The finale of “The History of a City” by Saltykov-Shchedrin in modern research interpretations. “The Tale of the Ruin of Ryazan by Batu”

Now let one of us
Among the young people, there will be an enemy of quest...
They immediately: robberies! fire!
And he will be known to them as a dreamer! dangerous!!
A. S. Griboyedov

Title in work of art has very important: it, the epigraph, the first and last phrases are semantically important, since they play a primary role in expressing the idea of ​​the work. From here Special attention any author to the title of the work: from possible options he chooses, as a rule, a multi-valued title, because it forces the reader to look for the deeper meaning in the work. The title of Rasputin's story "Fire" can be interpreted in at least three ways.

Firstly, a fire is a disaster that is dangerous to human life and property. The only event that is described in the story is a fire in the warehouses of a store in the taiga village of Sosnovka. The fire continues throughout the night, and the author describes in detail how residents try to save food and goods from warehouses and what they ultimately succeeded in doing. It must be admitted that little success was achieved: a disorderly heap of salvaged goods was dumped in the middle of the warehouse yard; Two people died in the fire (Uncle Misha Hampo and Arkharov resident Sonya). True, the fire did not spread to residential buildings, and therefore Sosnovka survived.

The author describes Sosnovka - a village “uncomfortable and unkempt, and neither urban nor rural, but a bivouac type” (3): gloomy residents, waves of petrified dirt on the streets, bare front gardens in front of the houses. The fire was, as it were, programmed in a stupid, hastily built village, where no one thinks about the future, since this village and its inhabitants have no future: soon all the forest in the area will be cut down and it will be necessary to move to a new place.

Secondly, Rasputin expands the meaning of the title and uses the word “fire” in a figurative sense, as a “terrible ruin” in the soul of the main character - the driver of the timber industry enterprise, Ivan Petrovich Egorov. It is not for nothing that the writer uses unexpected metaphors - “burnt thought” (7), “burnt voice” (10) - and expressively conveys state of mind hero: “Everything was mixed up before my eyes - a fire from within and a real fire, both lights floated and floated at the same time” (15). Outwardly, Ivan Petrovich is a completely prosperous person: during the Great Patriotic War he was a tank driver and survived, raised three children, there is complete prosperity in the house, everything was earned by honest labor, he has rare love and understanding with his wife Alena. But personal well-being is not enough for Ivan Petrovich; he is truly worried about the unrest in the surrounding life - in the village, in the timber industry, in human souls. The writer compares his hero to a spring: the more you squeeze it, the more it tends to unwind. Ivan Petrovich is indignant and speaks at various meetings about the outrageous outrages in Sosnovka, and the rest of the residents prefer to stay on the sidelines and not spoil their lives and nerves. They probably don’t believe that anything can be changed around them, and Ivan Petrovich believes that people themselves should arrange their lives and not rely on high authorities: how long should they blame someone else for the mess, and not themselves?

The fire in the warehouses convinced the protagonist that he life position correct: you cannot resign yourself, despair and remain silent. This is evidenced by the conversation between Ivan Petrovich and his friend Afoni Bronnikov the morning after the fire: “It’s a hard thing to live in the world, but still... you still have to live” (18). So a fire - a great misfortune - strengthens the soul of the main character and in this sense turns out to be a blessing for him.

Finally, thirdly, Rasputin portrays dangerous condition modern society, which manifests itself in the indifference and lack of spirituality of citizens. The word “fire” can be used as an interjection with the meaning “guard!”, “dangerous!”, “be careful and attentive!” In his realistic story, the author creates paintings that acquire the meaning of symbols. The fire highlighted the disorder in the souls of Sosnovtsy and was a natural retribution for them. Shocked by what they saw at the fire (confusion, theft, the murder of the crippled uncle Hampo), the next morning people “left all their work, it was quiet in the garage and on the streets, and not a sound came from the lower warehouse. We waited” (18). Maybe now the residents of a small taiga village will understand that they need to restore order in their home (country), otherwise they will not survive: “They stood against someone else’s enemy and survived, their enemy, like their thief, is more terrible” (13).

So, Ivan Petrovich lived on the banks of a man-made reservoir for twenty years after the flooding native village Yegorovka. The fire outlined the results and questions of living in a new place: what happened to the hero himself and his fellow countrymen, how was life in the village of Sosnovki, collected from residents of six flooded villages, why did the timber industry enterprise cut down the entire forest around? It seems that the author hopes that the sad results are only intermediate, that the fire showed the residents of Sosnovka a dangerous state of affairs and they will find the strength to change the order in the village (!). No wonder the story ends with a description spring nature which is just waking up and coming to life after winter sleep.

Rasputin chose an alarming title for his work: the fire became a “sign of trouble” and at the same time could become a sign of the end of general trouble if people heed this warning.

Composition

Now let one of us
Among the young people, there will be an enemy of quest...
They immediately: robberies! fire!
And he will be known to them as a dreamer! dangerous!!
A. S. Griboyedov

The title in a work of art is very important: it, the epigraph, the first and last phrases are semantically important, since they play a primary role in expressing the idea of ​​the work. Hence the special attention of any author to the title of a work: from the possible options, he chooses, as a rule, a polysemantic title, because it forces the reader to look for the deeper meaning in the work. The title of Rasputin's story "Fire" can be interpreted in at least three ways.

Firstly, a fire is a disaster that is dangerous to human life and property. The only event that is described in the story is a fire in the warehouses of a store in the taiga village of Sosnovka. The fire continues throughout the night, and the author describes in detail how residents try to save food and goods from warehouses and what they ultimately succeeded in doing. It must be admitted that little success was achieved: a disorderly heap of salvaged goods was dumped in the middle of the warehouse yard; Two people died in the fire (Uncle Misha Hampo and Arkharov resident Sonya). True, the fire did not spread to residential buildings, and therefore Sosnovka survived.

The author describes Sosnovka - a village “uncomfortable and unkempt, and neither urban nor rural, but a bivouac type” (3): gloomy residents, waves of petrified dirt on the streets, bare front gardens in front of the houses. The fire was, as it were, programmed in a stupid, hastily built village, where no one thinks about the future, since this village and its inhabitants have no future: soon all the forest in the area will be cut down and it will be necessary to move to a new place.

Secondly, Rasputin expands the meaning of the title and uses the word “fire” in a figurative sense, as a “terrible ruin” in the soul of the main character - the driver of the timber industry enterprise, Ivan Petrovich Egorov. It is not for nothing that the writer uses unexpected metaphors - “burnt thought” (7), “burnt voice” (10) - and expressively conveys the hero’s state of mind: “Everything was mixed up before my eyes - a fire from within and a real fire, both lights floated and floated at the same time.” (15). Outwardly, Ivan Petrovich is a completely prosperous person: during the Great Patriotic War he was a tank driver and survived, raised three children, there is complete prosperity in the house, everything was earned by honest labor, he has rare love and mutual understanding with his wife Alena. But personal well-being is not enough for Ivan Petrovich; he is truly worried about the unrest in the life around him - in the village, in the timber industry, in human souls. The writer compares his hero to a spring: the more you squeeze it, the more it tends to unwind. Ivan Petrovich is indignant and speaks at various meetings about the outrageous outrages in Sosnovka, while the rest of the residents prefer to stay on the sidelines and not spoil their lives and nerves. They probably don’t believe that anything can be changed around them, and Ivan Petrovich believes that people themselves should arrange their lives and not rely on high authorities: how long should they blame someone else for the mess, and not themselves?

The fire in the warehouses convinced the protagonist that his position in life was correct: one should not resign oneself, despair and remain silent. This is evidenced by the conversation between Ivan Petrovich and his friend Afoni Bronnikov the morning after the fire: “It’s a hard thing to live in the world, but still... you still have to live” (18). So a fire - a great misfortune - strengthens the soul of the main character and in this sense turns out to be a blessing for him.

Finally, thirdly, Rasputin depicts the dangerous state of modern society, which manifests itself in the indifference and lack of spirituality of citizens. The word “fire” can be used as an interjection with the meaning “guard!”, “dangerous!”, “be careful and attentive!” In his realistic story, the author creates paintings that acquire the meaning of symbols. The fire highlighted the disorder in the souls of Sosnovtsy and was a natural retribution for them. Shocked by what they saw at the fire (confusion, theft, the murder of the crippled uncle Hampo), the next morning people “left all their work, it was quiet in the garage and on the streets, and not a sound came from the lower warehouse. We waited” (18). Maybe now the residents of a small taiga village will understand that they need to restore order in their home (country), otherwise they will not survive: “They stood against someone else’s enemy and survived, their enemy, like their thief, is more terrible” (13).

So, Ivan Petrovich lived on the banks of a man-made reservoir for twenty years after the flooding of his native village of Yegorovka. The fire outlined the results and questions of living in a new place: what happened to the hero himself and his fellow countrymen, how was life in the village of Sosnovki, collected from residents of six flooded villages, why did the timber industry enterprise cut down the entire forest around? It seems that the author hopes that the sad results are only intermediate, that the fire showed the residents of Sosnovka a dangerous state of affairs and they will find the strength to change the order in the village (!). It is not for nothing that the story ends with a description of spring nature, which is just waking up and coming to life after winter sleep.

Rasputin chose an alarming title for his work: the fire became a “sign of trouble” and at the same time could become a sign of the end of general trouble if people heed this warning.

Other works on this work

The title in a work of art is very important: it, the epigraph, the first and last phrases are semantically important, since they play a primary role in expressing the idea of ​​the work. Hence the special attention of any author to the title of a work: from the possible options, he chooses, as a rule, a polysemantic title, because it forces the reader to look for the deeper meaning in the work. The title of Rasputin's story "Fire" can be interpreted in at least three ways.

Firstly, a fire is a disaster that is dangerous to human life and property. The only event that is described in the story is a fire in the warehouses of a store in the taiga village of Sosnovka. The fire continues throughout the night, and the author describes in detail how residents try to save food and goods from warehouses and what they ultimately succeeded in doing. It must be admitted that little success was achieved: a disorderly heap of salvaged goods was dumped in the middle of the warehouse yard; Two people died in the fire (Uncle Misha Hampo and Arkharov resident Sonya). True, the fire did not spread to residential buildings, and therefore Sosnovka survived.

The author describes Sosnovka - a village “uncomfortable and unkempt, and neither urban nor rural, but a bivouac type” (3): gloomy residents, waves of petrified dirt on the streets, bare front gardens in front of the houses. The fire was, as it were, programmed in a stupid, hastily built village, where no one thinks about the future, since this village and its inhabitants have no future: soon all the forest in the area will be cut down and it will be necessary to move to a new place.

Secondly, Rasputin expands the meaning of the title and uses the word “fire” in a figurative sense, as a “terrible ruin” in the soul of the main character - the driver of the timber industry enterprise, Ivan Petrovich Egorov. It is not for nothing that the writer uses unexpected metaphors - “burnt thought” (7), “burnt voice” (10) - and expressively conveys the hero’s state of mind: “Everything was mixed up before my eyes - a fire from within and a real fire, both lights floated and floated at the same time.” (15). Outwardly, Ivan Petrovich is a completely prosperous person: during the Great Patriotic War he was a tank driver and survived, raised three children, there is complete prosperity in the house, everything was earned by honest labor, he has rare love and mutual understanding with his wife Alena. But personal well-being is not enough for Ivan Petrovich; he is truly worried about the unrest in the life around him - in the village, in the timber industry, in human souls. The writer compares his hero to a spring: the more you squeeze it, the more it tends to unwind. Ivan Petrovich is indignant and speaks at various meetings about the outrageous outrages in Sosnovka, while the rest of the residents prefer to stay on the sidelines and not spoil their lives and nerves. They probably don’t believe that anything can be changed around them, and Ivan Petrovich believes that people themselves should arrange their lives and not rely on high authorities: how long should they blame someone else for the mess, and not themselves?

The fire in the warehouses convinced the protagonist that his position in life was correct: one should not resign oneself, despair and remain silent. This is evidenced by the conversation between Ivan Petrovich and his friend Afoni Bronnikov the morning after the fire: “It’s a hard thing to live in the world, but still... you still have to live” (18). So a fire - a great misfortune - strengthens the soul of the main character and in this sense turns out to be a blessing for him.

Finally, thirdly, Rasputin depicts the dangerous state of modern society, which manifests itself in the indifference and lack of spirituality of citizens. The word “fire” can be used as an interjection with the meaning “guard!”, “dangerous!”, “be careful and attentive!” In his realistic story, the author creates paintings that acquire the meaning of symbols. The fire highlighted the disorder in the souls of Sosnovtsy and was a natural retribution for them. Shocked by what they saw at the fire (confusion, theft, the murder of the crippled uncle Hampo), the next morning people “left all their work, it was quiet in the garage and on the streets, and not a sound came from the lower warehouse. We waited” (18). Maybe now the residents of a small taiga village will understand that they need to restore order in their home (country), otherwise they will not survive: “They stood against someone else’s enemy and survived, their enemy, like their thief, is more terrible” (13).

So, Ivan Petrovich lived on the banks of a man-made reservoir for twenty years after the flooding of his native village of Yegorovka. The fire outlined the results and questions of living in a new place: what happened to the hero himself and his fellow countrymen, how was life in the village of Sosnovki, collected from residents of six flooded villages, why did the timber industry enterprise cut down the entire forest around? It seems that the author hopes that the sad results are only intermediate, that the fire showed the residents of Sosnovka a dangerous state of affairs and they will find the strength to change the order in the village (!). It is not for nothing that the story ends with a description of spring nature, which is just waking up and coming to life after winter sleep.

Rasputin chose an alarming title for his work: the fire became a “sign of trouble” and at the same time could become a sign of the end of general trouble if people heed this warning.

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Goncharov began writing the novel Oblomov in 1846. At this time, Russia was a feudal-serf country. The oppression of the serfs had reached its limits. The economic and political progress of developing capitalist England and France forced Russia to change its system. The progressive people of Russia were eager for change, but many were afraid that technical progress will change moral principles and destroy human spirituality. Each era gives birth to its own type of people. Oblomov and the people around him

The image of Ivan Severyanych Flyagin is a completely special image of a person, not comparable with any of the heroes of Russian literature, created by Leskov in the story “The Enchanted Wanderer”. He is so organically fused with the changing elements of life that he is not afraid to get lost in it. This is the “enchanted wanderer”; he is “fascinated” by the fairy tale of life, its magic, so for him there are no boundaries in it. This world, which the hero perceives as a miracle, is endless, just as his journey in it is endless. I don't have

Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote fairy tales mainly from 1880 to 1886, at the final stage of his work. The form of a fairy tale was chosen by the writer not only because this genre provided the opportunity to hide the true meaning of the work from censorship, but also because it allowed a simple and accessible interpretation of the most complex problems of politics and morality. He seemed to pour all the ideological and thematic richness of his satire into the form most accessible to the masses. Shchedrin's tales are truly encyclopedic

Marina Ivanovna Tsvetaeva entered poetry Silver Age as a bright and original artist. Her lyrics are a deep, unique world female soul, stormy and contradictory. In the spirit of her time, with its global changes, Tsvetaeva boldly experimented in the field of rhythm and figurative structure of verse, and was an innovative poet. Tsvetaeva's poems are characterized by abrupt transitions, unexpected pauses, and going beyond the stanza. However, the flow of feelings of the lyrical heroine gives the poems plasticity and flexibility, women

M. Sholokhov's story “The Fate of a Man” is one of famous works domestic literature. It tells the story of the life of a single person, Andrei Sokolov, whose fate was befallen by the most terrible epoch-making events: revolution, war, which crippled a person’s life, which, in my opinion, suggested the title of the story to the author.

Only fate is truly worthy person could be described in the work. Hard Life Sokolov, who managed to go through severe trials, preserving his humanity and kindness, faith and hope, perseverance and personal dignity, love for life and people, was suitable for this.

Three times Sokolov, a native of the Voronezh province, experiences losses. And what! In the hungry year of 1922, he loses his parents, but finds the strength to live, work, and love. Andrey meets his only one, Irinka. He knows happiness at that time: his home, his beloved children. Happiness that will be destroyed by war.

From the first days of the Great Patriotic War, Sokolov was at the front. He fights heroically, but is captured. But even in captivity he remains a Man and does not lose his dignity and pride as a Russian soldier. There is so much nobility in his words: “... they did not turn me into a beast, no matter how hard they tried.” And how does Andrei experience his meeting with his native land after a successful escape from German captivity. So he remembers: “...fell to the ground and kissed it, and I couldn’t breathe...”. Freedom! Your people are around! And suddenly a terrible blow of fate: a bomb hit his house in Voronezh. My wife and daughter died. It’s as if Andrei’s heart hardens, and only faith in his son Anatoly and life together with it gave the soldier strength.

The last days of the war... Victory! What a joy! And Sokolov is in grief: the damned fascists will kill him on the days of his heroic son’s triumph. Here it is, fate!

But he doesn't give up soviet man: not everything has yet turned to stone in his heart! He decides to adopt a boy, a child of war. “Two orphaned people, two grains of sand, thrown into foreign lands by a military hurricane of unprecedented force” find each other by the irony of evil fate and become the closest people.

Thus, M.A. Sholokhov, forming new views and depicting in all authenticity the fate of an individual person of the era, depicts the fate of the entire country. Having lost evil fate close people, the opportunity to be happy, the Russian person has not lost the most important thing, human dignity and desire to live. I think that’s why M.A. Sholokhov’s story is called that.

Comments on essays

C17.1. Why does the finale of the sixth chapter of A. S. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin” sound like the theme of the author’s farewell to youth, poetry and romanticism?

The romantic and poet Lensky seems to be the spiritual and social antipode of Onegin, completely divorced from everyday life, from Russian life. With Lensky, the novel includes themes of youth, friendship, youthful courage and nobility.

Having introduced the hero in the second chapter of the novel, Pushkin gives him an eloquent description. Lensky, “a handsome man in full bloom, an admirer of Kant and a poet,” returned to his village from “Foggy Germany.” The themes and images of his work are reminiscent of commonplaces of romantic elegies; in his poems, Lensky glorifies “the faded color of life at almost eighteen years old.” Such sentiments are a tribute romantic tradition. And, like a romantic, Lensky thinks in romantic categories. And of course how romantic hero, he dies in a duel.

The death of a romantic hero is symbolic - a young life is ruined, with her departure poetry and romance end. That is why at the end of the sixth chapter there is a theme of farewell to romanticism, poetry, and youth.

C17.2. What does the fate of the gentleman from San Francisco symbolize and which other writers of the 20th century addressed the theme of “the well-fed”?

The gentleman from San Francisco is a man who long ago chose for himself a model that, in his opinion, was worth emulating. Long years“hard work” allowed him to achieve what he wanted. He's rich. He knows that people in his circle often go on vacation to the Old World - and he goes there too. The hero surrounds himself with bright scenery and protects himself from everything that he does not want to see. However, the truth is that life - real, sincere - remains just behind these decorations of his artificial world, saturated through and through with falsehood. Ironically, the hero returns to his native place on the same Atlantis. However, his death does not change anything in the whole world - people continue to feign happiness and indulge their momentary impulses. The gentleman from San Francisco will never again be able to see and appreciate the beauty of the sea, mountains, and endless plains. And the whole drama lies in the fact that he could not have done this during his lifetime - the passion for wealth atrophied his sense of beauty.

Just like I.A. Bunin, M. Bulgakov and A. Kuprin addressed the topic of “well-fed”. In the story " Garnet bracelet"A. Kuprin" draws a line between the world of the rich and the real world. “Well-fed” people include Vera, her husband, and, in general, everyone around them. Simple employee Zheltkov (G.S.Zh., representative real world) is alien to them. Vasily Lvovich turns the love of G.S.Zh. to Vera in the funny story “Princess Vera and the telegraph operator in love.” And those around Vera also find this story funny. Spiritual values ​​fade into the background; material values ​​are above all else in this society.

A similar situation was depicted by M. Bulgakov in the novel “The Master and Margarita”. For most of his characters, material values: money, an apartment - were the most important in life, this the author shows through the image of the bribe-taker Bosogo, the director of the variety show Stepan Likhodeev, even Margarita herself before her meeting with the Master.

All the “well-fed” in the works are punished. The bourgeois from “The Gentleman from San Francisco” dies without having time to taste the joy of travel, of the luxury that he had been striving for for so long. Vera is punished - she understands that her life is empty real love walked past her. In M. Bulgakov's novel, Woland puts everything in its place: everyone gets what they deserve.

C17.3. Why did Sophia choose the inconspicuous Molchalin over the brilliant Chatsky?

Comedy “Woe from Wit” by A.S. Griboyedov is one of the most striking works in the author’s work. The play is based on a love conflict involving storyline Sofya-Molchalin-Chatsky. Chatsky returns to his beloved Sophia, whom he has not seen for 3 years. However, during his absence the girl changed. She is offended by Chatsky because he abandoned her, left and “didn’t write three words", and is in love with Father Molchalin's secretary.

So why did Sophia choose the inconspicuous Molchalin over the brilliant Chatsky? There are a number of objective and subjective reasons for this. The first include Chatsky’s long absence, while Molchalin was constantly nearby. In one of the remarks, the heroine expressed her opinion on this matter: “He thought highly of himself... The desire to wander attacked him, ah! If someone loves someone, why travel so far?” Objective reasons also include the fact that it was easier to love Molchalin in such a society than Chatsky. Compliance, modesty, silence, and the ability to serve could help to survive in such an environment. And intelligence, freethinking, any word spoken against the foundations inevitably doomed Chatsky to failure in Famus society.

One of the subjective reasons is Sophia’s passion for novels. “French books make her sleepless” (Famusov). Servant Lover - " perfect romance", as if from French books. Sophia chose the inconspicuous Molchalin over the brilliant Chatsky and was mistaken, because her lover turned out to be a scoundrel.

The ending of the play is dramatic: having learned the truth, the characters understand their mistakes, but very late.

C17.4. Why in the works of V. Shukshin the dispute between city and village was always resolved in favor of the village?

The relationship between city and village in Shukshin's stories has always been complex and contradictory. In Shukshin’s stories, the village man often responds to the city’s “boast” of civilization with rudeness and defends himself with harshness. This is Gleb Kapustin from the story “Cut.”

The relationship between the city and the village can be traced in the story “I choose a village to live in.” In the life of the hero Nikolai Kuzovnikov, a city resident, everything was calm and prosperous, but in his old age he developed a strange whim. On Saturdays, when he could have spent the day with his wife, Kuzovnikov went to the station in the evening. There he found a “smoking room” - a meeting place for village men who came to the city on their own business. And among them the hero began strange conversations. Allegedly, he chooses a village to live in - he wants to return to his roots and consults with the peasants about where it is better to go. Discussion began everyday issues“living and being” in the village: how much a house costs, what the nature is like, how things are with work, and so on. Gradually, the conversations flowed into a different direction - a discussion began between people, urban and rural. And it always turned out that the city people lost: they were more dishonest, evil, ill-mannered, boorish. And we understand that the real reason Nikolai Grigorievich’s every Saturday hikes lay precisely in the fact that he simply needed to pour out his soul, to feel a different communication, warmer and more sincere, coming from the village peasants. The author tells us that Kuzovnikov himself behaved evilly and boorishly at work. But his soul demanded something else: warmth, participation, kindness, good-naturedness. What is so lacking in the city, where in pursuit of beautiful life people forget about their soul.

All of Shukshin’s work is based on depicting the facets of not only human character, but also the contrast of village and city life. Based on the title of this story, we understand that the writer is on the side of the village. “Choosing a village to live in” is not only a process, but also a result. Between city and village, between urban and rural worldview, philosophy, man, the author and his hero choose the village as a stronghold of life, foundation, roots human existence at all.

Example 1.

“Eugene Onegin”... This “collection of motley chapters” has retained to this day the unique artistic appeal that the brilliant poet endowed it with. The novel was rightly called “an encyclopedia of Russian life,” because in it the author captured not only the life, but also the mores of the noble society of the early nineteenth century. The characters of the people who lived at that time did not go unnoticed. And in order to fully understand the motives of the characters’ behavior, the meaning of their actions, we need to plunge into the atmosphere of that era at least for a while. The novel “Eugene Onegin” presents such a unique opportunity.

Onegin was “born on the banks of the Neva”, he was raised by a French tutor. Then Evgeny began to lead a social life: going to balls, to theaters... But soon he got bored with such a pastime, and he went to the village. At first Onegin admired the local nature, but the paintings rural life later he got tired of it. Imagine being bored young man, to whom everything in the world has become familiar, and he no longer wants anything in life. This was Evgeny Onegin.

At this time, eighteen-year-old Lensky, an aspiring romantic poet, returned from abroad. This is a dreamy, cheerful person, full of hopes and aspirations, expecting a lot from life. Onegin and Lensky became friends. “They got along; wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and stone are not so different from each other,” the author writes about them. It is obvious that their friendship was based on the complementarity of their characters.

But what led to Onegin killing his best friend? The fact is that Lensky invited Evgeny to go to Tatyana’s name day. Onegin did not want to go because he knew what such celebrations were like. But Lensky nevertheless persuaded him to be present at the Larins’ house. Naturally, there was nothing new for Evgeny at the ball, and he decided to take revenge on Lensky: he began to invite Olga, the young poet’s chosen one, to every dance. This behavior of his friend could not help but anger Lensky, and he demanded that Onegin appear for a duel. It so happened that Lensky died. This means that youth, dreaminess, and love of life, which Lensky personified, perished. That is why A.S. Pushkin at the beginning of the sixth chapter says goodbye to youth, poetry and romanticism. A man has died, and you can’t bring him back, just as it’s impossible to return something to which a great poet said goodbye forever.

Task No. 725

To complete the assignment, choose only ONE of the four proposed essay topics (17.1-17.4). Write an essay on this topic in a volume of at least 200 words (if the volume is less than 150 words, the essay is scored 0 points).

Reveal the topic of the essay fully and multifacetedly.

Justify your theses by analyzing the elements of the text of the work (in an essay on lyrics, you need to analyze at least three poems).

Identify the role artistic means, important for revealing the topic of the essay.

Think over the composition of your essay.

Avoid factual, logical, and speech errors.

Write your essay clearly and legibly, observing the norms of writing.

C17.1. Why was Sonya Marmeladova able to lead Raskolnikov to confess to the crime?

C17.2. In what works of Russian literature do natural phenomena appear as signs of future events?

C17.3. In which works of Russian literature are reflected the fate of ordinary soldiers and how can the heroes of A. T. Tvardovsky be compared with them?

Comments on essays

C17.1. Why was Sonya Marmeladova able to lead Raskolnikov to confess to the crime?

F. M. Dostoevsky in the novel “Crime and Punishment” showed with enormous artistic power that the main thing and, perhaps, the only place the struggle between God and the devil is the human soul. Dostoevsky wrote a novel about the suffering of a soul that “split”, lost the integrity given to it by God, and about how this soul was healed by uniting with Sophia - Divine wisdom.

Raskolnikov's mistake was that, having created his theory and testing it, he did not understand the main thing: it is not power and not intelligence that makes a person a Man, but love, feeling, compassion. And if you want to change the world, then you must sacrifice yourself, and not others. Sonya understands this well. She already had to sacrifice herself for the sake of Katerina Ivanovna’s children. That is why it was Sonya who saved Raskolnikov from a monstrous delusion. Sonya fell in love with Rodion for who he is, but for Raskolnikov, to love meant precisely to believe, to believe that the only opportunity for a person to be a Human is to love. “They were resurrected by love, the heart of one contained endless sources of life for the heart of the other.”

The image of Sonya, who healed the hero’s soul from a “pestilence” with her love, is a great merit of the writer. It contains the hope of the author and every reader that God does not leave anyone without love, especially those who, due to their “splitness,” are in dire need of it.

C17.2. In what works of Russian literature do natural phenomena appear as signs of future events?

Russian writers often resorted to symbolism natural phenomena as a sign of future events in the work. This tradition originates in folklore and is preserved in ancient Russian literature, continues in the classics.

In the poem “The Twelve” by A.A. Blok's blizzard is an uncontrollable element that personifies the revolution: “Wind, wind! There is wind all over the world...”

In M. Bulgakov’s novel “ White Guard“, the image of “red, trembling Mars” is also symbolic. It acts as a sign of war and the bloodshed, death and suffering associated with it.

Natural phenomena in these works have great semantic meaning; the authors turn them into symbols of the future.

C17.3. In which works of Russian literature are reflected the fate of ordinary soldiers and how can the heroes of A.T. be compared with them? Tvardovsky?

The fates of ordinary soldiers are reflected in the works of M. Sholokhov and L.N. Tolstoy, A.T. Tvardovsky.

In the epic novel “War and Peace” L.N. Tolstoy, through the image of Captain Tushin, shows the courage and patriotism of Russian soldiers. Captain Tushin shows real heroism in battle: he feels like “a huge, powerful man who throws cannonballs at the French with both hands,” thanks to which the soldiers from his battery survive.

In M. Sholokhov's story “The Fate of Man,” Andrei Sokolov showed true patriotism and courage under German captivity. In a duel with the commandant of the concentration camp, the Russian soldier, despite the inhuman trials that befell him, is ready to face death with such courage that it evokes admiration even among his enemies.

In Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin”, in the image of the main character of the poem, best qualities a Russian soldier-defender, ready to sacrifice his life for the sake of his land, his country, without thinking for a minute about the correctness of this act.

Terkin, Sokolov, Tushin - simple people, but each of them, according to the authors, is a significant figure in history.

C17.4. How is the theme of the artist and the era revealed in poetry of the 20th century? (Using the example of 2-3 works by one of the poets.)

Our contemporary E. Yevtushenko said: “A poet in Russia is more than a poet,” - these lines perfectly define the essence of poetic creativity. For a real poet, life and creative credo are synonymous. The motif of the unity of life and creativity is one of the leading ones in Pasternak’s lyrics. The theme is also relevant for the work of Akhmatova, for whom writing was as natural as breathing. In the cycle “Secrets of Craft,” the poetess tried to reveal her understanding of creativity, which continues the tradition of perceiving the process of writing poems as the implementation of an intermediary connection between the Creator and the world of people (the poem “Creativity”). It is impossible to explain this sacrament; in it, “everything must be inappropriate.” Both the naturalness and simplicity with which poetry is sometimes born makes it similar to a living creature capable of “growing”:

If only you knew what kind of rubbish

Poems grow without shame,

Like a yellow dandelion by the fence.

Like burdocks and quinoa.

Continuing the traditional theme for Russian poetry about the purpose of the poet, about the purpose of his work, A. A. Akhmatova develops it in a new key, introduces new motives into it. First of all, the poetess manages to reveal the uniqueness of the feminine inner world. The tragedy of the poetess’s fate, according to A. A. Akhmatova, lies in the fact that women’s happiness cannot be combined with complete dedication to creativity. The tragic rivalry between Love and the Muse was reflected in many works, starting with the early, 1911, poem “Muse,” where the Sister Muse takes away “ Golden ring" - a symbol of earthly joys - and dooms the lyrical heroine to “love torture.” However, Akhmatova foresees that poetic glory cannot replace love and earthly happiness.

Example 1.

F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” presents the reader with many different characters who not only push Rodion Raskolnikov to commit a crime, but also directly or indirectly contribute to the protagonist’s recognition of his crime, Raskolnikov’s awareness of the inconsistency of his theory, which is the main reason for his crime . I think that the person who pushed the main character to recognition, helped him to rise spiritually, is Sonya Marmeladova. After all, the main idea of ​​the novel is that only compassion and faith can open a person’s path to spiritual rebirth.

Fate treated Sonya and her loved ones cruelly and unfairly. Firstly, apparently, Sonya lost her mother, and then her father; secondly, poverty forced her to go out into the streets to earn money. But the cruelty of fate did not break Sonya’s moral spirit. In conditions that seem to exclude goodness and humanity, the heroine finds a way out worthy of a real person. Her path is self-sacrifice and religion. Sonya is able to understand and alleviate the suffering of any person, guide him on the path of truth, forgive everything, and absorb the suffering of others. It is not surprising that it is Sofya Semyonovna who is destined to share the depth of Raskolnikov’s mental torment. Rodion decided to tell her, and not Porfiry Petrovich, his secret, because he felt that only Sonya could judge him according to his conscience, and her judgment would be different from Porfiry’s. He longed for love, compassion, human sensitivity. Raskolnikov's hopes for sympathy and understanding from Sonya were justified. This extraordinary girl, whom he called a “holy fool”, having learned about Rodion’s terrible crime, kisses and hugs him, saying that “there is no one more unhappy in the whole world now” than Raskolnikov.

With the power of her love, the ability to selflessly endure any torment for the sake of others, the girl helps the main character overcome himself and resurrect. After Raskolnikov’s confession, she goes after him to hard labor and helps him to be reborn.

Sonechka's fate convinced Raskolnikov that his theory was wrong. He saw before him not a “trembling creature”, not a humble victim of circumstances, but a man whose self-sacrifice is far from humility and is aimed at saving the perishing, at effectively caring for his neighbors.

Sonya's truth lies in her faith in man, in the indestructibility of good, in the fact that compassion, forgiveness and universal love will save the world.

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Task No. 743

To complete the assignment, choose only ONE of the four proposed essay topics (17.1-17.4). Write an essay on this topic in a volume of at least 200 words (if the volume is less than 150 words, the essay is scored 0 points).

Reveal the topic of the essay fully and multifacetedly.

Justify your theses by analyzing the elements of the text of the work (in an essay on lyrics, you need to analyze at least three poems).

Identify the role of artistic means that is important for revealing the topic of the essay.

Think over the composition of your essay.

Avoid factual, logical, and speech errors.

Write your essay clearly and legibly, observing the norms of writing.

C17.1. Why exactly does the story “Fatalist” complete M. Yu. Lermontov’s novel “A Hero of Our Time”?

C17.2. How is the theme “Man and War” revealed in the work (the work is chosen by the student)?

C17.3. How do you understand the words of A.P. Chekhov: “What a pleasure it is to respect people”? (Based on 1-2 stories by A.P. Chekhov.)

C17.4. The problem of the relationship between man and nature in modern Russian literature. (Using the example of one of the works.)