The architecture of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War - Museum of Architecture. Architectural monuments of the suburbs of Leningrad N - St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral

This site in the 1780s. was separated from the common land ownership, which was in the middle of the 18th century. the property of Chief of Police General A.D. Tatishchev, then State Secretary A.V. Olsufiev and, finally, Shulepova. IN late XVIII V. wooden house belonged to silversmith Trofimov. The journalist and writer N.I. Grech spent his childhood years here. In the 1810s a three-story stone house of the merchant A. Shemyakin was built. By the beginning of the 1830s. it was rebuilt by the architect D.I. Quadri. The owner of the mansion in 1830 was artillery general I. O. Sukhozanet, a hero of the wars with Napoleon, a participant in the suppression of the Decembrist uprising, and director of the Military Academy. The ensemble of ceremonial interiors in the style of late classicism, decorated with picturesque lampshades, was created in 1835-1838. architects D. I. Visconti and S. L. Shustov. The St. Petersburg merchant society bought the house from state councilor Shumilova in 1864. After reconstruction carried out in 1864-1866. architect V.V. Shtrom, the facade of a three-story house with a pediment lost its former purity of classicist forms (some finishing details were later lost). The building housed the administrative services of the capital's merchants. In the 1900s The headquarters of the Trade and Industrial Union (the party of St. Petersburg entrepreneurs) was located in the Merchant Council. In 1910-1911 According to the designs of communications engineer A. A. Baryshnikov, part of the interiors were redone, the upper part of the façade of the courtyard building was decorated in the Doric order, and a one-story extension was built on the right in the courtyard. Until the 1970s The Soyuztransmashproekt Institute worked in the building. In 1976, restoration renovation was completed (architects Yu. B. Markov, E. G. Larinsky, artist M. P. Shvabsky, etc.), which was carried out for the House of Journalists and the board of the Leningrad organization of the Union of Journalists of the USSR who moved here. The predecessor of the House of Journalists was the House of Press, founded in 1926. The Union unites more than two thousand journalists. The country's first University of Working Correspondents, and later the Institute for Press Development, operated in the house on Nevsky. It was a place not only for official events, but also an informal center for communication of the creative intelligentsia. Several years ago, new residents appeared in the building, including the restaurant-club “Paradox”, then the beer club and restaurant “Nobody Writes to the Colonel”, the restaurant “Three Gudgeons Tavern”. In the main part of the historical building, in 2005-2008, specialists from Petrestkom LLC carried out restoration of the ceremonial interiors. Today (2013), in addition to the Union of Journalists, there is a pizzeria “Paparazzi Kitchen” here.

St. Petersburg is not just Palace and Peter and Paul Fortress, go up to St. Isaac's, take a queue at the Hermitage and the Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood, go to Peterhof, ride along rivers and canals, look at bridges at night. St. Petersburg is the only city in the country whose residents do not want to leave for Moscow. This means something. We expand our horizons: - names, descriptions, photographs - timeless.

Free attractions of St. Petersburg

The alphabet is the order of sounds in a language. And if it is in order, then you can create an alphabet of anything. Not just cities.

A - Admiralty

Sights of St. Petersburg

The Admiralty is one of the first buildings in the area and city. Everyone knows him. The ship on its spire is a symbol of the city. Inside the clock house there is a preserved ancient wooden tower.

B - Baltiysky Station

The Baltic Station was built in mid-19th century for a private railway. Since then, it and the square in front of it (formerly a tram ring) have remained virtually unchanged in appearance. In Soviet times, the square was called “dust” and was chosen by submarine cadets to spend their free time and meet. The site of the one-story building (on the left) is now the entrance to the Baltiyskaya metro station.

B - Voznesensky Avenue

Voznesensky Prospekt is one of the three rays of St. Petersburg (together with Nevsky Prospect and Gorokhovaya Street). Unilateral. By all indications, it is central, but in fact it is not. Transit highway through the center. There are even a minimum of pedestrians on the section from St. Isaac's Square to the Griboyedov Canal. There is almost no life.

G - Griboedov channel

The Griboyedov Canal was formed on the site of the Krivushi River. The most intimate body of water in the city. Conventionally, its embankment can be divided into three parts: from the Savior on Spilled Blood to Gorokhovaya Street - a neglected place, but teeming with tourists ( in the coming years - the most promising public space open to private investment); from Gorokhovaya Street to Semimostye - a most picturesque place with an almost complete absence of tourists; from Semimostya to Novo-Kalinkin Bridge - Kolomna zone ( unknown to tourists). And the place in the area of ​​the last bridge can be considered one of the most beautiful in the city: here is the “Utyug skyscraper” and the house where Pushkin lived.

The yellow building in the photo in the center is the house of Sonechka Marmeladova. Tourists are sometimes taken to the entrance where she lived.

D - Dostoevsky in the area

Dostoevsky's Petersburg is one of the most popular walking routes in St. Petersburg. All the events described in the novel “Crime and Punishment” took place in the area of ​​Stolyarny Lane, Sennaya Square and Kharlamov Bridge. All houses have memorial plaques. And the courtyards-wells will happily recreate for you the atmosphere corresponding to the novel.

E - Efimova street

Efimova Street appeared in the second half of the 19th century, through the courtyard of the merchant S.P. Gorstkin. The merchant built pavements, sidewalks and sewers at his own expense. But now only the bridge across the Fontanka at the street alignment is named after him. The picture below shows Efimova Street in 1999.

Yo - Fir trees

On New Year There are Christmas trees everywhere in the area and they are wonderful.

F - river Pryazhka

On the embankment here was the most famous apartment of A. Blok. And in the mental hospital, built back in the 18th century, they treated and Daniil Kharms, and Viktor Tsoi. The entire embankment is an atmospheric place. Not in the dark. In the dark it’s even more atmospheric.

Z - Zamyatin Lane

The entire building on the corner of Zamyatinsky Lane and the English Embankment (in the picture on the left) belonged to Diaghilev before the 1917 revolution.

I - St. Isaac's Cathedral

Temple Museum. A visit to the Temple itself and its colonnade is a must!

Y - yopeperesete

There are a lot of dark places in St. Petersburg. Mystically dark. Just standing in them, listening to the sensations and surviving is already an adventure. For example, the famous “house in a dead end” (in the picture) at the end of Pirogov Lane. This is the back part of one of the Yusupov palaces. The same one where Grigory Rasputin was killed. Maybe you will be the same person who was able to go into a “house on a dead end” at 4 am and return safe and sound mentally.

K - Kokushkin Bridge

The Kokushkin Bridge on the Griboyedov Canal was mentioned by Pushkin in his “Eugene Onegin”. And a reminder of this can be heard from every tour guide on a boat sailing under the bridge in the summer. One of the places in “Dostoevsky’s Petersburg” and simply a beautiful place. And Kokushkin Lane (on the left, not visible in the photo) is the only lane in the city that has no houses.

L - Lion's Bridge

He is on a chain and swings, and his lions grant wishes.

M - Bronze Horseman

A symbol of the city that is impossible not to write about. It is believed that while he is in St. Petersburg, it is impossible to conquer the city. Which is confirmed by history: the Germans approached the city, but did not take it. You cannot touch it - it is punishable by death. Cases when someone tries to climb a rock, falls off and dies are not uncommon.

N - St. Nicholas Naval Cathedral

Sights of St. Petersburg that you must see. There are upper and lower cathedrals; you can’t always get into the first one.

O - Obvodny Canal

The Obvodny Canal, although not colorful, is not so gloomy either. It may soon become a traffic-light-free highway, part of the transport bypass of the center of St. Petersburg.

P - Monument to Nicholas I

The only monument of this kind in the world with two points of support. How he survived the Soviet era (the Tsar!) is unknown.

R - Rotunda

It's amazing that an ordinary small building can house something like this. In the 19th century, Masonic rituals were held in the basement under the Rotunda; in the 80s of the 20th century, it was a “rocker” place for the informal youth of Leningrad.

S - Sennaya Square

This is the square better times which is yet to come. From being constantly neglected and covered in trade, it will be turned into a brilliant attraction.

T - Theater (Mariinsky)

Mariinskii Opera House the most powerful in the city. Both scenes.

U - Technological University

F - Fontanka River

The Fontanka River is famous for its abundance of beautiful and original bridges, and along its embankment there are quite a few historical buildings different eras and directions, which makes this street one of the favorite walking routes for recreation for residents and guests of the city.

X - Kharlamov Bridge

House 104 on the embankment of the Griboyedov Canal (on the left in the photo) is the house of that same old money-lender. And back in 1816, Griboyedov lived there. In Soviet times, the bridge was called Komsomolsky, but why is an even bigger mystery than why it is Kharlamov.

C - Tsiolkovsky street

Routed along former river bed Tarakanovka River, filled in in 1906. The street is unique in its atmosphere of doom. Which is inherent in Kolomna, but here it is somehow especially vividly felt.

Ch - Chernomorsky Lane

Chernomorsky Lane runs along the internal walls of the Admiralty and can be reached from the Neva embankment. Inside there is the most beautiful Palace of Grand Duke Mikhail Mikhailovich.

Sh - Shkapina street

Its original name was Wesenberg Street. It was given in 1908, for some city of Wesenberg and “in a number of streets of the Narva police station, renamed after the cities of the Baltic provinces of Russia.” But it is so difficult to understand that the return of historical street names did not affect Shkapina Street. Depressing place. Historically. You can look at it from the window of a taxi.

Shch - Shchepyanoy Lane

Shchepyanoy Lane is located behind Nikolsky Rows on Sadovaya Street. Only a few people know that it exists.

Kommersant - Badge in honor of the first naval victory of Peter I

The two-story wooden palace that stood on this site was erected in 1711 in honor of the first naval victory (May 7, 1703), when two Swedish ships near the mouth of the Fontanka were taken from their boats and boarded. The estate was donated by Peter I to Catherine, hence Kateringhof or Ekateringhof (Catherine's courtyard). In 1800, Ekateringof was presented by Paul I to the favorite A.P. Gagarina (Lopukhina). Now there is a park here. And only this sign reminds of the glorious history of the place.

Y - 29th letter of the alphabet

On the site of the altar part of the Church of the Ascension, demolished in 1936, there is bomb shelter No. 29. On the site of the rest of the building is school No. 256.

b - Ordinary with flood levels on the Moika

After the construction of the dam was completed, flooding in the city ceased natural disaster and remained a tourist attraction. Signs about the level to which the water rose in past years are everywhere.

E - Echo of War

There are many things in the city that remind us of the great feat during the siege of Leningrad by Nazi troops. Some of the district's alleys were morgues during the blockade winter.

Yu - Yusupov Garden

In 1810, the Yusupov mansion was sold to the treasury due to the divorce of the owners. The site was then transferred to the Russian Railways Administration. Greenhouses and fountains were built in the park, and a cast-iron grate was installed along Sadovaya Street. This is one of the most beautiful and cozy parks in the city.

I am Yakubovicha Street

Sights of St. Petersburg

In the 18th century, the Master Canal ran along the route of the street.

In the meantime, I came into possession of this set of postcards: “Lost architectural monuments of St. Petersburg - Leningrad,” published, not entirely clear when, by the Leningrad branch of the Soviet Cultural Foundation. Probably in the period 1989-91. The pictures are somewhat clickable, the captions on them are from the back.

“These postcards are just a small number of exhibits from the exhibition “Lost Architectural Monuments of St. Petersburg - Leningrad.” At this exhibition, for the first time, images of what has not survived to this day, what has disappeared forever from our city, from our lives, and often - even from our memory. Among the disappeared monuments there were genuine pearls of architecture - the Ekateringof Palace, Stroganov's dacha and, of course, a long string of lost churches - the main loss of our city. At the same time, we decided to show the original appearance of several monuments, which, although they have survived to this day. , but they are depressing in their neglect. They need our help.
The photographs, most of which are being published for the first time, were provided by the Central State Archive of Film and Photo Documents and the Photo Archive of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, to which the Cultural Foundation expresses its gratitude."

2. Church of the Nativity
6th Sovetskaya (Rozhdestvenskaya) st.
The church was built according to the design of the architect P. E. Egorov in 1781-1789. for residents of the settlement of the Office of the construction of houses and gardens. The temple gave its name to the neighboring streets of the area, which was popularly called Sands. 100 years later, the architect I.P. Ropet added a sacristy and vestibule to the church. In 1934, the only one in the city major work P.E. Egorov was dismantled.

3. Stroganov's dacha
Vyborgskaya embankment, near the Black River
The beautiful country palace of A. S. Stroganov, depicted in the painting by A. N. Voronikhin, has long been considered the creation of this architect. As it turned out, its author was F.I. Demertsov, another prominent master of classicism. The palace was erected in 1793, and A. N. Voronikhin only slightly altered it four years later. In 1898, the dacha was turned into an apartment building and later dismantled.

4. Feather line
Nevsky pr., 33a
Parallel to the western facade of the Gostiny Dvor by D. Quarenghi in 1797-1798. erected the Perinny Row. 1802-1806 L. Ruska decorated the front façade of this building with a Doric portico. In the 1930s The entire building was reconstructed and it stood for another thirty years until it was demolished during the construction of a metro station. In 1972, the portico was restored - with slightly changed proportions - but not the building of the shopping row.

5. Peter and Paul Church
Etc. Obukhov Defense (Shlisselburgsky), 120
In 1801 The architect A.D. Zakharov, the creator of the Admiralty, developed a project for the Alexander Manufactory, in the center of which a factory church was conceived. In 1804 it was laid according to a slightly modified project. The work, however, soon stopped and was completed only in 1826. When the manufactory was closed, the temple was transferred to the Obukhov steel plant, which was built in its place. Demolished in 1930, although it was listed as protected.

6. Greasy brawler
The one-story monumental lard storage barns were dismantled in 1914, despite public protests. They stood on the left bank of the Neva, opposite the Mining Institute, and were built according to the design of Thomas de Thomon.

7. Boris and Gleb Church
Sinopskaya (Kalashnikovskaya) embankment.
The beautiful building on the embankment was erected in 1869-1882. in the eclectic style according to the design of M. A. Shurupov. The interior decoration was carried out by the architect S. O. Shestakov, the reliefs on the facade were made by E. V. Menert. The dilapidated temple was demolished to the ground in 1975.

8. Church of the Intercession
Borovaya st., 50
A picturesque temple in the style of Russian churches of the 17th century. was built in 1889-1893. designed by diocesan architect N. N. Nikonov. It belonged to the Brotherhood of the Blessed Virgin Mary, created for the development of parochial schools and church singing. Suzdal craftsmen worked on the decoration of the church; the iconostasis was made from colored majolica at the Kuznetsov factory. Devoid of domes, bell towers and decorative decorations, the building has survived to this day.

9. Resurrection Church
Kamskaya st., 24
The church in the forms of the "Naryshkin" baroque was built in 1902-1904. according to the design of V. A. Demyanovsky near the gates of the Smolensk cemetery. The author of the icon in the gilded iconostasis was Academician A. N. Novoskoltsev. A tomb was built in the basement of the church, where, in particular, the historian M. M. Stasyulevich was buried. On August 10, 1921, the funeral service for A. A. Blok was held in the church. Severely dilapidated and remodeled inside, the temple requires immediate restoration.

10. Kazan Church
Voronezhskaya st., 110
The tall church in the neo-Russian style with a helmet-shaped dome was founded in 1911 according to the design of A.P. Aplaksin and completed two years later. It belonged to the Beijing Spiritual Mission and was dedicated to the memory of the Patriotic War of 1812. At the compound there was a school for Chinese children and a store of Chinese books. The building was demolished in the 1930s.

11. Assumption Church
Rastanny proezd, 7a
This was the last - fifth - temple in the ancient Volkov cemetery. Its first project was drawn up by A.D. Schilling, but the diocesan architect A.P. Aplaksin changed the decoration of the facades, treating them in the neo-Russian style. The church was built in 1910-1912, but consecration was delayed until August 1918. In the basement there was a family crypt for the Kolobov tobacco manufacturers, with whose funds the church was built; the external frescoes and reliefs were never completed. The church was demolished in the 1930s.

12. Panteleimonosky Bridge (Pestel Bridge)
The first chain bridge across the Fontanka was designed by engineer V.K. Tretter. The bridge was built in 1823-1824, the granite work was carried out by the famous Samson Sukhanov, and the cast-iron portals were decorated with floral patterns. Dismantled in 1907 and soon replaced by a new one.

Architecture of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War January 27th, 2014

Exactly 70 years ago, on January 27, 1944, the blockade of Leningrad was completely lifted. During these difficult 872 days, according to various sources, from 300 thousand to 1.5 million people died. Enormous damage was caused to the architectural monuments of the city on the Neva and its suburbs.
At the beginning of the war, various measures were taken to camouflage architectural structures and urban sculpture, which made it possible to reduce the number of damaged monuments. The most valuable city monuments, such as the monuments to Peter I on Senate Square, Nicholas I on St. Isaac's Square, Lenin at the Finlyandsky Station, the famous Egyptian sphinxes on the University Embankment and many others, were covered with several rows of sandbags and plywood shields. The multi-ton monument to Alexander III by sculptor Paolo Trubetskoy, protected by a sand embankment and a ramp of logs, withstood a direct hit from a high-explosive bomb.

Isaac's Square. Photo - Ya. Brodsky, 1942



Sphinx covered with a wooden case, photo 1941

If the monument could be removed from the pedestal, it was buried underground: famous sculptures Summer Garden, a monument to Alexander III, rearing horses from the Anichkov Bridge by sculptor Peter Klodt were wrapped in cloth and buried underground until the end of the war.

Removing equestrian sculptures from the Anichkov Bridge from the ground, photo 1945.

At the same time, monuments to outstanding Russian commanders: Suvorov, Kutuzov and Barclay de Tolly were left deliberately unprotected and open to the city. The images of the heroes of the past were supposed to inspire Leningraders to fight the enemy.

It was much more difficult to hide architecture from enemy eyes. Many buildings in Leningrad, which could serve as landmarks during air raids, were carefully camouflaged. For this purpose, panels with false architectural elements of buildings depicted on them and protective nets with sewn pieces of fabric painted to match the color of the vegetation were used. Often, to achieve greater persuasiveness, real tree branches were woven into camouflage nets.

Masking of the Propylaea of ​​Smolny during the siege of Leningrad. Photo from 1942, archive of the Memorial Museum of the Defense and Siege of Leningrad .

Disguise of Smolny during the siege of Leningrad. Photo from 1942, archive of the Memorial Museum of the Defense and Siege of Leningrad

One of the most difficult objects to camouflage were the numerous vertical dominants of the city: the domes and spiers of cathedrals easily revealed themselves not only by their size, but also by the bright shine of their gilding. It was decided to cover the shiny elements with gray paint so that they would blend in with the color of the Leningrad sky. This did not threaten the safety of the monuments, since with the help of special chemicals the paint was easily washed off without harming the gilding.
One of the most difficult activities was the camouflage of the spire of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. In the November cold of 1941, Leningrad climbers Leonid Zhukovsky and Mikhail Bobrov climbed the stairs inside the spire to the outer exit, from where a hundred-year-old open 20-meter staircase led to the angel figurine, the condition of which was not known. Despite the serious risk, everything went well: a ring with a cable was attached to the base of the angel, with the help of which workers and materials for masking the spire were raised to the very top.
Many crowning elements of buildings were masked with special covers. Thus, the dome of the Engineering Castle, the Church of the Exaltation of the Cross and many others were covered with special covers made of canvas and burlap.

Removing the camouflage cover from the dome of St. Nicholas Cathedral, photo 1944.

Removing the camouflage cover from the dome of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. Photo 1944

The famous “needle” of the Admiralty, unlike most St. Petersburg spiers and domes, which were gilded using electroplating, was covered with the thinnest sheets of gold, which were attached with a special glue. In this case, the simplest method of masking with gray paint could not be used. In this regard, a huge cover weighing more than half a ton was made especially for the Admiralty spire overnight, which covered one of the main landmarks of the city from the eyes of German aviation.

Removing the camouflage cover from the Admiralty spire, photo 1944.

Many bridges in Leningrad were disguised as “ruins”: the installed wooden fake structures did not interfere with the movement of traffic, but created the illusion of destruction. Station buildings were also disguised as ruins, and temporary false backups were built nearby. False stations suffered a lot during enemy air raids, while real transport hubs remained untouched. The rails leading to them were also covered with protective paint - so that the shine of polished steel would not reveal the camouflage plan.
However, despite partial camouflage, many buildings in Leningrad were seriously damaged by enemy shelling: the premises of the Gostiny Dvor, the Kunstkamera, the Church of St. Catherine, the Yusupov Palace, the Russian Museum, the Shuvalov Palace, the St. Nicholas Cathedral, the Senate building, the Engineering Castle and many others .

Kunstkamera, photo 1944

Destroyed residential building on Ligovsky Prospekt, photo 1941-1944.

The greatest, irreparable damage was caused to architectural ensembles that found themselves in close proximity to the front line, in the German-occupied suburbs of Leningrad. And if, thanks to the dedicated work of museum employees, it was possible to save a significant number of storage items, architectural ensembles that were not subject to evacuation, landscape gardening structures and green spaces, on whose territory the fighting took place, it was impossible to defend.
As a result, during the retreat of the Germans, the Great Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo burned down and the famous Amber Room, presented to Peter I by the King of Prussia, was lost.

View of the Catherine Palace destroyed by the Germans, photo 1944.

General view of the destroyed Grand Staircase of the Grand Catherine Palace, photo 1944.

The Pavlovsk Palace was destroyed and almost completely burned out, in the park of which about 70,000 old trees were cut down.

View of part of the destroyed and burned Pavlovsk Palace from the front yard, photo 1944.

Pavlovsk Palace. Rossi Library and Gonzago Gallery, photo 1944

Installation of the statue of Flora after the liberation of Pavlovsk, photo 1944.

The Peterhof palace and park ensemble was almost completely destroyed by artillery. This is how museum employee M. Tikhomirov describes his visit on January 31, 1944: “The first thing that stood before my eyes behind the destroyed gates and fence of the Upper Garden was the indescribable chaos of some rubble, half-buried with snow, a huge anti-tank ditch crossing the entire garden, and behind it the charred ruins of the Great Palace without golden domes. The lower park from above seemed like a snowy desert with dead black trees entangled in wires, and Samson’s empty pedestal stood in the cluttered bucket of the cascade. We had to make our way through the park along narrow paths and see more and more ruins: the marble columns of the Lion Cascade broken into pieces, the dilapidated Golden Mountain with steps devoid of gold lining, the charred remains of the Marly Palace and, finally, the Hermitage, where its lifting table with its intricate mechanism, and at the top stood a gun, the muzzle of which, aimed at Kronstadt, protruded from the broken wall of the upper hall.”.

View of the destroyed Great Peterhof Palace of the Lower Park ensemble in Peterhof, photo 1944.

In Peterhof, all the structures of the English Park, the English Palace and pavilions were destroyed, as well as the palaces and pavilions of all landscape parks of the 19th century. Almost all of the sculpture, hidden by museum staff in a tunnel under the palace or buried in the ground in the Lower Park, has been preserved. The Peter the Great bas-reliefs of the steps of the cascade, the mascarons of the canal and the largest figures - Samson, Tritons, Neva, Volkhov - left in place - disappeared without a trace after the German retreat.

Cascade of fountains in Peterhof, photo 1944

The palace and park ensemble of Oranienbaum suffered to a much lesser extent than other suburbs of Leningrad, only because the so-called “Oranienbaum bridgehead” was deployed here, which made it possible to preserve the historical heritage.
Victims during the siege of Leningrad and German occupation suburbs, buildings and ensembles were restored and pieced together by restorers throughout the second half of the twentieth century, but many buildings, sculptures and decorative elements were lost forever.

In the development of Leningrad after the victory of the Great October Revolution socialist revolution Three stages can be distinguished. At the first stage - from 1917 to approximately 1932-1935 - when the social character city, what was destroyed during the period was restored civil war urban economy and new housing and cultural construction began. At the second stage - from 1932 - the reconstruction of the entire urban economy of Leningrad began, and from 1935 (when the direction of further development of Leningrad was determined) mass housing and cultural construction began according to a unified plan in a number of new districts of the city. But the end of the Great Patriotic War began the third stage of the city’s development.

After the liquidation of the consequences of the war, the pace of housing and cultural construction increased significantly; new construction was concentrated in a small number of peripheral areas; since 1955, a radical restructuring of the architectural and construction industry began based on the widespread use of standard designs and the introduction of industrial methods in construction.

After the victory of the October Revolution, the Petrograd Soviet began to improve the living conditions of the city's working people, carried out on new, socialist principles. About 300 thousand men and women workers were resettled from slums, basements and shacks into comfortable houses. If before the revolution 16.7% of St. Petersburg workers lived in basements, then already in 1923 this figure dropped to 0.8%. Large urban development activities were planned, the implementation of which was soon interrupted by civil war and foreign intervention. The years of civil war, economic ruin, and the fuel crisis caused enormous damage to the urban economy and housing stock. But even in these difficult years Work on designing the future development and improvement of certain areas of Petrograd did not stop.

In 1919-1921 IT. under the leadership of I. A. Fomin, the architectural workshop “Bureau for the Settlement of the Plan of Petrograd”, organized in 1919 under the Petrograd Economic Council, developed projects for the redevelopment of working districts: Vyborg, Narvsky, Vasnleostrovsky, Petrogradsky sides, and created a project for the reconstruction of Bolshoi Avenue of Vasilievsky Island. Architects A. E. Belogrud took part in the development of these projects. D. P. Buryshkin, V. G. Gelfreich, O. R. Muntz, A. A. Ol, L. M. Tverskoy and others. In 1920, I. A. Fomin developed a project for the reconstruction of the Campus Martius, carried out in 1920 -1926 Prospective design of certain types of buildings was carried out, although most of these projects could not be implemented in those years.

During this period, architectural competitions, in which wide circles of the architectural and engineering community participated, played a major role in the development of Soviet architecture. Projects for completely new types of public buildings (palace of labor, house of culture, etc.) and residential buildings for workers were developed. They reflected revolutionary pathos and the desire to perpetuate a new social and political system in architectural forms.

After the end of the civil war, the rapid restoration of the urban economy began. Based on successes in the development of the national economy in the mid-1920s. new housing construction began and, first of all, radical reconstruction and development of the outskirts. In a short time, the slums outside Narvskaya were liquidated. Nevskaya and Moscow outposts, on Vyborg side. In a number of areas, residential areas for workers were built, based on new, although not yet completely perfect, urban planning principles: Traktornaya Street and the Serafimovsky section of Stachek Avenue (A. S. Nikolsky, A. I. Gegello, G. A. Simonov) , Palevsky housing estate (A. I. Zazsrsky and N. F. Rybin), etc.

Simultaneously with housing construction, kindergartens and nurseries, schools and various cultural and public service institutions were built. On the former outskirts, cultural centers, workers' clubs, stadiums, department stores, kitchen factories, bathhouses, clinics, etc. arose.

The most outstanding architectural structures are the Monument to the Revolutionary Fighters on the Field of Mars (1917-1919, architect L.V. Rudnev), the Propylaea near Smolny (1923-1924, architects V.A. Shchuko and V.G. Gelfreich), the Palace of Culture named after A. . M. Gorky in the Narva region (1925-1927, architects A. I. Gegello and D. L. Krichevsky, engineer V. F. Railyan). The amenities of the city gradually improved. New gardens, parks and public gardens were laid out; Main streets and squares were covered with improved pavements.

By the beginning of the 1930s. The country's urban economy, which was far behind other sectors of the economy in its development, had already begun to create obstacles to the further rise of socialist construction. This was fully demonstrated in Leningrad. Based on the decisions of the June Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1931, which established the most important principles of socialist urban planning and outlined a practical program for the radical improvement of the urban economy of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted on December 3, 1931 a special appeal to all party members, Soviet, trade union and Komsomol organizations of Leningrad, which put forward the task of “making Leningrad an exemplary center of urban economy and a truly socialist city.” Since 1932, work began on a wide front to rebuild the urban economy of Leningrad. The volume of housing construction has increased sharply. In 1932 alone, 342,700 m2 of living space in new houses were put into operation. Residential buildings were built in entire tracts in the areas of Lesnoy and Kondratievsky Avenues, on Turbinnaya Street; on Trinity Field, Avtovo, Shchemilovka, on Dekabristov Island, in the Moskovsky district. However, given the large volume of construction, the architectural and construction requirements were not yet high enough, and the passion for constructivism and functionalism in those years left its mark on the architectural composition of buildings and the planning solutions of residential areas.

Big changes took place in the early 1930s. in the architectural and creative direction of new housing and cultural construction. After the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated April 23, 1932 on the restructuring of literary and artistic organizations and the resolution of the Council for the Construction of the Palace of Soviets of the USSR dated February 28, 1932, a radical turn occurred in the development of Soviet architecture, which took the path of abandoning constructivist influences and taking the path the use in architecture of both new techniques and creatively reworked progressive techniques of classical architecture. On August 10, 1935, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks adopted a resolution on the starting points for the Leningrad planning project and determined the direction of its further development to the east, southeast, south and southwest, into flood-free areas convenient for settlement. In accordance with these guidelines and the resolution of the Joint Plenum of the Leningrad City Committee of the PKP(b) and the Leningrad City Council of August 26, 1935, from 1935-1936. Mass housing and cultural construction was launched according to a unified plan in a number of outlying districts of Leningrad, in particular in the areas of Stachek Avenue, Avtova, Moskovsky Avenue, Shchemilovka, Malaya Okhta, carried out in large complexes, with landscaping and landscaping of the neighborhoods. At the same time, extensive work was carried out to improve the city.

During the period from 1924 to the Great Patriotic War, 2,755 thousand m2 of new residential space, 252 schools, many kindergartens, nurseries and other mass construction projects were built in Leningrad. A large number of public buildings were also erected. In addition to the buildings mentioned above, it should be noted the Vasileostrovsky Palace of Culture named after. S. M. Kirov (1st stage of construction 1930-1937, architects 11. A. Trotsky and S. N. Kozak) and a number of other cultural centers and workers' clubs; cinema "Moscow" (1939, architect L. M. Khidekel), dispensary in the Kirov region (1927-1930, architects L. V. Rudnev, Ya. O. Svirsky, I. I. Fomin, O. L . Lyalin); a number of buildings of regional Soviets of Workers' Deputies were built - Kirovsky (1930-1935, architect N. A. Trotsky), Moscow (1930-1935, architects I. I. Fomin and V. G. Daugul), Nevsky (1937 -1940, architects E. A. Levinson, I. I. Fomin, G. E. Gedike), an administrative building in the southern area of ​​​​Moskovsky Prospekt (1936-1941, architect N. A. Trotsky). In 1931-1932 Work was carried out on the construction of the Central Park of Culture and Recreation on Elagin Island, and in 1932 construction began on the largest stadium (80,200 seats) on Krestovsky Island. Of the engineering structures, the most outstanding were the reinforced concrete Volodarsky Bridge (1932-1937, engineer G. P. Perederni, with the participation of architects A. S. Nikolsky and K. M. Dmitriev) and the first stage of the Leningrad Metro, the construction of which began in 1940 and was completed in the post-war period. The implementation of the planned development plans for Leningrad was interrupted by the attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR.

During the war years, the Leningrad city economy and architectural monuments suffered great damage from Hitler’s troops, who systematically subjected the city to aerial bombing and artillery shelling. 3,300 thousand m2 were completely destroyed and about 2,200 thousand m2 of living space were significantly damaged, almost every house was damaged. More than 500 thousand Leningraders were left homeless. The overwhelming majority of wooden residential buildings have not survived: many of them were destroyed by fires, the rest were dismantled for firewood and used for the construction of defensive fortifications.

As a result, the outlying parts of the Nevsky, Moskovsky, Kirovsky districts, Staraya Derevnya and Novaya Derevnya, Lesnoye, Bolshaya Okhta, completely changed their appearance. The engineering equipment system of Leningrad was severely destroyed. Bombing and artillery shelling completely destroyed 3,174 and severely damaged 7,143 buildings, including a number of remarkable monuments of Russian and world culture, industrial enterprises, buildings of scientific institutions, museums, clubs, hospitals, etc. Of the outstanding architectural monuments, the buildings of the Admiralty and the Hermitage were especially damaged , Kazan Cathedral, Russian Museum, b. Senate and Synod, Academy of Arts, Mining Institute, Engineering Castle, Smolny Monastery, Elagin Palace, etc. Palace-museums were destroyed and historical parks in the suburbs of Leningrad were devastated.

Restoration work, which began partly during the war, became widespread after its end. Under the leadership of the Leningrad Party organization, the city's workers successfully eliminated the consequences of the war, quickly restoring damaged buildings and structures. Many thousands of Leningraders voluntarily worked to restore the housing stock. For 1944-1945 1,568 thousand m2 of living space were restored and put into operation. Restoration work was largely completed by 1948 and fully completed in 1950. Housing construction resumed soon after the end of the war. It was necessary to quickly build houses to accommodate those in dire need of living space. Meanwhile, the construction industry was severely damaged, there was a shortage building materials, mechanisms and qualified workers. Under these conditions, it turned out to be advisable in the first post-war years allow in some peripheral areas of the city - along Primorsky Avenue, in the area of ​​​​Engels Avenue, on Belevsky Field (Nevsky District), in Volkova Village (Moskovsky District), etc., free from development and at the same time provided with roads and utilities - low-rise residential construction (2-3 floors). The completion of previously unfinished residential buildings, founded in areas of new housing construction in the pre-war years, also began. Subsequently, the construction of new multi-storey residential buildings gradually expanded in central and peripheral areas. Meanwhile, the Leningrad construction industry was vigorously restored and developed, which made it possible to relatively quickly resume mass housing construction in all areas of new development and then begin a decisive transition to industrial production.

In the very first years after the end of the war, major work began on the improvement of Leningrad and the reconstruction of a number of important highways, squares, and embankments. In 1950-1951 The reconstruction of Nevsky and Kirovsky prospects, Arts Square, etc. has been completed. Part of the Obvodny Canal embankments has been improved. A number of streets and embankments have been landscaped - Pushkinskaya St., river embankment. Fontanka, st. Brodsky; Zhelyabov, Sofia Perovskaya and other streets were turned into boulevards, public gardens were created on Revolution and Vosstaniya squares near the Moskovsky railway station.

The largest parks of the post-war period are Moscow Victory Park (authors of the planning project are architects E. I. Katonin, V. D. Kirkhoglani) and Primorsky Victory Park (authors of the planning project are architects A. S. Nikolsky, V. V. Stepanov, V. V. . Medvedev, P. S. Volkov), which were laid in 1945 with the voluntary participation of Leningrad residents.

A reconstruction of the area of ​​the Engineering Castle (where Maple Alley was laid; authors E.I. Katonin, V.D. Kirhoglani), the square named after V.I. Lenin (author N.V. Baranov) was carried out.

In 1948, the development of a draft master plan for the development of Leningrad for 20-25 years was completed; The project was based on the initial guidelines contained in the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of August 10, 1935. In 1955, a draft ten-year city development plan for 1956-1965 was developed. The basic principles of planning Leningrad, implemented at the present stage of its development, are as follows:

1. In accordance with the resolution of the June Plenum of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1931 on the inexpediency of creating giant cities in the USSR with a large number of enterprises piling up in established large urban centers, the projected population of Leningrad is limited. The construction of new industrial enterprises in the city is not allowed, with the exception of enterprises in the local food and construction industries serving the needs of the city.

2. To increase the housing supply for the population of Leningrad, increase the standard of living space and gradually de-densify the densely populated central areas of the city, mass housing construction is being developed in every possible way both in Leningrad itself and in the suburbs. In the city it is concentrated in a number of peripheral areas, in the healthiest, flood-free places. At the same time, good transport connections are ensured between residential areas both to the places of work of workers and to the city center.

3. The territorial development of the city is directed mainly to the south, southwest, east with partial exit (mainly in the south) beyond the old city limits, as well as to the north, northeast and northwest within the existing boundaries of the city. In particular, new territories are being developed along the banks of the Neva and its branches. It is also planned to carry out in the future the city's wide frontal access to the shores of the Gulf of Finland, to create a system of gardens, boulevards, sports facilities and beaches for mass recreation of the population along the western shores of Vasilievsky, Krestovsky and Petrovsky Islands, and to partially build up the coast of Vasilievsky Island residential buildings and monumental buildings that will create a “sea façade” of the city. The implementation of this major urban planning task must be gradual, taking into account real needs and opportunities.

4. To improve the living conditions of the population, the level of improvement of Leningrad is sharply increasing - through the development and improvement of its engineering equipment, improvement of transport and road networks, improvement of water channels and the air basin of the city, extensive landscaping of the urban area, development of a suburban forest park area, gradual removal outside city ​​limits of sanitarily hazardous industrial enterprises.

5. In the development of cities, they are preserved and receive further development progressive traditions that have developed in the architectural and construction practice of the historical past of the city: courage in solving major urban planning problems, the ensemble principle of development, the combination of aesthetic requirements with functional, economic and production-technical requirements.

New mass housing and cultural construction of the post-war period is concentrated in areas located close to the most important highways of the city, connected with the historical city center and mostly free from industrial development: the area of ​​Stachek and Avtovo Avenues, the area of ​​Moskovsky Avenue, Malaya Okhta and Bolshaya Okhta , Shchemilovka, area of ​​Bolshoy Smolensky Prospekt and st. Sedov, Lesnoy Avenue area, Primorsky Avenue, Karl Marx Avenue, Engels Avenue, Lanskoye Highway and Gavan areas. New housing construction is carried out taking into account the convenience of transport links with the main locations of enterprises and institutions. In the central areas of the city, new housing construction has been stopped since 1955 and only individual, previously laid down buildings are being completed. In the post-war years, Leningrad workers received over 400 thousand annually. m2 of total area in new houses.

Since 1954, 5–600 thousand m2 or more of total area per year was put into operation. During the years of the fourth five-year plan, residential buildings with a total area of ​​2,390 thousand m2 were built and put into operation, during the years of the fifth five-year plan - 2,523 thousand m2, in 1956 - 688 thousand m2.

In addition, at our own expense and with the help state loan During this time, residential buildings with a total area of ​​161.9 thousand m2 were built and put into operation. In the sixth five-year plan, houses with a total area of ​​about 5.5 million m2 will be built.

To improve the construction business and reduce the dispersion of construction organizations, a single construction organization (Glavleningradstroy) was created in 1955, leading all housing and cultural construction, financed by the Leningrad Council of Workers' Deputies (about 60% of all construction); this contributed to the widespread introduction of industrial methods into construction. In accordance with the decisions of the December Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee in 1956 and the resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated July 31, 1957 “On the development of housing construction in the USSR”, the volume of housing construction in Leningrad and its suburbs has been increasing sharply since 1957; in particular, the construction of residential buildings by the developers themselves is expanding, using the so-called economic method, as well as construction with the direct labor participation of citizens. The construction of individual residential buildings in the suburbs of Leningrad, carried out at the expense of the developers themselves, with the provision of long-term government loans, is also receiving great development.

Currently, with a few exceptions, mainly multi-storey residential buildings are being built in Leningrad. Five-story buildings predominate, although in necessary cases, for urban planning reasons, houses with seven or more floors are built. In the post-war years, predominantly frontal development of streets was carried out with buildings located along the perimeter of the blocks, with freer development of intra-block spaces. The area of ​​the blocks was, on average, from 6 to 9 hectares. Currently, the size of the blocks is increasing, sometimes reaching 20-25 hectares; more diverse methods of their development are used. After the All-Union Meeting of Builders in December 1954 and the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of August 23 and November 4, 1955, housing and cultural construction in Leningrad is carried out, as a rule, according to standard designs, using standard structures and details. Brick, large cinder blocks and large “room-sized” panels are used as wall materials; construction of houses from light concrete blocks begins. According to standard projects, residential buildings of various sizes, different configurations (rectangular and corner), with different orientations according to cardinal directions, different in number of floors, structures and materials are built.

Industrial construction methods have been used in Leningrad since the 1930s, when the first large-block houses were built, but these methods received widespread development only in last years, when the industrial construction base in Leningrad was significantly strengthened. The use of precast concrete has increased dramatically; the level of mechanization is constantly increasing construction work. Leningrad factories of reinforced concrete and concrete structures and parts produce about 500 thousand m3 of prefabricated reinforced concrete, 60 thousand m3 of large wall blocks and panels per year. The ongoing construction of new construction industry enterprises will make it possible by 1958 to ensure an annual production of 980 thousand m3 of prefabricated reinforced concrete, 225 thousand m3 of large concrete wall panels and blocks, as well as a significant amount of large silicate, foam silicate and brick blocks, corresponding to 120 million bricks .

The systematic use of industrial methods in construction has made it possible to reduce labor costs for the construction of buildings by 35-40%. In the coming years, it is planned to maximize the consolidation of prefabricated parts and prefabricated structures, the use of high-strength materials for the main load-bearing structures, effective lightweight aggregates for enclosing structures, which will reduce the weight of buildings, reduce material consumption and construction costs (http://www.pixelpro.ru /pechat/pechat-na-pvh/).

During the post-war years, many school buildings, children's institutions, shops, medical institutions and other mass construction projects were built in Leningrad and its suburbs. Among public buildings, the stadium named after S. M. Kirov on Krestovsky Island with a complex of sports facilities stands out (authors A. S. Nikolsky, K. I. Kashin-Lidze, N. N. Stepanov with the participation of A. A. Zavarzin; opened in 1950 g.), the first stage of the V.I. Lenin Metro (put into operation in 1955), an overpass across Moskovsky Prospekt near the Moscow District Council (1952-1955, engineers A.B. Volovik, V.A. Chezhin, A. S. Bachelis, architects V. D. Kirhoglanp, G. K. Patrikeev), bicycle track and Udelnaya area (1953-1956, architects L. M. Khidekel. N. N. Stepanov), building of the Optical Institute (1955 -1957, architect S. LI. Evdokimov), administrative building on pl. Proletarian dictatorship (1955-1957, architect D.S. Goldgor), etc.

Simultaneously with the new development, a comprehensive improvement of the city is being carried out, including already built-up areas: gardening and park construction, street landscaping, demolition of dilapidated, low-value buildings, clearing and landscaping of courtyards, closing certain streets to public transport. Every year, repairs and reconstruction of the old housing stock are carried out on a large scale: about 220 thousand."2 living space per year undergoes comprehensive overhaul. Extensive work is underway to lay new streets in built-up areas, new granite embankments and new bridges are being built; old wooden bridges are being replaced with permanent ones. During the post-war years, the Kamennoostrovsky Bridge over the Malaya Nevka, the Ushakovsky Bridge over the Bolshaya Nevka (1953-1955, engineers V.V. Demchenko, B.B. Levin, architects P.A. Areshev, V.S. Vasilkovsky) and others were built .

Greening the urban area is especially important for Leningrad, where the area of ​​green spaces still cannot be considered completely sufficient, despite the large volume of “green construction” work already completed after 1917 - the creation of hundreds of parks, gardens and boulevards. In accordance with the five-year plan for the placement of green spaces and green construction for 1956-1960, approved by the Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Council of Workers' Deputies. work has been launched to create new and develop existing parks and forest parks, gardens and public gardens; New boulevards are being created, numerous streets, intra-block spaces, areas of schools and children's institutions are being landscaped. The next stage in the development of green construction will be landscaping the territory of industrial, warehouse and transport enterprises. A suburban forest park area has been created and is being developed, intended both for mass recreation of the population of Leningrad, and for the deployment of new housing and dacha construction in specially designated areas, as well as the construction of health-improving institutions. The main approaches to the city along railways and highways are being improved and landscaped.

In Leningrad, after the October Revolution, a number of beautiful sculptural monuments were created that beautified the city, including monuments to V. I. Lenin at Smolny and on Lenin Square, to S. M. Kirov on Kirov Square and in Primorsky Victory Park (in front of the stadium), N. G. Chernyshevsky on the square named after him in the area of ​​​​Moskovsky Prospekt, etc. Of great interest is the Alley of Heroes in Moscow Victory Park, with busts of twice Heroes of the Soviet Union - natives of Leningrad. For the 250th anniversary of the city, a monument to A.S. Pushkin was erected on Arts Square, the foundation stone for the monument to V.I. Lenin was laid on the square near the Moskovsky Station, and large-scale landscaping and landscaping work was carried out on the city, which largely changed the appearance of entire highways and districts. A large group of engineering and technical workers and construction workers in Leningrad were awarded orders and medals for their services in the field of housing and industrial construction.

In 1957, in Leningrad and its suburbs, 244 architectural monuments were under state protection, including 95 complexes, including 685 individual buildings, monuments and works of landscape art. Thus, in Leningrad and its suburbs, 834 objects are protected by the state, including 493 of all-Union and 341 of republican significance (of which 15% belong to the first half of the 18th century, 75% - to the second half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century and 10% - by the middle and second half of the 19th century). Extensive restoration work is underway historical monuments architecture. About 125 million rubles a year are spent on the preservation of monuments.