The early 15th century saw huge changes in life and culture in Italy. The townspeople, merchants and artisans of Italy have waged a heroic struggle against feudal dependence since the 12th century. By developing trade and production, the townspeople gradually became richer, overthrew the power of the feudal lords and organized free city-states. These free Italian cities became very powerful. Their citizens were proud of their conquests. The enormous wealth of independent Italian cities was the reason for their vibrant prosperity. The Italian bourgeoisie looked at the world with different eyes, they firmly believed in themselves, in their strength. They were alien to the desire for suffering, humility, and the renunciation of all earthly joys that had been preached to them until now. Respect for to earthly man who enjoys the joys of life. People began to take an active approach to life, eagerly study the world, and admire its beauty. During this period, various sciences were born and art developed.
Italy has preserved many monuments of art Ancient Rome, therefore the ancient era began to be revered again as a model, antique art became an object of worship. Imitation of antiquity gave rise to calling this period in art - Renaissance, which means in French "Renaissance". Of course, this was not a blind, exact repetition of ancient art, it was already new art, but based on ancient examples. Italian Renaissance divided into 3 stages: VIII - XIV centuries - Pre-Renaissance (Proto-Renaissance or Trecento)-s it.); XV century - early Renaissance (Quattrocento); end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century - High Renaissance.
Archaeological excavations were carried out throughout Italy, looking for ancient monuments. Newly discovered statues, coins, dishes, and weapons were carefully preserved and collected in museums specially created for this purpose. Artists learned from these examples of antiquity and painted them from life.
Trecento (Pre-Renaissance)
The true beginning of the Renaissance is associated with the name Giotto di Bondone (1266? - 1337). He is considered the founder of Renaissance painting. The Florentine Giotto has great services to the history of art. He was a renovator, the founder of all European painting after the Middle Ages. Giotto breathed life into the gospel scenes, created images of real people, spiritualized but earthly.
Giotto first creates volumes using chiaroscuro. He loves clean ones light colors cool shades: pink, pearl gray, pale purple and light lilac. The people in Giotto's frescoes are stocky and walk heavily. They have large features faces, wide cheekbones, narrow eyes. His person is kind, attentive, and serious.
Of Giotto's works, the frescoes in the temples of Padua are the best preserved. Gospel stories he presented here as existing, earthly, real. In these works, he talks about problems that concern people at all times: about kindness and mutual understanding, deceit and betrayal, about depth, sorrow, meekness, humility and the eternal all-consuming maternal love.
Instead of disparate individual figures, as in medieval painting, Giotto was able to create a coherent story, a whole narrative about the complex inner life of the heroes. Instead of the conventional golden background of Byzantine mosaics, Giotto introduces a landscape background. And if in Byzantine painting the figures seemed to float and hang in space, then the heroes of Giotto’s frescoes found solid ground under their feet. Giotto's quest to convey space, the plasticity of figures, and the expressiveness of movement made his art a whole stage in the Renaissance.
One of the famous masters of the Pre-Renaissance -
Simone Martini (1284 - 1344).
His paintings retained the features of Northern Gothic: Martini's figures are elongated, and, as a rule, on a golden background. But Martini creates images using chiaroscuro, gives them natural movement, and tries to convey a certain psychological state.
Quattrocento (early Renaissance)
Antiquity played a huge role in the formation of the secular culture of the early Renaissance. The Platonic Academy opens in Florence, the Laurentian Library contains a rich collection of ancient manuscripts. The first ones appear art museums, filled with statues, fragments of ancient architecture, marbles, coins, and ceramics. During the Renaissance, the main centers emerged artistic life Italy - Florence, Rome, Venice.
Florence was one of the largest centers, the birthplace of new, realistic art. In the 15th century, many famous Renaissance masters lived, studied and worked there.
Early Renaissance architecture
Residents of Florence had a high artistic culture, they actively participated in the creation of city monuments, and discussed options for the construction of beautiful buildings. Architects abandoned everything that resembled Gothic. Under the influence of antiquity, buildings topped with a dome began to be considered the most perfect. The model here was the Roman Pantheon.
Florence is one of the most beautiful cities in the world, a city-museum. It has preserved its architecture from antiquity almost untouched, its most beautiful buildings were mainly built during the Renaissance. Rising above the red brick roofs of the ancient buildings of Florence is the huge building of the city cathedral. Santa Maria del Fiore, which is often called simply the Florence Cathedral. Its height reaches 107 meters. A magnificent dome, the slenderness of which is emphasized by white stone ribs, crowns the cathedral. The dome is amazing in size (its diameter is 43 m), it crowns the entire panorama of the city. The cathedral is visible from almost every street in Florence, clearly silhouetted against the sky. This magnificent building was built by an architect
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 - 1446).
The most magnificent and famous domed building of the Renaissance was St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. It took more than 100 years to build. The creators of the original project were architects Bramante and Michelangelo.
Renaissance buildings are decorated with columns, pilasters, lion heads and "putti"(naked babies), plaster wreaths of flowers and fruits, leaves and many details, examples of which were found in the ruins of ancient Roman buildings. Came into fashion again semicircular arch. Wealthy people began to build more beautiful and more comfortable houses. Instead of houses closely pressed together, luxurious ones appeared palaces - palazzos.
Early Renaissance sculpture
In the 15th century in Florence there were two famous sculptor -Donatello and Verrocchio.Donatello (1386? - 1466)- one of the first sculptors in Italy who used the experience of ancient art. He created one of the beautiful works of the early Renaissance - the statue of David.
According to the biblical legend, a simple shepherd, the young man David defeated the giant Goliath, and thereby saved the inhabitants of Judea from enslavement and later became king. David was one of the favorite images of the Renaissance. He is depicted by the sculptor not as a humble saint from the Bible, but as a young hero, winner, protector hometown. In his sculpture, Donatello glorifies man as the ideal of a beautiful heroic personality that arose during the Renaissance. David is crowned with the laurel wreath of the winner. Donatello was not afraid to introduce such a detail as a shepherd's hat - a sign of his simple origin. In the Middle Ages, the church forbade depicting the naked body, considering it a vessel of evil. Donatello was the first master to bravely violate this prohibition. He asserts by this that the human body is beautiful. The statue of David is the first round sculpture of that era.
Another beautiful sculpture of Donatello is also known - the statue of a warrior , general of Gattamelata. It was the first equestrian monument of the Renaissance. Created 500 years ago, this monument still stands on a high pedestal, decorating a square in the city of Padua. For the first time, not a god, not a saint, not a noble and rich person was immortalized in sculpture, but a noble, brave and formidable warrior with a great soul, who earned fame through great deeds. Dressed in antique armor, Gattemelata (this is his nickname, meaning “spotted cat”) sits on a powerful horse in a calm, majestic pose. The warrior’s facial features emphasize a decisive, strong character.
Andrea Verrocchio (1436 -1488)
The most famous student of Donatello, who created the famous equestrian monument to the condottiere Colleoni, which was erected in Venice in the square near the Church of San Giovanni. The main thing that is striking about the monument is the joint energetic movement of horse and rider. The horse seems to rush beyond the marble pedestal on which the monument is installed. Colleoni, standing up in his stirrups, stretched out, holding his head high, peers into the distance. A grimace of anger and tension was frozen on his face. There is a sense of great will in his posture, his face resembles a bird of prey. The image is filled with indestructible strength, energy, and stern authority.
Early Renaissance painting
The Renaissance also renewed the art of painting. Painters have learned to accurately convey space, light and shadow, natural poses, and various human feelings. It was the early Renaissance that was the time of accumulation of this knowledge and skills. The paintings of that time are imbued with a bright and upbeat mood. The background is often painted in light colors, and buildings and natural motifs are outlined with sharp lines, pure colors predominate. All the details of the event are depicted with naive diligence; the characters are most often lined up and separated from the background by clear contours.
The painting of the early Renaissance only strived for perfection, however, thanks to its sincerity, it touches the soul of the viewer.
Tommaso di Giovanni di Simone Cassai Guidi, known as Masaccio (1401 - 1428)
He is considered a follower of Giotto and the first master of painting of the early Renaissance. Masaccio lived only 28 years, but during his short life he left a mark on art that is difficult to overestimate. He managed to complete in painting revolutionary changes started by Giotto. His paintings are distinguished by dark and deep colors. The people in Masaccio's frescoes are much denser and more powerful than in the paintings of the Gothic era.
Masaccio was the first to correctly arrange objects in space, taking into account the perspective; He began to depict people according to the laws of anatomy.
He knew how to connect figures and landscape into a single action, dramatically and at the same time quite naturally conveying the life of nature and people - and this is the great merit of the painter.
This is one of the few easel works by Masaccio, commissioned from him in 1426 for the chapel in the church of Santa Maria del Carmine in Pisa.
The Madonna sits on a throne built strictly according to Giotto's laws of perspective. Her figure is painted with confident and clear strokes, which creates the impression of sculptural volume. Her face is calm and sad, her detached gaze is directed into nowhere. Wrapped in a dark blue cloak, the Virgin Mary holds in her arms the Child, whose golden figure stands out sharply on dark background. The deep folds of the cloak allow the artist to play with chiaroscuro, which also creates a special visual effect. The baby eats black grapes - a symbol of communion. Flawlessly drawn angels (the artist knew human anatomy very well) surrounding the Madonna give the picture an additional emotional resonance.
The only panel painted by Masaccio for a double-sided triptych. After early death the painter, the rest of the work, commissioned by Pope Martin V for the Church of Santa Maria in Rome, was completed by the artist Masolino. Here are depicted two austere, monumentally executed figures of saints, dressed all in red. Jerome holds an open book and a model of the basilica, with a lion lying at his feet. John the Baptist is depicted in his usual form: he is barefoot and holds a cross in his hand. Both figures amaze with their anatomical precision and almost sculptural sense of volume.
Interest in man and admiration for his beauty were so great during the Renaissance that this led to the emergence of a new genre in painting - the portrait genre.
Pinturicchio (version of Pinturicchio) (1454 - 1513) (Bernardino di Betto di Biagio)
Native of Perugia in Italy. For some time he painted miniatures and helped Pietro Perugino decorate the Sistine Chapel in Rome with frescoes. Gained experience in in the most complex form decorative and monumental wall painting. Within a few years, Pinturicchio became an independent muralist. He worked on frescoes in the Borgia apartments in the Vatican. He did wall paintings in the library of the Cathedral in Siena.
The artist not only conveys portrait likeness, but strives to reveal the inner state of a person. Before us is a teenage boy, dressed in a strict city dweller's dress. Pink colour, on the head there is a small blue cap. Brown hair goes down to the shoulders, framing a gentle face, the attentive gaze of brown eyes is thoughtful, a little anxious. Behind the boy is an Umbrian landscape with thin trees, a silvery river, and a pinkish sky on the horizon. The spring tenderness of nature, as an echo of the character of the hero, is in harmony with the poetry and charm of the hero.
The image of the boy is given in the foreground, large and occupies almost the entire plane of the picture, and the landscape is painted in the background and very small. This creates the impression of the importance of man, his dominance over the surrounding nature, and affirms that man is the most beautiful creation on earth.
Here is the solemn departure of Cardinal Capranica for the Council of Basel, which lasted almost 18 years, from 1431 to 1449, first in Basel and then in Lausanne. The young Piccolomini was also in the cardinal's retinue. A group of horsemen accompanied by pages and servants is presented in an elegant frame of a semicircular arch. The event is not so real and reliable as it is chivalrously refined, almost fantastic. In the foreground, a handsome rider on a white horse, in a luxurious dress and hat, turns his head and looks at the viewer - this is Aeneas Silvio. The artist takes pleasure in painting rich clothes and beautiful horses in velvet blankets. The elongated proportions of the figures, slightly mannered movements, slight tilts of the head are close to the court ideal. Pope Pius II's life was full bright events, and Pinturicchio spoke about the meetings of the pope with the king of Scotland, with Emperor Frederick III.
Filippo Lippi (1406 - 1469)
Legends arose about Lippi's life. He himself was a monk, but left the monastery, became a wandering artist, kidnapped a nun from the monastery and died, poisoned by the relatives of a young woman with whom he fell in love in old age.
He painted images of the Madonna and Child, filled with living human feelings and experiences. In his paintings he depicted many details: everyday objects, surroundings, so his religious subjects were similar to secular paintings.
Domenico Ghirlandaio (1449 - 1494)
He painted not only religious subjects, but also scenes from the life of the Florentine nobility, their wealth and luxury, and portraits of noble people.
Before us is the wife of a rich Florentine, a friend of the artist. In this not very beautiful, luxuriously dressed young woman, the artist expressed calm, a moment of stillness and silence. The expression on the woman’s face is cold, indifferent to everything, it seems that she foresees her imminent death: soon after painting the portrait she will die. The woman is depicted in profile, which is typical for many portraits of that time.
Piero della Francesca (1415/1416 - 1492)
One of the most significant names in Italian painting of the 15th century. He completed numerous transformations in the methods of constructing the perspective of pictorial space.
The painting was painted on a poplar board with egg tempera - obviously, by this time the artist had not yet mastered the secrets oil painting, in the technique of which his later works would be written.
The artist captured the appearance of the mystery of the Holy Trinity at the moment of the Baptism of Christ. The white dove spreading its wings over the head of Christ symbolizes the descent of the Holy Spirit onto the Savior. The figures of Christ, John the Baptist and the angels standing next to them are painted in restrained colors.
His frescoes are solemn, sublime and majestic. Francesca believed in the high destiny of man and in his works people always do wonderful things. He used subtle, gentle transitions of colors. Francesca was the first to paint en plein air (in the open air).
Subject: Medieval art. Culture of the early Renaissance.
History and Social Studies Teacher
Gordeeva D.V.
Lesson plan:
- Architecture
- Sculpture
- Painting
- “Lovers of Wisdom” and the revival of the ancient heritage
- New teaching about man and raising a new man
- The first humanists in literature and art
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
Notre Dame Cathedral in Reims,
France, XIII century.
Abbey Maria Laach, Germany, XI-XIII centuries.
How are these buildings different?
Why do these architectural styles have these names?
ROMANESQUE
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
GOTHIC
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
Chapel of Penitents.
Doge's Palace in Venice,
Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne. XI-XII centuries
ROMANESQUE
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
GOTHIC
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
Cathedral in Amiens. France. XIII century
Pisa Cathedral. Italy. XI–XII centuries
ROMANESQUE
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
GOTHIC
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
Doge's Palace in Venice
XIV-XVI centuries
Chapel of Penitents.
Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne. XI-XII centuries .
Comparison lines
Roman style
Gothic style
Comparison lines
Roman style
Time of appearance and period of existence
Gothic style
IX-XI centuries
Characteristic features of the architectural style
XII-XVI centuries
Massive buildings, smooth walls, semicircular arch.
The plan shows a cross, with a tower in the center.
Pointed vault. Tall columns, spacious, bright halls.
2. Sculpture
Working with textbook illustrations, pages 233, 234.
- What themes do medieval sculptures reflect?
- Where do centaurs, chimeras and other fairy-tale sculpture creatures come from?
- What do you see as the main difference in the works of ancient and medieval sculptors?
- Who was the main figure of decor in the temple, in the monastic cell, in the bedroom of the laity?
- What do you think the main idea medieval art?
- Why did sculptors so often depict the Mother of God in the Middle Ages?
The walls of Romanesque churches were covered with paintings, and the walls of Gothic cathedrals were filled with stained glass windows - paintings made from pieces of colored glass held together with lead rims.
Cathedral in Chartres,
France, XII century
3. Painting
Notre Dame,
France
3. Painting
Book miniature
English book miniature. Alchemist.
"The Song of Roland"
"Big Chronicles"
Burning of Grand Master Jacques de Molay and Commander of Normandy Geoffroy de Charny in 1314
September
"Calendar of the Duke of Berry"
January
4. “Lovers of Wisdom” and the revival of the ancient heritage
- In the middle of the 14th century. A new era is emerging in Italy - the Renaissance. The first century and a half is called the early Renaissance.
- What brought the new culture to life?
- The rise of Italian cities.
- The bourgeoisie assessed the world in a new way. The city's rich were active and enterprising (“Man was born not to spend his life in a dream, but to take action”).
- Interest in nature and people.
- Interest in ancient culture.
5. New teaching about man and raising a new man
- How did the church characterize the position of man in medieval society?
But during the Renaissance, people appeared who began to be called humanists .
What was the novelty of the doctrine of man?
How did humanists imagine the process of educating a new person?
In 1327 in the church of St. Clara he met a beautiful young woman, whom he sang in poetry. His collection “Book of Songs” is composed of sonnets, canzonas, sextinas, ballads, and madrigals, glorifying his idealized love Laura. She was married woman, had 11 children and refused to become a mistress. The fame of the “singer Laura” brought him the patronage of influential persons, in particular the Colonna family.
- Born in Arezzo in the family of a notary. In 1312 the family moved from Arezzo to Avignon. He received his education first in Montpellier and then at the University of Bologna. However, he hated law. He accepted the ecclesiastical title, which gave him access to the papal court (1326). Petrarch became carried away by the splendor of court life.
6. The first humanists in literature and art
- Assignment: read Petrarch’s sonnet “From Sonnets on the Life of Madonna Laura” on p. 240 textbook and answer the questions:
- What is main topic sonnet?
- What is the main idea of the sonnet?
- How does this sonnet make you feel?
6. The first humanists in literature and art
- To others famous writer During the Renaissance, Petrarch's student Giovanni Boccaccio became a student. He wrote a collection of short stories, “The Decameron,” in which he vividly and fascinatingly showed the life and customs of various strata of Italian society and mercilessly ridiculed the hypocrisy, idleness and vanity of the clergy.
6. The first humanists in literature and art
Sandro Botticelli (1445 - 1510) - great Italian painter, representative of the Florentine school of painting.
"Spring"(Italian Primavera) - painting by Sandro Botticelli, written in 1482. Exhibited at the Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
"Birth of Venus"(Italian Nascita di Venere) - the painting is a tempera painting on canvas measuring 172.5x278.5 cm. Currently stored in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence.
Let's summarize:
- Why were works of medieval art created under the influence of the church?
- What feelings and thoughts did medieval architects and sculptors strive to express in their works?
- Answer only “yes” and “no”.
«+» / «-»
- The Renaissance began in the 15th century.
- The new culture paid great attention to man, his life, and nature.
- Humanists considered the purpose of life not to serve God, but to work for the benefit of people.
- Francesco Petrarca was famous artist era of the early Renaissance.
- Donatello was crowned with a laurel wreath and named the best poet of Italy.
- Painted and sculptural portraits became widespread.
- § 28, 29, read, answer the questions orally. Prepare for the test.
Lesson on the history of the Middle Ages in 6th grade on the topic: “Culture of the early Renaissance in Italy”
Goals: - find out the reasons for the rise of culture in Italy inXIV century;
Ensure the assimilation of the new concept of “Renaissance culture”
Get acquainted with humanists and their views;
Develop the ability to work with a textbook and find the necessary information;
Develop the ability to reason, speak out, and draw conclusions.
Cultivate an interest in studying the culture of other peoples.
Planned educational results
Subject: know the chronological framework of the early Renaissance, explain the meaning of the concepts of humanism, Renaissance, evaluate a historical figure, express judgments about the significance of the ideas of humanism and the Renaissance for the development of European society; they know what new artists of the Renaissance brought to architecture, sculpture and painting.
Metasubject:
Cognitive : structure and analyze educational material, highlight the essential and non-essential in it, use sign-symbolic means to systematize the material.
Regulatory: highlight and save educational tasks, take into account the guidelines highlighted by the teacher in the new educational material, evaluate their work in the lesson, analyze their emotional condition, accept a learning task for independent completion.
Communicative: plan educational cooperation with the teacher and peers, adequately use speech to regulate their actions, control the actions of their partner, negotiate and come to a common decision in joint activities.
Personal: show positive attitude to educational activities, educational and cognitive interest, understand the reasons for success in educational activities, realize the importance literary heritage The Middle Ages and early Renaissance, show interest in the masterpieces of world artistic culture.
Lesson type: combined
Equipment : computer, presentation, tests, tasks on cards.
During the classes.
1. Org. start of the lesson.
2. Checking homework.
Testing on the topic: “Medieval literature and art »
1. What were the names of the poet-singers who appeared in Provence inXI century?
A) troubadours
B) trumpeters
B) writers
2. What did the poet-singers not sing in their poems?
A) fair and rich life
B) the image of an ideal knight
B) service To a beautiful lady, Madonna
3. What were the names of the knightly poets who appeared in Northern France. Italy. Spain, Germany?
A) troubadours
B) songwriters
B) trouvères
4. Medieval novels reflected:
A) ancient legends and beliefs
B) the views of ancient thinkers
B) legends of King Arthur, selfless love and the fate of Tristan Isolde
5. My favorite genre of urban literature was
A) poems
B) stories in verse and fables household topics
Water
6. The greatest poet of the Middle Ages was:
A) Francis Vignonne
B) Virgil
B) Dante Alighieri
A) Rome and meeting the Pope
B) the afterlife
C) to heaven and conversation with God
8. The Romanesque style was characterized by:
A) massive buildings with smooth walls, high towers and laconic decor
B) low buildings with big amount semicircular windows
B) light buildings with a large number of spacious and tall buildings
9. Artists of the Middle Ages sought:
A) glorify the beauty of the human body
B) reveal a rich world human soul, thoughts, feelings.
C) paint portraits of saints
10. The main figure of decor in the temple, in the monastery cell, in the bedroom of the laity was the image:
A) Virgin Mary
B) any saint
B) the crucifixion of Jesus Christ
11. Medieval painting was presented:
A) stained glass and book miniatures
B) frescoes and mosaics
B) paintings
Criteria for evaluation :
Less than 5 – “2”
From 5 to 7 – “3”
From 8 to 10 – “4”
11 – “5”
So we checked with you how you learned the topic studied in the last lesson
3. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson .
“A creation can outlive its creator:The Creator will leave, defeated by nature,However, the image he capturedIt will warm hearts for centuries."
M. Buanarotti
Beginning with XIVcentury, Italian culture receives new impetus in its development. This period is called the Renaissance culture, why do you think?
What could have caused the appearance new culture? This is what we will talk about in class today.
Write the topic of the lesson in your notebook.
What goals will we set for ourselves today in class when studying this topic?
(sl. 2) Study new material we'll do it this wayplan:
“Lovers of wisdom” and the revival of the ancient heritage.
New doctrine about man.
Raising a new person.
The first humanists.
Art of the Early Renaissance.
Lesson assignment:
(sl. 3 ) - I would really like you to think about this question during our lesson: “Why exactly did Italy become the birthplace of a new era - the Renaissance”
4. Studying new material.
1) teacher's story:
As already said,in the middle of the 14th century, a new culture emerged in Italy - the culture of the Renaissance, which would then spread throughout Western Europe. The Renaissance, when this culture developed, will last until the middle of the 17th century. Its first century and a half is called the early Renaissance.
Why do you think this culture emerged? What reasons contributed to its appearance? (children's answers)(sl. 4)
– Let's summarize your assumptions and write them down in your notebookscauses emergence of the Renaissance:
1) The rise of Italian cities
2) Development of trade and crafts
3) Development of education in cities
4) The desire of citizens to learn more
1 . “Lovers of Wisdom” and the revival of the ancient heritage. (page 5)
Let's move on to studying the first question.
What goals will you set for yourself?
In the 14th century, in the rich cities of Italy, people appeared who called themselves"lovers of wisdom " They admired ancient culture and believed that antiquity was a “golden age” when science and art flourished, people were valiant and wise. And then, they thought, the barbarians (Goths) came, and ignorance and cruelty reigned. The barbarians forgot their beautiful Latin and began to speak in rough dialects. And now the time has come to revive the “golden age” and combine its ancient valor with the Christian faith.
(sl. 6) The “lovers of wisdom” called their time the Renaissance.
- Let's write down the definition :
Renaissance or Renaissance - an era in the history of European culture that replaced the culture of the Middle Ages.
(sl. 7) This is how the idea of three stages of world history first appeared: Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and Modern Times.
Why do you think people were called “Lovers of Wisdom”?
What did they have to study to be called that?
(studied Latin and Greek, looked for ancient statues and manuscripts, copied and studied works ancient literature. Often they spent everything on it free time and money. In behavior and even in clothing, “lovers of wisdom” imitated the heroes and philosophers of Ancient Rome and Greece.)
What professions do you think people could be among the “lovers of wisdom”? (Pharmacist and duke, guild master and university professor, priest, lawyer and official)
Having gathered together, they enthusiastically discussed the recently discovered ancient manuscript. At first there were few “lovers of wisdom.” They supported each other, wrote letters to each other, and formed circles.
-
The “lovers of wisdom” considered the Middle Ages to be a “dark failure” in history.
Do you think they were right? Why do you think so?
(We know that this is not so: the books of Dante and the poems of the troubadours, the Gothic cathedrals, the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas are no less beautiful than the books of Homer, the temples of the Acropolis and the philosophy of the Greeks).
Can we say that ancient art was worse than modern art?
(They are neither better nor worse, they are different. But although for many “lovers of wisdom” there was one ideal of beauty and valor - antiquity
- We have found out who “people of wisdom” are, and now we will get acquainted with a new teaching about man.
2) independent work according to the textbook:
Page 229-230
Now you will independently become acquainted with the new teaching about man, and then I will ask you a few questions to check how carefully you read this material.
Let's check how you understood the material you read.
What is the second name for “lovers of wisdom”? (humanists)
(seq. 8) – let’s write down the definition
Humanism - a worldview centered on the idea of man as the highest value;
What was the attitude of humanists towards man? (they believed that man is the best and main creation of God).
How can a person reach the stars and defeat fate? (by willpower and work)
What will serve as a reward for a person for his efforts, labors and perseverance? (the glory of his contemporaries)
What kind of person was the ideal for humanists? (“universal person” who has achieved perfection in everything)
3) teacher's story
:
3. Raising a new person
.
Humanists argued that man must become the master of his own destiny. The Lord provides people with choice and help, and it depends only on man whether he will rise to an almost divine being or fall below the beasts.
-
Natural abilities are like a grain; they are inherent in us at birth. Only that person achieves greatness who, day after day, year after year, tirelessly grows this seed, works on himself, educates and tempers his spirit.
- Let's remember who was considered “noble” in feudal society?
(who had noble ancestors.)
Humanists declared that nobility does not depend on origin. It doesn’t matter who you are by origin: the son of a prince or a shoemaker. Noble is he who has educated his soul by education and meditation on sublime subjects. Only such a person can achieve greatness and glory.
If you were now in the Middle Ages, would you be called humane?
4. The first humanists
.
(sl. 9)
The Italian poet Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374) is called the first humanist. Against his father's will, Petrarch devoted his life to poetry and philosophy. This story will repeat itself more than once: many humanists will go against the will of their conservative and more practical parents.
-(sl. 10)
One day Petrarch saw a young woman in church. He fell in love with her immediately and loved her all his life. She died of the plague in 1348, without reciprocating the poet's feelings. Petrarch gave his beloved the name Laura and dedicated many poems to her, which became one of the peaks of European love lyrics. Petrarch depicted the tragic complexity of his feelings and was the first to suggest that the poet’s real experiences could be interesting to other people. Petrarch was the first to call an earthly woman Madonna.
-
The poet lived for 16 years in the small town of Vaucluse. Here he had a lot of free time, and he devoted it to the “studio humanitatis”. For Petrarch, ancient thinkers were not absolute authorities, but favorite teachers and interlocutors. He admires them, but often argues with them. He would never agree to give up the freedom to think and his own opinion.
-
During the years of his life in Vaucluse, Petrarch acquired enormous fame and moral authority. His letters and books were read by all educated Europe.
(sl. 11) He was neither rich nor noble, but popes, emperors, and the most powerful sovereigns of Italy listened to Petrarch’s advice and even his severe reproaches. In 1341, at a ceremony in Rome, Petrarch was crowned with a laurel wreath and the title of King of Poets.
(sl. 12)
Petrarch's student and follower was the writer and scientist Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375). The best and the most famous work Boccaccio - "Decameron", a book consisting of one hundred short stories. The Decameron's short stories, humorous and serious, rough and sophisticated, vividly and captivatingly depict the world of Italy in the 19th century.
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Thanks to Petrarch, Boccaccio and their followers, the authority of humanists increased enormously. Experts in ancient literature were invited to give lectures at universities and appointed to high positions in city administration. The humanist Tommaso Peretunelli, the son of a shoemaker, was elected pope.
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In the 15th century, Florence, Milan, Venice, Naples, and Rome became centers of early Renaissance culture. From Italy, the ideas of humanists spread to other European countries.
5. Early Renaissance Art
.
(sl. 13)
Already from the early Renaissance, art began to flourish in Europe. Painting, sculpture and architecture of the Renaissance are imbued with the ideals of humanism.
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Artists became interested a real man in his earthly life. Is becoming widespreadpictorial and sculptural portrait
- individual or family, where not gods, heroes and saints are depicted, but contemporaries from different classes. Thanks to such portraits, we know the real appearance of many famous people that time.
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Using chiaroscuro, artists achieve a sense of volume in their depictions of figures and objects.
. Their attention is attracted by bright characters, depth and strength of human experiences.
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(sl. 14)
The most remarkable painter of the early Renaissance is the Florentine Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510).
(sl. 15-16)
The most famous paintings masters - “Spring” and “Birth of Venus”, which are filled with naive serenity, captivating with tenderness and grace.
(sl. 17
)
The architecture of Italian cities changed. The Gothic cathedral is elongated vertically, it is directed upward, towards God. The Renaissance city is “horizontal”. Architects are building new types of buildings: city palaces - palazzos, country villas, merchant mansions, universities, hospitals. These buildings are comfortable, created for human convenience.
During the Renaissance, artists and architects began to be highly respected.
Honor of invitation Italian artists The popes, kings and rulers of the cities of Italy contested their court.
5. Let's summarize the lesson .
Remember what goals you set for yourself at the beginning of the lesson. Have you achieved them?
Let's check how you have learned the new material.
Game "Yes-no"
1. In the middle XIVcentury, a new culture is emerging - the culture of the Renaissance.
2. Greece is considered its homeland.
3. People appeared who began to call themselves “lovers of wisdom”
4. “Lovers of wisdom” considered antiquity a “dark failure” and the Middle Ages a “golden age”
5. During the period of renaissance, a new doctrine about man appears - humanism.
6. Humanists argued that man is not the master of his own destiny.
7. The Italian poet Francesco Petrarca is considered the first humanist.
8. He wrote famous work"Decameron"
9. The most famous artist of the Renaissance is Sandro Botticceli.
6. Grading
(comment)
Reflection.
Was the lesson interesting and informative? Why are you interested? What did you like?
What questions did you not receive answers to?
What didn't work in our lesson?
8. Homework:
Paragraph 29, fill out the table “Culture of the Early Renaissance”.
History lesson in 7th grade "The culture of the early Renaissance in Italy."
Topic study plan:
1. The connection between the Renaissance and Antiquity.
2. Humanism of the Renaissance.
3 Features of the culture of the early Renaissance.
4.The art of the early Renaissance.
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Subject. Culture of the early Renaissance in Italy.
Lesson objectives:
Educational: the student will be able reveal the concept of “early Renaissance culture”, “humanists”; name the country where it originated and the reasons for the emergence of a new culture, the main cultural figures of this period; determine the main features of the culture of the early Renaissance.
Educational: continue development of analytical thinking among students,ability to compare, generalize, draw conclusions
Educational: influence the feelings and emotions of children through demonstrating to students the beautiful creations of man, work in a group.
Equipment: multimedia projector, computer, texts for work, cards with tasks.
Forms of organization of cognitive activity: individual, frontal, steam room, group.
Topic study plan:
1. The connection between the Renaissance and Antiquity.
2. Humanism of the Renaissance.
3 Features of the culture of the early Renaissance.
4.The art of the early Renaissance.
During the classes :
- Organizing time
- Checking the readiness of schoolchildren for an educational lesson.
- Organizing students' attention.
II Topic and goal setting of the lesson
How do you understand the word “Renaissance”? What is the difference between birth and rebirth?
Look again at the topic of the lesson. What questions on the topic would you like answered?
Demonstration of ancient monuments
What can you say about these works of art
(antique, depicts a man, beauty, strength, confidence)
Look at the illustrations in the textbook until….., find the same beautiful images of a person? (They are not here)
Why not? What's happening?(The Roman Empire was conquered by barbarians and people forgot ancient culture)
So what kind of Renaissance will we talk about in this lesson?(revival ancient culture when a person was highly valued)
Since the 14th century, in the rich cities of Italypeople appeared who called themselves “lovers of wisdom”; they considered ancient Greek culture an ideal when science and art flourished, and people were valiant and wise. And then, they thought, the barbarians came, and ignorance and cruelty reigned. And now lovers of wisdom wanted to revive it, and therefore the new era began to be called the Renaissance, and the period from antiquity to the Renaissance - the Middle Ages. But interest in ancient culture was not mere copying. A new culture is being created!
3. Learning new things. What are the features of the new culture?
1. Work with the text, compare ideas about the world and man in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance
Text
Culture of the early Renaissance of Italy.
Medieval thinkers thought about God and the divine universe. They called their knowledge “knowledge of the divine.”
Since the 14th century, new scientists (they were called “lovers of wisdom”) began to study not only the Bible and the works of the church fathers. They became increasingly interested in the past and present of their people. The main thing in the writings of new scientists is interest in man, in earthly life. They began to call themselves humanists (from Latin humanus - human).
In the Middle Ages, believers believed earthly life “smelly”, and themselves insignificant and pathetic.Human bodyjust a shell immortal soul, he should be ashamed, hidden from prying eyes.
Humanists glorified earthly existence, ordinary life with her joys and anxieties they called her beautiful. Man is the best and most important creation, the “crown of creation” of God.What should a person strive for?Humanists believed that a person can and should achieve greatness already in earthly life. How can a person achieve perfection? Through willpower and labor, a person can achieve perfection in everything: physical strength and beauty, in sciences, art, military skill, etc. The Lord helps active people. The reward for man, as the humanists taught, was not bliss in heaven, but glory among his contemporaries and descendants.
In the Middle Ages role modela saint appeared (poor, beggar, renounced property and earthly temptations, caring about the salvation of the soul). The humanists aroused the interest of their contemporaries not in saints, but in real people. Strong, beautiful, active, smart people humanists admire.
In feudal society"noble ", that is, the best people were considered those who had noble ancestors. Humanists declared that nobility does not depend on origin. It doesn’t matter who you are by origin: the son of a prince or a shoemaker. Noble is he who has educated his soul through education and reflection on sublime subjects and how to act in life. Only such a person can achieve greatness and glory.
Became highly valued during the Renaissance education . The number of literate and educated people who read a lot, traveled, spoke several languages, and were interested in philosophy, history, and art. Wealthy people invited scholars who knew Greek to give a good education to my children.
Conversation on table questions
What did they call people who thought life and people were beautiful?(humanists).
2.Art Early Renaissance (teacher's word, slides, assignments)
Slide 1. The founder of humanism is considered famous poet Francesco Petrarch, who dreamed of rebirth former glory Rome. One day he saw in church beautiful woman, he fell in love with her immediately and loved her all his life. She died of the plague without ever reciprocating the poet's feelings. Petrarch gave his beloved the name Lau/ra and dedicated many poems to her. He was the first to call an earthly woman Madonna. He was crowned the best poet of Italy and lived at the courts of Italian rulers.
Work on an excerpt from Petrarch's sonnet (work in pairs)
Topic: love. Image: earthly woman. Main idea: love is happiness and suffering.
Slide 2 . Another founder of the Renaissance was Petrarch's student Giovanni Boccacio. He wrote a collection of short stories, The Decameron. In The Decameron, he vividly and fascinatingly showed the life and customs of various strata of Italian society and mercilessly ridiculed the hypocrisy, idleness and vanity of the clergy.
Slide 3. During the Renaissance, artists were very famous, they were invited by both Popes and rulers. Artists became interested in a real person in his earthly life. Painted and sculptural portraits, individual or family, became widespread, depicting not gods, heroes and saints, but contemporaries from different classes.
One of the most remarkable painters of the Early Renaissance was the Florentine Sandro Botticelli. The most famous paintings of the master are “Spring” and “Birth of Venus”, ...Madonna
Exercise . Look at the works of Sandro Botticelli, what features of the Renaissance we see in them?
(ancient plot, serenity, grace. Madonna has a thoughtful expression on her face with anxious and nervous excitement, like ordinary people.
IV. Reinforcing what has been learned in class.
Work in groups (the leader of the group distributes tasks so that everyone in the group has the opportunity to participate in the answer).
Exercise 1 .
In the “Book of Good Customs,” written by a resident of Florence in the 14th century, a number of instructions are given to his contemporaries:
Anyone who sleeps too long wastes time.
Remember that lost time cannot be returned.
Be careful and thrifty in all your affairs.
Beware of laziness as you would the devil himself or any other enemy if you want to succeed.
Always work hard to get benefits.
2. In what ways does he propose to achieve it?
Task2.
In Florence in the 14th-15th centuries. trading in cloth was considered a noble occupation, and a rich merchant was considered a “signor,” that is, they addressed him as a nobleman.
Think about how the new understanding of nobility differed from the knightly one?
Task 3.
1. What is the purpose and meaning of life according to the humanist Alberti?
- “Man was born not to sadly drag out his life in idleness, but then to strive for glorious and great deeds.”
“Like a ship that should not rot in the harbor, but should plow the sea, we strive through labor to achieve a laudable and glorious goal.”
“Although the accumulation of wealth is not as glorious as other important deeds, one should not, however, condemn one who devotes himself to a task that is very useful to the state and individual families.”
Task 4.
Answer only “yes” or “no” to the following statements:
- The Renaissance began in the 15th century.
- The new culture paid great attention to man and showed interest in life and nature.
- Humanists considered the purpose of life not to serve God, but to work for the benefit of people.
- Francesco Petrarca was a famous artist of the early Renaissance.
- Donatello was crowned with the title of the best poet of Italy and a laurel wreath.
- Painted and sculptural portraits became widespread.
5. Summary
Was the lesson interesting and informative? Why are you interested? What did you like?
What questions did you not receive answers to?
What didn't work in our lesson?
D.Z.
1. V. 2-6, in writing any of your choice
Early Renaissance culture
The Renaissance, as an era in the history of art and culture, is divided into four stages:
1. Proto-Renaissance, dates back to the second half of the thirteenth, early fourteenth centuries).
2. Early Renaissance, beginning of the fifteenth and until the end of this century.
3. High Renaissance, the end of the fifteenth century and the first twenty years of the sixteenth).
4. Late Renaissance, from the mid-sixteenth to the nineties of this century.
The "Early Renaissance" period spanned from 1420 to 1500. During these years, art, still completely detached from the recent past, mixed in some elements taken from the classics of antiquity.
The Renaissance is an era that reflected the beginning of the transition to capitalism from feudalism. The classical forms of the Renaissance took shape at the very beginning in Italy; a little later, similar processes began in Asia and in the countries of Eastern Europe. In each country, this type of culture had its own individual characteristics, namely ethnic characteristics, specific traditions, and the influence of other cultures. The revival is closely related to the formation of secular culture and consciousness.
The main feature of the culture of the early Renaissance, which was represented by Boccaccio, Petrarch, Donatello, Giotto, Botticelli, was the versatility and integrity of the understanding of man, culture and life. The authority of culture grew sharply all the time, but it was in no way opposed to crafts and science, but was an equivalent and equal form human activity. Before high level rose architecture and applied arts, they had a connection artistic creativity, crafts and technical design. Another feature of the Renaissance is its pronounced realistic and democratic character, in the center of which nature and man are always at the center.
Artists achieve a large and wide coverage of existing reality; they truthfully reflect all the main trends of that time. They are looking for the most effective ways and means to more clearly reproduce all the richness and diversity of forms of manifestation of reality in the world: its beauty, harmony and grace.
This era has great positive significance throughout world culture, since the ideal of free and harmonious human existence is embodied in art.
The era of the early Renaissance is a transition from the Middle Ages to the modern period. It was at that time that major changes took place in cultural and economic life with the emergence of the first rudiments of capitalist industry, with the development of banking and international trade. A scientific picture of the world is being formed, with the emergence of experimental natural science. The greatest scientists of this era: Copernicus, Bruno, and Galileo substantiate the heliocentric system. In addition, the world's first trip around the world was made by Columbus and Magellan with the aim of discovering new lands.
The culture of the Renaissance has its own development at different rates. Thus, in Italy it began in the fourteenth century, in some others only in the fifteenth. The sixteenth century is considered the highest point in the development of the Renaissance, when it spread to different European countries who are united by the ideas of humanism. This principle became an expression of the main orientation of the entire culture of this time, since it is considered the highest moral and cultural in the development of human abilities. The ideas of humanism embraced different layers of society, from merchant circles to religious spheres and the common masses. This was the time when a completely new secular intelligentsia began to emerge. Humanism is a belief in the great, completely limitless possibilities of man. Innovations appear in spiritual culture related to freedom of judgment, independence, and a bold critical spirit. The human personality, beautiful and powerful, rightfully becomes the center in the ideological sphere.
The first hymn to human dignity was written by Dante Alighieri - it was “ The Divine Comedy" This work combines poetry and philosophy. It even has theology, a science that is imbued with great faith in the purpose of man on earth. Dante's contemporary Petrarch was a philosopher and lyric poet. It is he who is called the founder of the Italian humanistic movement of the Renaissance.
