What is art. Types of art and their classification Find the concept of art in different sources

In its simplest sense, art is a person’s ability to bring something beautiful into reality and receive aesthetic pleasure from such objects. It can also be one of the ways of knowledge, called skill, but one thing is certain: without art, our world would be insipid, boring and not at all exciting.

Terminological stop

In the broadest sense, art is a kind of skill, the products of which bring aesthetic pleasure. According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the main criterion of art is its ability to evoke a response in other people. In turn, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia says that art is one of the forms public consciousness, which is the main component of human culture.

No matter what anyone says, the debate around the term “art” has been going on for a very long time. For example, in the era of romanticism, art was considered a feature of the human mind. That is, they understood this term in the same way as religion and science.

Special craft

In the very first and most widespread sense, the concept of art was deciphered as “craft” or “composition” (aka creation). Simply put, art could be called everything that was created by man in the process of inventing and comprehending a certain composition.

Until the 19th century, art was the ability of an artist or singer to express his talent, captivate an audience and make them feel.

The concept of “art” can be used in the most different areas human activity:

• the process of expressing vocal, choreographic or acting talent;
• works, physical objects created by masters of their craft;
• the process of consumption of works of art by the audience.

To summarize, we can say the following: art is a unique subsystem of the spiritual sphere of life, which is a creative reproduction of reality in artistic images. This is a unique skill that can inspire admiration among the public.

A little history

In world culture, people began to talk about art back in ancient times. Primitive art (namely fine arts, it's the same rock art) appeared together with man in the Middle Paleolithic era. The first objects that can be identified with art as such appeared in the Upper Paleolithic. The oldest works of art, for example, shell necklaces, date back to 75 thousand years BC.

In the Stone Age, primitive rituals, music, dancing, and decoration were called art. In general, modern art originates from ancient rituals, traditions, games, which were determined by mythological and magical ideas and beliefs.

From primitive man

In world art it is customary to distinguish several eras of its development. Each of them adopted something from their ancestors, added something of their own and left it to their descendants. From century to century art acquired an increasingly complex form.

The art of primitive society consisted of music, songs, rituals, dances and images that were applied to animal skins, earth and other natural objects. In the ancient world, art took on a more complex form. It developed in Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Persian, Indian, Chinese and other civilizations. Each of these centers had its own unique style art that has survived more than one millennium and even today influences culture. By the way, ancient Greek artists were considered the best (even better modern masters) in the image of the human body. Only they managed, in some incredible way, to thoroughly depict muscles, posture, and select correct proportions and convey the natural beauty of nature.

Middle Ages

During the Middle Ages, religions had a significant influence on the development of art. This is especially true in Europe. Gothic and Byzantine art based on spiritual truths and biblical stories. At this time, in the east and in Islamic countries, it was believed that drawing a person was nothing more than the creation of an idol, which was prohibited. Therefore in fine arts there was architecture and ornaments, but there was no person. Calligraphy and jewelry making developed. In India and Tibet, the main art form was religious dance, followed by sculpture.

A wide variety of arts flourished in China, without any influence or pressure from any religion. Each era had its own masters, each of them had their own style, which they perfected. Therefore, each work of art bears the name of the era in which it was created. For example, a vase from the Ming era or a painting from the Tang era. The situation in Japan is the same as in China. The development of culture and art in these countries was quite original.

Renaissance

During the Renaissance, art again returned to material values ​​and humanism. Human figures acquire their lost physicality, perspective appears in space, and artists strive to reflect physical and rational certainty.

During the Romantic era, emotions appeared in art. Masters try to show human individuality and the depth of experience. Multiple artistic styles begin to appear, such as academicism, symbolism, fauvism, etc. True, their life was short-lived, and the previous trends, spurred on by the horror of the wars they had experienced, could be said to have been reborn from the ashes.

On the way to modernity

In the 20th century, masters were looking for new artistic possibilities and standards of beauty. Due to ever-increasing globalization, cultures have begun to interpenetrate and influence each other. For example, the Impressionists were inspired by Japanese prints; Picasso’s work was significantly influenced by the fine arts of India. In the second half of the 20th century, the development different areas art was influenced by modernism with its relentless idealistic search for truth and rigid norms. Period contemporary art occurred when it was decided that values ​​are relative.

Functions and properties

At all times, theorists of art history and cultural studies have said that for art, like for any other social phenomenon, characterized by different functions and properties. All functions of art are conventionally divided into motivated and unmotivated.

Unmotivated functions are properties that are an integral part of human nature. Simply put, art is what a person's instincts drive him towards and what goes beyond the practical and useful. Such functions include:

• Basic instinct of harmony, rhythm and balance. Here art is not manifested in material form, but in a sensual, internal desire for harmony and beauty.
• Feeling of mystery. It is believed that art is one of the ways to feel connected to the Universe. This feeling arises unexpectedly when contemplating paintings, listening to music, etc.
• Imagination. Thanks to art, a person has the opportunity to use his imagination without restrictions.
• Appeal to many. Art allows the creator to address the whole world.
• Rituals and symbols. Some modern cultures have colorful rituals, dances and performances. They are original symbols, and sometimes just ways to diversify the event. By themselves, they do not pursue any goal, but anthropologists see in each movement the meaning inherent in the process of development of national culture.

Motivated Features

Motivated functions of art are the goals that the creator consciously sets for himself when starting to create a work of art.

In this case, art can be:

• A means of communication. In its own simple version art is a way of communication between people, through which information can be conveyed.
• Entertainment. Art can create the appropriate mood, help you relax and take your mind off problems.
• For the sake of change. At the beginning of the twentieth century, many works were created that provoked political change.
• For the sake of psychotherapy. Psychologists often use art to medicinal purposes. A technique based on pattern analysis makes it possible to make a more accurate diagnosis.
• For the sake of protest. Art was often used to protest against something or someone.
• Propaganda. Art can also be a way of disseminating propaganda, through which one can subtly influence the formation of new tastes and attitudes among the public.

As can be seen from the functions, art plays an important role in the life of society, influencing all spheres of human life.

Types and forms

Initially, art was considered undivided, that is, general complex creative activity. For primitive man, there were no separate examples of art such as theater, music or literature. Everything was merged together. Only after a while did different types of art begin to appear. This is the name given to historically established forms of artistic reflection of the world, which are created using different means.

Depending on the means used, the following forms of art are distinguished:

• Literature. Uses verbal and written means to create examples of art. There are three main types here - drama, epic and lyric.
• Music. It is divided into vocal and instrumental; sound means are used to create examples of art.
• Dance. Plastic movements are used to create new patterns. There are ballet, ritual, ballroom, modern and folk art dance.
• Painting. With the help of color, reality is displayed on a plane.
• Architecture. Art is manifested in the transformation of the spatial environment with structures and buildings.
• Sculpture. Represents works of art that have volume and three dimensional shape.
• Decorative and applied arts. This form is directly related to application needs, it is art objects, which can be used in everyday life. For example, painted dishes, furniture, etc.
• Theater. With the help of acting, a stage action of a specific theme and character is played out on stage.
• Circus. A kind of spectacular and entertaining action with funny, unusual and risky numbers.
• Movie. We can say that this is the evolution of theatrical action, when modern audiovisual means are still used.
• Photo. It involves capturing visual images using technical means.

TO listed forms You can also add such genres of art as pop, graphics, radio, etc.

The role of art in human life

It’s strange, but for some reason it is believed that art is intended only for the upper strata of the population, the so-called elite. Such a concept is supposedly alien to other people.

Art is usually identified with wealth, influence and power. After all, these are the people who can afford to buy themselves beautiful, obscenely expensive and absurdly useless things. Take, for example, the Hermitage or the Palace of Versailles, which preserve rich collections of monarchs of the past. Today, such collections can be afforded by governments, some private organizations and very rich people.

Sometimes it seems that the main role of art in a person’s life is to show others social status. In many cultures, expensive and elegant things show a person's position in society. On the other hand, two centuries ago there were attempts to make high art more accessible to the general public. For example, in 1793 the Louvre was opened to everyone (until that time it was the property of the French kings). Over time, this idea was picked up in Russia (Tretyakov Gallery), the USA (Metropolitan Museum) and other European countries. And yet, people who have their own art collection will always be considered more influential.

Synthetic or real

There is a wide variety of works of art in the modern world. They take on different types, forms, and means of creation. The only thing that has remained unchanged is folk art, in its primitive form.

today even simple idea considered art. It is thanks to ideas, public opinion and critical reviews that works such as the Black Square, a tea set covered in real fur, or the photograph of the Rhine River, which sold for $4 million, have achieved enduring success. It is difficult to call these and similar objects real art.

So what is real art? By and large, these are works that make you think, ask questions, and look for answers. Real art attracts, you want to get your hands on this item at any cost. Even in literature, Russian classics wrote about this attractive force. Thus, in Gogol’s story “Portrait,” the main character spends his last savings on purchasing a portrait.

True art always makes a person kinder, stronger and wiser. Possessing invaluable knowledge and experience that has been collected over many generations, and is now available in an understandable form, a person has the opportunity to develop and improve.

Real art is always made from the heart. It doesn’t matter what it will be - a book, a painting, music, a play. The viewer will feel it. You will definitely feel what the creator wanted to convey. She will feel his emotions, understand his thoughts, and go with him in search of answers. Real art is an inaudible conversation between the author and a person, after which the listener/reader/viewer will no longer be the same. This is what real art is. A real concentrated bundle of feelings. As Pushkin wrote, it should burn the hearts of people, and no matter what - a verb, a brush or a musical instrument. Such art should serve people and inspire them to change, entertain them when they are sad, and instill hope, especially when it seems that there is no way out. This is the only way it can be, it can’t be any other way.

Today there are many strange, sometimes even ridiculous objects that are called works of art. But if they are not able to “hit the nerve,” then they cannot relate to art a priori.

All generations. In science, art refers to both the creative artistic activity itself and its result - a work of art.

Definition of the term

In the most in a general sense art is craftsmanship whose product provides aesthetic pleasure. The Encyclopedia Britannica defines it as: “The use of skill or imagination to create aesthetic objects, settings, or activities that can be shared with others.” Thus, the criterion of art is the ability to evoke a response in other people. TSB defines art as one of the forms of social consciousness, the most important component of human culture.

The definition and evaluation of art as a phenomenon is a subject of ongoing debate.

Primitive art was syncretic. According to some authors, it originates in pre-speech skills and techniques for transmitting, perceiving and storing linguistic information in memory. Communicative utilitarianism of primitive creativity, along with the development aesthetic aspect, is clearly observed in the pre-printing folklore period of cultures of all peoples. There are also theories about art as a biological function (artistic instinct).

Primitive art

Primitive art, prehistoric art- art of the era of primitive society.

It was represented by primitive music, dances, songs and rituals, as well as geoglyphs - images on the surface of the earth, dendroglyphs - images on the bark of trees and images on animal skins, various body decorations using colored pigments and all kinds of natural objects, such as beads, popular and currently.

Arts in the ancient world

Portrait of baker Terence Neon and his wife. Pompeii (House of Terence Neon, VII, 2, 6). Inv. No. 9058. Naples, National Archaeological Museum.

Fundamentals of art in modern understanding This word was founded by ancient civilizations: Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Persian, Indian, Chinese, Greek, Roman, as well as Arabian (ancient Yemen and Oman) and others. Each of the mentioned centers of early civilizations created its own unique style in art, which survived centuries and exerted its influence on later cultures. They also left the first descriptions of the artists’ work. For example, ancient Greek masters in many ways surpassed others in depicting the human body and were able to show muscles, posture, correct proportions and the beauty of nature.

Arts in the Middle Ages

However, their century was short-lived, and the end of previous directions was brought closer not only by new discoveries of relativity by Einstein and Freud's subconscious, but also by the unprecedented development of technology, spurred by the nightmare of two world wars. The history of art of the 20th century is full of searches for new artistic possibilities and new standards of beauty, each of which conflicted with the previous ones. The norms of impressionism, fauvism, expressionism, cubism, dadaism, surrealism, etc. did not survive their creators. Growing globalization has led to the interpenetration and mutual influence of cultures. Thus, the work of Matisse and Pablo Picasso was greatly influenced by African art, and Japanese prints (themselves appeared under the influence of the Western Renaissance) served as a source of inspiration for the Impressionists. The ideas of communism and postmodernism, Western in origin, also had a colossal influence on art.

Modernism with its cult of rigid norms and idealistic search for truth in the second half of the 20th century. paved the way for the realization of his own unattainability. The relativity of values ​​was accepted as an immutable truth, which marked the advent of the period of modern art and postmodern criticism, giving rise to discussions about the end of art. World culture and history, art also began to be considered relative and transitory categories, which began to be treated with irony, and the blurring of the boundaries of regional cultures led to their understanding as parts of a single global culture.

Classification

The arts can be classified according to different criteria. Subject of display fine art art is external reality, non-figurative the same types of art embody the inner world. Non-fine arts according to the type of expression and perception are divided into musical, dance And literary, mixed types are also possible. Genre differentiation is inherent in different types of art.

By form of development arts are distinguished in space(in a specific geographic area) and in time(in a certain era).

According to the utility of art, they are divided into applied(performing, in addition to aesthetic, some household function) and graceful(“pure”, not performing any function other than aesthetic).

By materials art can be divided into types that use

• traditional and modern materials(paints, canvas, clay, wood, metal, granite, marble, gypsum, chemical materials, mass-produced products, etc.)
• modern methods of storing and reproducing information (modern human-machine interface tools, visualization, including computer graphics, 3D volumetric)

• sound (audible air vibrations)

• word (unit of language)

• human intermediary (performer: actor, singer, clown, etc.)

Depending on the subject, object And way of presentation or some stable, ideologically based combination, art can be divided into genres(drama, still life, suite, etc.) and on styles(classicism, impressionism, jazz, etc.).

By criteria intentional aesthetic impact or mastery of performance under certain conditions, any type of activity can be called art. - For this, it is enough that the actor considers the result of his activity as a special, difficult-to-repeat experience, wishes to manifest it through his actions and contact other people exclusively about this experience. So, for example, we talk about the art of wood carving, the art of dressing, the art of creating bouquets, martial arts, the art of entrepreneurship, etc.

It must be remembered that the criteria for being classified as art, like the content of the term “art” itself, are not given once and for all. In an ever-changing world, it is possible to revise certain established values ​​and change the perception of certain forms of expression. Art may turn out to be outdated or even lost. On the other hand, new types of activity that did not exist before can also lay claim to the title of new art. the arts are unlikely to ever cease.

Sometimes instead of a word art in complex words a synonym is used foreign origin art: pixel art, ORFO art, art pedagogy, art therapy, body art (one of the types of avant-garde art), video art, sound art, net art.

Art and criticism

Art theories

Since antiquity, art has been the subject of study as a practice of philosophy. In the 19th century, art was seen primarily as a product of the interaction between truth and beauty. For example, aesthetic theorist John Ruskin, analyzing the work of Turner, noted that the meaning of art is to create, through artistic methods, access to the esoteric truth contained in nature.

Motivated Art Features

Those goals that the author or creator intentionally and consciously sets for himself while working on a work are hereinafter referred to as motivated. It could be some kind of political purpose, a commentary on social status, the creation of a certain mood or emotion, a psychological effect, an illustration of something, the promotion of a product (in the case of advertising) or simply the transmission of a certain message.

The functions of art described above are not mutually exclusive and may overlap. For example, art for entertainment may be combined with hidden advertising for a product, movie, or video game. One of the characteristic features of art in the postmodern era (after the 1970s) is the growth of utilitarianism, functionality, and a focus on commercialization, while unmotivated art or its use for symbolic and ritual purposes is becoming increasingly rare.

Art, social structure and values

Art is often viewed as an attribute of selected social strata, alien to other segments of the population. In this sense, the practice of art is usually considered characteristic of the upper classes, associated with wealth, the ability to buy beautiful but useless things and a penchant for luxury. As an example, supporters of such views can cite the Palace of Versailles or the Hermitage in St. Petersburg with their extensive collections collected by the richest monarchs in Europe. Only very rich people, governments or organizations can afford such collections.

The past decades have shown that new trends have not been able to put a barrier to the commercialization of art: DVDs with video recordings of actionist performances, invitations to exclusive performances, as well as objects left by conceptualists at their exhibitions have entered the market. Many performances were actions whose meaning was understandable only to educated intellectuals, a different kind of elite. Understanding art became the new symbol of elite status in place of owning the works themselves, and since knowledge of art history and theory required a high level of education, art continued to be a symbol of upper class membership. “With the rise of DVD technology in the 2000s, artists and galleries that derive income from art sales and exhibitions have gained control of the video and computer images, which are available to collectors in limited quantities."

Discussions about classification

The history of art knows many discussions about the significance of a particular work. Over the past century, this question has become directly related to understanding the meaning of the term art itself.

Ancient Greek philosophers debated whether ethics was the “art of virtuous living.” In the 20th century, discussions about belonging to art often arose around the works of the Cubists and Impressionists, Marcel Duchamp's Fountain, cinema, blown-up images of banknotes, propaganda, and even a crucifix immersed in urine. Within the framework of conceptual art, works are often deliberately created that are on the edge of what is understood as art. New media, such as video games, are gradually being included in the category of art by artists and critics, although these advances in classification are not recognized everywhere or by everyone.

Philosopher David Nowitz believed that disagreements over the definition of art are generally not significant. Rather, “the biased opinions and interests of people in their public life constitute a significant part of all discussions about the classification of art" (Novitz, 1996). According to Nowitz, they are usually discussions about our values ​​and ways of developing society, rather than about theories. For example, when the Daily Mail criticizes the work of Hirst and Emin: “For a thousand years art has been one of the driving forces of civilization. Today, pickled sheep and a salty bed can make us all barbarians,” this does not provide a definition or theory of art, but merely questions the artistic value of a particular work. In 1998, Arthur Danto proposed a thought experiment showing that “an artifact's status as a work of art depends on society's views of art rather than on its own physical or sensory features. Interpretation within the framework of a given culture (in a way, the theory of art), therefore, determines whether an object belongs to art.”

Art and Science

Art and its individual aspects are the subject of scientific research. The science that studies art in general and related phenomena is art criticism. The branch of philosophy that deals with the study of art is aesthetics. Phenomena related to art are also studied by other social and human sciences, such as cultural studies, sociology, psychology, poetics and semiotics.

For the first time, Aristotle (384-322 BC) turned to the systematic study of art in his work “Poetics”. Interestingly, in other works, Aristotle also initiated the systematization of scientific knowledge and the scientific method.

Nowadays special role Semiotics plays a role in the study of art. This science, which emerged at the end of the 19th century, examines a wide range of problems from the point of view of communication and sign systems. Yuri Lotman (1922-1993), an outstanding Soviet culturologist and semiotician, proposed in his works semiotic approach to culture and described a communication model for the study of literary text. With this approach, art is viewed as a language, that is, a communication system that uses signs ordered in a special way.

There is a hypothesis that art arose before science, and for a long time absorbed it. Both art and science are symbolic systems for man to understand nature and himself, and for this they use experiments, analysis and synthesis.

Differences between art and science:

• science and technology have a greater influence on things, and art has a greater influence on psychology;
• science strives for objectivity, while the authors of works of art put themselves and their feelings into them;
• the scientific method is strictly rational, but in art there is always a place for intuitiveness and inconsistency;
• each work of art is unified and complete, each treatise- only a link in the chain of predecessors and followers;

It must be borne in mind that these differences are true only upon a superficial examination of their essence. Each point represents a separate topic for discussion.

Art and religion

It is impossible to separate the origin of art from the origin of religion. From the point of view of an established religion, art is only a symbolic way of conveying the highest truths preached by a given religion. For a long time From the rise of Christianity to the Renaissance in the European world, art mainly fulfilled the order of the church.

see also

• Craft (contrasted with art)

Notes

1. Art, in the etymological dictionary of the Russian language by Max Vasmer.
2. Art (History of words. Part 3) V. V. Vinogradova.
3. Robin Collingwood - Principles of Art V. § 2.
4. “What is generally interesting in life,” wrote Chernyshevsky, “that is the content of art.”
5. Arkhipkin V. G., Timofeev V. P. Natural scientific picture of the world (unavailable link)
6. (inaccessible link - story) Ushakov's Dictionary
7. // Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 4 volumes - St. Petersburg. , 1907-1909.
8. (inaccessible link - story) // Encyclopedia of Sociology
9. (inaccessible link - story) Dictionary by social sciences
10. (inaccessible link - story) // Around the world
11. Art // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
12. Britannica Online
13. Vvedensky B.A. . Great Soviet Encyclopedia Volume 18 - Great Soviet Encyclopedia Second Edition. Retrieved March 12, 2013. Archived March 15, 2013.
14. Gombrich, Ernst. "Press statement on The Story of Art". The Gombrich Archive, 2005. Retrieved on January 18, 2008.
15. Wollheim 1980, op. cit. Essay VI. pp. 231-39.
16. Aliev, Alex. (2009). The Intentional-Attributive Definition of Art. Consciousness, Literature and the Arts 10(2).
17. M. G. Balonova - Art and its role in the life of society (unavailable link) (link unavailable since 05/22/2013)
18. Eremeev A.F. Origin of art. M., 1970. P. 272.
19. Radford, Tim. "

Experts give the term “art” different definitions, because in one concept, one phrase it is impossible to contain all the enormous meaning that this word carries. It performs a lot of useful functions for humanity. Art shapes spiritual values ​​and fosters an understanding of beauty.

What is art

Let us repeat, there are several definitions of the concept “art”. First of all, this is a high level of skill of a person in any field of activity. To explain in more detail, it can be called the ability to creatively reproduce reality with the help of aesthetic artistic images, objects, and actions. The main types of art are the spiritual culture of society.

The subject of art is the totality of relations between the world and man. The form of existence is a work of art, the means of manifestation of which can be word, sound, color, volume. The main goal of art is the self-expression of the creator through his work, which is created to evoke emotions, experiences, and aesthetic pleasure in the beholder.

Various types of art, the classification table of which shows their division into types, use imagination and illusoryness instead of strict unambiguous concepts. In a person’s life, it acts as a means of communication, enrichment with knowledge, education of values, and also a source of aesthetic joys.

Basic functions of art

Types of art (their table is presented below) exist in the world to perform certain social functions:

1. Aesthetic. Reproduction of reality according to the laws of beauty. Influence on formation aesthetic taste, the opportunity to experience and feel emotions. The ability to distinguish between the sublime and the standard, the beautiful and the ugly.
2. Social. Ideological influence on society, transformation of social reality.
3. Compensatory. Solving psychological problems, restoring peace of mind and balance. Detachment from gray reality and everyday life by compensating for the lack of harmony and beauty.
4. Hedonistic. The ability to bring positive emotions through the contemplation of beauty.
5. Cognitive. Study and knowledge of reality with the help of which are sources of information about public processes.
6. Prognostic. The ability to predict and anticipate the future.
7. Educational. Influence on the formation of personality and moral development of a person.

Classification of art forms

Art does not have a single form of embodiment. In this regard, it is classified according to different criteria into genres, genera, types, subspecies. There is no one generally accepted system, so art is divided into groups according to certain factors.

Dynamics is one of the criteria by which types of art are classified. The table in this article shows how the types of creativity are divided according to this scheme. So, according to its dynamics, art is divided into:

Temporary (dynamic);

Spatial (plastic);

Spatiotemporal (synthetic).

According to the emotions expressed and the feelings evoked, it is divided into genres: comedy, tragedy, drama, etc.

Types of art are also determined by the materials used:

Traditional - paints, clay, metal, plaster, wood, granite, canvas;

Modern - electrical engineering, computers;

The main classification system identifies 5 main types of art, each of which additionally has several subtypes:

Applied (labor);

Fine;

Spectacular (game);

Sound;

Verbal.

For a clear example, we provide you with pivot table, which contains all the main types of art.

Literature

Material carrier literary type art is a word with the help of which artistic images and written texts are created. It can reflect an epic narration about certain events, a lyrical revelation of the author’s inner world and experience, a dramatic reproduction of the actions that took place.

Literature is divided into:

Historical;

Scientific;

Educational;

Artistic.

Information.

Genres of works are determined by type, form, content.

Music

There is also an art capable of conveying emotions in an audible form - music. It is the embodiment of artistic images, ideas, emotional experiences with the help of silence and sound organized in a special way. This is an art recorded by reproduction and musical notation. Music, depending on its functions, is divided into religious, military, dance, and theater. According to its performance, it can be: instrumental, electronic, vocal, choral, chamber. The main musical genres and directions are:

Variety;

Alternative;

Extra-European;

Ethnic;

Popular;

Classic;

Avant-garde.

Applied (labor) arts

Applied arts (the table also calls them spatial) include architecture and

Architecture helps shape spatial environment. With its help, the design and construction of various structures is carried out. She helps to do necessary for people buildings that meet their spiritual needs.

Architecture is closely related to the development of technology and technology, so with its help one can judge the scientific achievements and artistic features of different eras. Among the most famous historical styles of buildings are Baroque, Art Nouveau, Classicism, Renaissance, and Gothic. Depending on the purpose of the buildings, architecture is divided into public, industrial, residential, gardening, etc.

Decorative and applied art is a creative activity aimed at creating objects that simultaneously satisfy the artistic, aesthetic and everyday needs of people. Decorative and applied art to some extent has a national and ethnic character. Among its main types are: knitting, embroidery, lace-making, pyrography, origami, quilling, ceramics, carpet weaving, artistic painting and processing of various materials, etc. Products are made using various materials and technologies.

Fine Arts

Photography, sculpture, painting, graphics as a form of art that uses images, clearly show reality in tangible artistic forms.

Painting is a color representation of reality on a plane. This is one of the oldest forms of art. Depending on the theme of the painting, there are such historical, battle, mythological, animalistic, still life, landscape, portrait, everyday.

Graphics as an art form is the creation of a drawing with a line on a sheet or using a cutter on a solid material, followed by an imprint on paper. This type of creativity, depending on the method of drawing, is divided into subtypes: engraving, bookplate, poster, woodcut, lithography, linocut, etching, printmaking. There are also book industrial and computer graphics.

Photography is the art of documenting a visual image, which is performed using technical means. It has almost the same genres as painting.

Sculpture is the creation of a three-dimensional volume. With the help of this art, relief and round images are created. Based on size, it is divided into easel, monumental, and decorative.

Spectacular (play) arts

Spectacular forms of art are aimed not only at but also at entertaining people. It is precisely the person who is the main object through which spectacular art is conveyed to the viewer. It has several directions.

Choreography is the art of dance. It is the construction of images using plastic movements. Dances are divided into ballroom, ritual, folk, and modern. The choreographic art of ballet is built on musical and dance images, which are based on a certain plot.

Cinema is a synthesis of certain types of arts - theater, dance, literature. It has many genres (comedy, drama, thriller, action, melodrama) and subtypes (documentary, fiction, series).

Circus is a demonstration of entertaining performances. Includes clowning, acrobatics, reprise, mime, magic tricks, etc.

Theater, like cinema, consists of combining several types of creativity - music, literature, vocals, visual arts, choreography. It can be dramatic, operatic, puppet, ballet.

Variety is an art of small forms that has a popular and entertainment orientation. Includes choreography, vocals, spoken word and others.

Humanity has been creating and studying art for centuries. It is the greatest spiritual and cultural asset of society and plays a huge role in its development and improvement.

The concept of “art” is known to everyone. It surrounds us throughout our lives. Art plays a big role in the development of humanity. It appeared long before the creation of writing. From our article you can learn about the role and tasks.

What is art? general information

The concept of “art” is quite multifaceted. Usually it refers to a branch of human activity that can satisfy one spiritual need, namely the love of beauty. Art is a special form of social consciousness. It is precisely this that represents an artistic reflection human life. Thanks to it, you can find out how people lived in a different time period.

The very first author who revealed the concept of “art” was Charles Bateau. He created a whole treatise in which he classified this branch of human activity. His book The Fine Arts Reduced to One Principle was published in 1746. Charles Bateau believes that they can be defined according to several criteria. The author is sure that art brings pleasure, and it is also of a spiritual, not physical nature.

The concept of “art” includes painting, music, poetry, architecture and much more that we encounter every day. Any type of artistic activity has certain positive qualities. Each sphere of art has a special way of reproducing reality and artistic tasks. All types of artistic activity are divided into types and genres.
Art is usually divided into three groups:

• tonic (music and poetry);
• figurative (architecture, painting and sculpture);
• mixed (choreography, acting, public speaking and others).

There are various types of art:

• spatial, in which, thanks to construction, a visible image is revealed (sculpture, architecture);
• temporary, in which the composition unfolding in real time (poetry, music) acquires significance;
• spatio-temporal - spectacular art ( circus show, cinema, choreography).

Graphic arts

Graphic art is a type that includes drawing and printed graphics of images (engraving, minotopy, etc.). Her means of expression- outline, stroke, background and spot. It is known that this is the most popular form of fine art. In its content and form, graphics have much in common with painting.

Engraving is a type of graphics in which the drawing is a printed impression. It is applied with a special engraver. The engraving can be depicted on metal, wood and linoleum.

Another popular type of graphics is a special method of flat printing, in which the surface of a stone serves as the printing plate. This type was invented in 1798. The image is applied to the stone using a special ink or pencil.

The art of graphics is the most ancient of all existing ones. The first images exist from the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. Our ancestors scratched designs on cave walls and rocks. After some time, the images were applied to weapons and household items. After writing appeared, graphics were used in the design of letters, books and charters.

Methods for copying designs were unknown for many years. That is why all images were created in a single copy. It is no secret that today such graphic drawings are in demand among collectors.

In the mid-20th century, specialists began to develop black and white graphics techniques. More than 20 graphic texture options were created. Training manuals were published. Today graphics occupies a leading place in art.

Bento

Bento is unusual art for children and adults. It's no secret that many parents don't know how to teach their child to eat healthy. Today on store shelves there is big choice harmful and even dangerous food. Can come to the rescue the new kind art - bento. It appeared in China. This is the term the Chinese use to describe food that they pack in special boxes and take with them to school or work. A bento is a work of art that you can eat. Talented housewives and chefs create figures from food and small paintings. The main difference between such food is balance and the presence of a large amount of vitamins. The Chinese create edible works of art only from healthy food.

Bento is an art for children and adults, thanks to which the child will be happy to eat healthy foods. In our country it is not yet so popular, but several masters are already known who have mastered this technique.

The influence of art on the consciousness and life of a child. How to explain modern works of art to a child?

Art plays an important role in a child's life and the development of his personality. Today, absolutely every person should have at least basic knowledge about this or that field of activity. Society is rapidly developing, and therefore each personality must be multifaceted. Many modern parents They try to instill in their child a love of art as early as possible. For this purpose, a considerable number of parenting methods have been developed that can be used from the first months of a child’s life.

The child receives an understanding of the types of art at school. Typically, parents, teachers and educators pay a lot of attention to writing, reading, counting and other subjects for which the left hemisphere of the brain is responsible. To develop the right, you will need to engage in music, dancing and other types of arts. It is important to develop both hemispheres of the brain in order to later become a fully formed personality.

Thanks to mastering art in a child:

• personality is formed;
• the level of intellectual potential increases;
• moral guidelines are formed;
• the ability of creative thinking develops;
• self-confidence appears and self-esteem increases;
• memory and attention develops;
• horizons expand.

In order to introduce a child to art, it is important first of all to organize an area in which all the materials necessary for creative activity will be stored. You will need to have several books about art at home. WITH early childhood the child needs to read them. It is important to discuss everything you have learned. To get acquainted with art, you will need to visit museums, galleries, theaters and exhibitions with your child at least once a month. Under no circumstances should you throw away drawings, applications and crafts created by children. Thanks to them you can see the creative growth of the child. It is also important to enroll him in a thematic club as early as possible, activities in which he will like.

Some works of modern art cause bewilderment not only from children, but also from adults. It is not uncommon for one child or another to not understand the architecture that was designed by the modernists. It is important to explain to the student that any work of art is important stage in the development of humanity.

Children raise many questions abstract paintings. There are a considerable number of special publications, thanks to which parents can show their child how difficult it is to create such a work of art. One of them is “Kandinsky to himself.”

Children are often interested in whether modern and primitive art can be compared. You can find out this and much more in our article.

Art. The history of its development in Russia

There are a large number of different types of art known. Each of them has its own characteristics and advantages. Almost everyone knows what fine art is. Children are introduced to it at an early age.

This is a type of artistic activity, thanks to which a master can, using special means, reproduce the world around him. Its history in Russia is divided into two periods, the border of which was marked by Peter's reforms. B was closely connected with icon veneration. The icons had their own unique artistic style. The purpose of such works of art is to show prayerful composure and peace in communication with God. This is precisely what explains the presence of certain artistic means in icons. Over time, the masters mastered and schools of icon painting opened. The most famous work is considered to be “Trinity” by A. Rublev. Icons from the 15th and 16th centuries are distinguished by their harmony of colors.

In the 17th century, icons of the “Fryazh script” were popular. They are characterized by elements of Western European painting, namely oil paints, a semblance of light and shadow modeling, and accurate depictions of people and nature. Interest in the icon as a work of art arose only in the 19th century.

Old Russian sculpture existed in the form of stone and wood carvings. Most often, masters depicted images of saints. Particular attention was paid to the face. In the 18th and 19th centuries, sculptors and painters from other countries were in demand. After some time, domestic masters became popular.

In the 18th century, it became most popular. It is characterized by the rigor of the design, the convention of color and the use of scenes from the Bible and mythology. Thus, national art gradually emerged.

In 1860-1880, the first galleries opened, and domestic masters became famous throughout the world. New directions are gradually emerging. Each of them occupied an important place in the formation of cultural heritage. In the 18th and 19th centuries, humanity not only knew what fine art was, but also actively used it.

Themes explored in art

Surprisingly, all the themes and problems that the masters reveal in their works of art have been relevant for many centuries. The ancient Romans argued that art, unlike human life, is eternal. This is no coincidence. Themes in art highlight social issues that are often encountered today. That is why they are of great value to humanity. Masters often reveal the theme of love, nature and friendship in their works.

Over time, trends in art change and new masters appear, but the themes and images remain unchanged. That is why any work remains relevant for many years.

Art and its role

The role of art in the life of society is invaluable. It is based on an artistic and figurative reflection of reality. Art shapes the spiritual appearance of people, their feelings, thoughts and worldview. The figurative recreation of reality creates our personality. Art helps you develop and improve yourself. And also to get to know the world around you and yourself.

Art is cultural heritage. Thanks to works of art, you can find out how people lived at one time or another. IN Lately Various art techniques are especially popular. Through art you can learn to control yourself. By creating an artistic object, you can forget about problems and get rid of depression.

Art and its tasks

Maxim Gorky believed that the tasks of art lie in the moral and aesthetic assessment of all significant phenomena. The writer said that thanks to this you can learn to understand yourself, fight vulgarity, be able to understand people and find something good in them. Today three functions of artistic activity are known. The objectives of art are research, journalism and education. Masters believe that the function of artistic activity is to bring beauty into the souls and hearts of people. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol argued that the task of art is to depict reality.

Modern and primitive art

Many people are interested in, At first glance, this is impossible. However, it is not. If we perceive art as a way of personal expression, then both the modern and the primitive are on the same plane. By comparing them, you can understand how a person’s perception has changed.

Human thinking has become more abstract. This indicates the active development of intelligence. Over time, man has changed his priorities and today perceives life differently than his primitive ancestors. Previously, masters were interested in the appearance of the object and its shape, but now main role Emotions are central to the works. This distinction has existed since the end of the 19th century.

Let's sum it up

It is important to develop not only the left, but also the right hemisphere of the brain from an early age. To do this you need to practice art. It is especially important to pay due attention creative development child. We strongly recommend doing this from the first years of his life. Not everyone understands the role, tasks and types of art. The briefly described information in our article allows you to gain basic knowledge about various artistic fields of activity.

Art is the activity of an individual. With the help of it, he explores the world, relaxes and creates something new. The role and importance of art in human life cannot be underestimated. Without him it would be almost impossible. This is a kind of foundation for further discoveries.

What is art

This creative activity, which allows a person to realize his inner world. You can create using sounds, dances, drawings, words, colors, various natural materials and so on. Art is one of the many forms of consciousness of intelligent beings. It arises thanks to the creativity of specific individuals who touch on topics that are interesting not only to the author, but also to other people. Many people ask: “Do people need art?” The answer is definitely yes, because it is a way of understanding the world. Science is also one of the types of acquiring knowledge from the surrounding reality. Art can be:

• Craft. Any type of human activity is considered a creative process. Mastery in some field: sewing, beadwork, furniture making, etc. is considered an art. After all, a person tries to convey his vision of the world into reality.
• Cultural activities. People have always strived for something beautiful. By creating something good, a person emphasizes his love and peacefulness.
• Any expressive forms. With the development of society and aesthetic knowledge, absolutely any activity that expresses some meaning with the help of special means can be called art.

This term is quite broad. If it is interpreted on the scale of the entire human society, then this is a special means for cognition or reflection of the surrounding world, spirituality and consciousness of the individual. There is practically no person who could not give an explanation for it. Listen to your inner world and determine what art is for you. After all, it is valuable both for a specific author and for all people in general. During the existence of mankind, many works of art have already been created that you can admire and which can inspire you to create your own creative ideas.

The history of art

According to one theory, man first began to engage in creativity during primitive society. Rock inscriptions are witnesses to this. These were the first mass species art. They were applied mainly for practical application. About 40 thousand years ago, art became an independent way to understand the world. It was represented by various rituals, musical compositions, choreography, body jewelry, images on rocks, trees and skins of killed animals.

In the primitive world, art served the function of transmitting information. People could not communicate using language, so they transmitted information through creativity. Therefore, art for the people of those times was an integral part of existence. To apply images, objects from the surrounding world and various colors from them were used.

Art in the ancient world

It was in ancient civilizations, such as Egypt, India, Rome and so on, that the foundations of the creative process were laid. Even then, people began to think about whether people need art. Each developed center of civilization had its own unique style, which survived many centuries and did not change. At this time, the first works of artists began to be created. The ancient Greeks depicted the human body better than anyone else. They could correctly depict muscles, posture and respect the proportions of the body.

Art in the Middle Ages

The people of these times focused their attention on biblical stories and spiritual truths. In the Middle Ages, they no longer asked themselves whether people needed art, because the answer was obvious. Paintings or mosaics used a gold background and depicted people with perfect proportions and body shapes. Art of various kinds penetrated into the sphere of architecture, beautiful statues were built. People were not interested in what real art was, they simply created their own beautiful works. Some Islamic countries attributed divine power to such creations. People from India used art for religious dances and sculpture. The Chinese preferred bronze sculptures, wood carvings, poetry, calligraphy, music and pictorial drawings. The style of this people changed every era and bore the names of the ruling dynasties. In the 17th century, it spread in Japan. By this time, people already knew what real art was. After all, it has already seriously influenced the education of a useful personality for society. It also served as good rest and relaxation.

Renaissance and modern world

Humanity has returned to humanism and material values. This influenced the development of art. Human figures have lost their idealized forms. During these eras, artists tried to show the Universe and various ideas of that time. There have already been a lot of interpretations of “what art is”. Creative people perceived it as a way to convey human individuality. Already by the 19th century, many styles had formed, such as symbolism or fauvism. However, already in the 20th century a lot happened scientific discoveries and developing technologies. In this period creative personalities were looking for new ways to display their inner world and reflect modern beauty.

In the second half of the twentieth century, the modernism movement joined art. People tried to find the truth and followed strict standards. During this period, many critics of painting appeared who assumed that it had come to an end.

What is art like?

In the modern world, the creative process has reached unprecedented development. By using worldwide network Internet different types skill spreads at a rapid pace. Art is as follows:

• Spectacular art. This includes theaters, operas, circuses, cinema, and so on. Using visual perception, the authors convey their vision of the world and various events. Directors create films that reflect the existing problems of the world. Many branches of art serve as entertainment for people, for example the circus.
• Art. This field includes photography, painting, comics, sculpture and silent films. The authors, using static pictures, convey nature, the life of a people, and the problems of humanity. Silent cinema is a dynamic art form. In the modern world, this phenomenon has already lost its popularity.
• Expressive art. People reflect their views in literature and create beautiful buildings. They also express their inner world in music and choreography. Most works raise global problems and vices of humanity. Thanks to this, people improve and move away from evil and self-flagellation.

Man has invented a lot of materials for creative self-expression. Artists use paint, canvases, ink, and so on. Architects - clay, iron, plaster and so on. Thanks to modern methods storing information, a person can transfer his creations to an electronic version. There are already many musicians, artists, directors and writers who use the computer to create works of art.

Modern world and art

The creative sphere of life educates the individual true beauty, makes you more merciful and kinder. Art also teaches you to look at simple things from a different perspective, most often positive. All creations do not have one specific meaning; each person is looking for something different in them. Also, everyone individually chooses the type of activity for themselves. It could be painting, ballet, or even classic literature. People, through creativity, learn compassion, sensitivity and emotionality. Everyday life can depress a person, but art reminds us how beautiful the world around us can be. Many people simply feed on positive energy from various works of authorship.

From an early age, an individual is instilled with a love of creativity. Introducing children to art allows them to learn to understand literature, painting, architecture, music and much more. It cultivates personality. However, there are times when a person does not understand why art is needed. This behavior is one of the stages of personality development, after which people have an involuntary craving for something new and unknown. This allows you to expand your horizons, improve yourself and form individual moral values. The most important thing is that creativity makes a person better.

How art influences personality development

A person is a being that is formed with the help of the events around him and other opinions. Art occupies a special place in this process; it influences both a specific individual and society as a whole. Thanks to him, a person develops pleasant feelings, interesting thoughts, moral principles, and the development of modern art helps him in this. Life without this industry is almost impossible. It would be dry, but for individuals with wealth inner world was presented only in black and white. Occupies a special place in existence fiction like art. She is able to fill a person, like a jug with water, with life principles and views. Leo Tolstoy believed that spiritual beauty can save humanity. By studying the works of various authors, people become internally attractive.

In fine art, a person tries to convey his point of view on the world around him, sometimes from his imagination. After all, he cannot recreate something that does not exist. Each image conveys a specific thought or feeling of the creator. Man feeds on these works of art. If the message was good, then the person will radiate positive emotions. Aggressive creativity gives rise to negative feelings in a person. In life, people must have positive thoughts and deeds, otherwise humanity faces extinction. After all, if everyone wishes harm to those around them, then mass acts of violence and murder may begin.

Introducing children to art

Parents begin to engage in the cultural education of their child almost from birth. Introducing children to art is an important part of raising a positive personality. School age is considered the most favorable for development cultured person. At this stage, schools instill in the child a sympathy for classical works. In the lessons they look at great artists, writers, musicians and their significant contribution to the culture of mankind. In the future, they will better perceive the work of various authors and not ask why art is needed. However, when children enter middle school, teachers do not pay due attention to creativity. In this case, many parents send them to special art schools. Children develop the ability to learn something new, interest in art, the ability to create and be kind person. After all, a significant role in the development of a mature personality is played by artistic creations.

Arts and literature

The word is an integral part of creativity. Thanks to it, you can very accurately convey information, events, feelings, and so on. is able to convey to a person a wide range of emotions and outlook on life. Imagination also helps to convey pictures of indescribable beauty. Thanks to the word, people can experience joy, worries, condolences, sadness, and so on. The text in the book is somewhat reminiscent of an alternative reality.

Writers also talk about their assumptions that relate to the future of humanity. There are many popular dystopias that reflect a far from bright future, for example: “Brave New World” by Aldous Huxley, “1984” by George Orwell. They serve as a warning to a person so that he does not forget to love and try to appreciate everything he has. This fact shows why the art of negative literature is needed. After all, such books ridicule people’s problems: insane consumption, love of money, power, and so on. After all, these things do not bring happiness at all, and one should only engage in noble deeds and have honor.

Why do we need the art of photographs and paintings?

Almost every person loves to decorate the walls of their home with the work of artists or photographers. However, not everyone thought about why they were hanging there and how they affected their mood. Psychologists believe that images on walls can affect a person. The picture primarily affects the subconscious, and it is very important what color it is. Impact of image coloring:

• Orange color. It is capable of creating a warm feeling in a person. However, some works can, on the contrary, irritate.
• Red paintings. This is one of the most influential colors on people. He can feed healthy people with passion and warmth. Patients with psychological disorders may develop aggression.
• Green. It's the color of everything flora, which creates a feeling of security and freshness in a person.
• Blue images. They are able to give people peace and some coolness. All light colors have a positive effect on emotional condition person.

Experts have long found out that different colors of paintings and photographs can improve mood, put emotions in order and, in some cases, heal. However, some people may still have questions about why imagery is needed. They can be observed in schools, kindergartens, educational institutions and some workplaces. They are often peaceful landscapes, forests and portraits of some beautiful people.