Ancient forms of world exploration were based on syncretism. For a long time, the boundaries of the arts were not clearly defined. Ancient poets described the statues with inspiration. Gradually comes an understanding of the need for differentiation artistic means and images characteristic of different arts.
Thinkers of the past actively and without conflict discussed the problem of which art should be given primacy in accurately reproducing life.
The German esthetician G. E. Lessing in “Laocoon” defends the idea of the need to distinguish between the arts and outlines a system of their classification. The main feature of the difference is spatiotemporal determinism. Comparing poetry and painting, G. E. Lessing emphasizes: “... time sequence is the domain of the poet, space is the domain of the painter...”, “bodies with their visible properties... constitute the subject of painting,” “actions constitute the subject of poetry ". The development of cinema and television has made adjustments to the relationship between the arts. The example of cinema and television demonstrates the direct interaction between literature, music and the visual arts. XX century clearly proves the expansion of the boundaries of arts that have a long history.
Literature and painting
The culture of antiquity is marked by the unity of word and image: the word was an image, and the image was a word.
As evolution progresses abstract thinking the word was emancipated from the image. When developing concepts about phenomena and objects, a person needed their description. The development of consciousness and creativity separated drawing from its verbal equivalent.
Expanding the scope of practical and artistic experience has led to the fact that the word and the image no longer duplicate each other. The image ceases to be the only way to objectify human thought. The word reveals the ability to convey more subtle shades of thought and feeling.
The language of images is the most accessible of all forms of information. For many centuries, the connection between word and image has been very close. Artists often sought to achieve the expressive possibilities of words in their paintings. Early painting for a long time tends to be narrative. The artist competed with the writer, who, in turn, competed with the painter in accurately describing people's appearance.
Almost all arts, except architecture and music, participate in the interaction of words and images. In progress historical development Conflicts arose between poetry and painting regarding their primacy. Leonardo da Vinci, in his essay “The Dispute of the Painter with the Poet, Musician and Sculptor,” reflected the controversy between supporters of literature and representatives of the fine arts: “If you call painting silent poetry, then the painter can also say that poetry is blind painting. Now let’s see who is more crippled freak: blind or dumb?
Traditionally, a description of a literary masterpiece is not complete without an attractive analogy: verbal skill was compared with the talent of a painter, the word with paints. This comparison dates back to the era of sentimentalism.
The non-randomness of such comparisons is explained by the specifics artistic image. For many centuries, it remained perhaps the most traditional category, which was understood as a visual expression of the concept of the visually defined nature of an object or phenomenon.
The opposition between painting and literature was constantly emphasized by G. E. Lessing: “Where does the difference between poetic and material images come from? From the difference in the signs used by painting and poetry. The first uses natural signs in space, the second uses arbitrary signs in time...”
Different eras pass under the auspices of one art or another. Antiquity was marked by the flowering of architecture and sculpture. During the Renaissance, painting triumphs. The invention of the book made adjustments to the problem of the relationship between words and colors. Book engraving accompanying artistic text, strengthened the concrete sensory content of the verbal image, made it more clear. In modern times, the art of words uses the arsenal of pictorial means less and less.
A literary image is created with the help of words. The purpose of painting is to be visible form real world. In modern times, the art of words became dominant. Meanwhile, no matter how many reproaches may be heard against descriptive “landscape” poetry, it is still romantic works The writers regret the limited possibilities of the word. Painting, in many of its decisions, continues to remain faithful to literary subjects.
The literature of sentimentalism and romanticism puts forward the idea of the need for syncretism of the arts and begins to passionately defend the belief in the indivisibility of words and colors.
The literary image is not reduced to direct representation. Artistic word the writer is a source of impressions and is aimed at co-creation, when the reader’s imagination completes what he read. There are known verbal descriptions that are so intense in their picturesqueness that the created literary images encourage visual concretization of what is written. The verbal landscapes of I. S. Turgenev are good examples.
Literature remains a reliable source of mythological and historical stories for paintings. Artists illustrate with particular emotion book plots. In the paintings of V. M. Vasnetsov and M. A. Vrubel artistic reality literary plots took on visible forms.
“Painting with words” is associated with the problem of the relationship between verbal and visual imagery. The work of I. I. Levitan is free from the narrative element. And the paintings of Salvador Dali, which convey the fragmentation of human thoughts, are marked by literary quality.
However, one should not delude ourselves that the idea of unifying the arts is conflict-free. The Impressionists, for example, desperately fought against any attempts to penetrate literature into painting. On the contrary, there are widespread theories according to which all types creative activity will ever unite. R. Wagner and A. N. Scriabin expressed the idea of the inevitability of a great synthesis of artistic aesthetics.
XX century creates works in which the narrative (literary) source ceases to be the basis of the pictorial conflict.
Pointless painting seemed to destroy the connection between the book and the painting. However, it is difficult to find a broader topic for discussion than the connection between literature and fine arts. Associative writing (“note of consciousness”) reveals convincing intersections with abstract painting. The book and the painting visually interpret man’s chaotic ideas about himself and the world.
Literature and painting in experiments of the 20th century. they abandon illustrativeness, the idea of the determination of thought by the environment or events. The painstaking reproduction of objects and phenomena, characteristic of the classical periods of art, gives way to a deliberately hypertrophied attention to the disintegration of connections between man and reality. The ideas of classical culture about the harmonious logic of verbal and pictorial time and space are subject to revision.
The most radical modernists try to reduce literature to words, painting to colors, music to sounds. Mistakenly identify art material and art, as well as seeing the difference between arts in this.
Aesthetic thought of the 20th century, based on the synthetic style of cinema, affirms the idea of the birth of a “new syncretism”, however, research in the field artistic creativity indicate the haste of thoughts about acquiring an “absolute language”, leading to the blurring of boundaries between the arts. The problem is broader, and it is connected with the specifics of the material, the possibilities of the language of each of the arts, and the ways of influencing the reader and viewer.
For some time now, the idea has spread that creative activity is concentrated at the boundaries of the arts. Writers, artists, musicians destroy the boundaries of the usual and find new solutions in the borderlands.
It seems that cinema has greater potential in comparison with painting and literature. The advantages of visual language (painting and cinema) lie in its accessibility. Modern man lives in a system of pictorial signs that reverse the system of communication. However, the potential of literature should not be ignored. Verbal creativity encourages thoughtful and unhurried reflection of human experience, and scrupulous self-interpretation. Perhaps the most valuable thing in literature is that it teaches the reader to think and find a language of self-expression.
Literature and music
Of all literary families lyrics are closest to music. Music and lyrics in ancient times were perceived as a single whole. This syncretism is partly inherited by the poetry of the New Age.
It is possible to note similarities between music and lyrics at the level of perception life experience, causing in the listener a set of similar impressions and memories associated with real events. The category of theme used in both cases also brings music and literature closer together. And yet attempts to identify the arts are untenable. They have different means of creating an image: in literature - the word, in music - sound. Translating music into the language of literature implies its objectification and situational attachment.
The poetic word, entering the sphere of music, loses its concreteness; the perception of a musical creation occurs outside of visual associations. Hearing is the only instrument of perception piece of music. One of the purposes of poetry is to depict and express an experience through simile, allusion, or description. The task of music is to offer the immediate meaningful being of an experience, its duration and emotional universality in sound.
The difference between music and literature lies in the fact that the word names a feeling, and music expresses a feeling as a direct revelation, bypassing mental evidence and rational arguments.
Music is often used to indirectly characterize literary characters. Including a musical score in literary texts makes them a convincing tool psychological analysis characters and circumstances. This technique was used by L. N. Tolstoy (“The Kreutzer Sonata”) and A. I. Kuprin (“The Garnet Bracelet”).
One of the traditional ones has become the comparison of musical and literary works: melodies - with a plot, symphonies - with a novel. Many composers were inspired by literary works.
The Romantics declared music “the mysterious language of nature expressed in sounds,” “the most romantic of all arts, since its subject is the infinite.” Musical beginning permeates the narrative fabric of the works of E. T. A. Hoffmann. Hoffmann's landscape is a detailed image of music, contrasted with " worldly views"Enlightened philistines. F. Stendhal argued that, experiencing musical pleasure, a person learns the power of passion. If the word only names a feeling, then music expresses a still unconscious sensation and affects the listener as a direct revelation. Thanks to this, music reproduces what is inaccessible to words.
The attitude towards music as an unreal and sublime world was philosophically justified by S. Kierkegaard and A. Schopenhauer. In literature musical sounds are likened to a “library of sensations”: melodies heard long ago return a person to the world of experiences.
6. The hero of A. Kuprin's story "Taper" - a thin and poorly dressed thirteen-year-old boy - accidentally ended up in a noble family as a musician. It was difficult to imagine in this modest guest musical abilities, but when he started playing, it became clear to everyone that in front of them was talented musician. Among the guests, by lucky chance, was the famous pianist Anton Grigorievich Rubinstein. He noticed the boy's talent and subsequently became his mentor.
7. Main character storiesL.N. Tolstoy. Albert — genius musician. He plays the violin mesmerizingly, and the listeners feel as if they are once again experiencing something that has been lost forever, that their souls are warming.
8. The hero of the story by Ray Bradbury« Smile» m During the next “cultural revolution”, little boy Tom, risking his life, takes away and hides the canvas on which Mona Lisa is depicted. He wants to preserve it in order to later return it to people: Tom believes that real art can ennoble even a wild crowd.
9. In the George Clooney film Treasure Hunters, the story is told about an organization known as the Monuments, Art and Archives Unit. Employees of this organization, created in 1943 by US President Franklin Roosevelt, returned many cultural objects stolen by the Nazis to their rightful owners and museums. The rescued works of art have not lost their value over the centuries.
10. Actress Vera Alentova recalls such an incident. One day she received a letter from unknown woman, who said that when she was left alone, she did not want to live. But after watching the film “Moscow Doesn’t Believe in Tears,” she became a different person: “You won’t believe it, I suddenly saw that people were smiling and they weren’t as bad as I thought all these years. And the grass, it turns out, is green, and the sun is shining... I recovered, for which I thank you very much.”
11. Russian nature inspired not only composers, but also many poets, one of whom is Sergei Yesenin. Not a single poem by the master of words is complete without pictures of nature: she shares the poet’s joy and sorrow, warns him, instills hope in him, cries over his unfulfilled dreams. Nature is not only the “cradle” and the poetic school of S. Yesenin, it is the soul of Yesenin’s poems, the source that feeds the poet’s lyrical feelings.
12. An amazing woman, artist Evfrosinya Antonovna Kersnovskaya spent 12 years in a Stalinist camp. After leaving it, she began to sketch this period of her life in order to free herself from those difficult memories. As many as twelve general notebooks were painted by her in the 60s of the last century. In 1991 they came out as a separate book, called “ Rock painting" Looking at these drawings that were born so long ago, somewhere deep inside you feel how much art helped this amazing artist and simply noble woman to survive.
13. The artist Boris Sveshnikov was also imprisoned for a long time. His albums were drawn in captivity, but they were not about the camp, not about the life he lived then - they were fantastic. He depicted some kind of fictional reality and extraordinary cities. With a thin feather, he created a parallel, mysterious life in his albums. And subsequently, these albums became evidence that his inner world, fantasy, and creativity saved his life in this camp. He survived thanks to real art.
14. Another extraordinary artist, Mikhail Sokolov, being imprisoned for his extravagant appearance, also tried to seek freedom and salvation in creativity. He drew small pictures with colored pencils, and sometimes with pencil stubs, and hid them under his pillow. And these small fantastic drawings by Sokolov are in some sense grander than some huge paintings painted by another artist in a bright and comfortable studio. You can depict reality, or you can depict fantasy. In both cases, what you transfer from your head, from your soul, from your heart, from your memory onto paper, frees you, sets you free, even if there are prison bars around you.
15. Many front-line soldiers talk about how soldiers exchanged smokes and bread for clippings from a front-line newspaper, where chapters from A. Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin” were published. This means that an encouraging word was sometimes more important to the soldiers than food. This is the power of literature as an art form.
16. When the Nazis laid siege to Leningrad, the inhabitants of the city were greatly influenced by Dmitry Shostakovich's 7th Symphony. It, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.
17. The history of literature has preserved a lot of evidence related to the stage history of comedy. D. Fonvizin "Undergrowth". They say that many noble children, recognizing themselves in the image of the slacker Mitrofanushka, experienced a complete rebirth: they began to study diligently, read a lot and grew up worthy sons fatherland.
18. People believed in the truly magical power of art. Thus, some cultural figures suggested that during the First World War the French should defend Verdun, their strongest fortress, not with forts and cannons, but with the treasures of the Louvre. “Put “La Gioconda” or “Madonna and Child and Saint Anne” by the great Leonardo da Vinci in front of the besiegers - and the Germans will not dare to shoot!” - they argued.
19. One day, the American inventor Nikola Tesla fell seriously ill. His life was in danger. Recovery, according to Tesla’s own story, came completely unexpectedly: during his illness, he began reading “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” by Mark Twain. The cheerful book awakened in him such a desire to live that by an effort of will he forced himself to overcome the disease and soon, to the surprise of the doctors who treated him, he recovered.
20. Having heard the legendary Alexandrov Choir, whose songs awakened courage in people and gave them strength to fight, the English Prime Minister W. Churchill called the musical group a “secret singing weapon.”
21. The outstanding Russian writer of the 20th century M. Prishvin recalls the following incident in his diaries: in the mournful days of the First World War, people gathered in front of his house and the speaker began to tell people that Russia would soon turn into a German colony. Then one poor peasant woman in a white headscarf made her way to the speaker through the crowd and stopped his speech, turning to the people: “Don’t believe him, comrades! As long as Leo Tolstoy, Pushkin and Dostoevsky are with us, Russia will not perish!”
22. The Musical Theater named after K. S. Stanislavsky and Vl. did not leave Moscow for a single day. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko. At the request of a group of Bolshoi Theater artists who remained in Moscow, a branch of the Bolshoi Theater was opened. Holding our breath, forgetting for a while about the war, the auditorium was immersed in beautiful world music by Tchaikovsky, A. S. Dargomyzhsky, G. Verdi, G. Puccini.
23. The legendary ataman Ermak conquered Siberia in the company of singers with a set folk instruments, which were specially prescribed by him to raise the morale of his Cossacks... Peter I, understanding the importance of military songs as a moral factor and the morale of the troops, issued in 1722 an order for each regiment to have its own orchestra... Suvorov’s miracle heroes went to storming of Izmail to the Cossack song “The nights are dark, the clouds are threatening...”.
24. There are cases when military songs saved hundreds of soldiers' lives. So, in 1904, during the battle with the Japanese near Mukden, the musicians of the Moksha infantry regiment raised soldiers demoralized by huge losses and the death of the regiment commander to attack, who broke through the encirclement. The first to go into battle with wind instruments was 25-year-old regimental bandmaster Ilya Shatrov (future author of the composition “Moksha Regiment on the Hills of Manchuria,” which was later remade into the legendary waltz “On the Hills of Manchuria”), in company with seven musicians - flutists and trumpeters.
25. During Great Patriotic War song- the most common genre Soviet music. The wartime demonstrated its mobility and close proximity to the everyday life of society in all its fullness and strength. The song becomes a spiritual weapon of the front and rear. It calls to battle, inspires with the memory of peaceful days and instills confidence in victory in human hearts.
Aphorisms, poems about art
Art gives wings and carries you far, far away! Those who are tired of dirt, petty penny interests, who are outraged, offended and indignant, can find peace and satisfaction only in beauty. A.P. Chekhov
Art is an infection of other people's feelings. Lev Tolstoy
The job of an artist is to create joy. K.G. Paustovsky
Art lies in finding the extraordinary in the ordinary and the ordinary in the extraordinary. Denis Diderot
Only there is real art, where people feel at home and an active participant. V.V. Stasov
This is the sign of real art, that it is always modern, urgently useful. F.M. Dostoevsky
Art is such a need for a person as eating and drinking. The need for beauty and creativity, which embodies it, is inseparable from a person, and without it a person, perhaps, would not want to live in the world. F.M. Dostoevsky
Nowhere has folk song played and does not play such a role as in our people; nowhere has it been preserved in such richness, strength and diversity as in ours. V.V. Stasov
Words sometimes need music, but music needs nothing. Edvard Grieg
\ The true art of all peoples and centuries is understandable to all humanity. K.S. Stanislavsky
Great objects of art are great only because they are accessible and understandable to everyone. L.N. Tolstoy
Art should open eyes to the ideals created by the people themselves. K.S. Stanislavsky
Goodness in itself does not appear to be visible and convinces us only if its beauty illuminates it. That is why the artist’s job is, bypassing the temptation of beautiful evil, to make beauty the sun of good. MM. Prishvin
The methods of creativity change, but the soul invested in creating art can never die or become obsolete. V.Ya. Bryusov
Art appeared almost immediately after the advent of mankind, and over the centuries many greatest works in painting, sculpture and other fields of art. Which of them are considered the best is a very controversial question, because even experts disagree on this matter. Today we will try to make a list of the ten most famous works art of all time.
10 PHOTOS
1. " Starlight Night", Van Gogh.
The picture painted Dutch artist Vincent Van Gogh in 1889. The inspiration for this piece of art was the night sky he observed from the window of his room at St. Paul's Orphanage.
2. Drawings in the Chauvet Cave. Prehistoric cave drawings animals created approximately 30 thousand years ago. Chauvet Cave is located in the south of France.
3. Moai statues. Stone monolithic statues located on Easter Island in Pacific Ocean. The statues are believed to have been created by the island's Aboriginal people between 1250 and 1500 AD.
4. “The Thinker”, Rodin. The most famous work French sculptor Auguste Rodin, created in 1880.
5. " Last Supper", da Vinci. This painting, painted by Leonardo da Vinci between 1494 and 1498, depicts the scene of Jesus' last meal with his disciples as described in the biblical Gospel of John.
6. “The Creation of Adam” by Michelangelo. One of the most famous frescoes Michelangelo, located in Sistine Chapel Apostolic Palace in the Vatican. The fresco illustrates the account of the creation of Adam from the biblical book of Genesis.
7. “Venus de Milo”, author unknown. One of the most famous ancient Greek sculptures, created sometime between 130 and 100 BC. The marble sculpture was discovered in 1820 on the island of Milos.
8. “The Birth of Venus” by Botticelli. In the picture written Italian artist Sandro Botticelli, depicts the scene of the appearance of the goddess Venus from the sea. The painting is in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. 
10. “Mona Lisa”, da Vinci.
A masterpiece by Leonardo da Vinci, created approximately between 1503 and 1506. The painting is in the Louvre Museum in Paris.
Literature!
Literature ( lat. lit(t)eratura, literally - written, from lit(t)era - letter) - in a broad sense, this is a collection of any written texts.
The material embodiment of literary works is the totality different images and concepts recorded by the author in words and phrases. Literature is one of the subject arts in which the word is the main means figurative reflection life and fantasy. With the help of images, fiction recreates entire eras.
Such “participation” is necessary for a complete and deeper understanding of what is written: for example, the reader worries about Tatyana in “Eugene Onegin”, tries to understand the reasons for Katerina’s actions in “The Thunderstorm” and the complex spiritual world Natasha Rostova in “War and Peace”, the tragedy of Grigory Melekhov in “Quiet Don”.
It is our perception and experience of the destinies of the heroes that indicates that literature is an art, the art of words.
The dominant trend in literature and art of the second half of the 19th century was critical method realism, the fundamental principle of which was a truthful reflection of reality and understanding of the depicted phenomena from the point of view of their correspondence social progress. N. Chernyshevsky and his followers set the task of not only truthfulness, but also critical reflection reality, revealing the vices of society, sometimes even contrary to the aesthetic requirements of the work. Such extremes led to conflict among the intelligentsia and a dispute about the role and place of art in public life.
Fiction
Enormous social reach, an offensive, accusatory spirit, and an appeal to topical problems - this is what defined the literature of the post-reform period. Russian literature was distinguished not only by its critical attitude to reality, it exposed evil, looked for ways to combat this evil, and carried out a socially transformative mission. Ideological completeness, deep penetration into life phenomena, rejection of injustice, wealth artistic embodiment literary works determined the leading role of literature in the development of other types of art.
According to the degree of influence on Russian society literature took first place. It reflected different aspects of public life, contributed to the development public consciousness. Russian literature has always acted as a teacher, preaching ideas of good, looking for the causes of evil and ways to correct and transform social reality. The socio-political processes taking place in Russia in the 19th century shaped the mood in society, determined the state of literature, in which the process of formation of new trends and styles took place. Democratic and liberal-bourgeois sentiments contributed to the aggravation of the dispute over monarchism and democracy in Russia. Such an ideological struggle led to the demarcation of society, which was immediately reflected in literature. During this period, censorship intensified, criticism intensified, the intelligentsia became isolated on its own problems, which alienated it even more from the people, therefore in literature recent years XIX century Pessimism, decadent sentiments, revolutionary calls and Tolstoyanism clearly appeared. Russian literature fully justified its purpose - to be a tribune for society. The democratization of public life led to the emergence of a new type of writer - the common writer, close to the masses. In the second half of the 19th century. literature abounded various genres. Social and philosophical stories and novels, journalism, satirical works, civil lyrics, dramatic works. There are also new literary hero- an idealized image of a revolutionary, and a new direction - people's democratic, which paid attention to the destinies common people, peasants. In parallel with it, it continued to develop classic literature, now called the “gold fund”.
On the second half of XIX V. and the first decade of the twentieth century. accounts for the creativity of the genius of thought and words L.N. Tolstoy (1828-1910), who created such masterpieces as the story “Childhood. Adolescence. Youth”, “Hadji Murat”, “The Death of Ivan Ilyich”, “The Kreutzer Sonata”, novels “War and Peace”, “Anna Karenina”, “Sunday”, dramas “The Power of Darkness”, “Fruits of Enlightenment”, “The Living Corpse” " and etc.
Brilliant writer F.M. Dostoevsky (1821-1881) enriched world culture works that, in terms of skill and depth of thought, stand next to the works of William Shakespeare. His novel “Poor People”, works “Double”, “White Nights”, “Netochka Neznamova” are distinguished by deep psychologism, originality of characters and circumstances, and appeal to the suffering of people from the people. In the 60s - 70s. Dostoevsky created his most outstanding works - “The Humiliated and the Insulted”, “Crime and Punishment”, “The Idiot”, “Demons”, “Teenager”, “The Brothers Karamazov”, which reflected the acute contradictions of reality and the social movement in a critical era of development Russia. The humanistic essence of Dostoevsky’s realism has had and is having a huge impact on Russian and world literature, millions of readers turn to his works.
A younger contemporary of L.N. Tolstoy and F.M. Dostoevsky was N.S. Leskov (1831-1895) - an artist who knew how to surprisingly subtly and deeply truthfully show the greatness of the Russian character and bitter fate talented person in Russia (“Lady Macbeth Mtsensk district"", "Warrior", "Nowhere", "Bypassed", "At Knives", " Mysterious person", "Laughter and Sorrow", "Lefty", "Enchanted Wanderer").
By the 80s. refers to the beginning of the work of A.P. Chekhov (1860-1904). The thought of the tragedy of a person crushed by the bourgeois everyday life, the exposure of vulgarity, intellectual idle talk, the reflection of the dreary life of “little” people and the belief in the feasibility of positive changes determined the features of A.P.’s stories, novels and plays. Chekhov (“Tales of Melpomene”, “Motley Stories”, “Steppe”, “A Boring Story”, “Ward No. 6”, “The Seagull”, “Three Sisters”, “Uncle Vanya”, “The Cherry Orchard”).
In the 80s V.G. began his literary activity. Korolenko (1853-1921), democratic writer. The stories and short stories (“Makar’s Dream”, “The River Plays”, “The Blind Musician”, “Children of the Dungeon”, “Without Language”) reflect the people’s desire for freedom and justice. They are imbued with democratic and humanistic ideas.
Prose by I.A. Bunin (1870-1953) are laconic and expressive paintings hungry, poor Russian village, with its social contradictions, impoverished abandoned landowner estates, thoughts about the fate of Russia (“Sukhodol”, “New Road”, “Chernozem”, “Village”, “ Antonov apples" and etc.).
Maxim Gorky (1868-1936), who early learned the harsh school of life, full of “ leaden abominations", at first literary activity developed best traditions 19th Romanticism V. (“Makar Chudra”, “Old Woman Izergil”), and in realistic stories (“Konovalov”, “The Orlov Spouses”, “Chelkash”) showed dreams of justice and the protest of a lone rebel.
At the turn of the century (XIX and XX) critical realism the work of such wonderful writers as V.V. was also imbued with Versaev, who reflected in his works the spiritual quest of the intelligentsia during this period (“Without a Road”, “Notes of a Doctor”); N.M. Garin-Mikhailovsky - the tetralogy “Childhood Themes”, “Gymnasium Students”, “Students”, “Engineers” is also dedicated to the fate of the Russian intelligentsia. A.I. Kuprin in his early works showed the lack of freedom of man as a fatal social evil (“Moloch”), his stories “The Duel” and “The Pit” are imbued with social criticism. D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak gave pictures of mining life in the Urals and Siberia in the novels “Privalov’s Millions”, “Gold”, “Mountain Nest”. A truthful depiction of reality, understanding it from the point of view of its compliance with social progress, an image designed to help people understand this reality, responsiveness to pressing issues, the desire to see people free and happy - this is what distinguished the work of realist writers. Russian literature is represented not only by the works of Russian writers - it is multinational, including Ukrainians, Belarusians, Baltic peoples, Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, Tatars, Ossetians, Jews.
