Artistic and expressive means of painting includecolor, stroke, line, spot, color and light contrast, coloring, shape, composition, texture.
Color. Every living and inanimate object has its own color. Just like color, lighting plays a huge role. The effects of color, location in space, air condition affect color. The beauty that we admire and love is the colorful richness of reality, or otherwise color.
The artist conveys with the help of color, color sensations, color combinations, harmonies of cold and warm colors, all the variety of moods and feelings. And to treat them - joy, anticipation, anxiety, sadness, tenderness.
Brushstroke in painting - a trace of a brush with paint left by an artist on canvas, paper, cardboard. The technique depends on the individual style of the artist; it is very diverse.
Line and spot – a clear outline of a specific object on the canvas with paint. A spot is a tonal, silhouette image of an object. For example, to better understand this expression, let’s look at a spot - a snowy spruce against the background of the distant sky. Or a hill in the dark night sky. It is easier to imagine a line by looking at any picture. Clear lines outline the shadow of one or another object, enhancing feelings of sadness or joy.
Color and light contrast in painting, an example is the sharply highlighting the light and dark relationships of spots and areas of the picture.
Color - a system of color tones, their combinations and relationships in a work of art.
Texture - the surface of the paint layer of a painting: glossy or matte, continuous or discontinuous, smooth or uneven.
Composition – the arrangement of all objects, elements and parts of the work in a certain system and sequence for a better disclosure of the artistic image.
Here we will lookshape and design (structure) of an object, we will see artistic and expressive means -tone, stroke, line.
The shape of objects is determined by outline, contour, silhouette. In simplified form - square, triangle, circle, rectangle. Each item in a simplified form is similar to geometric figure. For example, a ball is round, a TV is a rectangle, a clown’s carnival cap is a triangle.
Design (structure) of objects - the basis of the head start, the framework of the structure of objects. The design of each object is one or another geometric body. Geometric bodies - cylinder, ball, cone, parallelepiped, cube, pyramid. Very often, looking at an object, we see that it has several geometric bodies. In drawing there is a method of drawing, or it is more often called “draft”, when you draw its structure, design, which are not visible to our eyes.
Silhouette in fine art (graphic technique) is a type graphic image subject. This is a monochromatic, flat image of an object. Usually, silhouettes are drawn with ink on a light background, or with white on a black background, or a figure is cut out from dark or light paper and glued onto a sheet of a different tone.
Composition in fine graphics – the arrangement of all objects, elements and parts of the work in a certain system and sequence for a better disclosure of the artistic image. The composition is presented in a circle, square, oval, rectangle.
Expressive means of painting, the sequence of execution of a thematic composition, the artist pre-makessketches, studies, drawings, sketches,
thereby creating a picture.
One of the methods of depicting the surrounding reality using graphics is the so-called realistic method. It is based on the position of the artist’s correct vision and understanding of reality. The realistic method helps to master the correct rules and methods of depiction using graphics, since without certain skills and abilities in his arsenal, it is very difficult for an artist to convey the entire concept in an artistic image. An image made using the realistic method is understandable and at the same time imaginative for the viewer. Without imagery it is difficult to determine the ideological intent work of art and, in general, what is depicted on it. Realistic methods of depicting the surrounding reality include methods such as long nature analysis(long drawing method) and short sketch method(sketch method). Let's look at each in more detail.
The method of long-term analysis of nature involves a deep and serious study of the laws of depicting a form in space (i.e. on a plane). It is based on the structural regularity of the forms of nature, the rules and techniques of depicting on a plane according to the laws of perspective, as well as theoretical knowledge of optics and anatomy. All this helps the artist to see behind the external signs of the object its hidden structure and characteristics, as well as the laws of the structure of form. He consciously looks at nature, analyzes and depicts it in accordance with its own laws of structure.
Realistic methods require that the form of an object or object be depicted correctly and expressively, that what is depicted delights and captivates the viewer, and upon direct detailed examination convinces him that everything is depicted correctly and accurately. One has only to look at the works of great artists and compare them with mediocre works, one will notice that at first glance they are no different, more or less. However, upon closer examination, one can see that in a mediocre picture the image of the form does not look convincing enough; there are violations in proportions, perspective phenomena, and distortions in the anatomical proportions of the human body. Upon careful examination of the works of great masters, on the contrary, all the laws of image construction, starting from the shape of objects, and ending with anatomy and the laws of chiaroscuro, begin to delight with their delightful persuasiveness. The more you look at the work of a brilliant artist, the more you begin to admire the knowledge and skill of the great artist.
The method of realistic art, the method of realistically depicting reality, was established during the period of academic drawing from life. First, the student accurately copies everything he sees in nature, then begins to consciously discard small, insignificant details, focusing on the main thing, and finally creates artistic image nature. Speaking about the method of realistically depicting reality, Goethe wrote: “I have never contemplated nature with a poetic purpose. I began by drawing it, then I studied it scientifically in such a way as to accurately and clearly understand natural phenomena. So little by little I learned nature by heart, in all its smallest details, and when I needed this material as a poet, it was all at my disposal and I had no need to sin against the truth.”
In order to convincingly and truthfully depict nature in his work, the artist needs to carefully and thoroughly study it, note, highlight its most characteristic features, and during the period of work on the painting, check more than once whether everything intended to be conveyed in the image was sufficiently convincing and accurate. The artist approaches an artistic image in realistic art by comparing his image with nature, by checking and clarifying the structure of the form, the position of a given object in space, lighting, etc. Of course, drawing from life alone does not allow the artist to fully solve the creative concept of the composition . This requires both a lot of creative work and a deeper, more comprehensive study of the method of creative work. And yet the drawing from life in creative work the artist takes a leading role, and sometimes influences the further decision of the entire composition. For example, the search for a compositional solution to the painting “The Rooks Have Arrived” by Savrasov shows how sketches from nature gradually changed the artist’s original compositional plan. First, the artist gives a compositional solution to the painting as he first saw it in nature. A new sketch from life (from a different point of view) suggests to the artist a different solution to the composition. Now the focus is on the trunks of birch trees, for the sake of which the artist lengthens the vertical format of the picture and slightly raises the horizon line. Melt water is still in the foreground, with the church located strictly in the middle. However, further observations and sketches from nature radically change the artist’s original plan. The horizon line runs through the center of the picture, the melt water is moved to the lower right corner, and the birch trees are moved to the right. However, the new sketch from life does not yet completely satisfy the artist; he continues to look for a more emotional solution to the composition, which he eventually finds. Thus, thanks to sketches from nature, the artist each time found a new, more interesting point of view, a more expressive and interesting solution to the composition. And we know that only a careful study of nature and excellent mastery of drawing allowed the artist to create such a wonderful masterpiece, from which everyone is delighted, as if from living nature. The method of drawing from life is a process of understanding reality. The method of scientific knowledge in drawing comes down to the fact that the student of drawing receives specific knowledge about the laws of the structure of the form of nature.
The second method of depicting the surrounding reality is sketch method conveys the general impression of nature, the most important and significant without elaboration of details: characteristic proportions, movement, individual characteristics. Sketches are quick, concise, small-sized sketches. To create, an artist must know life, learn independent thinking, analysis, be able to observe, and accumulate plastic motives. All this is acquired only as a result of constant sketching.
An artist especially needs observation. This is the main quality of a master of fine art, characteristic every artist. Observation makes it possible to notice in life interesting points, important phenomena, processes that are the content and basis of a work of art. Without observation, an artist is not able to create an expressive artistic image, independently compose a composition, or simply come up with a particular plot. Without observation, it is impossible to independently find a pictorial motif in the surrounding reality. The main importance of sketching is in developing a creative attitude towards the process of depiction, the ability to find methods and means of achieving expressiveness and imagery. The material of the sketches serves as the starting material for creating graphic and pictorial compositions.
The order of execution of any sketch is subject to the general mandatory principles of the process of any image (long-term or short-term): from general to particular, from large, main masses to smaller, secondary ones, maintaining the impression of integrity. First, you should decide its composition, the location of one or more drawings on the sheet, taking into account the “sound” of each sketch and the sheet as a whole. A sketch differs from a drawing in its great totality and brevity of perception. The artist does not so much analyze the object of drawing as creates a graphic expression of the object based on the knowledge he already has about it, testing his ideas in direct observation. This is important in figurative drawing. Proportions, movement and character are the properties of nature that are conveyed in a sketch. If all these conditions are met, then the sketch can have independent artistic value.
Painters and sculptors, designers and architects - all these people bring beauty and harmony into our lives every day. Thanks to them, we look at statues in museums, admire paintings, and marvel at the beauty of ancient buildings. Contemporary fine art amazes us, classical art makes us think. But in any case, human creations surround us everywhere. Therefore, it is useful to understand this issue.
Types of fine arts
art is spatial. That is, it has an objective form that does not change over time. And it is precisely by how this form looks that types of fine art are distinguished.
They can be divided into several categories. For example, by the time of appearance. Until the 19th century, only three types were considered the main ones: sculpture, painting and architecture. But the history of fine arts developed, and soon graphics joined them. Later, others emerged: arts and crafts, theatrical decoration, design and others.
Today there is no consensus on which types of fine art should be distinguished. But there are several basic ones, the existence of which does not cause any controversy.
Painting
Drawing is type of fine art an art in which images are conveyed using dyes. They are applied to a hard surface: canvas, glass, paper, stone and much more.
Used for painting different colors. They can be oil and watercolor, silicate and ceramic. At the same time, there is wax painting, enamel painting and others. It depends on what substances are applied to the surface and how they are fixed there.
There are two directions in painting: easel and monumental. The first unites all those works that were created on various canvases. Its name comes from the word “machine”, which means easel. But monumental painting is a fine art that is reproduced on various architectural structures. These are all kinds of temples, castles, churches.
Architecture
Construction is a monumental art form whose purpose is to construct buildings. This is practically the only category that has not only aesthetic value, but also performs practical functions. After all, architecture involves the construction of buildings and structures for the life and activities of people.
It does not reproduce reality, but expresses the desires and needs of humanity. Therefore, the history of fine art is best traced through it. IN different times The way of life and ideas about beauty were very different. It is for this reason that architecture makes it possible to trace the flight of human thought.
This view is also different high degree depending on environment. For example, the shape of architectural structures is influenced by climatic and geographical conditions, the nature of the landscape, and much more.
Sculpture
This is an ancient fine art, samples of which have a three-dimensional appearance. They are made by casting, chiselling, hewing.
Mostly stone, bronze, wood or marble are used to make sculptures. But in Lately Concrete, plastic and other artificial materials have become no less popular.
The sculpture has two main varieties. It can be circular or embossed. In this case, the second type is divided into high, low and mortise.
As in painting, there are monumental and easel directions in sculpture. But decorative items are also distinguished separately. Monumental sculptures in the form of monuments decorate the streets, they designate important places. Easel ones are used to decorate rooms from the inside. And decorative ones decorate everyday life like small plastic objects.
Graphic arts
This is a decorative fine art that consists of drawings and artistic printed images. Graphics differ from painting in the materials, techniques and forms used. To create engravings or lithographs, special machines and equipment are used to print images. And the drawings are made with ink, pencil and other similar materials that make it possible to reproduce the shapes of objects and their illumination.
Graphics can be easel, book and applied. The first is created thanks to special devices. These are engravings, drawings, sketches. The second decorates the pages of books or their covers. And the third is all kinds of labels, packaging, brands.
The first works of graphics are considered cave drawings. But her highest achievement is vase painting in Ancient Greece.
Arts and crafts
It's a special kind creative activity, which consists of creating various household items. They satisfy our aesthetic needs and often have utilitarian functions. Moreover, they were previously made precisely for practical reasons.
Not every fine art exhibition can boast of the presence of decorative and applied items, but every home has them. These include jewelry and ceramics, painted glass, embroidered items and much more.
Fine arts most of all reflects national character. The fact is that its important component is folk arts and crafts. And they, in turn, are based on the customs, traditions, beliefs and way of life of the people.
From theatrical and decorative arts before design
Throughout history, more and more new types of fine art appear. With the formation of the first temple of Melpomene, theatrical and decorative art arose, which consists of making props, costumes, scenery and even makeup.
And design, as one of the types of art, although it appeared in ancient times, was only recently identified as separate category with its own laws, techniques and characteristics.
Genres of fine art
Each work that comes from the master’s pen, hammer or pencil is dedicated to a specific topic. After all, when creating it, the creator wanted to convey his thoughts, feelings, or even the plot. It is by these characteristics that genres of fine art are distinguished.
For the first time about any systematization of a huge amount cultural heritage thought in the Netherlands in the 16th century. At this time, only two categories were distinguished: high and low genres. The first included everything that contributed to the spiritual enrichment of a person. These were works dedicated to myths, religion, historical events. And for the second - things related to everyday life. These are people, objects, nature.
Genres are forms of displaying life in the visual arts. And they change with it, develop and evolve. Entire eras of fine art pass while some genres acquire new meaning, others die out, and others emerge. But there are several main ones that have passed through the centuries and still exist successfully.
History and mythology
TO high genres The Renaissance included historical and mythological. It was believed that they were intended not for the common man in the street, but for a person with high level culture.
The historical genre is one of the main ones in the fine arts. It is dedicated to the reconstruction of those events of the past and present that have great importance for a people, a country or an individual settlement. Its foundations were laid back in Ancient Egypt. But it was fully formed already in Italy, during the Renaissance, in the works of Uccello.
The mythological genre includes those works of fine art that reflect legendary subjects. Already in ancient art its first examples appeared when epics became ordinary instructive stories. But the most famous are the works of the Renaissance. For example, frescoes by Raphael or paintings by Botticelli.
The subjects of works of art of the religious genre are various episodes from the Gospel, the Bible and other similar books. In painting, his famous masters were Raphael and Michelangelo. But the genre was also reflected in engravings, sculpture and even architecture, given the construction of temples and churches.
War and life
The depiction of war in art began in antiquity. But this topic was actively developed in the 16th century. All kinds of campaigns, battles and victories found expression in sculptures, paintings, engravings and tapestries of the time. Name works of art on this topic battle genre. The word itself has French roots and is translated as “war.” Artists who paint such pictures are called battle painters.
In contrast, there is an everyday genre in the fine arts. It represents works that reflect everyday life. It is difficult to trace the history of this trend, because as soon as a person learned to use tools, he began to capture his harsh everyday life. Everyday genre in the visual arts allows you to get acquainted with the events that took place thousands of years ago.
People and nature
Portrait is the image of a person in art. This is one of the most ancient genres. Interestingly, he originally had cult meaning. Portraits were identified with the soul of a deceased person. But the culture of fine art has developed, and today this genre allows us to see images of people of past eras. Which gives an idea of the clothing, fashion and tastes of that time.
Landscape is a genre of fine art in which nature is the main subject. It originated in Holland. But on my own landscape painting very diverse. Can depict both real and fantasy nature. Depending on the type of image, rural and urban landscapes are distinguished. The latter includes such subspecies as industrial and veduta. In addition, they talk about the existence of panoramic and chamber landscapes.
The animalistic genre is also distinguished. These are works of art depicting animals.
Marine theme
Seascapes represent primarily the early Dutch painting. The fine art of this country gave rise to the marina genre itself. It is characterized by reflections of the sea in all forms. Marine painters paint seething elements and serene water surfaces, noisy battles and lonely sailboats. The first painting of this genre dates back to the sixteenth century. On it Cornelis Antonis depicted the Portuguese fleet.
Although Marina is more genre paintings, you can find water motifs not only in paintings. For example, decorative arts often use elements seascapes. These can be tapestries, jewelry, engravings.
Items
Still life - mainly too genre of painting. Its name is translated from French as “dead nature.” In fact, the heroes of still lifes are various inanimate objects. Usually these are everyday things, as well as vegetables, fruits and flowers.
The main characteristic of a still life can be considered its apparent plotlessness. Nevertheless, this is a philosophical genre that at all times has reflected the connections between man and the outside world.
Prototypes of still lifes can be found in monumental painting Pompeii. Later this genre became part of other paintings. For example, religious paintings. But the name behind it was established only in the 16th century.
Fine art is a way of understanding reality and man’s place in it. It allows you to recreate reality using various visual images. Works of this art find a place not only in museums or exhibitions, but also on city streets, in homes and libraries, books and even envelopes. They are all around us. And the least we can do is learn to appreciate, understand and preserve the amazing heritage that we inherited from the great masters of past eras.
Depending from fullness The display method of the image is distinguished:
show full And partial.
depending on the image method: general(generalized image methods) and variable
by the nature of the actions: show gesture and show image reception.
Group And individual the demonstration can take place in the form of a joint action between a teacher and a group of children or a teacher and a child.
Distinguish teacher demonstration And showing how a child portrays (actions).
In all cases, the demonstration is accompanied by verbal explanations.
Method of application
Demonstration of technical techniques can be included in the structure as information-receptive, so reproductive method. To the structure heuristic method - if you organize a search activity and children can demonstrate the image options they have found, since all children are placed in a search situation, and the display is, as it were, a public demonstration of one of the image options.
Demonstration of technical techniques in the first lesson - when an object of a given form is depicted for the first time - the demonstration is carried out by the teacher, after an appropriate examination. An indispensable condition is to explain the relationship between the image method and the movement of the hand along the contour during the examination.
In subsequent lessons, where objects of the same shape are depicted, children are involved in demonstrating the method of depiction.
In younger groups the display takes up more space, and in older groups it takes up less space.
The gesture explains the location of the object on the sheet. The movement of a hand or a pencil stick on a sheet of paper is often enough for children even 3-4 years old to understand the tasks of the image. A gesture can restore in the child’s memory the basic shape of an object, if it is simple, or its individual parts.
It is effective to repeat the movement with which the teacher accompanied his explanation during perception. Such repetition facilitates the reproduction of connections formed in consciousness. A gesture that reproduces the shape of an object helps memory and allows you to show the movement of the hand of the drawer during the image. How smaller child, those higher value in his training has a display of hand movements. The preschooler does not yet fully control his movements and therefore does not know what movement will be required to depict this or that form.
For example, when observing children during the construction of a house, the teacher gestures to show the contours of the buildings under construction, emphasizing their upward direction. He repeats the same movement at the beginning of the lesson, in which the children draw a high-rise building. There is also a well-known technique when the teacher younger group makes an image together with the child, leading his hand. This technique should be used when the child’s movements are not developed and he does not know how to control them. We must give the opportunity to feel this movement.
With a gesture you can outline the entire object if its shape is simple (a ball, a book, an apple), or the details of the shape (the arrangement of branches in a spruce tree, the bend of the neck in birds). More small parts The teacher demonstrates in drawing or modeling.
Character of the show depends on the tasks that the teacher sets in this lesson.
Showing an image of the entire object is given if the task is to teach how to correctly depict the basic shape of the object. Typically this technique is used in the younger group. For example To teach children to draw round shapes, the teacher draws a ball or an apple, explaining his actions.
If, when depicting an object, it is necessary to accurately convey the sequence of drawing a particular detail, then a holistic display of the entire object can also be given. With such a display, it is desirable that the teacher involve the children in analyzing the subject with the question: “What should we draw now?”
In teaching children of older groups, partial display is more often used - the image of a detail or an individual element that preschoolers do not yet know how to depict. For example, children 4-5 years old draw a tree trunk in the form of a triangle with a wide base. This mistake is sometimes caused by the teacher’s explanation: “The tree trunk is narrow at the top and wide at the bottom,” and the children literally follow this instruction. The teacher, along with verbal instructions, needs to show a picture of a tree trunk.
IN senior group In drawing on the theme “Beautiful House”, the teacher shows on the board how different the shapes of windows and doors can be. Such a variable display does not limit the child’s ability to create the entire drawing.
During repeated exercises to consolidate skills and then use them independently, demonstrations are given only on an individual basis to children who have not mastered a particular skill.
Passion for constant display methods of completing a task will teach children to wait for instructions and help from the teacher in all cases, which leads to passivity and inhibition of thought processes.
14. List verbal methods and techniques used in the process of teaching preschoolers visual arts. Expand the terms effective application verbal methods and techniques in visual arts classes. Justify the need for use artistic word in the process of teaching preschoolers visual arts.
Solve a pedagogical problem:
Having finished sticking the truck for Mishutka, Yulia shows the work to the teacher: “Did I stick it well?” - "Let's watch! - Lidia Fedorovna responds. “There is a cabin, the body also holds tightly, but as soon as the car starts moving, the wheels will immediately fall off!” The teacher shows the girl the loosely glued wheels. Yulia takes work and goes to glue the wheels. Having finished the job, she meets the teacher’s approving glance and, pleased, shows the work to Mishutka, who “agrees” to take a ride in this car.
Interpret the proposed situation. Design your activities as a teacher in a similar situation.
Verbal methods and techniques: conversation, teacher's story, pedagogical assessment and analysis of children's work
questions, encouragement, advice, directions, artistic expression.
Conversation – one of the leading verbal methods of teaching visual arts . A conversation in art classes is a conversation organized by the teacher, during which the teacher, using questions, clarifications, clarifications, contributes to the formation in children of ideas about the depicted object or phenomenon and ways of recreating it in drawing, modeling, and appliqué. The specifics of the conversation method provide for maximum stimulation of the child's activity. That is why conversation has found widespread use as a method of developmental teaching in visual arts.
The conversation is used in the first part of the lesson - when the task is to form a visual representation, and at the end of the lesson - when it is important to help children see their work, feel their expressiveness and strengths, and understand their weaknesses.
The conversation technique depends on the content, type of lesson, and specific didactic tasks.
IN subject drawing when children are taught to convey a plot, during the conversation it is necessary to help the children introduce image content, composition, features of motion transmission, color characteristics of the image, i.e. think over visual arts to convey the story. The teacher clarifies with the children some technical techniques of work and the sequence of creating an image.
Depending on the content of the image (based on a literary work, on topics from the surrounding reality, on free topic) the methodology of conversations has its own specifics. So, when drawing (sculpting) on the theme of a literary work it is important to remember its main thought, idea; emotionally revive the image(read lines from a poem, fairy tale). Describe the external appearance of the characters, recall their relationships, clarify the composition, techniques and sequence of work.
Drawing (sculpting) on topics of the surrounding reality needs revitalization life situation, reproduction of the content of events, conditions, clarification expressive means: compositions, details, methods of conveying movement, etc., clarifying techniques and sequence of images.
When drawing (sculpting) on a free topic necessary preliminary work with children. In conversation, the teacher revives impressions. Then he invites some children to explain the idea: what they will draw (blind), how they will draw, so that it is clear to others where they will place this or that part of the image. The teacher clarifies some technical techniques of work. Using the example of children's stories, the teacher once again teaches preschoolers how to conceive an image.
In classes where the content of the image is a separate subject, conversation often accompanies the process examination (examination). In this case, during the conversation, it is necessary to evoke an active, meaningful perception of the object by children, to help them understand the features of its shape, structure, determine the uniqueness of color, proportional relationships, etc. The nature and content of the teacher’s questions should aim the children to establish dependencies between appearance an object and its functional purpose or characteristics of living conditions (food, movement, protection). Completing these tasks is not an end in itself, but a means of forming generalized ideas necessary for the development of independence, activity, and initiative of children when creating an image. The richer the children’s experience, the higher the degree of mental and speech activity of preschoolers in conversations of this kind.
In design and appliqué classes, where the subject of examination and conversation is often sample, also provide greater degree mental, speech, emotional and, if possible, motor activity of children.
At the end of the lesson in the process of viewing and analyzing children's works we need to help children feel the expressiveness of the images they created. Teaching the ability to see and feel the expressiveness of drawings and sculpting is one of the important tasks facing the teacher. At the same time, the nature of the adult’s questions and comments should ensure a certain emotional response from the children.
In older groups, during the conversation, the teacher leads children to independently establish the dependence of the expressiveness of the image on the methods of action.
Age characteristics influence the content of the conversation and the degree of activity of children. Depending on specific didactic tasks nature of the issues is changing. In some cases, questions are aimed at describing the external signs of a perceived object, in others - at recall and reproduction, at inference. With the help of questions, the teacher clarifies children’s ideas about an object, phenomenon, and ways of depicting it. Questions are used in general conversation and individual work with children during the lesson. The requirements for questions are of a general pedagogical nature: accessibility, clarity and clarity of formulation, brevity, emotionality.
Explanation- a verbal way of influencing the consciousness of children, helping them understand and assimilate what and how they should do during classes and what they should get as a result. The explanation is given in a simple, accessible form simultaneously to the entire group of children or to individual children. Explanation is often combined with observation, showing ways and techniques of performing work.
Advice used in cases where the child finds it difficult to create an image, but do not rush to give advice. Children who work at a slow pace and are able to to the question asked find a solution, often do not need advice. In these cases, the advice does not contribute to the growth of independence and activity of children.
