Lenin V.I. (1870-1924) - founder and leader of the Bolshevik Party, the Soviet state, recognized leader of the world communist movement. V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin) left a theoretical legacy - Marxism-Leninism, the importance of which is difficult to overestimate. The complete works of Lenin total 55 volumes. Many of his works formulate deeply scientific theories and also express a clear position on current political events.
In Soviet historiography, Leninism has been studied quite deeply; two periods are distinguished: Lenin’s development of Marxist political thought before and after October 1917.
In the first period, the main political and legal themes of Lenin’s works were: justification of the tactics and strategy of a new type of party, the theory of outgrowth bourgeois revolution into socialist, the doctrine of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the theory of the state.
Lenin's works "What to do?" and "One Step Forward, Two Steps Back" show the importance of the party as highest form class organization of the proletariat (compared to trade unions or other organizations). In his doctrine of the party, Lenin proves that only an organized proletariat is capable of achieving its goals. However, only a party guided by an advanced theory, using both legal and illegal methods of struggle, can fulfill the role of an advanced fighter.
The theory of the development of a bourgeois revolution into a socialist revolution is formulated in the book “Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution.”
Under the conditions of the Russian revolution, the bourgeoisie will seek partial concessions from the monarchy: political (constitution) and economic. Under these conditions, the bourgeoisie will try to make the peasantry the main social force. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent the peasantry from being deceived. Instead of the Cadet theory of “two camps” - the monarchist and supporters of the constitution - Lenin proceeded from the presence of three camps in the revolution: government, liberal and democratic. The revolutionary proletariat, whose ally will be the peasantry, must be at the head of the democratic camp. Such an alliance must lead to the victory of the revolution.
The next stage of the permanent revolution in Lenin's teachings was the dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry. Lenin characterized the dictatorship of the proletariat as “power based on force and not on law.” In the work “Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution,” the dictatorship of the proletariat is characterized as democratic, since it consists of broad democratic transformations. At the same time, Lenin also substantiated the revolutionary, repressive nature of the dictatorship of the proletariat in relation to landowners and capitalists, since the resistance of the former exploiters is inevitable. The victory of the revolutionary dictatorship is identified with the destruction of the foundations of bourgeois society.
The national-state question in Lenin's teachings is considered as part of the problem of the world liberation movement and in close connection with the doctrine of revolution. In the Leninist concept, a nation is formed during the development of capitalist relations. Ethnicity, which existed in pre-bourgeois eras, becomes a new historical category in the period of capitalism. A nation, in addition to a common language, cultural traditions and unity of territory, is also characterized by economic unity. Thus, the nation is considered as a category - a consequence of socio-economic development. With the emergence of nations, in conditions of ethically heterogeneous states, class and national liberation struggles are inseparable. Consequently, two trends appear in the national question: the desire to create sovereign states and the desire to establish strong economic ties between states.
The doctrine of the dictatorship of the proletariat and the tasks of social democracy in revolutions was developed in the works of 1917." April Theses", "Marxism and the State". The main provisions of these works were summarized in the theoretical work "State and Revolution". In this work (PSS. T. 33) Lenin proceeded from the Marxist interpretation that state is the main institution of the political system of class society, which manages society, protects its economic and social structure. In a class society, according to Lenin's teaching, the state serves to suppress its social opponents, state power is in the hands of the economically dominant class.
Lenin developed this Marxist definition of the state; he identified the basic ideas of the state as a product and manifestation of the irreconcilability of class contradictions, as an organ of class domination. Without revolution, it is impossible to destroy the exploitative essence of the state; therefore, the doctrine of the state is closely interconnected with revolutionary doctrine. As a result, the victory of the revolution justified the period of dictatorship of the proletariat, designed to destroy the old state apparatus, suppress the resistance of the landowners and bourgeoisie, and establish the power of the workers and peasants. The transition from the dictatorship of the proletariat to communism, according to Lenin’s teaching, “cannot fail to produce an enormous abundance and diversity of political forms” while preserving the inevitable essence - the dictatorship of the proletariat. Next, Lenin justifies the task of the proletariat to create its own state apparatus. However, employees of the socialist state apparatus, according to Lenin, should not turn into officials and bureaucrats. To do this, he considered it necessary to approve the principle of election, rotation of civil servants, the prohibition of any social privileges for employees, and the strengthening of legislative proletarian power.
Lenin called communism the logical conclusion of the state: “We have the right to speak only about the inevitable withering away of the state, emphasizing the duration of this process, its independence from the speed of development of the highest phase of communism and leaving completely open question about the timing or about specific forms of withering away, because there is no material for solving such questions." As can be seen, Lenin left the process of transition from the dictatorship of the proletariat to communism open for further theoretical justification.
In the period after October 1917, Lenin, as the leader of the Soviet state, faced the practical tasks of implementing the political program of the Bolsheviks. Therefore, the doctrine of state and law acquired not only a theoretical character. At this time, Lenin paid attention to the development of the doctrine of nation-state building, the relationship between the dictatorship of the proletariat and revolutionary legality already in the conditions of the Soviet state,
In the lecture “On the State,” in the essays “The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky,” “The Infantile Disease of “Leftism” in Communism,” and a number of other works, the bourgeois (even democratic) state is contrasted with the dictatorship of the proletariat. In this regard, Lenin defined the proletarian dictatorship as a kind of school in which the proletariat masters the skills of governing the state and teaches this to all workers. Consequently, Lenin called the union of the proletariat with the peasantry the “highest principle” of the dictatorship of the proletariat. During the Civil War, Lenin justified dictatorship as terror against the resisting exploiting classes. He wrote that dictatorship does not mean the end of the class struggle, but only its continuation at a new historical stage.
Lenin called the Republic of Soviets the best form of dictatorship of the proletariat. Soviet power occupies one of the central places in Lenin's teachings of this time. The Soviets of the "school of communism" in Lenin's works are shown to be much more democratic bodies of power than the bourgeois Constituent Assembly. New form democracy - socialist Soviets are contrasted by Lenin with old bourgeois democracy. Socialist character Soviet power explained by the system of this power cap in the center and locally. Thus, higher-level Councils concentrate in their hands the highest legislative power and control over the implementation of laws, and local Councils are more effective bodies with greater capabilities than bourgeois self-government bodies. In addition, the Soviets "by systematically attracting all more citizens to direct government" serve as a real lever in the fight against localism, bureaucracy and bourgeois remnants.
The creation of the Soviet state implied the implementation of internal and external functions. The first Decrees of the Soviet government, developed by Lenin, already formulated the guidelines for the domestic and foreign policy of the state of workers and peasants. After the victory October revolution 1917 Lenin, as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, was directly faced with the need to carry out economic, political and other functions aimed at organizing a new socialist society. Lenin considered the main (interrelated) tasks at this time to be the organization of the suppression of the bourgeoisie, as well as “accounting and control” during the socialization of production. The close relationship between economics and politics was also evident when Lenin justified “war communism” and NEP.
Lenin formulated foreign policy functions as the principle of peaceful coexistence. Unlike the “left” communists with their theory of permanent world revolution, in the Decree on Peace and in the works of the post-October period he refrained from the theory of world revolution. On the contrary, Lenin became a supporter of the theory of building socialism in Russia alone. The slogan "Workers of all countries, unite!" Lenin, of course, did not reject it. He remained a supporter revolutionary transformation peace and the victory of communism throughout the planet, but believed that the causes of the revolution lie in the plane of internal political development, and not in the export of revolution from the outside.
In the “Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People,” Lenin formulated the concept of nation-state building, a federal structure of Russia with the voluntary entry of national autonomies into the RSFSR. At the same time, Lenin emphasized that autonomy and federation would not at all infringe on the principle of democratic centralism, but, on the contrary, would make it possible to eliminate national discord in the future state.
Lenin's concept government structure developed during the formation of the USSR. At this time, projects were proposed for the creation of a federation with subsequent evolution towards a unitary state. Lenin did not agree with this concept; he proposed the idea of creating a union state, which was the basis of the USSR. The new concept of dual state sovereignty assumed that sovereignty belonged to both the union state and the union republics. The Constitution of the USSR of 1924 (Article 3) enshrined the Leninist concept, reflected in subsequent Constitutions of the Soviet Union.
The relationship between the dictatorship of the proletariat and revolutionary legitimacy is based on the theory of violence. Lenin said with revelation that power won and maintained by the violence of the proletariat over the bourgeoisie is “power not bound by any laws.” The word “none” here must be understood as bourgeois laws, which were completely rejected. It is naive to believe that Lenin, being a theoretical scientist and lawyer by training, rejected legal laws and professed legal nihilism. Lenin's concept was that the dictatorship of the proletariat rejected the old social relations formulated in bourgeois laws. However, as new social relations are formed, the proletarian state enshrines the latter in legal acts binding on all. Simultaneously with the establishment of new laws, Lenin promoted emergency measures in the form of a policy of “red terror”.
It is fair to note that the “darkness of lawlessness”, legal chaos revolutionary years turned out to be more dangerous than the Bolshevik leader expected, so he demanded to speed up the process of forming a new, Soviet law. This is clearly visible in Lenin’s position during the development and adoption of the Constitution of 1918 and in general in the legislative work of the leader of the Soviet state. For example, Lenin justified the need for a transition from the policy of “war communism” to the “new economic policy” as corresponding to the essence of social relations in specific historical realities. NEP, proclaimed by Lenin “seriously and for a long time,” demanded the codification of Soviet legislation. Consequently, Lenin emphasized the importance of adopting the first Soviet codes (civil, labor, criminal) and laws on the judicial system. At the same time, he highlighted the main positive aspects of the formation of Soviet law: the protection) of the gains of the proletariat and the establishment of strict revolutionary order in various fields public life.
It must be recalled that Lenin always proceeded from the interpretation rights as the will of the ruling class elevated to law, the content of which is determined by class material conditions and interests, formalized in the form of a system of norms, rules, established or sanctioned state power. Based on the Marxist-Leninist definition of law under the dictatorship of the proletariat, it was necessary to apply revolutionary legal consciousness to legal relations, and not old bourgeois concepts. In accordance with the new theoretical position, Lenin's latest works provide an idea of the foundations of Soviet industrial law.
In civil law, Lenin substantiated the denial of private law and the recognition of only public law, the refusal private property, allowing only public property, strict state regulation of the capitalist elements of the economy.
Labor law, which for the first time became an independent branch, was based on the fact that the October Revolution destroyed the system of exploitation and workers were given the opportunity to work both for themselves and for society. What was true in relation to the proletariat was viewed differently in relation to the former exploiter. According to the new, revolutionary principle: “He who doesn’t work, doesn’t eat!” Repressive measures were sanctioned under “war communism” in relation to the bourgeoisie, landowners and those evading social labor.
Family law, which also became an independent branch, was based on the communist doctrine of the withering away of legal relations as the social need for them is lost and the importance of economic-consumer relations decreases. Instead, moral, aesthetic and psychological relationships, which, according to this teaching, are improved with the harmonious development of the individual and as they approach communism. In accordance with this theoretical justification, the family, as an important type of social community, built on the marital union and kinship ties, had to undergo significant evolution. Revolutionary changes in the family were already evident in the first measures of the Soviet government to separate church and state, in the search for new types and forms of family.
In criminal law, Lenin justified the strengthening of the repressive, totalitarian essence of the proletarian state in relation to not only class enemies, but also former allies in the revolutionary struggle - the Social Democrats. The latter were also counted among the political enemies of the Soviet government, against them Lenin called for increased repression, “right up to capital punishment.”
Concept historical development society and state, formulated by Lenin, was based on the Marxist doctrine of socio-economic formations.
1)Lenin - the largest revolutionary of the 20th century, the initiator and leader of the October Revolution in Russia, the founder of the Soviet state and the international communist movement (III Communist International), the creator of the ideological basis of this movement - Leninism, which Lenin himself viewed as the restoration of the revolutionary traditions of Marxism, the purification of the legacy of Marx and Engels from the layers introduced into it by the opportunists of the Second International.
OP : “Imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism”, “Development of capitalism in Russia”, “Two tactics of social democracy in the democratic revolution”, “State and revolution”.
Lenin was first and foremost politician. Unlike his idol and teacher K. Marx, he practically did not know periods of quiet, desk literary work. His theoretical reasoning is of an auxiliary nature; it turns into a means of achieving political goals, into a form of political struggle. However, this did not prevent Lenin from gaining a reputation as one of the greatest political thinkers of the 20th century. In theory, as in practical politics, he was distinguished by a rare sense of purpose, confidence in his own rightness, and firmness in defending his intended course.
Following Plekhanov, Ulyanov proves the inevitability of the formation of capitalism in Russia, the naivety of attempts to circumvent it with the help of the peasant community, and also states the transition of populism in the 80-90s. from revolutionary positions to liberal-reformist ones (“What are friends of the people and how do they fight against the Social Democrats?” - 1894, "Development of capitalism in Russia"- 1899, etc.).
By the time Lenin appeared on the political arena, the question of the fate of capitalism had been decided by social thought hostile to the autocracy. Russia was turning into a capitalist country. The opportunity for a peasant socialist revolution (if we recognize it as real in the 60-70s) was missed.
Lenin turned out to be the person who most radically pursued the line outlined by Plekhanov in the early 80s: the prospect of stabilizing capitalism in Russia cannot be tolerated; the ground must be prepared for a future socialist revolution even before the bourgeois-democratic revolution.
The situation that gave birth to Leninism ,-Russian. It's about about the idea and practice of socialist revolution in a semi-feudal country, which suffered more from the insufficiency of capitalist development than from its maturity. But this situation is typical for countries of Eastern Europe and the entire East. To what extent did the orientation towards the victory of socialism in a country that had not put an end to feudalism correspond to Marxism?
It is a very common opinion that Lenin abandoned Marxism. According to Marx, the revolution must begin in the developed capitalist countries, none social order will not die until it has exhausted all its capabilities. And according to Lenin, in a relatively underdeveloped country, where capitalism has not yet been fully established, where it is entangled in the remnants of feudalism. We are talking about an attempt to compensate for the absence of a number of the most important socio-economic prerequisites for the revolution by active political intervention, which contradicts the principles of historical materialism, the law of correspondence of the political and legal superstructure to the economic base. In fact, Marx and Engels did not rule out a socialist revolution in Russia, even on a purely peasant basis. Plekhanov and Lenin continued this line, but in accordance with the canons of Marxism, they brought a different class base to the socialist revolution - the proletarian one. At the same time, the connection with the revolution in the West remained. Russian Marxists proceeded from the idea of the founders of this doctrine about the simultaneous victory of the revolution in the main capitalist countries. Russia will only join them, and perhaps even initiate the struggle.
It would seem that with the appearance of the proletarian element in Russia, the entire theoretical structure became stronger. There was only one difficulty. The peasantry constituted the majority of the Russian population, and the proletariat the minority. This minority had to receive the support of the majority. Lenin always had this problem in mind. Thus, there is no reason to assert that Lenin’s theory of revolution was a negation of Marxism, but its connection with Russian specifics and the adaptation of Marxism to Russian conditions are obvious.
Lenin carried out his ideas about revolution with a rare sense of purpose, which distinguished him among the Marxists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Lenin was the first to say that we need to prepare and organize a revolution, and not passively wait for favorable circumstances to arise. This is an essential feature of Leninism, its effective, practical character.
Lenin put forward the idea vanguard proletarian party (“party of a new type”) as the main means of preparing and implementing the revolution. Lenin's thoughts about the party were presented in a systematic form in his book “What is to be done?” This party must have a plan of action and lead the proletariat, and only the socialist intelligentsia, armed with revolutionary theory, can overthrow the government.
Lenin's views on the prospects of the revolution in Russia are set out in many articles from 1905-1907, and in systematic form in the book “Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution” (July 1905).
State - a product of irreconcilable class contradictions, an instrument of class domination. A bourgeois state is a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. It must be destroyed.
In “State and Revolution” the idea of the historical inevitability of the dictatorship of the proletariat is consistently presented. At the same time, dictatorship is understood not only as a class essence, but also as a form of power.
Public and government activities The founder of the USSR, V.I. Lenin, was determined by his philosophical and political beliefs. The socio-political, economic and philosophical doctrine created by the leader in the process of development and concretization of Marxism is called Leninism. This term in classical definition introduced into circulation by Joseph Stalin.
Historical and philosophical analysis of capitalism
In 1916, in Zurich, Vladimir Ilyich wrote an essay “Imperialism as the highest stage of capitalism,” in which he took as his starting point the fact that capitalism in developed countries V late XIX century moved into a special historical stage of development, called imperialism in the work. The latter is viewed as monopoly capitalism economic essence and "decaying". Subsequently (in 1920), Lenin noted in the preface to other publications that imperialism is the eve of the socialist revolution. This statement was confirmed by the events of 1917 in Russia.
Many of the postulates of Lenin's policies are still relevant today. For example, criticism of the dictatorship of capital, in which talk about the power of the people is the most self-deception. Imperialism (that is, financial capitalism in the leader’s understanding) is a self-devouring monster. As a result of this state of affairs, all the money ends up in the hands of bankers, and the state is forced to print unbacked banknotes. This is what caused the modern financial crisis. Lenin predicted this back in 1916.
Political philosophy of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin
The policy was oriented towards the elimination of all social oppression and the radical reconstruction of society, the means of which was to be revolution. Lenin generalizes the experience of previous revolutions, developing the doctrine of the dictatorship of the proletariat as a means of protecting and developing the results of the coup. By politics in general, Vladimir Ilyich understood the actions of large masses of people. Instead of talking about parties, he spoke specifically about the masses and groups.
The leader studied the life of various segments of the population, tried to identify the mood as accurately as possible social groups, balance of power and so on. On this basis, it was possible to draw conclusions about possible practical actions and slogans. Vladimir Ilyich recognized that socialist consciousness must be brought into the working class with the help of a broad theoretical justification.
Power, according to Lenin’s policy, should be elected, and the work of officials and deputies should be paid at the level wages ordinary workers. In addition, he planned to involve the broad masses of the people in public administration, which would ultimately lead to the fact that power itself would cease to be a privilege.
Socialism, communism and military dictatorship
V.I. Lenin argued that every state has a class character, everything depends only on the interests of which particular class it serves. In a small brochure “Letter to Workers and Peasants...” the political and public figure emphasizes the need for a “dictatorship of the working class.” According to Lenin, this stage is a necessary intermediate stage for building communism.
Communism is divided into two periods: socialism and communism. Under socialism there is still no abundance of goods that would satisfy the needs of all members of society. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin considered it the beginning of the socialist revolution in Russia. In his speech “Tasks of Youth Unions” in 1920, the leader said that communism would be built in 1930-1940.
Attitude to the imperialist war
First World War(according to V.I. Lenin) had an imperialist character and was alien to the interests of the working people. The leader insisted on the need to transform the imperialist war into a civil war, that is, against his own ruling layer, as well as the need for this war to overthrow capitalist governments.
Possibility of victory of revolution in one country
In 1915, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin wrote that revolution would not necessarily happen simultaneously in all states (as Marx believed). In the article “On the slogan of the United States of Europe,” the leader of the people argued that first power can change in a separate state, and then this state will help carry out a coup in other countries.
Foreign policy of Vladimir Lenin
Immediately after the Revolution, Vladimir Ilyich recognized independent Finland, and during the war he tried to reach an agreement with the Entente. In 1919, he negotiated with William Bullitt, a US statesman and politician, the first American ambassador to the USSR. Lenin agreed to the payment of Russian debts (pre-revolutionary) in exchange for an end to the intervention. A draft agreement with the Entente countries was nevertheless developed through joint efforts.
In 1919 it turned out that, most likely, world revolution will continue for a very long time. In foreign policy Lenin began to adhere to a new concept. He decided to coexist peacefully with all peoples, with workers and peasants of all nations, and to play off the imperialists against each other “until we have conquered the whole world.”
After the Civil War, diplomatic relations were established with Finland, Mongolia, Iran, Poland, Estonia, and Turkey. The most active cooperation it happened with Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey, which resisted European colonialism, and Germany, which became a natural ally of the USSR after the defeat in the First World War.
Domestic policy and social transformations
Lenin's domestic policy was received positively by workers and peasants. Vladimir Ilyich carried out a wage reform that equalized the incomes of the highest echelons of power and skilled workers, for the first time established a minimum acceptable level of wages, and limited the maximum wages of all managers. Lenin's policies Soviet Russia For the first time in the world, an eight-hour working day was established, and all working citizens received the legal right to vacation and pensions. This structure gave the citizens of the USSR confidence in the future and was distinguished by openness and democracy.
The leader considered the development of education to be the most important element in building a new society. In 1918 it was introduced free education children. Such a policy led to the fact that by 1959, political opponents of the Soviet state believed that the USSR education system occupied a leading position throughout the world. In the field of healthcare, reforms were also carried out aimed at ensuring free and equal access to medicine for all citizens.
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin proclaimed equality and abolished all class privileges. One of the conditions for promotion career ladder became a worker-peasant origin. Lenin's policies opened up opportunities for peasants and workers to advance to positions of status. I wonder what Soviet Union became the only state in the world in which all the leaders (except Lenin himself) came from the lower classes.
In “Pages from the Diary,” Lenin set out the main tasks of the cultural revolution. It was necessary to ensure equal conditions for creative development working people, strengthen the consciousness of the population, eliminate backwardness and illiteracy of citizens, and form a new socialist intelligentsia.
Politics of War Communism
War communism is Lenin's policy carried out during the Civil War (1918-1921). Its characteristic features were the centralization of the economy and the nationalization of industry, a monopoly on many agricultural products, a ban on private trade, equalization in the distribution of basic goods, and militarization. Some historians suggest that this was an attempt to introduce communism by command, which the Bolsheviks abandoned only after obvious failure.
New Economic Policy
Lenin's New Economic Policy was adopted in 1921 and carried out into the 1920s. This practical use all theses and ideas. The main content of the NEP is revival market relations, restoration of the national economy, introduction of private property, replacement of surplus appropriation with a tax in kind, attracting capital from abroad, carrying out monetary reform. To some extent, Lenin's economic policy was a forced and even improvised measure.
Works of the leader of nations
External and domestic politics Lenin was based on his views, which are reflected in the works of the leader of the people.
Five collections of his works and forty “Lenin collections” were published in the Soviet Union. Many works were actively published in China on Chinese. The UNESCO ranking gives the leader's works seventh place in the world in terms of the number of translations.
) were executed and it was then that the future politician began to harbor hatred for the tsarist regime. The elder brother Alexander was hanged as a participant in the Narodnaya Volya conspiracy against Emperor Alexander III. Vladimir was 17 years old at that time, he was the fourth child in the family of the superintendent of public schools in Simbirsk, Ilya Ulyanov. That same year, he graduated from high school with a gold medal and immediately entered the faculty of Kazan University, deciding to become a lawyer.
Death sibling turned everything upside down in Vladimir’s soul. From then on, he began to do little studying, making increasingly angry speeches. And a little later he completely joined the group of revolutionary students, for which he was soon expelled from the university.
In 1894-1895 he wrote and published his first works. In them he asserted a new ideology - Marxism, and criticized populism. At the same time, he visited France and Germany, went to Switzerland, and met with Paul Lafargue and Karl Liebknecht.
Link for propaganda and agitation
In 1895, Vladimir Ulyanov returned to the capital together with Julius Tsederbaum, whose pseudonym was Lev Martov. They organized the "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." In 1897, Vladimir Ilyich was arrested and exiled for 3 years for agitation and propaganda to the village of Shushenskoye, Yenisei province. While there, a year later he married Nadezhda Krupskaya, his comrade-in-arms in the party struggle. Around the same time, he wrote the book “The Development of Capitalism in Russia.”
After the exile was over, he left again. Together with Martov, Plekhanov and others, while in Munich, he began publishing the newspaper Iskra and the magazine Zarya. The literature produced was distributed exclusively in Russian Empire. In 1901, in December, Vladimir Ilyich began to use a pseudonym, becoming Lenin.
Continuation of campaigning and active actions
In 1903, the Second Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Party was held there. workers' party(RSDLP). Here the program and developed personally by Plekhanov and Lenin should have been adopted. The minimum program included the overthrow of tsarism, the establishment of equal rights for nationalities and nations, and the establishment of. The maximum program was to build a socialist society through the dictatorship of the proletariat.
At the congress, some disagreements arose and as a result two factions “Bolsheviks” and “” were formed. The Bolsheviks accepted Lenin's position, but the rest were against it. Among Vladimir Ilyich’s opponents was Martov, who for the first time ever used the term “Leninism.”
Revolution
Lenin was in Switzerland when the revolution began in Russia in 1905. He decided to be in the thick of things, so he arrived in St. Petersburg illegally under a false name. At this point, he began publishing the newspaper “New Life”, as well as campaigning for preparations for an armed uprising. When 1906 came, Lenin left for Finland.
Once in Petrograd, Lenin put forward the slogan “From the bourgeois-democratic revolution to the socialist one.” main idea consisted of the words “All power to the Soviets!” Plekhanov, being by this time a former comrade-in-arms, called this idea madness. Lenin was confident that he was right, so he ordered an armed uprising against the Provisional Government on October 24, 1917. The very next day, power was seized throughout the country. The II All-Russian Congress of Soviets was held, where it was attended by states around the world. The new government was now called the Council of People's Commissars, and was headed by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.
Governance and death
Until 1921, Lenin was involved in the affairs of the country; many did not want to accept the ideas of the new head of state. The White movement developed, some emigrated. A civil war began in which millions of people died. By 1920, industry had shrunk by 7 times. Hunger and a difficult economic situation forced Vladimir Ilyich to accept a new economic policy(NEP), which allowed free private trade. They tried to electrify the country, develop state-owned enterprises, and develop cooperation in rural areas and cities.
In 1923, Lenin became seriously ill and for a long time was in the village of Gorki near Moscow. Stalin and Trotsky began to lay claim to the position of head of state. In his “Letter to the Congress” Lenin said that he opposed Stalin’s candidacy. The letter had no effect, and soon Vladimir Ilyich died of a cerebral hemorrhage.
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Vladimir Ilyich Lenin ( real name- Ulyanov) is a great Russian political and public figure, revolutionary, founder of the RSDLP party (Bolsheviks), creator of the first socialist state in history.
Years of Lenin’s life: 1870 – 1924.
Lenin is known primarily as one of the leaders of the great October Revolution of 1917, when the monarchy was overthrown and Russia turned into a socialist country. Lenin was the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) new Russia- RSFSR, considered the creator of the USSR.
Vladimir Ilyich was not only one of the most prominent political leaders in the entire history of Russia, he was also known as the author of many theoretical works on politics and social sciences, founder of the theory of Marxism-Leninism and the creator and main ideologist of the Third International (union communist parties different countries).
Brief biography of Lenin
Lenin was born on April 22 in the city of Simbirsk, where he lived until he graduated from the Simbirsk gymnasium in 1887. After graduating from high school, Lenin left for Kazan and entered the university there to study law. In the same year, Alexander, Lenin’s brother, was executed for participation in the assassination attempt on Emperor Alexander 3 - for the whole family this becomes a tragedy, since it is about Alexander’s revolutionary activities.
While studying at the university, Vladimir Ilyich is an active participant in the banned Narodnaya Volya circle, and also takes part in all student riots, for which three months later he is expelled from the university. A police investigation carried out after the student riot revealed Lenin's connections with banned societies, as well as his brother's participation in the assassination attempt on the Emperor - this entailed a ban on Vladimir Ilyich's reinstatement at the university and the establishment of close supervision over him. Lenin was included in the list of “unreliable” persons.
In 1888, Lenin again came to Kazan and joined one of the local Marxist circles, where he began to actively study the works of Marx, Engels and Plekhanov, which in the future would have a huge impact on his political identity. It starts around this time revolutionary activity Lenin.
In 1889, Lenin moved to Samara and there continued to look for supporters of the future coup d'etat. In 1891, he took exams as an external student for a course at the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University. At the same time, his views, under the influence of Plekhanov, evolved from populist to social democratic, and Lenin developed his first doctrine, which laid the foundation for Leninism.
In 1893, Lenin came to St. Petersburg and got a job as an assistant lawyer, while continuing to be active journalistic activity– he publishes many works in which he studies the process of capitalization of Russia.
In 1895, after a trip abroad, where Lenin met with Plekhanov and many other public figures, he organized the “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class” in St. Petersburg and began an active struggle against the autocracy. For his activities, Lenin was arrested, spent a year in prison, and then sent into exile in 1897, where, however, he continued his activities, despite the prohibitions. During his exile, Lenin was officially married to his common-law wife– Nadezhda Krupskaya.
In 1898, the first secret congress of the Social Democratic Party (RSDLP), led by Lenin, took place. Soon after the Congress, all its members (9 people) were arrested, but the revolution had begun.
The next time Lenin returned to Russia only in February 1917 and immediately became the head of the next uprising. Despite the fact that quite soon he is ordered to be arrested, Lenin continues his activities illegally. In October 1917, after the coup d'etat and the overthrow of the autocracy, power in the country completely passed to Lenin and his party.
Lenin's reforms
From 1917 until his death, Lenin was engaged in reforming the country in accordance with social democratic ideals:
- Makes peace with Germany, creates the Red Army, which takes an active part in civil war 1917-1921;
- Creates NEP - new economic policy;
- Gives civil rights peasants and workers (the working class becomes the main one in the new political system of Russia);
- Reforms the church, seeking to replace Christianity with a new “religion” - communism.
He dies in 1924 after a sharp deterioration in his health. By order of Stalin, the leader's body was placed in a mausoleum on Red Square in Moscow.
The role of Lenin in the history of Russia
Lenin's role in the history of Russia is enormous. He was the main ideologist of the revolution and the overthrow of the autocracy in Russia, organized the Bolshevik Party, which was able to come to power in a fairly short time and completely change Russia politically and economically. Thanks to Lenin, Russia transformed from an Empire into a socialist state, which was based on the ideas of communism and the supremacy of the working class.
The state created by Lenin lasted almost throughout the entire 20th century and became one of the strongest in the world. Lenin's personality is still controversial among historians, but everyone agrees that he is one of the greatest world leaders who has ever existed in world history.
