MAIN DATES IN THE LIFE, CREATIVITY AND SOCIAL ACTIVITY OF V. G. KOROLENKO 5
1853 July 15 (27)- Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko was born in the city of Zhitomir, Volyn province.
1864 - Enters the gymnasium.
1871 - He graduated from high school with a silver medal and entered the Technological Institute in St. Petersburg.
1873 - Leaving the institute. Proofreading work.
1874 - Admitted to the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy.
1876 - Expelled from the academy for filing a collective application. Settlement in Kronstadt under open police supervision. Drawing, work.
1877 - Enters the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg. Proofreading work in the newspaper “Novosti”. Participation in Nekrasov's funeral.
1878 - He is studying shoemaking, intending to take part in “going among the people.”
The Korolenko brothers, Vladimir and Julian, translated the book “The Bird” by J. Michelet. The first appearance in the press was a note in the newspaper “Novosti” - “Fight at Apraksin Dvor (Letter to the Editor).”
1879 - Arrest and deportation to the city of Glazov, Vyatka province. Shoemaking work. The magazine “Slovo” published “Episodes from the life of a “seeker.” Sent to Berezovskie Pochinki.
1880 - Arrest and transfer to the Vyshnevolotsk political prison. The story “Wonderful” has been written. Korolenko was sent into exile in Siberia. The essay “The Unreal City” was written on the prison barge. Returned from the road and settled under police supervision in the city of Perm. “The Unreal City” is published in the Lay. Service as a timekeeper and clerk on the railway.
1881 - The story “Temporary residents of the “under investigation department” was published.” Refusal of the oath. Deported to the settlement of Amga, Yakutsk region.
1882–1884 - Agricultural and shoemaking work. The stories “The Killer”, “Makar’s Dream” were written, work on the stories “Sokolinets”, “In Bad Society”, “A Vagrant Marriage” (“Marusina’s Zaimka”), “Machine Operators” (“The Sovereign’s Coachmen”), etc.
1885 - Settlement in Nizhny Novgorod. Cooperation in the newspapers “Volzhsky Vestnik” and “Russian Vedomosti”. The stories “On the Night of the Bright Holiday”, “The Old Bell-Ringer”, “The Wilderness”, “Makar’s Dream”, and the essay “On the Machine” were published. Participation in the magazines “Russian Thought”, “Northern Messenger”. The stories “Killer” and “Sokolinets” appeared.
1886 - “The Forest is Noisy” was published. Marriage to A. S. Ivanovskaya. Visited L.N. Tolstoy. The story “The Blind Musician”, the stories “The Tale of Flora the Roman”, “The Sea”, and the essay “Containing” were published. The 1st volume of “Essays and Stories” has been published.
1887 - “Prokhor and students.” Acquaintance with A.P. Chekhov and G.I. Uspensky. "At the factory". Joined the editorial office of Severny Vestnik. “Behind the Icon”, “At the Eclipse” were printed. A separate edition of "The Blind Musician". Work in the Nizhny Novgorod Archive Commission.
1888 - Printed “Along the way.” “From a notebook” (first edition of “Circassian”). "On both sides." Leaving the editorial office of Severny Vestnik. Story "At Night".
1889 - Meetings with N. G. Chernyshevsky in Saratov. Visit to Korolenko A. M. Gorky.
1890 - The essays “In Deserted Places” and “Pavlovian Sketches” were published.
1892 - Working on hunger. Articles “Around the Nizhny Novgorod region”.
The stories “The River Plays” and “At-Davan” appeared in print. Cooperation in “Russian Wealth”.
1893 - Articles “In a hungry year” in “Russian wealth”. Foreign travel.
1894 - “Paradox”, “God’s Town”, “Fight in the House” were printed. Joined the editorial board of Russian Wealth.
1895 - The story “Without Language” was published in Russian Wealth. The essay “Fighting the Devil” appeared. Secondary trial of the Multan case. Articles in defense of Multans.
1896 - Moving to St. Petersburg. "Death Factory", "On a Cloudy Day". Work on the story “The Artist Alymov”. Acting as a defense attorney in the Multan case.
1897 - Trip to Romania. "Above the estuary."
1899 - The essay “At the Dacha” (“The Humble”) was published. The satirical fairy tale “Stop, sun, and don’t move, moon!” was written. Work on the story “The Raiding Tsar”. The story “Marusya” (“Marusya’s Zaimka”) was published.
1900 - Elected honorary academician. Editorial work. "Lights." Trip to Uralsk. Moving to Poltava. The story “A Moment” has been published.
1901 - The stories “Frost”, “The Last Ray”, essays “At the Cossacks” were published.
1902 - A trip to the city of Sumy for the trial of Pavlovsk sectarians. "Memories of G.I. Uspensky." Refusal of the title of honorary academician.
1903 - The articles “Autocratic Helplessness” and “Surrogates of Glasnost for the Highest Use” were published. The story "Not scary." Trip to Chisinau. The essay “House No. 13” was written (not passed by censorship). Celebrating Korolenko's fiftieth anniversary.
1904 - Korolenko - editor-publisher of Russian Wealth.
Memoirs “In Memory of A.P. Chekhov.” “Memories of Chernyshevsky” was published. The story “Feudal Lords” was published.
1905 - Article “January 9 in St. Petersburg.” Start of work on “The History of My Contemporary.” Participation in the newspaper "Poltava" (later "Chernozem"). The fight against pogromists in Poltava. Appeals to the city population with anti-pogrom calls. Banning of "Russian Wealth" for printing the "Manifesto" of the St. Petersburg Council of Workers' Deputies. The essay “House No. 13” was published. About 60 articles on socio-political topics.
1906 - “Open letter to State Councilor Filonov.” The persecution of the writer by the Black Hundreds. “The History of My Contemporary” began to be published. The article “Words of the Minister. Affairs of governors". About 40 articles throughout the year.
1907 - The article “Sorochinsk Tragedy” and “From Stories about People We Met” were published.
1909 - Essay “Ours on the Danube”.
1910 - Articles “Everyday Phenomenon”, “Features of Military Justice”. Meeting with L.N. Tolstoy. Participation in Tolstoy's funeral.
1911 - Articles “In a calm village”, “To hell with military justice”, “Tormentor orgy”, “Liquidation of the Pskov hunger strike”, etc. were published.
1913 - Article about Korolenko in Rabochaya Pravda, “Writer-Humanist.” At the Beilis trial in Kyiv. Articles "Gentlemen of the Jurors".
1914 - Traveling abroad for treatment. Preparation for publication of complete works. During the year, nine volumes of complete works were published by the publishing house of A. F. Marx.
1915 - Article “Won Position”. Return to Russia. "Mr. Jackson's Opinion on the Jewish Question." Work on the story "The Mendel Brothers".
1916 - Editorial and journalistic activities. Articles “Old traditions and a new organ”, “On the Ma-riampole treason”, etc. were published. Work on “The History of My Contemporary”.
1918 - Work on “The History of My Contemporary.” Article “To help Russian children.”
1919 - Work in the Children's Rescue League. Protests against the robberies and pogroms of the Denikinites. Six "Letters from Poltava". The 2nd volume of “The History of My Contemporary” has been published.
1920 - Visit to A.V. Lunacharsky. Work on the 3rd volume of “The History of My Contemporary”. Letters to Lunacharsky about current events.
1921 - A sharp deterioration in health. The 4th volume of “The History of My Contemporary” has been completed. December 25 Korolenko died. 27th of December At the meeting of the IX All-Russian Congress of Soviets, delegates paid tribute to the memory of the writer. December 28th- mourning in Poltava, civil funeral of V. G. Korolenko.
This text is an introductory fragment.MAIN DATES IN THE LIFE AND WORK OF A. A. MEZRINA 1853 - born in the settlement of Dymkovo in the family of the blacksmith A. L. Nikulin. 1896 - participation in the All-Russian exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod. 1900 - participation in the World Exhibition in Paris. 1908 - acquaintance with A.I. Denshin. 1917 - exit
Main dates of life and work 1938, January 25 - born at 9:40 a.m. in the maternity hospital on Third Meshchanskaya Street, 61/2. Mother, Nina Maksimovna Vysotskaya (before Seregin’s marriage), is a reference-translator. Father, Semyon Vladimirovich Vysotsky, is a military signalman. 1941 - together with his mother
MAIN DATES OF LIFE AND WORK 1870, November 10 (October 23, old style) - born in Voronezh, in the family of a small nobleman Alexei Nikolaevich Bunin and Lyudmila Alexandrovna, née Princess Chubarova. Childhood - in one of the family estates, on the farm of Butyrka, Eletsky
MAIN DATES OF LIFE AND WORK 1475, March 6 - Michelangelo was born into the family of Lodovico Buonarroti in Caprese (in the Casentino region), near Florence. 1488, April - 1492 - Sent by his father to study with the famous Florentine artist Domenico Ghirlandaio. From him a year later
Main dates of life and work: 1904–11 May in Figueres, Spain, Salvador Jacinto Felipe Dali Cusi Farres was born. 1914 - First painting experiments on the Pichot estate. 1918 - Passion for impressionism. First participation in the exhibition in Figueres. “Portrait of Lucia”, “Cadaques”. 1919 - First
MAIN DATES OF LIFE AND WORK 1884 July 12: the birth of Amedeo Clemente Modigliani into a Jewish family of educated Livorno bourgeoisie, where he becomes the youngest of four children of Flaminio Modigliani and Eugenia Garcin. He gets the nickname Dedo. Other children: Giuseppe Emanuele, in
Main dates of life and work: 1883, April 30 - Jaroslav Hasek was born in Prague. 1893 - admitted to the gymnasium on Zhitnaya Street. 1898, February 12 - leaves the gymnasium. 1899 - enters the Prague Commercial School. 1900, summer - wandering around Slovakia. 1901 , January 26 - in the newspaper “Parodies Sheets”
MAIN DATES OF LIFE AND WORK 1930, September 15 - Merab Konstantinovich Mamardashvili was born in Georgia, in the city of Gori. 1934 - the Mamardashvili family moves to Russia: Merab's father, Konstantin Nikolaevich, is sent to study at the Leningrad Military-Political Academy. 1938 -
Main dates of life and activity 1846, December 26 (January 7, 1847 n.st.) - Birth of A.P. Karpinsky in the Urals, Theological Plant (now Karpinsk). 1858, summer - Travel in the “golden caravan” to St. Petersburg. August 7 - Admission to the Mountain Cadet Corps. 1866, June 11 - Graduation
Key dates of life and work 1912 Born in New York 1932 Received a bachelor's degree in economics and mathematics from Rutgers University 1937 Began many years of collaboration with the National Bureau of Economic Research 1950 Served as a consultant on
Key Dates of Life and Work 1912 Born in Winchester 1934 Graduated from Yale University with a BA in Economics 1936 Received an LLM from Balliol College, Oxford University 1937 Began a career on Wall Street 1937 Married
MAIN DATES OF LIFE AND WORK 1942, September 3. In Maykop, during the occupation, a son, Konstantin, was born into the family of Alexei Alekseevich Vasilyev, the chief engineer of the plant, who became one of the leaders of the partisan movement, and Klavdia Parmenovna Shishkina. Family
MAIN DATES OF LIFE AND WORK 1856, August 27 - Ivan Yakovlevich Franko was born in the village of Naguevichi, Drohobych district, into the family of a rural blacksmith. 1864–1867 - Study (from the second grade) at a normal four-year school of the Basilian Order in the city of Drohobych. 1865, in the spring - Died
Some dates of the life, creativity and medical activity of A. P. Chekhov 1860 - January 17 (29) - birth of A. P. Chekhov. 1869-1879 - Study at the Taganrog classical gymnasium. 1879 - Anton Pavlovich moved to Moscow and entered the medical faculty Moscow University.1880
Vladimir Korolenko was born in 1853 in Zhitomir in the family of a court official of the Ukrainian noble family (his image is depicted in the story “In Bad Society” and “Stories of My Contemporary”) and his mother, a Polish Catholic from the gentry class. He studied at Zhytomyr and Rivne gymnasiums, whose students were Ukrainians, Russians, Poles, and Jews. The multinational environment and diverse cultural traditions left a special stamp on his work and artistic style. The future writer subsequently repeatedly protested against national oppression and religious intolerance
His worldview was formed under the influence of the works of I. S. Turgenev, N. A. Nekrasov, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, D. I. Pisarev, N. A. Dobrolyubov. After the death of his father in 1870, the Korolenko family was left without a livelihood (Korolenko had two more brothers and a sister). Having settled in St. Petersburg, the future writer, together with his brothers, began coloring atlases and proofreading work. At the end of 1870, Korolenko’s first literary experiments appeared in print, but at that time the author was not noticed by the reading public. His debut story “Episodes from the Life of a Seeker” “The Word” (1879), written at a time when the writer was captivated by the ideas of “truth-seeking,” testified to the high moral upsurge that gripped Russian youth and called for living in the name of the public good. This mood largely determined the further personal and creative fate of the writer.
In 1871 he entered the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, but did not graduate. In 1874 he successfully passed the entrance exams to the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy in Moscow, but he did not study here for long, and in 1876 he was expelled for participating in a collective protest directed at the administration of the academy. In connection with this, he was exiled to Vyatka (on the way to the place of exile, the story “Wonderful” was written, published a quarter of a century later, in 1905), then to Kronstadt - his exile lasted a year. Korolenko considered the time spent in Vyatka to be the best. G.I. Uspensky, depicting “the living life of living people,” becomes his new literary reference point. Having received permission to live freely in 1877, Korolenko entered the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg, which he also dropped out of because he was carried away by the ideas of the populists and, dreaming of getting closer to the people, began to learn shoemaking. In 1878, he tried himself as a journalist, publishing material in the newspaper Novosti. In 1879 he was arrested on suspicion of connections with revolutionaries and illegal organizations. After he refused to swear allegiance to Emperor Alexander III, in 1881 he was exiled to Yakutia, where he served a three-year exile. The harsh but beautiful nature of Eastern Siberia, the difficult living conditions of the settlers, the peculiar psychology of the Siberians, whose life was full of the most incredible adventures, are reflected in Korolenko’s Siberian essays: “Makar’s Dream” (1885), “Notes of a Siberian Tourist”, “Sokolinets” (1885), “In the department under investigation.”
“Makar’s Dream” is the writer’s second major publication. In the image of the main character, who seemed to have long ago lost his human appearance, the author nevertheless saw a person. The source of Makar’s deviations from the truth is that no one taught him to distinguish good from evil. The essay, written in poetic language and with a skillfully put together plot, brought the writer real success. Following “Makar’s Dream,” the story “In Bad Society” (1885) was published, the plot of which was based on Rovno memories. The motif of “outcasts” appeared in the writer’s work. The story is better known in an abridged version for children's reading as "Children of the Dungeon."
In 1921, being seriously ill, he refused to leave Russia and go abroad for treatment. In 1922, in a series of essays with the emotional title “Earths! Earth! outlined his own ideas about the foundations on which Russia could be revived. In the eyes of his contemporaries, he remained a “moral genius,” a man of high moral principles, a righteous man of Russian literature.
The pseudonym under which the politician Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov writes. ... In 1907 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the 2nd State Duma in St. Petersburg.
Alyabyev, Alexander Alexandrovich, Russian amateur composer. ... A.'s romances reflected the spirit of the times. As then-Russian literature, they are sentimental, sometimes corny. Most of them are written in a minor key. They are almost no different from Glinka’s first romances, but the latter has stepped far forward, while A. remained in place and is now outdated.
The filthy Idolishche (Odolishche) is an epic hero...
Pedrillo (Pietro-Mira Pedrillo) is a famous jester, a Neapolitan, who at the beginning of the reign of Anna Ioannovna arrived in St. Petersburg to sing the roles of buffa and play the violin in the Italian court opera.
Dahl, Vladimir Ivanovich
His numerous stories suffer from a lack of real artistic creativity, deep feeling and a broad view of the people and life. Dahl did not go further than everyday pictures, anecdotes caught on the fly, told in a unique language, smartly, vividly, with a certain humor, sometimes falling into mannerism and jokeiness.
Varlamov, Alexander Egorovich
Varlamov, apparently, did not work at all on the theory of musical composition and was left with the meager knowledge that he could have learned from the chapel, which in those days did not at all care about the general musical development of its students.
Nekrasov Nikolay Alekseevich
None of our great poets has so many poems that are downright bad from all points of view; He himself bequeathed many poems not to be included in the collected works. Nekrasov is not consistent even in his masterpieces: and suddenly prosaic, listless verse hurts the ear.
Gorky, Maxim
By his origin, Gorky by no means belongs to those dregs of society, of which he appeared as a singer in literature.
Zhikharev Stepan Petrovich
His tragedy “Artaban” did not see either print or stage, since, in the opinion of Prince Shakhovsky and the frank review of the author himself, it was a mixture of nonsense and nonsense.
Sherwood-Verny Ivan Vasilievich
“Sherwood,” writes one contemporary, “in society, even in St. Petersburg, was not called anything other than bad Sherwood... his comrades in military service shunned him and called him by the dog name “Fidelka.”
Obolyaninov Petr Khrisanfovich
...Field Marshal Kamensky publicly called him “a state thief, a bribe-taker, a complete fool.”
Popular biographies
Peter I Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich Catherine II Romanovs Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilievich Alexander III Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich
, THE USSR
Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko (July 15 (27), 1853, Zhitomir - December 25, 1921, Poltava) - Russian writer of Ukrainian origin, journalist, publicist, public figure, who earned recognition for his human rights activities both during the years of the tsarist regime and during the civil war and Soviet authorities.
For his critical views, Korolenko was subjected to repression by the tsarist government. A significant part of the writer’s literary works are inspired by impressions of his childhood spent in Ukraine and his exile in Siberia.
Poetry is the same music, only combined with words, and it also requires a natural ear, a sense of harmony and rhythm.
Korolenko was born in Zhitomir, Ukraine, into the family of a district judge. The writer's father came from a Cossack family. Stern and reserved, but at the same time incorruptible and fair, Galaktion Afanasyevich Korolenko (1810–1868) had a huge influence on the formation of his son’s worldview. Subsequently, the image of his father was captured by the writer in his famous story “In Bad Society.”
Korolenko began studying at the Zhitomir gymnasium, and after the death of his father, he completed his secondary education at the Rivne gymnasium. In 1871 he entered the St. Petersburg Technological Institute, but due to financial difficulties he was forced to leave it and in 1874 go on a scholarship to the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy in Moscow.
From an early age, Korolenko joined the revolutionary populist movement. In 1876, for participating in populist student circles, he was expelled from the academy and exiled to Kronstadt under police supervision.
People are not angels, woven from the same light, but also not cattle who should be driven into a stall.
Korolenko Vladimir Galaktionovich
In Kronstadt, the young man had to earn his living by his own labor. He was engaged in tutoring, was a proofreader in a printing house, and tried a number of working professions.
At the beginning of 1879, the writer’s first short story, “From the Life of a Seeker,” was published in the St. Petersburg magazine “Slovo.” But already in the spring of 1879, on suspicion of revolutionary activity, Korolenko was again expelled from the institute and exiled to Glazov, Vyatka province.
Man is created for happiness, like a bird is created for flight.
Korolenko Vladimir Galaktionovich
After refusing to sign a penitential loyalty petition to the new Tsar Alexander III in 1881, Korolenko was transferred into exile in Siberia (he served his last term of exile in Yakutia in the Amginskaya Sloboda).
However, the harsh living conditions did not break the writer’s will. The difficult six years of exile became the time of formation of a mature writer and provided rich material for his future works.
In 1885, Korolenko was allowed to settle in Nizhny Novgorod. The Nizhny Novgorod decade (1885–1895) is the period of the most fruitful work of Korolenko as a writer, a surge of his talent, after which the reading public throughout the Russian Empire started talking about him. In 1886, his first book, “Essays and Stories,” was published, which included the writer’s Siberian short stories.
Korolenko’s real triumph was the release in 1886–1887 of his best works - “In Bad Society” (1885) and “The Blind Musician” (1886). In these stories, Korolenko, with a deep knowledge of human psychology, takes a philosophical approach to resolving the problem of the relationship between man and society.
The material for the writer was the memories of his childhood spent in Ukraine, enriched with the philosophical and social conclusions of a mature master who went through difficult years of exile and repression. According to the writer, the fullness and harmony of life, happiness can only be felt by overcoming one’s own egoism and taking the path of serving the people.
In the 90s, Korolenko traveled a lot. He visits various regions of the Russian Empire (Crimea, Caucasus). In 1893, the writer attended the World Exhibition in Chicago (USA). The result of this trip was the philosophical and allegorical story “Without Language” (1895).
Korolenko receives recognition not only in Russia, but also abroad. His works are published in foreign languages.
In 1895–1900, Korolenko lived in St. Petersburg. He edits the magazine "Russian Wealth". During this period, the wonderful short stories “Marusya’s Zaimka” (1899) and “Moment” (1900) were published.
In 1900, the writer moved to Ukraine, where he always wanted to return. He settled in Poltava, where he lived until his death.
In the last years of his life (1906–1921), Korolenko worked on a large autobiographical novel, “The History of My Contemporary,” which was supposed to summarize everything he experienced and systematize the writer’s philosophical views. The novel remained unfinished.
The writer died while working on the fourth volume of his work. Died of pneumonia.
Korolenko's popularity was enormous, and the tsarist government was forced to take his journalistic statements into account. The writer attracted public attention to the most pressing topical issues of our time.
He exposed the famine of 1891–1892 (the series of essays “In the Hungry Year”), denounced the tsarist punitive forces who brutally dealt with Ukrainian peasants fighting for their rights (“Sorochinskaya tragedy”, 1906), the reactionary policies of the tsarist government after the suppression of the revolution of 1905 ( "Everyday Phenomenon", 1910).
In 1911–1913, Korolenko actively opposed the reactionaries and chauvinists who inflated the falsified “Beilis case”; he published more than ten articles in which he exposed the lies and falsifications of the Black Hundreds. This activity characterizes Korolenko as one of the outstanding humanists of his time.
In 1900, Korolenko was elected honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, but left it in 1902 in protest against the expulsion of Maxim Gorky.
After the revolution of 1917, Korolenko openly condemned the methods by which the Bolsheviks carried out the construction of socialism. The position of Korolenko as a humanist, who condemned the atrocities of the civil war and defended the individual from Bolshevik tyranny, is reflected in his “Letters to Lunacharsky” (1920) and “Letters from Poltava” (1921).
Until the last day, Korolenko fought for truth and justice. Contemporaries called Korolenko “the conscience of Russia.”
He was married to Evdokia Semyonovna Ivanovskaya. Two children: Natalya and Sophia.
Major works
* The story of my contemporary. 1906–1921.
* In bad company. From my friend's childhood memories. 1885.
* Blind musician. 1886.
Other works
* Wonderful (essay from the 80s). 1880.
* Yashka. 1880.
* Killer. 1882.
* Makar's Dream. 1883.
*Adjutant to His Excellency. Commentary on a recent event. 1884.
* Sokolynets. From stories about tramps. 1885.
* Fyodor Bespriyutny. 1886.
* The forest is noisy. Polesie legend. 1886.
* The Tale of Flora, Agrippa and Menachem, son of Yehuda. 1886.
* Omollon. 1886.
* Symbol. 1886.
* Behind the icon. 1887.
* At an eclipse. Essay from life. 1887.
* Prokhor and students. A story from student life in the 70s. 1887.
* At the factory. Two chapters from an unfinished story. 1887.
* Machine operators. 1887.
* At night. Feature article. 1888.
* Circassian. 1888.
* Birds of the air. 1889.
* Day of Judgment (“Yom Kippur”). Little Russian fairy tale. 1890.
* Shadows. Fantasy. 1890.
* In desert places. From a trip to Vetluga and Kerzhenets. 1890.
* Talents. 1890.
* The river is playing. Sketches from a travel album. 1891.
* Temptation. A page from the past. 1891.
* At-Davan. 1892.
* Paradox. Feature article. 1894.
*No tongue. 1895.
* Factory of death. Sketch. 1896.
* On a cloudy day. Feature article. 1896.
* Artist Alymov. From stories about people we meet. 1896.
* Ring. From archival files. 1896.
* Necessity. Eastern fairy tale. 1898.
* Stop, sun, and don't move, moon! 1898.
* Humble. Village landscape. 1899.
* Marusina's borrowing. Essay on life in a faraway place. 1899.
*Twentieth number. From an old notebook. 1899.
* Lights. 1900.
* Last ray. 1900.
* Moment. Feature article. 1900.
* Freezing. 1901.
* "The Sovereign's Coachmen." 1901.
* Pugachev legend in the Urals. 1901.
* Gone! A story about an old friend. 1902.
* Sofron Ivanovich. From stories about people we meet. 1902.
*Not scary. From the reporter's notes. 1903.
* Feudal lords. 1904.
*Excerpt. Etude. 1904.
* In Crimea. 1907.
* Ours on the Danube. 1909.
* Legend of the Tsar and the Decembrist. A page from the history of liberation. 1911.
* Nirvana. From a trip to the ashes of the Danube Sich. 1913.
* On both sides. My friend's story. 1914.
* Mendel brothers. My friend's story. 1915.
* In 1886, Korolenko’s story “In Bad Society” was shortened without his participation and released “for children’s reading” under the title “Children of the Dungeon.” The writer himself was dissatisfied with this option.
Publication of works
* Collected works in 6 bindings. St. Petersburg, 1907–1912.
* Complete works in 9 volumes. Petrograd, 1914.
* Collected works in 10 volumes. M., 1953–1956.
* Collected works in 5 volumes. M., 1960–1961.
* Collected works in 6 volumes. M., 1971.
* Collected works in 5 volumes. M., 1989–1991.
* The history of my contemporary in 4 volumes. M., 1976.
* If only Russia were alive. Unknown journalism 1917-1921. - M., 2002.
Film adaptations of works
* The Blind Musician (USSR, 1960, director Tatyana Lukashevich).
* Among the gray stones (USSR, 1983, director Kira Muratova).
The house-museum “Dacha Korolenko” is located in the village of Dzhankhot, 20 kilometers southeast of Gelendzhik. The main building was built in 1902 according to the writer’s drawings, and utility rooms and buildings were completed over several years. The writer lived in this residence in 1904, 1908, 1912 and 1915.
* In Nizhny Novgorod, on the basis of school No. 14, there is a museum that contains materials on the Nizhny Novgorod period of the writer’s life.
* Museum in the city of Rivne on the site of the Rivne Men's Gymnasium.
* In the writer’s homeland, in the city of Zhitomir, his house-museum was opened in 1973.
* In the city of Poltava there is the Museum-Estate of V. G. Korolenko in which he lived for the last 18 years of his life.
In 1977, minor planet 3835 was named Korolenko.
In 1973, a monument was erected in the writer’s homeland in Zhitomir (sculptor V. Vinaykin, architect N. Ivanchuk).
Korolenko’s name was given to the Poltava Pedagogical Institute, the Kharkov State Scientific Library, the Chernigov Regional Library, schools in Poltava and Zhitomir, and the Glazov State Pedagogical Institute.
In 1990, the Writers' Union of Ukraine established the Korolenko Literary Prize for the best Russian-language literary work in Ukraine.
Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko - photo
Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko - quotes
Poetry is the same music, only combined with words, and it also requires a natural ear, a sense of harmony and rhythm. 
People are not angels, woven from the same light, but also not cattle who should be driven into a stall.
Man is created for happiness, like a bird is created for flight.
In the end, the duck finally died, and we abandoned it on the road and drove on. - "Freezing"
Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko entered the consciousness of his contemporaries and posterity as a writer, social activist and truth-seeker, energetic and rebellious, with the indomitability of a revolutionary who fought against the tyranny and violence that had reigned in Russia for centuries, against any form of manifestation of social evil, lawlessness and injustice. Freedom and justice are the motto of his creativity, social activities, and his entire life. He was obsessed with the humanistic, romantically beautiful dream of a man as free as a bird, of human equality and happiness, and at the same time, he did countless things every day for the real protection of an individual who was in trouble or unfairly persecuted, for the good of his people. . His humanism was always practically effective and active. He was loved by the people, and enjoyed the unquestioned reputation of a lover of truth, a defender and singer of the oppressed among the democratic lower classes. His name had enormous moral authority in pre-revolutionary Russia.
Korolenko's worldview was formed in the turbulent and rebellious sixties, with their reforms in many areas of public life and the state system, with the awakening of free thinking and the active work of "peasant democrats." The year 1863 went down in history as an eternally memorable year of the Polish uprising, one of the leaders of which was the Belarusian Kastus Kalinowski. These events made a deep impression on Korolenko, who lived in that part of the Russian Empire where this uprising was especially violent.
The writer's name V. Korolenko first appeared on the pages of print in July 1879, when he was already 26 years old. It stood under the story “Episodes from the Life of a Seeker.” The story is polemically directed against terrorist methods of struggle, against a kind of “sectarianism” among the intelligentsia. The pathos of the story is in the call to look for ways of practical rapprochement between revolutionaries and the masses of the people and new ways of fighting for their liberation. The author did not indicate any specific and effective recipes in the story: neither he nor his hero knows them. "Look!" - Korolenko called the radical intelligentsia, the student youth of Russia, to this.
The writer himself, carefully peering into life, persistently searched for his positive hero. With deep sympathy, he depicts people of great courage and resilience, unbending in the fight against evil, endowed with a strong character. During the period when Russia, after the March events of 1881, was plunged into a state of spiritual stupor as a result of the ensuing social and political reaction, and the intelligentsia was overwhelmed by moods of apathy, melancholy and despondency, Korolenko created one after another life-affirming works, light in tone, optimistic. Most of them developed a Siberian theme; types of tramps, exiles, and former convicts were placed at the center of the narrative. Korolenko in this case continued the traditions of his predecessors - F. Dostoevsky with his "House of the Dead", S. Maksimov, N. Naumov, N. Zlatovratsky - and anticipated Chekhov's prose about hard labor and exile ("Sakhalin Island"), books by P. Yakubovich -Melshin, Vas. Nemirovich-Danchenko, V. Tan-Bogoraz, Maxim Gorky, A. Kuprin and other writers.
In Korolenko’s works about Siberia, the images of the “outcasts” are, of course, romanticized, but when exploring the inner world of his heroes, the writer usually painted them without idealization: in his stories they are humane and at the same time cruel, in their soul beauty coexists with ugliness, their passionate love of freedom at times turns into Nietzschean individualism. In such a mixture of the morally beautiful and ugly appear both the heroes of the above stories and the title character of the later story “Prokhor and the Students.” The story “Makar’s Dream,” written in 1883 in Yakut exile, was also created on the basis of Siberian impressions. However, here we are no longer talking about revolutionaries and Protestants in conviction and character, and not about vagabonds, exiles and walking people. Korolenko portrays a Yakut peasant, struggling all his life in hopeless need and poverty, as if forever doomed to backbreaking labor, silent, submissive, in all respects an unhappy person - that same Makar, on whose head “all the bumps fall.” Until now, he had resignedly endured all the hardships and disasters, but, driven to the last degree of despair and deeply outraged by the obvious injustice towards himself and the widespread untruth, Makar rebelled. In his slave’s heart, “patience was exhausted,” anger ripened in his soul, the will to protest and rebellion awakened, and “rage raged in him, like a storm in the empty steppe in the dead of night.” And the man who had been silent for a long time spoke loudly and angrily, cursing human injustice and blaming God himself for it: “He forgot where he was, in front of whose face he was facing, he forgot everything except his great anger.”
Korolenko more than once spoke to his contemporaries about the need to highly value and sacredly honor the memory of those who courageously “fulfilled their duty, resisting violence.” We find these words, in particular, in the “Tales of Flora, Agrippa and Menachem, son of Yehuda.” Korolenko opposes all humility and cowardly submission, inaction and passivity in the face of manifestations of social evil. Violence usually feeds on submission, like fire on straw. This means that violence against the people must be opposed to revolutionary violence, for “stone is crushed with stone, steel is reflected with steel, and force with force...”. Rejecting a fatalistic view of history and social life, the writer affirms the “covenant of struggle” as the only means of delivering people from the shame of slavery, violence, despotism, and tyranny. Violence and humanism are one of the important moral, philosophical and social problems of this story.
The story “The Blind Musician,” mainly created in 1886 and subsequently repeatedly revised by the author, echoes the philosophical allegory. “The main psychological motive of the sketch,” wrote Korolenko, “is an instinctive, organic attraction to the light. Hence the spiritual crisis of my hero and its resolution.” Explaining the idea of the story (or sketch, as he called it), the writer admitted in another place that this work reflected the romantic mood of his generation in his youth, and this had a unique and lively flavor. The story reveals the spiritual drama of a blind man who, through high and spiritual art, understood and “saw” the world. Beneath the blind musician’s striving “toward the light,” it was not difficult to discern the deeply social desire of the oppressed to achieve a social order in which their natural right to happiness would be respected. The happiness of the hero of the story as an individual became possible only as a result of rapprochement with the people, in the readiness and ability to serve them with his talent.
Korolenko's strength lies in his criticism and exposure of all aspects of the autocratic political system in Russia. In post-reform reality, he revealed clear traces of the “serf tradition”, showed manifestations of the omnipotence of landowners over the peasants and the arbitrariness of officials, the indifference of the authorities to the situation of the people, oppressed and subject to hunger, malnutrition and high mortality due to lack of food and periodic crop failures. Korolenko spoke about this in his book of essays “In the Hungry Year” (1892), which at one time deeply shocked all of Russia with its truthful depiction of the tragedy of the writer’s contemporary village.
The theme of capitalism occupies an important place in the work of Korolenko, an artist of words and a publicist. The populists denied the possibility of Russia's transition to the bourgeois-capitalist path of development and recognized only artisanal forms of economy and labor. Korolenko already in 1890 published the book “Pavlovsk Sketches”, in which he questioned the correctness of populist theories.
