What types and styles of architecture are there? Czech style: a secluded place

Let's consider the main architectural styles; many are still in demand in world architecture and are used in the construction of buildings.
Byzantine style.
This type is characterized by huge walls cut by small window openings and arches. The exterior decoration is lavishly decorated with colorful floor carpets.
Gothic style.
This style is distinguished by the peculiarity of elongated and spacious proportions, which stretch very upward into rooms where a person would feel like a very small creature. As a counterbalance to the uselessness of flesh, the stone lace of thin Gothic buildings bloomed with bright colors, this was the era of the revival of colorful stained glass in the form of lancet windows. This structural system made it possible to achieve enormous vault heights with the help of large windows and high-quality lighting.
Renaissance or Renaissance.
An unsurpassed master of the Renaissance was Michelangelo Buonarotti, who was primarily more of a sculptor than an architect. From this point of view, Michelangelo created architectural masterpieces as some interesting background for his own sculptures. In particular, he loved to double columns and pilasters, changing their rhythm.

Baroque style.
Michelangelo is at the same time both the last Renaissance artist and the creator of the Baroque, because it was Michelangelo who understood it as the basis of the stylistic formative element, the plasticity of the walls. His triumph creative life, these are such creations as St. Peter's Cathedral in the capital of Italy, the city of Rome, which is now classified as Baroque.
Rococo.
This style is a modern trend in the decoration of noble buildings of the late 19th century. Luxurious living rooms, which are replete with expensive collections of world works of art. The second half of the 19th century was marked by Russian versions of solutions in the Rococo style, when the owner of the building decorated his premises based on his views. This style is overloaded with decorated elements, a large number objects and, in addition, spatial isolation, standard signs of a style crisis of that time.
Classicism style.
The name alone speaks for itself. This is a style based on the accumulated experience and basic principles of previous leading trends. Attempts to create universal styles, not just for centuries, but forever. The idea was sometimes revived again, becoming relevant. To this day, the principle “if you don’t understand how, do it in the classic version” is considered valid. It is used in the design of various rooms, halls and facade elements.
Romanticism style.
Natural decorated forms, natural stones, forgings, Gothic elements, evening by candlelight, all this is a feature for a poetic nature. A style under the strange name neo-modern. The use of plastic Art Nouveau forms for the architectural design of premises in modern technical base, with a complete absence of any ornaments.
Art Deco style.
This unique style prevailed in the 1930s of the 20th century, and was a kind of continuation of the Art Nouveau direction. Along with this, he was greatly influenced by cubism, which was a folk American design art that was rapidly developing in those days of automobile and aircraft manufacturing. Paris at all times set fashionable styles, with ease and grace, tried to perceive the speed and pressure of the future machine age - it gave birth to a style of decorated art called “Art Deco”.
Art Nouveau style.
The revival of Cubism and the German design school called “Bauhaus” represented a search for aesthetic rationality, which reveals the technological and utilitarian essence of everything that happens.
Minimalist style.
This style completely neglects decoration in search of universal proportions and standard color schemes in dominant forms. Also read: Japanese minimalism in the interior of your home
Art Nouveau style.
This architectural style developed very quickly in the art and design of Europe at the end of the 19th century, in contrast to the neo-Gothic style. Its characteristic features are sinuous, beautiful outlines with a stable asymmetrical tendency. There are natural and natural motivations in furniture decoration. The decoration of this style is characterized by images of female silhouettes with flowing hair. In our country, this style took place in history under the name Art Nouveau. The symbols of this architectural style are plant elements, especially the flowers of irises and orchids were revered.
Eclectic style.
The use of mixed stylization, or a combination of different objects, style and time. Eclecticism is an interior style if it was designed according to the principles of combining no more than 3 stylized types, connected by color, textures, and architectural solutions. This directionality of style, or absence as a definition, usually flourishes at a time when a certain style has already established itself, and a new one has not yet emerged. Modern period time, that is, the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, is precisely this time. Everything that suits one's liking or fits in a functional sense is in fashion. This style can be characterized by rounded corners, strict plumb lines and protruding shapes. It differs from many styles of furniture in the use of decorated elements, triangles, and circles.
Industry style.
This style is closely associated with minimalism, as well as with full-fledged spatial areas, as if from a science fiction movie. Steel object objects that can resemble unique instruments and equipment. Among other things, this style can be characterized by the presence of unhidden communication; industrial forms can be visible in the interior. Often, steel tables and cast iron floor slabs are used. To most, this style seems inhuman, wild, uninhabited, and is sometimes used not only in offices, but also in residential premises. The industrial style is a kind of game that emphasizes neglect of everyday life.
"High Tech" style.
This style originated in Great Britain in the 1970s of the last century. Style and design theory based on the latest technical achievements. Its main feature is considered to be the presence of protruding structural elements and engineering equipment. Gray metal pipes and surfaces, polished connecting jumpers, bolts, and everything that may indicate thoughts and current concepts of space. All attributes are in high demand in high-tech interiors. The fashion for this style emerges in waves, with the emergence of either new building materials, or from a certain demand for specialized technologies.
Post-modernism style.
This style developed at the end of the last century in architecture and art, as an opponent of radical modernity. Adherents of this style use alloys different styles past centuries, for example, classicism and baroque, often using them with some undisguised irony. The specificity of this style is a certain hyperbole, as a tool for creating a colorful theatrical image of the environment.
Standard style.
These styles mainly include interior respectability, embodying the bourgeois way of life. This is high-quality furniture in the antique style (of the past), an interior that consists of objects that always have a historical predestination.
Modern style.
Any innovations in construction and technology give rise to their own style and new trends, which influence the material, which in turn affects fashion. For example, in the primitive communal system it was “fashionable” to wear and use natural stone in different situations. Similarly, in the construction of houses, cottages, and apartments, wood was used, or a derivative wood element called papyrus, which was used not only for communication at a certain distance, but also for decoration. Much later, with the advent of metal, materials such as copper, then bronze, gained considerable popularity in everyday use. Later, modern civilization created glass, and its plastic features began to be actively used in the design of residential premises. Several centuries have passed, flow production, industrial chemistry have been created, and, as a consequence of man's triumph over the natural elements, synthetic material is widely used in industrial areas and various decorations. The age of plastics to this day is well adapted to modern interior, moreover, both in the classical and in the secondary version.
Kitsch.
This term refers to the combined name of certain stylistic movements, post-modern and Memphis, which exploited the potential for bad taste and the charm of sentimental objects of mass demand. This is a kind of game of tasteless design, which is a kind of protest movement in modern interior fashion for those who do not take their own living environment very seriously.
China style.
The arrangement of Chinese buildings in a certain way differs in style from other eastern nations. A balanced lifestyle and a unique attitude towards everything that happens in the world play a certain role in this. In Chinese interiors there is no sharp corners, bulky furniture, and what we have is not very diverse. For example, the material for creating furniture, in most cases, uses a super-strong but elastic bamboo stem. Furniture elements are decorated using the most complex multi-layer varnishing technique; carvings in black varnish were used for future decoration. Differing from Japanese simplicity, the Chinese primarily use the external space of premises, creating niches, arches for furniture elements, as well as various vases, etc. The furnishings of such a home are completed by exquisitely decorated dining room furniture, on which are displayed different elements decorations In such furniture utensils, the intarsia technique, famous by Europeans, is widely used, which is mortise decorations made of thin plywood. different shades on the surface of a table or cabinet. But, different from European furniture, Chinese furniture can protrude above the surface. Chinese furniture of noble people is very different from the furniture of ordinary people, and the main elements of the interior are a lounger, a chair and a table. Any objects are created using bamboo, mainly in rectangular shapes. Another important principle that only the Chinese lived by was the complete absence of window curtains, there are no chandeliers in the houses, although electricity, of course, illuminates most houses, but with the help of ordinary lighting lamps. The predominant idea of the fragrance of Chinese housing is the interweaving of reality and mythology, where the main character is the dragon, that is, the most powerful among animals. The key color of China is red, that is, the color of the red dragon, an energetic color.
You can find out additional information - features of oriental interiors.
Japan style.
The Japanese type of home, although predetermined by certain laws, however, reflects the personal spirit. A distinctive feature of this style is the tendency towards simplification, simplicity, the interior seems to breathe freely. If, for example, in the Chinese style, partitions or screens are often used, then in Japan, mats are used together with such partitions, in addition, not just to define the area between rooms, but also as wall decorations, and for floor coverings, where the Japanese spend most of their lives, peacefully talking and eating. The main question for the owner of the home is complete isolation from the world, which is answered by strict room functionality. There is simply no furniture; instead of a closet or various shelves, wall niches in the walls are used, where you can place both a wardrobe and bed linen, etc. Small wardrobes and chests are still present in small quantities in the home, but, like Every Japanese thing is a masterpiece of art.
India style.
This style embodies the colors of turquoise and raspberry, and are absolutely unique in their kind. Indian silks are not as smooth and slippery to the touch as Chinese ones, they are a little rough. Furniture in the homes of this country is often handmade from high-strength wood. Distinctive feature This style is a facilitated transformation of household parts; chairs and tables, shutters and doorways are often replaced by each other.
African style. This is probably the most exotic of ethnic styles, African colors, warm and auspicious, imitating the coloration of a wild animal. Tiger or zebra skins can add effect to the design. Read more: room in African style.
England style. In this style, for example, the walls are typically painted a bright yellow, red or soft cream color. The floors are made of wooden material, covered with thick and comfortable wool carpets. An indispensable attribute of such a living room is a pleasant wool blanket with a checkered pattern, as well as a small footstool. The rooms are often “decorated” with heavy but elegant polished furniture. The synthesis of fabrics in the interior of such living rooms may seem somewhat chaotic, but at the same time, the “strictest check” looks great along with the romanticism of colored patterns.
Mediterranean style.
This style is distinguished by its brightness, like the nature of this part of the world, which is dominated by the sea of sun and the ocean of flora and fauna. Predominant colors: blue, green, gold, brown. Colorful colors on the brightest wall coverings, on the floor with a laid pattern of marble or colored ceramic tiles. Characteristic feature There is also some roughness and pronounced unevenness, a certain texture, hand-made finishing and coloring. Huge windows let in a lot of sunlight. In these houses, wrought iron furniture predominates, which is combined with painted wood, often painted.
Egypt style.
This style came to us with the help of religious building, and although it existed for more than 4000 years, it has not changed at all since its birth. Reached to this day, architectural monuments of that time, for example, a temple, a palace, a tomb, that is, monuments of buildings that personify eternity. A wall, pylon, column was often covered with hieroglyphic written drawings and scenes of special rituals, where the silhouettes of people were depicted in a certain pose, for example, the head and the rest of the body were in profile, and the hands were in front. In the buildings of that time, you can find 3 types of columns, namely, the lotus column, the papyrus column and the gatoric column. The exception is the Amarna historical period, when Amenhotep IV ruled. Bans on numerous old cults and the proclamation of the sun god gave some impetus to the formation different arts. Certain scenes were replaced by images of fish, butterflies, and touching life scenes. Sculptures also acquired new, non-canonical forms. Over time, the entire Empire style and Art Deco began to be based on elements of this style.
Feng Shui style.
This style is home household magic. If you want to change your life, move 27 objects in your own home, says ancient Chinese folk wisdom. If you have a home with a clear rectangular shape, you can consider yourself a lucky person, because this is a favorable shape. As well as an octagon, but this is very rarely seen, if at all. Some protrusions and cutouts on the plans can increase or decrease certain areas. A little about flowers. In this style, any zone has specific color. The right color can increase energy in a specific area of your life process. Of course, not every person will paint several rooms in different colors. To increase QI, you should try placing a purple lamp in the wealth zone, a vase that is filled with tender pink flowers, into the zone of mutual relations, and the black marble sculpture into the zone that will correspond to the career.

The architectural style, which originated in medieval Europe, is characterized by semicircular arches, which differ from Gothic pointed arches. Because examples of Romanesque architecture can be found throughout the European continent, the style is often considered to be the first pan-European architectural style since the Roman Empire. In addition to semicircular arches, the direction is distinguished by massive forms, thick walls, strong supports, cross vaults and large towers. From the 6th to the 10th centuries, most churches and monasteries in Europe were built in this majestic style. We have selected for you 25 of the most breathtaking and impressive examples of the Romanesque style in architecture that you simply must see!

Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, Gurk, Austria. 12th century

This basilica is considered one of the most important Romanesque buildings in the country. It has two towers, three apses, a crypt and galleries.

Notre Dame Cathedral, Tournai, Belgium. 17th century

Since 1936 it has been considered the main attraction and heritage of Wallonia. It is impossible not to note the heavy and serious nature of the building, the Romanesque nave and the cluster of five bell towers and semicircular arches.

Rotunda of St. Longina, Prague. 12th century

Founded as a parish church in a small village near Prague, it was almost destroyed at the beginning of the 19th century, but was later rebuilt.

Cathedral of Saint Trophime, Arles, France. 15th century

One of the most important examples of Romanesque architecture in France.

Saint-Savin-sur-Gartampe, France. Mid 11th century

The church, listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983, has a square tower and five radial chapels with a polygonal apse.

Bamberg Cathedral, Bamberg, Germany. 13th century

Founded in 1012 by Emperor Henry II, the church is famous for its four imposing towers. The cathedral was partially destroyed by fire in 1081, but rebuilt by 1111.

Cathedral in Clonfert, Ireland. 12th century

The doorway of this cathedral is considered the crown of the Romanesque style. It is decorated with animal heads, leaves and human heads.

San Liberatore in Maiella, Abruzzo, Italy. 11th century

The facade of this abbey is an example of the Lombard-Romanesque architectural style.

Modena Cathedral, Modena, Italy. 12th century

The cathedral is considered one of the most iconic Romanesque buildings in Europe and is a World Heritage Site.

Basilica of St. Servatius, Maastricht, Netherlands. 11th century

The building is considered an example of various architectural styles, but predominantly Romanesque.

Doors of the Cathedral in Gniezno, Poland. 12th century

The bronze doors are considered one of the most significant works of Romanesque art in Poland. They are decorated with bas-reliefs that show 18 scenes from the life of St. Wojciech.

Monastery of Peter and Paul, Kruszwica, Poland. 1120

This work of Romanesque art is built from sandstone and granite. It has a transept, presbytery and apse.

St. Andrew's Church, Krakow, Poland. 1079-1098

This church was created for defensive purposes. It is one of the few remaining examples of European fortified churches.

Lisbon Cathedral, Portugal. 1147

The oldest church in Lisbon, which is a mixture various styles and became famous for its Romanesque iron gates.

Cathedral of St. Martin, Slovakia. 13th-15th century

The largest and most interesting Romanesque cathedral in Slovakia. Inside it are marble tombstones, and the walls are painted with scenes of the coronation of Charles Robert of Anjou.

Basilica of San Isidro, Leon, Spain. 10th century

Among the building's most notable features are the arches that cross the transept and the carved tympanum.

Lund Cathedral, Sweden. 1145

The Romanesque style here is expressed in the layout, crypt and arched galleries.

Grossmunster, Zurich, Switzerland. 1100-1120

Protestant church in Romanesque style. It has a large carved portal with medieval columns.

Durham Cathedral, England. 1093

The building is notable for its unusual nave roof vaults, transverse arches and massive columns.

Dunnottar Castle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. 15-16th century

The ruined medieval fortress consists of three main wings set around a quadrangle and an unusual, intricate oak ceiling.

Salamanca Cathedral, Spain. 1513-1733

Although the cathedral was rebuilt in the 17th century and became Gothic, it retains much of the Romanesque style.

Wonchock Abbey, Wonchock, Poland. 1179

The abbey is recognized as one of the most precious monuments of Romanesque architecture in Poland.

Cathedral in Porto, Portugal. 1737

This is one of the oldest cathedrals in the city. It is surrounded by two square towers supported by buttresses and topped by a dome.

Santa Maria Maggiore, Veneto, Italy. 11th century

The interior of this cathedral is decorated with amazing mosaics from the 9th century.

Cathedral of San Nicola di Trullas, Italy. 1113

The cathedral was built as a village school and later became a monastery with cross vaults and frescoes.

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World architecture developed according to the laws of church dominance. Residential civil buildings looked quite modest, while the temples amazed with their pomp. During the Middle Ages, the church had significant funds, which the higher clergy received from the state, in addition, donations from parishioners entered the church treasury. With this money, churches were built throughout Russia. Examples of civil architecture of that time leave much to be desired. However, starting from the 18th century, the situation changed radically. Churches and cathedrals were already built without excessive luxury, but landowners' estates, royal country houses and even buildings in noble hunting grounds added significantly in sophistication and beauty. The styles of houses, the architecture of buildings, streets and squares were constantly improved. Architects were considered the most respected people.

Early Gothic style

Unique examples of ancient architecture are the cathedrals that were built starting in the mid-12th century in the northern regions of France. The largest Gothic cathedral was built in Amiens in 1220. Later, the same Gothic cathedral was erected in the German city of Cologne; its construction was completed in 1248.

In parallel with the Gothic style, the Romanesque style developed in the architecture of the Middle Ages in the 12th - 14th centuries. Italian architects erected buildings with walls of incredible thickness; the houses were more like fortresses. Examples of Romanesque style architecture are buildings that resemble military defense structures. The lower tier was especially strong, fundamental, the second floor consisted of towers and turrets, round and rectangular in plan, large and small. All towers had narrow, high windows, shaped like loopholes. The Middle Ages corresponded to its time. Warring knightly clans needed effective protection from enemy attacks, and family castles with fortresses were ideally suited for this purpose.

Ancient architecture

In ancient times, much attention was paid to the construction of public buildings. These were grandiose structures designed to organize mass spectacles. Ancient Roman forums, designed for tens of thousands of spectators, ancient Greek agoras, which were huge open areas filled with people, artisans and traders every day. Ancient Egyptian architecture differed significantly from Roman architecture, primarily in that the Egyptians never gathered in crowds of thousands in one place. Egyptian history has its roots in the 15th century BC, when architecture was conventional in nature. The buildings were erected from shell rock or red baked clay. Nothing was yet known about styles; the ancient Egyptians were concerned not with the style of their buildings, but with how to build higher houses to avoid flooding from the flooded Nile.

Orders

Ancient Greek architecture was mostly focused on the construction of temple buildings, some of which have survived to this day. Gradually, several architectural styles emerged:

The Doric order is distinguished by simple, powerful forms, even some of their heaviness. Doric columns have flutes on their surface, deep grooves running from the lower base to the capital. The horizontal tiers in the Doric order are an architrave connecting the columns at the level of the abacus, and on top there is a frieze consisting of two layers - a triglyph and a metope. All together it forms an entablature, which is topped with a gezimsom, a cornice with a significant protrusion outward.

The Ionic order - in comparison with the heavy Doric, is distinguished by lightness of proportions. The main sign of belonging to the Ionic order is the capital of the column, which has the shape of a double volute, directed with curls downwards. The Ionic order is considered architectural feminine style, as it is exquisite and complete with embellishments. The order appeared in the 6th century BC, in Ionia, on the northwest coast of the Aegean Sea. A century later it spread throughout the territory of ancient Greece. The main building in the Ionic style is the temple of the goddess Hera on the island of Samos, built in 570 BC and soon destroyed by an earthquake. And the most stylish building in the Ionic order is the Temple of Artemis of Ephesus - one of the “Seven Wonders of the World”.

The Corinthian order, the latest, differed from others in its special splendor. The columns in image and entablature resemble the features of the Ionic order, but the abacus and capital are completely different. The Corinthian style is full of decorativeness, its capitals contain floral ornaments, and two rows of acanthus leaves run along the perimeter. The capital is also decorated with many lily volutes.

"Palladianism"

The beginning of the 18th century was marked by the emergence of a new direction in world culture - classicism. Regularity of forms, clear projections and proportions - these were the main criteria architectural classicism. A faithful follower of the ancient style of temple architecture, the Venetian master Palladio, together with his student Scamozzi, substantiated his own theory of ancient classicism. The doctrine was called “Palladianism” and became widely used in the construction of private mansions. The “classicism” style in architecture turned out to be technologically advanced and convenient from the point of view of design and construction of buildings.

Decline of Baroque architecture

As it turned out, the cost of buildings erected in the new style was significantly lower. The buildings were distinguished by their laconicism, the “whipped cream” of the late Baroque was a thing of the past, classicism with its symmetrical axial compositions and noble restraint of decorative decoration gained more and more admirers. European connoisseurs of architectural masterpieces were ready to abandon both Baroque and Rococo in favor of chamber, with notes of academic, strict and elegant classicism.

At the same time, several mansions were built under the leadership of the most famous of which was the Rotunda Palace, near the city of Vicenza. The "classicism" style in architecture quickly gained popularity. Paris was literally overwhelmed by a wave of construction. Under Louis XV, entire architectural ensembles were erected, such as the Place de la Concorde. And during the reign of Louis XVI, “laconic classicism” became the main trend in urban architecture. After the execution of the French king and the overthrow of the monarchy in 1793, Paris was built up chaotically and inconsistently for a long time.

Empire architectural style

At the end of the 18th century, classicism began to decline; it was necessary to renew the entire culture as a whole and architecture as its component part.

Classicism was replaced by a new style in art and architecture called Empire, which originated and developed in France during the reign of Napoleon I. The emergence of a new direction was caused to a large extent by political reasons. The government of Napoleon Bonaparte tried to impose its own, so-called “imperial” style in architecture when it became clear that classicism was already approaching its decline. Both the solemn and pompous Empire style and all other styles of architecture of the 19th century fit perfectly into the palace agglomerates, but the emphasis was still placed on the “royal” direction.

In Russia, the architectural Empire style appeared under Tsar Alexander the First, who was loyal to French culture and considered it worthy of imitation. No wonder the sovereign invited an architect from France, Auguste Montferrand, to build the famous St. Isaac's Cathedral. The style in architecture - Empire - was not uniform in its form; it was divided into St. Petersburg and Moscow and existed until the mid-19th century. In addition to St. Isaac's Cathedral, built in 1858, in St. Petersburg there is another masterpiece in the “royal” style, this is the Kazan Cathedral of Andrei Voronikhin, and in the Russian style in architecture, the Empire is a thirty-year period of construction of genuine masterpieces.

Architectural sights of St. Petersburg

One of the most outstanding cities in the world in terms of architectural significance is the city of St. Petersburg, the northern capital of Russia. Thanks to the continuity of Russian and Western European experience in urban planning in the 18th - 19th centuries, a unique conglomerate was created in St. Petersburg. The city features fifteen different architectural styles, the harmonious polyphony of which creates a unique picture of the reunification of several historical periods into one whole. The boundaries of eras are not clearly defined, “blurred”, but all the signs of the past are present.

The architecture of St. Petersburg includes eight dominant directions:

Baroque "Petrine", early 18th century;
mid-18th century;
Gothic, second half of the 18th century;
classicism, late 18th century;
Russian Empire style, early 19th century;
Renaissance, mid-19th century;
eclecticism, second half of the 19th century;
Art Nouveau, early 20th century;

Peter's Baroque is a transformed Italian and French Baroque. The somewhat pretentious style was welcomed by Peter I and his entourage. However, the time during which the Baroque flourished was turbulent; numerous wars devastated the treasury. The construction of new buildings was insufficiently financed, and this could not but affect their quality. The Baroque style was indicated only on the facades; the main features of the architectural direction were emphasized: pediments, pilasters with volutes, spiers on the roofs. The interior spaces were stretched out according to the enfilade principle, this significantly reduced the cost of construction. Petrine baroque dominated in St. Petersburg from 1703 to 1740; after the death of the emperor in 1725, the activity of European architects invited under contract decreased, but work continued for another 15 years.

Ascended to royal throne in 1741, the daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth, sought to centralize power; in addition, she was no stranger to luxury, pomp, magnificent festivities and balls. In the architecture of urban buildings during the reign of Elizabeth, pomp and pretentiousness began to be traced, thus the “Elizabethan Baroque” style itself arose. The main architect of that time was Bartolomeo Rastrelli, who created a masterpiece of architecture of world significance - Winter Palace, located on Palace Square, which is also known as the Hermitage Museum.

List of those built during the reign of the Elizabethan Baroque:

Anichkov Palace (1741 - 1753).
Elizabeth (1741 - 1744), has not survived.
Great Peterhof Palace (1745 - 1762).
Ekateringof Palace (1747 - 1750), has not survived.
Smolny Cathedral, built in St. Petersburg (1748 - 1754).
Vorontsov Palace, St. Petersburg (1749 - 1757).
The travel palace on Srednyaya Rogatka (1751 - 1754) has not survived.
Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo (1752 - 1758).
Stroganov Palace, Nevsky Prospekt (1753 - 1754).
Nikolo-Bogoyavlensky naval cathedral (1753 - 1762).
Shuvalov's house on Italianskaya Street (1753 - 1755).
Winter Palace (1754 - 1762).
The Yakovlev mansion (1762 - 1766) has not survived.

Gothic in St. Petersburg

The City on the Neva is one of the most unique metropolises in the world, with such a diverse culture. Gothic architecture appeared in St. Petersburg in 1777, it was the Chesme Palace and the Chesme Church. As in the case of the “Petrine Baroque,” these buildings did not fully correspond to the style. Gothic elements served as external attributes - facades, numerous turrets, high spiers. The supporting structures of the buildings were carried out according to a simplified design. In essence, it was pseudo-Gothic, however, a large number of churches and secular buildings were built in the 19th century.

The architectural style of "classicism" was developed in the period from 1760 to 1780. Petersburg at that time was already ready for change. The buildings, built in the classicist style, organically fit into the urban landscape. Among the most notable buildings are the following:

"Imperial Academy of Arts", built on Vasilyevsky Island in 1764 -1788.
Yusupov Palace (1771-1773).
Hanging Gardens of the Small Hermitage (1764-1775).
Armenian Church (1771-1776).
Marble Palace (1768-1785)
(1783-1789).
Mining Institute of Empress Catherine (1806-1808).

Classicism was a harbinger of the appearance of the Russian Empire style in St. Petersburg. The change of direction happened unnoticed. At that time, the Empire architectural style was in demand in France as part of the rapid changes taking place in the country. It reflected Napoleon's ambitions and became a symbol of new life for the French. And the Russian Empire style replaced classicism, nothing more. The architecture of St. Petersburg developed according to its own laws. French culture had a significant influence on its development.

Architecture and photography

Residential and sacred buildings, landowners' estates and churches, prisons and government houses. Any building related to public life, should have architectural features. Some houses were built in strict accordance with the rules of building aesthetics, and the architects often managed to achieve impressive results. Masterpieces of architectural art had to be sketched, since photography did not yet exist. Photographic art appeared and began to develop only in the first half of the 19th century. However, it was not immediately possible to replace the drawing with a photo. Architecture is always a rather complex image, with many shades and halftones, and a conventional daguerreotype did not convey them; the plate only produced a flat spot with barely noticeable contours. And the artists continued to paint.

However, as the years passed, photography improved, and then the moment came when it became possible to capture any structure in a photo. Architecture, as the classic aptly put it, is “frozen music,” and many wanted to preserve this music as a keepsake in the form of a photograph. People posed in front of their own houses or tried to take pictures near some famous building. All kinds of architectural styles, photos of which were considered good form to have at home, became popular. At the dawn of photography, most photographs were either of family or of buildings.

Architecture styles with examples

There are many examples of architectural styles; each of them has certain characteristics that characterize the direction, type and time period in which the building was erected.

According to individual, most famous styles architecture, specific examples can be given:

Empire - "Arch of the General Staff" in St. Petersburg, on Palace Square (1819 - 1829), architect Carlo Rossi;
classicism - "Trinity Cathedral in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra" (1776 - 1790), architect Starov. Saint Petersburg;
Gothic - "Sevastyanov's House" (1863 - 1866), architect Paduchev, Yekaterinburg;
baroque - "Stroganov Palace" in St. Petersburg, on Nevsky Prospekt, (1752 - 1754), architect Rastrelli;
Renaissance - Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence (1417 - 1436), architect Brunelleschi;
Art Nouveau - "House in St. Petersburg (1902 - 1904), architect Suzor.

Examples of architecture indicate the development of certain genres over the centuries.

Original examples of today's architecture

Today there are enough creative architects in the world who are engaged in cutting-edge projects. Other projects are purely utilitarian in nature, but there are also those that can be called original. For example, in Japan, houses on balls have become fashionable. Because Country rising sun is earthquake-hazardous, Japanese architects began to install houses on huge balls made of especially durable material. Thus, during an earthquake, the house simply begins to sway; the vibrations of tremors cannot cause any harm to it.

There are original buildings that are the fruit of creative design ideas. In the famous Spanish city of Barcelona, which rightfully ranks first in the world in the number of original buildings, architects have created another masterpiece. It's upside down. The building stands on the roof and delights tourists with its unusualness.

Brief description of the main architectural styles

An architectural style can be defined as a set of basic features and characteristics of the architecture of a certain time and place, manifested in the features of its functional, constructive and artistic aspects (the purpose of buildings, Construction Materials and designs, techniques of architectural composition).
It is customary to distinguish architectural styles of global significance:
Prehistoric architecture
· Antique architecture. VIII century BC e. - V century n. e.
· Roman style. X - XII centuries
· Gothic. XII - XV centuries
· Revival. Beginning XV - beginning XVII century
· Baroque. Con. XVI century - end. XVIII century
· Rococo. Beginning XVIII - con. XVIII century
· Classicism, incl. Palladianism, Empire style, neo-Greek. Ser. XVIII - XIX centuries
· Eclecticism. 1830s - 1890s
· Modern. 1890s - 1910s
· Modernism. Beginning 1900s - 1980s
· Constructivism. 1920s - early 1930s
· Postmodernism. From ser. XX century
· High tech. From the end 1970s
· Deconstructivism. From the end 1980s
In fact, there are practically no pure styles in architecture; they all exist simultaneously, complementing and enriching each other. Styles do not mechanically replace one another, they do not become obsolete, do not appear out of nowhere and do not disappear without a trace. In any architectural style there is something of the previous and future style. When attributing a building to a certain architectural style, we must understand that this is a conditional characteristic, since each work of architecture is unique and inimitable in its own way. In order to attribute a building to a specific style, we need to choose the main, in our opinion, feature. It is clear that such a classification will always be approximate and imprecise.
Antique (Greek) style is architecture ancient Rome and Greece. This style appeared on the lands of the Aegean Sea for so long that it was considered the progenitor and even in some way for such movements as Classicism, Neoclassicism, and Renaissance. Because the Romans were students of the Greeks, they immediately adopted the ancient style, supplementing it with their own elements (dome, arched order cell).
Roman style. X-XII centuries (in some countries XIII century) (with elements of Roman antique culture). Medieval Western European art of the time of complete dominance of feudal-religious ideology. the main role in the Romanesque style, the architecture was harsh, fortress-like: monastery complexes, churches, castles were located on elevated places, dominating the area. Churches were decorated with paintings and reliefs, in conventional, expressive forms, expressing the frightening power of the deities. The Romanesque era is characterized by nobility and austere beauty.
The Gothic style mainly manifested itself in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, and monasteries. In contrast to the Romanesque style, with its round arches, massive walls and small windows, the Gothic style is characterized by pointed arches, narrow and tall towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details (vimpergi, tympanums, archivolts) and multi-colored stained glass lancet windows . All style elements emphasize verticality. In Gothic architecture, there are 3 stages of development: early, mature (high Gothic) and late (flaming Gothic). The church of the Saint-Denis monastery, designed by Abbot Suger, is considered the first Gothic architectural structure. During its construction, many supports and internal walls were removed, and the church acquired a more graceful appearance compared to the Romanesque “fortresses of God.”
Renaissance (Renaissance). (French Renaissance), period in cultural and ideological development Western countries. and Central Europe (in Italy XIV-XVI centuries, in other countries the end of the XV-XVI centuries), transitional from medieval culture to the culture of modern times. In architecture, secular buildings began to play a leading role - public buildings, palaces, city houses. Using the order division of walls, arched galleries, colonnades, vaults, domes, architects (Brunelleschi, Alberti, Bramante, Palladio in Italy, Lescaut, Delorme in France) gave their buildings majesty, clarity, harmony and proportionality to man. Particular importance in this direction is given to the forms of ancient architecture: symmetry, proportion, geometry and order. components, as is clearly evidenced by surviving examples of Roman architecture. The complex proportions of medieval buildings are replaced by an orderly arrangement of columns, pilasters and lintels; asymmetrical outlines are replaced by a semicircle of an arch, a hemisphere of a dome, niches, and aedicules.
Baroque (Italian barocco - “vicious”, “loose”, “prone to excess”, port. perola barroca - “pearl of irregular shape” (literally “pearl with a defect”); - characteristic of European cultures XVII-XVIII centuries, the center of which was Italy. Baroque art is characterized by grandeur, pomp and dynamics, pathetic elation, intensity of feelings, a passion for spectacular spectacles, a combination of the illusory and the real, strong contrasts of scale and rhythm, materials and textures, light and shadow. Baroque palaces and churches, thanks to the luxurious, bizarre plasticity of the facades, the restless play of chiaroscuro, complex curvilinear plans and outlines, acquired picturesqueness and dynamism and seemed to blend into the surrounding space. The ceremonial interiors of Baroque buildings were decorated with multicolor sculpture, modeling, and carvings; mirrors and paintings illusorily expanded the space, and the painting of ceiling lamps created the illusion of open vaults. Baroque architecture (L. Bernini, F. Borromini in Italy, V.V. Rastrelli in Russia) is characterized by spatial scope, unity, and fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms. There are various national versions of baroque (for example, “Moscow”, “Naryshkin” baroque in Russia).
Ukrainian or Cossack Baroque is a variation of the Baroque style common in the Left Bank and Dnieper Ukraine in the 17th-18th centuries, which is characterized by a combination of decorative and plastic solutions of Western European Baroque and Renaissance with creative processing of the heritage of Orthodox temple architecture and Old Russian architecture.
Rococo (French Rococo, from rocaille - a decorative motif in the form of a shell), a style movement in European art of the 1st half of the XVIII century. Rococo, associated with the crisis of absolutism, is characterized by a departure from life into the world of fantasy, theatrical play, mythical and pastoral plots, and erotic situations. Rococo art is dominated by a graceful, whimsical ornamental rhythm. The characteristic features of Rococo are sophistication, great decorative loading of interiors and compositions, graceful ornamental rhythm, great attention to mythology, erotic situations, and personal comfort.
Classicism (French classicisme, from Latin classicus - exemplary) is an architectural style and aesthetic direction in European art of the late 17th - early 19th centuries. The main feature The architecture of classicism was an appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as a standard of harmony, simplicity, rigor, logical clarity and monumentality. The architecture of classicism as a whole is characterized by regularity of layout and clarity of volumetric form. The basis of the architectural language of classicism was the order, in proportions and forms close to antiquity. Classicism is characterized by symmetrical axial compositions, restraint of decorative decoration, and a regular system of city planning.
Empire (from the French empire - “empire”) is the style of late (high) classicism in architecture and applied art. Originated in France during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I; developed during the first three decades of the 19th century; was replaced by eclectic movements. The Empire style is a unique reflection of Roman classics combined with Egyptian motifs. Empire architecture is characterized by monumentality, geometric regularity of volumes and integrity ( triumphal arches, columns, palaces). The Empire style, through numerous attributes and symbols, affirmed the idea of imperial greatness. The creator of the St. Petersburg Empire style is considered to be the “Russian Italian” K. Rossi. Another prominent architect of the same style was V. Stasov.

Eclecticism (eclecticism) (from the Greek eklektikos - choosing), a mechanical combination of heterogeneous, often opposing principles, views, theories, artistic elements and so on.; in architecture and fine arts a combination of dissimilar stylistic elements or an arbitrary choice of stylistic design for buildings or artistic products that have a qualitatively different meaning and purpose.
Art Nouveau architecture is an architectural style that became widespread in Europe in the 1890s-1910s as part of the Art Nouveau art movement. Modern architecture is distinguished by its rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of more natural, “natural” lines, and the use of new technologies (metal, glass). Like a number of other styles, modern architecture is also distinguished by the desire to create both aesthetically beautiful and functional buildings. Much attention was paid not only to the appearance of the buildings, but also to the interior, which was carefully worked out. All structural elements: stairs, doors, pillars, balconies were artistically processed. There are a number of modern architecture characteristic features, for example, the rejection of mandatory symmetrical forms. New forms appear in it, such as “shop windows,” that is, wide ones designed to act as shop windows. During this period, the type of residential apartment building finally takes shape. Multi-storey construction is being developed.
Constructivism, a movement in modern art of the 1920s, which put forward the task of designing the material environment surrounding humans. Constructivism sought to use new technology to create simple, logical, functionally justified forms, expedient structures (architectural projects of the brothers A.A., V.A. and L.A. Vesnin, M.Ya. Ginzburg, I.I. Leonidov).
Hi-tech (eng. hi-tech, from high technology - high tech) is a style in architecture and design that originated in the depths of postmodern architecture in the 1970s and found widespread use in the 1980s. It is characterized by pragmatism, the idea of the architect as an elite professional, the provision of services by architecture, complex simplicity, sculptural form, hyperbole, manufacturability, structure and design as an ornament, anti-historicity, monumentality.
Deconstructivism - a direction in modern architecture, which took shape as an independent movement in the late 1980s in America and Europe and then spread in one form or another throughout the world.

Architectural style can be defined as a set of basic features and characteristics of architecture of a certain time and place, manifested in the features of its functional, constructive and artistic aspects (purpose of buildings, building materials and structures, techniques of architectural composition).

It is customary to distinguish architectural styles of global significance:

Prehistoric architecture

· Antique architecture. VIII century BC e. - V century n. e.

· Roman style. X - XII centuries

· Gothic. XII - XV centuries

· Revival. Beginning XV - beginning XVII century

· Baroque. Con. XVI century - end. XVIII century

· Rococo. Beginning XVIII - con. XVIII century

· Classicism, incl. Palladianism, Empire style, neo-Greek. Ser. XVIII - XIX centuries

· Eclecticism. 1830s - 1890s

· Modern. 1890s - 1910s

· Modernism. Beginning 1900s - 1980s

· Constructivism. 1920s - early 1930s

· Postmodernism. From ser. XX century

· High tech. From the end 1970s

· Deconstructivism. From the end 1980s

In fact, there are practically no pure styles in architecture; they all exist simultaneously, complementing and enriching each other. Styles do not mechanically replace one another, they do not become obsolete, do not appear out of nowhere and do not disappear without a trace. In any architectural style there is something of the previous and future style.

Antique (Greek) style- This is the architecture of ancient Rome and Greece. This style appeared on the lands of the Aegean Sea for so long that it was considered the progenitor and even in some way for such movements as Classicism, Neoclassicism, and Renaissance. Because the Romans were students of the Greeks, they immediately adopted the ancient style, supplementing it with their own elements (dome, arched order cell).

Roman style. X-XII centuries (in some countries XIII century)(with elements of Roman-ancient culture). Medieval Western European art of the time of complete dominance of feudal-religious ideology. The main role in the Romanesque style was given to harsh, fortress-like architecture: monastery complexes, churches, and castles were located on elevated places, dominating the area. Churches were decorated with paintings and reliefs, in conventional, expressive forms, expressing the frightening power of the deities. The Romanesque era is characterized by nobility and austere beauty.

The Gothic style mainly manifested itself in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, and monasteries. In contrast to the Romanesque style, with its round arches, massive walls and small windows, the Gothic style is characterized by pointed arches, narrow and tall towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details (vimpergi, tympanums, archivolts) and multi-colored stained glass lancet windows . All style elements emphasize verticality. In Gothic architecture, there are 3 stages of development: early, mature (high Gothic) and late (flaming Gothic).

Renaissance (Renaissance). (French Renaissance), a period in the cultural and ideological development of Western countries. and Central Europe (in Italy XIV-XVI centuries, in other countries the end of the XV-XVI centuries), transitional from medieval culture to the culture of modern times. In architecture, secular buildings began to play a leading role - public buildings, palaces, city houses. Using the order division of walls, arched galleries, colonnades, vaults, domes, architects (Brunelleschi, Alberti, Bramante, Palladio in Italy, Lescaut, Delorme in France) gave their buildings majesty, clarity, harmony and proportionality to man. Particular importance in this direction is attached to the forms of ancient architecture: symmetry, proportion, geometry and the order of its component parts, as clearly evidenced by surviving examples of Roman architecture. The complex proportions of medieval buildings are replaced by an orderly arrangement of columns, pilasters and lintels; asymmetrical outlines are replaced by a semicircle of an arch, a hemisphere of a dome, niches, and aedicules.

Baroque (Italian: barocco- “vicious”, “loose”, “prone to excess”, port. perola barroca - “pearl of irregular shape” (literally “pearl with a defect”); - characteristics of European culture of the 17th-18th centuries, the center of which was Italy. Baroque art is characterized by grandeur, pomp and dynamics, pathetic elation, intensity of feelings, a passion for spectacular spectacles, a combination of the illusory and the real, strong contrasts of scale and rhythm, materials and textures, light and shadow. Baroque palaces and churches, thanks to the luxurious, bizarre plasticity of the facades, the restless play of chiaroscuro, complex curvilinear plans and outlines, acquired picturesqueness and dynamism and seemed to blend into the surrounding space. The ceremonial interiors of Baroque buildings were decorated with multicolor sculpture, modeling, and carvings; mirrors and paintings illusorily expanded the space, and the painting of ceiling lamps created the illusion of open vaults. Baroque architecture (L. Bernini, F. Borromini in Italy, V.V. Rastrelli in Russia) is characterized by spatial scope, unity, and fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms.

Rococo (French Rococo, from rocaille- decorative motif in the form of a shell), a style direction in European art of the 1st half of the 18th century. Rococo, associated with the crisis of absolutism, is characterized by a departure from life into the world of fantasy, theatrical play, mythical and pastoral plots, and erotic situations. Rococo art is dominated by a graceful, whimsical ornamental rhythm. The characteristic features of Rococo are sophistication, great decorative loading of interiors and compositions, graceful ornamental rhythm, great attention to mythology, erotic situations, and personal comfort.

Classicism (French classicisme, from lat. classicus - exemplary) - architectural style and aesthetic direction in European art of the late 17th - early 19th centuries. The main feature of the architecture of classicism was the appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as a standard of harmony, simplicity, rigor, logical clarity and monumentality. The architecture of classicism as a whole is characterized by regularity of layout and clarity of volumetric form. The basis of the architectural language of classicism was the order, in proportions and forms close to antiquity. Classicism is characterized by symmetrical axial compositions, restraint of decorative decoration, and a regular system of city planning.

Empire (from the French empire- “empire”) - the style of late (high) classicism in architecture and applied art. Originated in France during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I; developed during the first three decades of the 19th century; was replaced by eclectic movements. The Empire style is a unique reflection of Roman classics combined with Egyptian motifs. Empire architecture is characterized by monumentality, geometric regularity of volumes and integrity (triumphal arches, columns, palaces). The Empire style, through numerous attributes and symbols, affirmed the idea of imperial greatness.

Eclecticism (eclecticism) (from the Greek eklektikos– chooser), a mechanical combination of heterogeneous, often opposing principles, views, theories, artistic elements, etc.; in architecture and fine arts, a combination of heterogeneous stylistic elements or an arbitrary choice of stylistic design for buildings or artistic products that have a qualitatively different meaning and purpose.

Art Nouveau architecture- an architectural style that became widespread in Europe in the 1890s-1910s as part of the Art Nouveau art movement. Modern architecture is distinguished by its rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of more natural, “natural” lines, and the use of new technologies (metal, glass). Like a number of other styles, modern architecture is also distinguished by the desire to create both aesthetically beautiful and functional buildings. Much attention was paid not only to the appearance of the buildings, but also to the interior, which was carefully worked out. All structural elements: stairs, doors, pillars, balconies were artistically processed. Modern architecture has a number of characteristic features, for example, the rejection of mandatory symmetrical forms. New forms appear in it, such as “shop windows,” that is, wide ones designed to act as shop windows. During this period, the type of residential apartment building finally takes shape. Multi-storey construction is being developed.

Constructivism, a movement in contemporary art of the 1920s that put forward the task of designing the material environment surrounding humans. Constructivism sought to use new technology to create simple, logical, functionally justified forms, expedient structures (architectural projects of the brothers A.A., V.A. and L.A. Vesnin, M.Ya. Ginzburg, I.I. Leonidov).

Hi-tech (English). hi-tech, from high technology - high technology) is a style in architecture and design that originated in the depths of postmodern architecture in the 1970s and found widespread use in the 1980s. It is characterized by pragmatism, the idea of the architect as an elite professional, the provision of services by architecture, complex simplicity, sculptural form, hyperbole, manufacturability, structure and design as an ornament, anti-historicity, monumentality.

Deconstructivism- a trend in modern architecture that took shape as an independent movement in the late 1980s in America and Europe and then spread in one form or another throughout the world.