed be God and Father Our Lord Jesus Christ...
Eph 1:17 ...that the God of our Lord Jesus Christ, Father glory...
Eph 4:6 ...one God and Father all, who is above all...
1 Thessalonians 2:11 ...for you know how each one of you father their children...
1 Thessalonians 3:11 ...God Himself and Father ours and our Lord Jesus Christ...
2 Thessalonians 2:16 ...And our Lord Jesus Christ himself is both God and Father our,..
Hebrews 12:7 ...For what son is there whom he does not discipline? father?..

1Mac 2:54 ...Phinhas, father ours, for being jealous with jealousy...
1Mac 16:21 ...that father his brothers and him were killed...
2Mac 9:23 ...but knowing that father my,..
2Mac 11:23 ...Since the time father mine went to the gods...
3Mac 6:2 ...look, Father, for the seed of Abraham, for the children of sanctified Jacob,...
3Mac 6:6 ...You, Father, and Jonah...
3Mac 7:5 ...and always defends them, as father sons...
3Ride 1:28 ...how father sons and as a mother of daughters...
Wis 11:11 ...because You tested them as father, teaching,..
Wisdom 14:3 ...but Thy providence, Father, controls the ship,..
Wed 14:15 ... Father, tormented by bitter grief over his son who died early,...
Sir 4:10 ...be like the orphans father...
Sir 30:4 ...Died father him - and as if he had not died...
Sir 44:19 ...Abraham is great father many nations...
Tob 2:3 ...And he came and said: father my...
Tob 5:1 ...And Tobiah answered him: father my...
Tob 5:17 ...And he said to him father: go with this person;..
Tov 6:16 ...which I commanded you father is yours,..
Tob 7:5 ...And Tobiah said: This is mine father...
Tov 9:4 ... meanwhile father mine is counting the days...
Tob 10:1 ...Tobit, father I counted it every day...
Tov 10:7 ...because father my mother and I no longer hope to see me...
Tob 11:10 ...and said: Be of good cheer, father my...
Tov 11:16 ...and blessed father yours and your mother!..
Tob 12:2 ...He answered: father my I won't be at a loss...
Tob 13:4 ...for He is our Lord and God, Father ours forever.

The symphony occupies a very honorable place in the world of music. Its history began two and a half centuries ago.
The word "symphonia" translated from Greek means consonance. IN Ancient Greece so called a pleasant combination of sounds and harmonious choral singing. IN Ancient Rome orchestral music was called a symphony.
The first symphonies in the current sense of the word appeared in Europe in the second half of the 18th century.

The creator of the classical symphony is considered Joseph Haydn.

In his work it acquired its final form, which is why this composer is called the “father of the symphony.”

And Mozart and Beethoven continued what he started and opened up new possibilities for this genre.

Click on the photo to view an enlarged image.

So, classical symphony consists of four parts.

First- fast, active.
Second- andante - slow, thoughtful, usually dedicated to dreams and nature.
Third part - minuet. This is a game, fun, folk festivals, round dances.
The final- the result of the entire work, the conclusion from what was heard in three parts. Often the ending sounds solemn, victorious or festive.

Any symphony is the whole world, created by the composer. It is often compared to a poem or novel. After all, the musician strives to express in a symphony everything for which a person lives in the world: the desire for happiness, justice and goodness, harmony in everything.

Haydn created 104 symphonies, of which I would like to recall the "Farewell Symphony", one of the most famoussymphonies future XVIII century.

"Farewell Symphony" in a very interesting performance by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra.

The third genius, Beethoven, owns only 9. But almost each of them is a new word in symphonic art. For example, take the sixth symphony, which is called “Pastoral”.

The name “pastoral” comes from the Latin word “pastoralis” - “shepherd”. This topic was very popular back in Ancient Greece and Rome. Ancient poets and writers sang of life in the lap of nature - simple and sincere.

Fashion for pastoral subjects in music, theater and fine arts conquered everything European countries in the 17th and 18th centuries. A lot of ancient operas were written on pastoral themes. They included folk songs and dancing, cheerful rural holiday celebrations.

Beethoven called his sixth symphony “pastoral” and dedicated it to man and nature. Its music is filled with the gentle voices of birds, the quiet murmur of streams, the sounds folk instruments and even the stomping of the dancers.
Beethoven gives the title of each movement of the symphony: “Awakening of joyful feelings upon arrival in the village”, “Scene by the stream”, “Merry gathering of peasants”. But suddenly a thunderstorm interrupts the fun. This can be heard in the part “Thunderstorm. Storm". Gradually the horizon becomes clearer and the storm subsides. The symphony ends with the peaceful, bright hymn “Joyful, grateful feelings after a thunderstorm.”
This symphony is a hymn to nature, man’s gratitude for the peace and bliss given by it.
While writing the symphony, the composer was depressed; he was very worried about his illness. He was threatened with complete deafness, and Beethoven already felt its approach. “No one can love nature like I do,” the composer said at the time. “Forests, trees and rocks send the response that the human heart awaits.”

Classical music

Haydn - one of three Viennese classics- is rightly considered the father of the symphony and quartet, the great founder of classical instrumental music, and the founder of the modern orchestra.

Franz Joseph Haydn was born on March 31, 1732 in Lower Austria, in the small town of Rohrau, located on the left bank of the Leita River, between the towns of Bruck and Hainburg, near the Hungarian border. Haydn's ancestors were hereditary Austro-German peasant artisans. The composer's father, Matthias, was engaged in carriage business. Mother - nee Anna Maria Koller - served as a cook.

The father's musicality and love of music were inherited by his children. Little Joseph already attracted the attention of musicians at the age of five. He had excellent hearing, memory, and a sense of rhythm. His ringing silver voice delighted everyone. Thanks to its outstanding musical abilities the boy first ended up in the church choir of the small town of Gainburg, and then in the choir chapel at the cathedral (main) St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna. This was a significant event in Haydn's life. After all, he had no other opportunity to receive a musical education.

Singing in a choir was a very good, but only school for Haydn. The boy's abilities quickly developed, and he was assigned difficult solo parts. The church choir often performed at city festivals, weddings, and funerals. The choir was also invited to participate in court celebrations. How much time did it take to perform in the church itself, for rehearsals? All this was a heavy load for the little singers.

Josef was understanding and quickly accepted everything new. He even found time to practice playing the violin and keyboard cord and achieved significant success. Only his attempts to compose music did not meet with support. During his nine years in the choir, he received only two lessons from its director!

However, the lessons did not appear immediately. Before that, I had to go through a desperate time of searching for income. Little by little, I managed to find some work, which, although it did not provide any support, still allowed me not to die of hunger. Haydn began giving singing and music lessons, played the violin on festive evenings, and sometimes just on big roads. By order, he composed several of his first works. But all these earnings were random. Haydn understood: to become a composer, you need to study a lot and hard. He began to study theoretical works, in particular the books of I. Matteson and I. Fuchs.

The collaboration with the Viennese comedian Johann Joseph Kurz turned out to be useful. Kurtz was very popular in Vienna at that time as talented actor and the author of a number of farces.

Kurtz, having met Haydn, immediately appreciated his talent and offered to compose music for the libretto he composed for the comic opera “The Crooked Demon.” Haydn wrote music that, unfortunately, has not reached us. We only know that “The Crooked Demon” was performed in the winter of 1751-1752 in the theater at the Carinthian Gate and was a success. "Haydn received 25 ducats for it and considered himself very rich." A brave debut of a young man, not yet enough famous composer on theater stage in 1751 immediately brought him popularity in democratic circles and... very bad reviews from adherents of old musical traditions. Reproaches of “buffoonery,” “frivolity,” and other feats were later transferred by various zealots of the “sublime” to the rest of Haydn’s work, starting with his symphonies and ending with his masses.

The last stage of Haydn's creative youth - before he embarked on an independent path as a composer - were classes with Nicola Antonio Porpora, Italian composer and conductor, representative of the Neapolitan school. Porpora reviewed Haydn's compositional experiments and gave him instructions. Haydn, in order to reward the teacher, was an accompanist in his singing lessons and even served as his servant.

Under the roof, in the cold attic where Haydn huddled, on an old broken clavichord, he studied the works of famous composers. And folk songs! He listened to so many of them, wandering day and night through the streets of Vienna. Here and there a variety of folk tunes sounded: Austrian, Hungarian, Czech, Ukrainian, Croatian, Tyrolean. Therefore, Haydn's works are permeated with these wonderful melodies, most of them cheerful and cheerful.

A turning point was gradually brewing in Haydn's life and work. His financial situation began to improve little by little, life positions grow stronger At the same time, his great creative talent bore its first significant fruits.

Around 1750, Haydn wrote a small mass (in F major), showing in it not only a talented assimilation of modern techniques of this genre, but also an obvious inclination towards composing “cheerful” church music. More important fact is the composition of the composer's first string quartet in 1755.

The impetus was an acquaintance with a music lover, landowner Karl Furnberg. Inspired by the attention and material support from Fürnberg, Haydn first wrote a series of string trios, and then the first string quartet, which was soon followed by about two dozen others. In 1756, Haydn composed the Concerto in C major. Haydn's patron also took care of strengthening his financial position. He recommended the composer to the Czech Viennese aristocrat and music lover Count Joseph Franz Morzin. Mortzin spent the winter in Vienna, and in the summer he lived on his estate Lukavec near Pilsen. In the service of Morcin, as a composer and conductor, Haydn received free accommodation, food and salary. This service turned out to be short-lived (1759-1760), but still helped Haydn take further steps in composition. In 1759, Haydn created his first symphony, followed by four others in the coming years.

Both in the field of the string quartet and in the field of the symphony, Haydn was to define and crystallize the genres of the new musical era: composing quartets and creating symphonies, he showed himself to be a brave, decisive innovator.

While in the service of Count Morzin, Haydn fell in love with the youngest daughter of his friend, the Viennese hairdresser Johann Peter Keller, Teresa, and was seriously planning to marry her. However, for reasons that remain unknown, the girl left parents' house, and her father could not find anything better than to say: “Haydn, you should marry my eldest daughter"It is unknown what prompted Haydn to answer positively. One way or another, Haydn agreed. He was 28 years old, his bride, Maria Anna Aloysia Apollonia Keller, was 32. The marriage took place on November 26, 1760, and Haydn became... an unhappy husband on for many decades.

His wife soon showed herself to be a woman in highest degree narrow-minded, dull and grumpy. She absolutely did not understand or appreciate the great talent of her husband. “She didn’t care,” Haydn once said in his old age, “whether her husband was a shoemaker or an artist.” Maria Anna mercilessly destroyed a number of Haydn's music manuscripts, using them for curlers and linings for pates. Moreover, she was very wasteful and demanding.

Having married, Haydn violated the terms of service with Count Morcin - the latter accepted only single men into his chapel. However, he did not have to hide the change in his behavior for long. personal life. The financial shock forced Count Morcin to abandon musical pleasures and dissolve the chapel. Haydn faced the threat of again being left without a permanent income.

But then he received an offer from a new, more powerful patron of the arts - the richest and very influential Hungarian magnate - Prince Pavel Anton Esterhazy. Paying attention to Haydn in Morcin Castle, Esterhazy appreciated his talent.

Not far from Vienna, in the small Hungarian town of Eisenstadt, and in the summer in the Eszterhaz country palace, Haydn spent thirty years as a Kapellmeister (conductor). The duties of the bandmaster included directing the orchestra and singers. Haydn also had to compose symphonies, operas, quartets and other works at the prince’s request. Often the capricious prince ordered a new essay to be written by the next day! Haydn’s talent and extraordinary hard work helped him here too. One after another, operas appeared, as well as symphonies, including “The Bear”, “Children’s Room”, “School Teacher”.

While directing the chapel, the composer could listen to live performances of the works he created. This made it possible to correct everything that did not sound good enough, and to remember what turned out to be especially successful.

During his service with Prince Esterhazy, Haydn wrote most of his operas, quartets and symphonies. In total, Haydn created 104 symphonies!

IN Haydn symphonies I didn’t set myself the task of individualizing the plot. The composer's programming is most often based on individual associations and visual "sketches". Even where it is more integral and consistent - purely emotionally, as in the “Farewell Symphony” (1772), or genre-wise, as in the “War Symphony” (1794), there are distinct plot basics she still has none.

The enormous value of Haydn’s symphonic concepts, for all their comparative simplicity and unpretentiousness, is in a very organic reflection and implementation of the unity of spiritual and physical world person.

This opinion is expressed, and very poetically, by E.T.A. Hoffmann: “Haydn’s works are dominated by the expression of a childish, joyful soul; his symphonies lead us into vast green groves, into a cheerful, motley crowd happy people, boys and girls rush in front of us in choral dances; Laughing children hide behind trees, behind rose bushes, playfully throwing flowers. Life, full of love, full of bliss and eternal youth, as before the Fall; no suffering, no sorrow - only a sweetly elegiac desire for the beloved image, which floats in the distance, in the pink flicker of the evening, neither approaching nor disappearing, and while it is there, night does not come, for he himself is the evening dawn burning above mountain and over the grove."

Haydn's skill has reached perfection over the years. His music invariably aroused the admiration of Esterhazy's many guests. The composer's name became widely known outside his homeland - in England, France, and Russia. The six symphonies performed in Paris in 1786 were called "Parisian". But Haydn had no right to go anywhere outside the prince’s estate, print his works, or simply give them as a gift without the consent of the prince. And the prince did not like the absence of “his” bandmaster. He was accustomed to Haydn, along with other servants, waiting for his orders in the hallway at a certain time. At such moments, the composer felt his dependence especially acutely. “Am I the bandmaster or the conductor?” - he exclaimed bitterly in letters to friends. One day he managed to escape and visit Vienna, see acquaintances and friends. How much joy it brought him to meet his beloved Mozart! Fascinating conversations were followed by performances of quartets, with Haydn playing the violin and Mozart playing the viola. Mozart took particular pleasure in performing quartets written by Haydn. In this genre great composer considered himself his student. But such meetings were extremely rare.

Haydn had a chance to experience other joys - the joys of love. On March 26, 1779, the Polzelli spouses were received into the Esterhazy Chapel. Antonio, the violinist, was no longer young. His wife, singer Luiga, a Moorish woman from Naples, was only nineteen years old. She was very attractive. Luigia lived unhappily with her husband, just like Haydn. Exhausted by the company of his grumpy and quarrelsome wife, he fell in love with Luigia. This passion lasted, gradually weakening and dimming, until the composer’s old age. Apparently, Luigia reciprocated Haydn’s feelings, but still, more self-interest than sincerity was shown in her attitude. In any case, she steadily and very persistently extorted money from Haydn.

Rumor even called (it is not known whether correctly) Luigi's son Antonio the son of Haydn. Her eldest son Pietro became the composer's favorite: Haydn took care of him like a father and took an active part in his training and upbringing.

Despite his dependent position, Haydn could not leave the service. At that time, a musician had the opportunity to work only in court chapels or lead a church choir. Before Haydn, no composer had ever dared to exist independently. Didn't dare to part with permanent job and Haydn. In 1791, when Haydn was already about 60 years old, he died old prince Esterhazy. His heir, who did not feed Great love to music, disbanded the chapel. But he was also flattered that the composer, who had become famous, was listed as his bandmaster. This forced the young Esterhazy to assign Haydn a pension sufficient to prevent “his servant” from entering a new service.

Haydn was happy! Finally he is free and independent! He agreed to the offer to go to England with concerts. While traveling on a ship, Haydn saw the sea for the first time. And how many times he dreamed about it, trying to imagine the boundless water element, the movement of the waves, the beauty and variability of the color of the water. Once in his youth, Haydn even tried to convey in music the picture of a raging sea. Life in England was also unusual for Haydn. The concerts in which he conducted his works were a triumphant success. This was the first open mass recognition of his music. The University of Oxford elected him as an honorary member.

Haydn visited England twice. Over the years, the composer wrote his famous twelve London Symphonies. The London Symphonies complete the evolution of Haydn's symphony. His talent reached its peak. The music sounded deeper and more expressive, the content became more serious, and the colors of the orchestra became richer and more varied.

Despite being extremely busy, Haydn managed to listen and new music. Especially strong impression He was impressed by the oratorios of the German composer Handel, his senior contemporary. The impression of Handel's music was so great that, returning to Vienna, Haydn wrote two oratorios - "The Creation of the Vdir" and "The Seasons".

The plot of "The Creation of the World" is extremely simple and naive. The first two parts of the oratorio tell about the emergence of the world according to the will of God. The third and last part is about the heavenly life of Adam and Eve before the Fall.

A number of judgments of contemporaries and immediate descendants about Haydn’s “Creation of the World” are characteristic. This oratorio was a huge success during the composer’s lifetime and greatly increased his fame. Nevertheless, critical voices were heard. Naturally, the visual imagery of Haydn’s music shocked philosophers and aestheticians who were inclined to the “sublime” mood.

Serov wrote enthusiastically about “The Creation of the World”: “What a gigantic creation this oratorio is! There is, by the way, one aria depicting the creation of birds - this is absolutely the highest triumph of onomatopoeic music, and, moreover, “what energy, what simplicity, what simple-minded grace!" - this is decidedly beyond all comparison."

The oratorio “The Seasons” should be recognized as an even more significant work of Haydn than “The Creation of the World”. The text of the oratorio "The Seasons", like the text of "The Creation of the World", was written by van Swieten. The second of Haydn's great oratorios is more diverse and deeply human not only in content, but also in form. This is a whole philosopheme, an encyclopedia of pictures of nature and Haydn’s patriarchal peasant morality, glorifying work, love of nature, delights village life and the purity of naive souls. In addition, the plot allowed Haydn to create a very harmonious and complete, harmonious musical concept of the whole.

Composing the enormous score of “The Four Seasons” was not easy for the decrepit Haydn, costing him many worries and sleepless nights. Towards the end he was tormented by headaches and the obsession with musical performances.

The London Symphonies and oratorios were the pinnacle of Haydn's work. After the oratorios he wrote almost nothing. Life has been too stressful. His strength was exhausted. Last years the composer spent his time on the outskirts of Vienna, in a small house. The quiet and secluded home was visited by admirers of the composer's talent. The conversations concerned the past. Haydn especially loved to remember his youth - hard, laborious, but full of bold, persistent searches.

Haydn died in 1809 and was buried in Vienna. His remains were subsequently transferred to Eisenstadt, where he spent so many years of his life.

It is no coincidence that composer Joseph Haydn is called the father of the symphony. It was thanks to the genius of the creator that this genre acquired classical perfection and became the basis on which the symphony from.

Among other things, Haydn was the first to create complete examples of other leading genres of the era of classicism - the string quartet and the keyboard sonata. He was also the first to write secular oratorios in German. Later these compositions stood on a par with biggest achievements Baroque era - English oratorios by George Frideric Handel and German cantatas.

Childhood and youth

Franz Joseph Haydn was born on March 31, 1732 in the Austrian village of Rohrau, bordering Hungary. The composer's father had no musical education, but teenage years I learned to play the harp on my own. Franz’s mother was also partial to music. From early childhood, his parents discovered that their son had outstanding vocal abilities and excellent hearing. Already at the age of five, Josef sang loudly with his father, then mastered playing the violin to perfection, after which he came to the church choir to perform masses.

From the biography of a representative of the Viennese classical school, it is known that the far-sighted father, as soon as his son was six years old, sent his beloved child to a neighboring city to his relative Johann Matthias Frank, the rector of the school. In his establishment, the man taught children not only grammar and mathematics, but also gave them singing and violin lessons. There Haydn mastered string and wind instruments, retaining his gratitude to his mentor throughout his life.

Hard work, perseverance and a natural, sonorous voice helped Joseph become famous in his native land. One day, the Viennese composer Georg von Reuter came to Rohrau to select young singers for his choir. Franz impressed him and Georg took 8-year-old Joseph into the choir of Vienna's largest cathedral. There, for a couple of years, Haydn learned the art of singing, the subtleties of composition, and even composed spiritual songs.

The most difficult period for the composer began in 1749, when he had to earn a living by giving lessons, singing in church choirs and playing in various ensembles. string instruments. Despite the difficulties, the young man never became discouraged and never lost his desire to learn new things.

Franz spent the money he earned on lessons from the composer Nicolo Porpora, and when Joseph was unable to pay, the young man accompanied his mentor’s young students during lessons. Haydn, like a man possessed, studied books on composition and analyzed keyboard sonatas, diligently composing music of various genres until late at night.

In 1751, Haydn’s opera entitled “The Lame Demon” was staged in one of the suburban Viennese theaters; in 1755, the creator had his first string quartet, and four years later – his first symphony. This genre in the future became the most important in the entire work of the composer.

Music

The year 1761 was a turning point in the composer’s life: on May 1, he entered into a contract with Prince Esterhazy and for thirty years remained the court conductor of this aristocratic Hungarian family.

The Esterhazy family lived in Vienna only winter time, and their main residences were in the small town of Eisenstadt, so it is not surprising that Haydn had to exchange his stay in the capital for a monotonous existence on the estate for six years.

The contract concluded between Franz and Count Esterhazy stated that the composer was obliged to compose the plays that his lordship would require. Haydn's early symphonies were written for the relatively small number of musicians at his disposal. After a couple of years of impeccable service, the composer was allowed to include new instruments in the orchestra at his discretion.

The main genre of the creator’s creativity piece of music“Autumn” always remained a symphony. At the turn of the 60-70s, compositions appeared one after another: No. 49 (1768) - “Passion”, No. 44, “Mourning”, and No. 45.

They reflected an emotional response to the emerging German literature a new style movement called “Storm and Drang”. It is also worth noting that during this period children's symphonies also appeared in the creator's repertoire.

After Joseph's fame went beyond the borders of Austria, the composer wrote six symphonies at the request of the Paris concert society, and after fulfilling orders received from the capital of Spain, his works began to be published in Naples and London.

At the same time, the life of a genius was illuminated by friendship with. It should be noted that relations between artists were never marred by rivalry or envy. Mozart claimed that it was from Joseph that he first learned how to create string quartets, so he dedicated a couple of works to his mentor. Franz himself considered Wolfgang Amadeus the greatest of contemporary composers.

After 50 years, Haydn’s usual way of life changed dramatically. The Creator received his freedom, although he continued to be listed as a court bandmaster among the heirs of Prince Esterhazy. The chapel itself was dissolved by the descendants of a noble family, and the composer left for Vienna.

In 1791, Franz was invited to go on tour to England. The terms of the contract included the creation of six symphonies and their performance in London, as well as the writing of an opera and twenty works in addition. It is known that at that time Haydn was given an orchestra with 40 musicians at his disposal. The year and a half spent in London became triumphant for Joseph, and the English tour was no less successful. During the tour, the composer composed 280 works and even became a Doctor of Music at Oxford University.

Personal life

The popularity gained in Vienna helped the young musician get a job with Count Morcin. It was for his chapel that Joseph wrote the first five symphonies. It is known that in less than two years of working with Mortsin, the composer managed to improve not only his financial situation, but also tie himself in marriage.

At that time, 28-year-old Joseph had tender feelings for the youngest daughter of the court hairdresser, and she, unexpectedly for everyone, went to a monastery. Then Haydn, either in revenge or for some other reasons, married her sister Maria Keller, who was 4 years older than Joseph.

Their family union was not happy. The composer's wife was grumpy and wasteful. Among other things, the young lady did not at all appreciate her husband’s talent and often used her husband’s manuscripts instead of baking paper. To the surprise of many, family life in the absence of love, children and home comfort lasted 40 years.

Due to the reluctance to realize oneself as caring husband and the inability to prove oneself as loving father The composer devoted four decades of his married life to symphonies. During this time, Haydn wrote hundreds of works in this genre, and 90 operas were staged at the Prince Esterhazy Theater talented genius.

The composer found his late love in the Italian troupe of this theater. The young Neapolitan singer Luigia Polzelli charmed Haydn. Josef, passionately in love, achieved an extension of the contract with her, and also simplified the vocal parts especially for the charming person, understanding her capabilities.

True, the relationship with Luigia did not bring happiness to the creator. The girl was too arrogant and selfish, so even after the death of his wife, Haydn did not dare to marry her. It is worth noting that at the end of his life, in the last version of his will, the composer reduced the amount allotted to Polzelli by half.

Death

IN last decade During his life, under the influence of the Handel Festival at Westminster Cathedral, Haydn developed an interest in choral music. The composer created six masses, as well as oratorios (“The Creation of the World” and “The Seasons”).

Haydn died on May 31, 1809 in Vienna, occupied by Napoleonic troops. The French emperor himself, having learned about the death of the eminent Austrian, gave the order to post a guard of honor at the door of his house. The funeral took place on June 1.

Interesting fact is that when in 1820 Prince Esterhazy ordered the reburial of Haydn’s remains in the church of Eisenstadt, and the coffin was opened, it turned out that there was no skull under the surviving wig (it was stolen to study the structural features and protect it from destruction). The skull was only reunited with the remains in the middle of the next century, on June 5, 1954.

Discography

• "Farewell Symphony"
• "Oxford Symphony"
• "Funeral Symphony"
• "World creation"
• "Seasons"
• "Seven Words of the Savior on the Cross"
• "The Return of Tobias"
• "Pharmacist"
• "Acis and Galatea"
• "Desert Island"
• "Armida"
• "Fisherwomen"
• "Deceived Infidelity"