A journey into the wonderful world of El Salvador. Childhood and school years

Great and extraordinary man Salvador Dali was born in Spain in the city of Figueres in 1904 on May 11. His parents were very different. My mother believed in God, but my father, on the contrary, was an atheist. Salvador Dali's father's name was also Salvador. Many people believe that Dali was named after his father, but this is not entirely true. Although father and son had the same names, the younger Salvador Dali was named in memory of his brother, who died before he was two years old. This worried the future artist, as he felt like a double, some kind of echo of the past. Salvador had a sister who was born in 1908.

The childhood of Salvador Dali

In 1921, Salvador Dali went to Madrid and entered the Academy of Fine Arts there. He didn't like studying. He believed that he himself could teach his teachers the art of drawing. He stayed in Madrid only because he was interested in communicating with his comrades. There he met Federico García Lorca and Luis Buñuel.

Studying at the Academy

In 1924 Dali was expelled from the academy for misbehavior. Returning there a year later, he was again expelled in 1926 without the right to reinstatement. The incident that led to this situation was simply amazing. During one of the exams, the academy professor asked to name the 3 greatest artists in the world. Dali replied that he would not answer questions of this kind, because not a single teacher from the academy had the right to be his judge. Dali was too contemptuous of teachers.

And by this time, Salvador Dali already had his own exhibition, which he visited himself. This was the catalyst for the artists to meet.

Salvador Dali's close relationship with Buñuel resulted in a film called “Un Chien Andalou,” which had a surrealistic slant. In 1929, Dali officially became a surrealist.

How Dali found his muse

In 1929, Dali found his muse. She became Gala Eluard. It is she who is depicted in many paintings by Salvador Dali. A serious passion arose between them, and Gala left her husband to be with Dali. At the time of meeting his beloved, Dali lived in Cadaqués, where he bought himself a hut without any special amenities. With the help of Gala Dali, it was possible to organize several excellent exhibitions, which took place in cities such as Barcelona, ​​London, and New York.

In 1936, a very tragicomic moment happened. At one of his exhibitions in London Dali decided to give a lecture in a diver's suit. Soon he began to choke. Actively gesturing with his hands, he asked to take off his helmet. The public took it as a joke, and everything worked out.

By 1937, when Dali had already visited Italy, the style of his work had changed significantly. The works of the Renaissance masters were too strongly influenced. Dali was expelled from the surrealist society.

During World War II, Dali went to the United States, where he was recognized, and quickly achieved success. In 1941, the museum opened its doors for his personal exhibition. contemporary art USA. Having written his autobiography in 1942, Dali felt that he was truly famous, as the book sold out very quickly. In 1946, Dali collaborated with Alfred Hitchcock. Of course, looking at the success of your former comrade Andre Breton could not miss the chance to write an article in which he humiliated Dali - “ Salvador Dali- Avida Dollars" ("Rowing dollars").

In 1948, Salvador Dali returned to Europe and settled in Port Lligat, traveling from there to Paris and then back to New York.

Dali was very famous person. He did almost everything and was successful. It is impossible to count all his exhibitions, but the most memorable is the exhibition at the Tate Gallery, which was visited by about 250 million people, which cannot fail to impress.

Salvador Dali died in 1989 on January 23 after the death of Gala, who died in 1982.

Well, here's a biography of Salvador Dali. Salvador is one of my favorite artists. I tried to add more dirty details delicious interesting facts and quotes from friends from the master’s circle that are not on other sites. Available short biography artist's creativity - see navigation below. Much is taken from Gabriella Poletta’s film “The Biography of Salvador Dali,” so be careful, spoilers!

When inspiration leaves me, I put my brush and paints aside and sit down to scribble something about the people who inspire me. So it goes.

Salvador Dali, biography. Table of contents.

The Dalís would spend the next eight years in the United States. Immediately upon their arrival in America, Salvador and Gala launched a grandiose orgy of a PR event. They threw a costume party in a surreal style (Gala sat in a unicorn costume, hmm) and invited the most prominent people from the bohemian party of their time. Dali began to exhibit quite successfully in America, and his shocking antics were very much loved by the American press and the bohemian crowd. What, what, they have never seen such masterly and artistic silliness.

In 1942, the surrealist published his autobiography “ Secret life Salvador Dali, painted by himself." The book will be slightly shocking for unprepared minds, I say right away. Although it's worth reading, it's interesting. Despite the obvious strangeness of the author, it is quite easy and relaxed to read. IMHO, Dali, as a writer, is quite good, in his own way, of course.

However, despite the huge critical success, Gala again had difficulty finding buyers for her paintings. But everything changed when, in 1943, a wealthy couple from Colorado visited the Dali exhibition - Reynold and Eleanor Mos became regular buyers of Salvador’s paintings and family friends. The Moss purchased a quarter of all Salvador Dali's paintings and later founded the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg, but not in the one you think of, but in America, in Florida.

We started collecting his works, often met with Dali and Gala, and he liked us because we liked his paintings. Gala also fell in love with us, but she needed to maintain her reputation as a person with a difficult character; she was torn between her sympathy for us and her reputation. (c) Eleanor Mos

Dali worked closely as a designer, participating in the creation of jewelry and scenery. In 1945, Hitchcock invited the master to create the scenery for his film Spellbound. Even Walt Disney was captivated magical world Dali. In 1946, he commissioned a cartoon that would introduce Americans to surrealism. True, the sketches turned out to be so surreal that the cartoon will never appear in theaters, but later, nevertheless, it will be finished. It's called Destino. The cartoon is schizophasic, very beautiful, with high-quality drawings and is worth watching, unlike The Andalusian Dog (don't watch the dog, honestly).

Salvador Dali's spat with the surrealists.

While the entire artistic and intellectual community hated Franco, he was a dictator who had taken over the republic by force. Dali, however, decided to go against popular opinion. (c) Antonio Pichot.

Dali was a monarchist, he talked with Franco and he told him that she was going to restore the monarchy. So Dali was for Franco. (c) Lady Moyne

The painting of El Salvador at this time acquired a particularly academic character. The master's paintings of this period are especially characterized by a classical component, despite the obvious surreal nature of the plot. The maestro also paints landscapes and classic paintings without any surrealism. Many of the paintings also take on a distinctly religious character. Famous paintings by Salvador Dali of this time - Atomic ice, Last Supper, Christ of Saint Juan de la Cruz, etc.

The prodigal son returned to the fold catholic church and in 1958 Dali and Gala got married. Dali was 54 years old, Gala 65. However, despite the wedding, their romance changed. Gala's goal was to turn Salvador Dali into a world celebrity and she has already achieved her goal. There's no denying that their partnership was much more than just a business arrangement. But Gala loved young stallions, so that they could stand for an hour without a break, and Salvadorich was no longer the same. He no longer looked like the sexless, extravagant ephebe she had known before. Therefore, their relationship cooled noticeably, and Gala was increasingly seen surrounded by young gigolos and without Salvador.

Many people thought that Dali was just a showman, but this is not so. He worked 18 hours a day, admiring the local landscapes. I think he was basically a simple person. (c) Lady Moyne.

Amanda Lear, Salvador Dali's second great love.

Salvador, who had been partying all his life with burning eyes, turned into a shaking, unhappy animal with a hunted look. Time spares no one.

Death of Gala, wife of a surrealist.

Soon the maestro was waiting for a new blow. In 1982, at the age of 88, Gala died of a heart attack. Despite the rather cool temperatures Lately relationship, Salvador Dali, with the death of Gala, lost his core, the basis of his existence and became like an apple whose core had rotted.

For Dali this was a huge blow. It was as if his world was falling apart. A terrible time has come. Time deepest depression. (c) Antonio Pichot.

After Gala's death, Dali went downhill. He left for Pubol. (c) Lady Moyne.

The famous surrealist moved to the castle bought for his wife, where traces of her former presence allowed him to somehow brighten up his existence.

I think it was a big mistake to retire to this castle, where he was surrounded by people who did not know him at all, but in this way Dali mourned Gala (c) Lady Moyne.

Once a well-known party animal, Salvador, whose house was always full of people drunk on pink champagne, turned into a recluse who only allowed close friends to visit him.

He said, okay, let's meet, but in complete darkness. I don't want you to see how gray and old I have become. I want her to remember me as young and beautiful (c) Amanda.

I was asked to visit him. He put a bottle of red wine and a glass on the table, placed an armchair, and remained in the bedroom with the door closed. (c) Lady Moyne.

Fire and death of Salvador Dali

Fate, which had previously spoiled Dali with luck, decided, as if in revenge for all the previous years, to throw Salvador new trouble. In 1984, there was a fire in the castle. None of the nurses on duty around the clock responded to Dali’s cries for help. When Dali was rescued, his body was 25 percent burned. Unfortunately, fate did not give easy for the artist death and he recovered, although he was exhausted and covered with scars from burns. Salvador's friends persuaded him to leave his castle and move to a museum in Figueres. Salvador Dali spent his last years before his death surrounded by his art.

5 years later, Salvador Dali died in a hospital in Barcelona from cardiac arrest. So it goes.

Such an ending seems too sad for a man who was so full of life and so different from others. He was incredible person. (c) Lady Moyne

Tell this to Vrubel and Van Gogh.

Salvador Dali enriched our lives not only with his paintings. I'm glad he allowed us to get to know him so intimately. (c) Eleanor Mos

I felt that a huge, very significant part of my life had ended, as if I had lost my own father. (c) Amanda.

For many, the meeting with Dali was a real discovery of something new. huge world, unusual philosophy. Compared to him, all these contemporary artists Those who try to copy his style look simply pathetic. (c) Ultraviolet.

Before his death, Salvador Dali bequeathed to be buried in his museum, surrounded by his works, under the feet of his admiring fans.

There are probably people who don't even know that he died, they think he just doesn't work anymore. In a sense, it doesn't matter whether Dali is alive or dead. For pop culture, he is always alive. (c) Alice Cooper.

On May 11, 1904 at 8:45 a.m. in Spain, in Catalonia (northeast Spain), Figueres, little Dali was born. Full name: Salvador Felipe Jacinto Dali y Domenech. His parents are Don Salvador Dali y Cusi and Dona Felipa Domenech. Salvador means "Savior" in Spanish. They named Salvador after his deceased brother. He died of meningitis a year before Dali was born in 1903. Dali also had a younger sister, Anna-Maria, who in the future would be the image of many of his paintings. Raised by parents little Dali differently. Since since childhood he had been distinguished by his impulsive and eccentric character, his father was literally infuriated by his antics. Mom, on the contrary, allowed him absolutely everything.

I'm pi He got into bed almost until he was eight years old - just for his own pleasure. In the house I reigned and commanded. Nothing was impossible for me. My father and mother didn’t pray for me (The Secret Life of Salvador Dali, as told by himself)

Dali's desire for creativity manifested itself from early childhood. At the age of 4, he began to draw with a zeal unprecedented for a child. At the age of six, Dali was attracted to the image of Napoleon and identifying himself with him, he felt the need for power. Having put on the king's fancy dress, he took great pleasure in his appearance. Well, he painted his first picture when he was 10 years old. It was a small landscape in the impressionist style, drawn oil paints on a wooden plank. Then Salvador began taking drawing lessons from Professor Joao Nunez. Thus, at the age of 14, one could confidently see the talent of Salvador Dali incarnate.

When he was almost 15 years old, Dali was expelled from the monastic school for bad behavior. But this was not a failure for him; he passed his exams with flying colors and entered college. In Spain, schools of secondary education were called institutes. And in 1921 he graduated from the institute with excellent grades.
Afterwards he entered the Madrid Academy of Art. When Dali was 16 years old, he began to get involved along with painting and literature, and began to write. He publishes his essays in the self-made publication “Studio”. And in general it leads enough active life. Managed to serve a day in prison for participating in student unrest.

Salvador Dali dreamed of creating own style in painting. In the early 20s he admired the work of the futurists. At the same time, he makes acquaintances with famous poets of that time (Garcia Lorca, Luis Bonuel). The relationship between Dali and Lorca was very close. In 1926, Lorca's poem "Ode to Salvador Dalí" was published, and in 1927, Dalí designed the sets and costumes for the production of Lorca's "Mariana Pineda".
In 1921, Dali's mother dies. The father later marries another woman. For Dali, this looks like a betrayal. Later in his works he portrays the image of a father who wants to destroy his son. This event left its mark on the artist’s work.

In 1923, Dali became very interested in the works of Pablo Picasso. At the same time, problems began at the academy. He was suspended for a year for disciplinary violations.

In 1925, Dali held his first personal exhibition at the Dalmau Gallery. He presented 27 paintings and 5 drawings.

In 1926, Dali completely stopped making efforts to study, because... disappointed in school. And they kicked him out after the incident. He did not agree with the teachers’ decision regarding one of the painting teachers, then stood up and left the hall. A brawl immediately broke out in the hall. Of course, Dali was considered guilty, although he didn’t even know about what happened, and he ends up in prison, although not for long. But he soon returned to the academy. Ultimately, his behavior led to his expulsion from the academy for his refusal to take an oral examination. As soon as he learns that his last question is a question about Raphael, Dali declared: “... I do not know less than three professors combined, and I refuse to answer them because I am better informed on this matter.”

In 1927, Dali traveled to Italy to become familiar with Renaissance painting. While he was not yet part of the surrealist group led by Andre Breton and Max Ernst, he later joined them in 1929. Breton deeply studied the works of Freud. He said that by discovering unexpressed thoughts and desires hidden in the subconscious, surrealism could create new image life and the way of perceiving it.

In 1928, he left for Paris to find himself.

At the beginning of 1929, Dali tried himself as a director. The first film based on his script by Luis Bonuel was released. The film was called "Un Chien Andalou". Surprisingly, the film script was written in 6 days! The premiere was a sensation, as the film itself was very extravagant. Considered a classic of surrealism. Consisted of a set of frames and scenes. It was a small short film, designed to touch the heart of the bourgeoisie and ridicule the principles of the avant-garde.

IN personal life Dali did not have anything bright and significant until 1929. Of course, he walked around, had numerous relationships with girls, but they never went far. And just in 1929, Dali truly fell in love. HER name was Elena Dyakonova or Gala. Russian by origin, she was 10 years older than him. She was married to the writer Paul Eluard, but their relationship was already falling apart. Her fleeting movements, gestures, her expressiveness are like the second New Symphony: they reveal the architectonic contours of a perfect soul, crystallizing in the grace of the body itself, in the aroma of the skin, in the sparkling sea foam of her life. Expressing an exquisite breath of feelings, plasticity and expressiveness materialize in impeccable architecture made of flesh and blood . (The Secret Life of Salvador Dali)

They met when Dali returned to Cadaques to work on an exhibition of his paintings. Among the guests of the exhibition was Paul Eluard with his then-wife Gala. Gala became Dali's inspiration in many of his works. He painted all kinds of portraits of her, as well as various images based on their relationship and passion." First kiss, - Dali wrote later, - when our teeth collided and our tongues intertwined, was only the beginning of that hunger that made us bite and gnaw each other to the very essence of our being." Such images often appeared in Dali's subsequent works: chops on a human body, fried eggs, cannibalism - all these images recall the frenetic sexual liberation of a young man.

Dali wrote in an absolutely unique style. It seems that he painted images known to everyone: animals, objects. But he arranged them and connected them in a completely unimaginable way. Could connect the torso of a woman with a rhinoceros, for example, or a melted watch. Dali himself would call this the “paranoid-critical method.”

1929 Dali had his first personal exhibition in Paris at the Geman Gallery, after which he began his path to the pinnacle of fame.

In 1930, Dali's paintings began to bring him fame. His work was influenced by the works of Freud. In his paintings he reflected human sexual experiences, as well as destruction and death. His masterpieces such as “The Persistence of Memory” were created. Dali also creates numerous models from various objects.

In 1932, the second film based on Dali’s script, “The Golden Age,” premiered in London.

Gala divorces her husband in 1934 and marries Dali. This woman was Dali’s muse and deity throughout his life.

Between 1936 and 1937, Dali worked on one of his most famous paintings, “Metamorphoses of Narcissus,” and a book of the same name immediately appeared.
In 1939, Dali had a serious quarrel with his father. The father was dissatisfied with his son’s relationship with Gala and forbade Dali to appear in the house.

After the occupation in 1940, Dalí moved from France to the USA to California. There he opens his workshop. She writes her own there too famous book"The Secret Life of Salvador Dali." After his marriage to Gala, Dali left the surrealist group because... His and the group's views begin to diverge. “I don’t care at all about the gossip that Andre Breton might spread about me, he simply doesn’t want to forgive me for the fact that I remain the last and only surrealist, but it is still necessary that one fine day the whole world will read these lines , found out how everything really happened." ("The Diary of a Genius").

In 1948, Dali returned to his homeland. Begins to get involved in religious and fantastic themes.

In 1953, a large-scale exhibition took place in Rome. He exhibits 24 paintings, 27 drawings, 102 watercolors.

In 1956, Dali began a period when the inspiration for his second work was the idea of ​​the Angel. God for him is an elusive concept that cannot be specified in any way. God for him is not a cosmic concept either, because this would impose certain restrictions on him. Dali sees God as a collection of contradictory thoughts that cannot be reduced to any structured idea. But Dali really believed in the existence of angels. He spoke about this this way: “Whatever dreams fall to my lot, they are capable of giving me pleasure only if they have complete authenticity. Therefore, if I already experience such pleasure when angelic images approach, then I have every reason believe that angels really exist."

Meanwhile, in 1959, since his father no longer wanted to let Dali in, he and Gala settled down to live in Port Lligat. Dali's paintings were already extremely popular, sold for a lot of money, and he himself was famous. He often communicates with William Tell. Under the influence, he creates such works as “The Riddle of William Tell” and “William Tell”.

Basically, Dali worked on several topics: the paranoid-critical method, the Freudian-sexual theme, the theory of modern physics and sometimes religious motives.

In the 60s, the relationship between Gala and Dali began to crack. Gala asked to buy another house in order to move out. After that, their relationship was only the remnants of a past bright life, but the image of Gala never left Dali and continued to be an inspiration.
In 1973, the Dali Museum opened in Figueras, incredible in its content. Until now, he amazes viewers with his surreal appearance.
In 1980, Dali began to have health problems. The death of Franco, head of state of Spain, shocked and frightened Dalí. Doctors suspect he has Parkinson's disease. Dali's father died from this disease.

In 1982, Gala died on June 10. For Dali, this was a terrible blow. He did not participate in the funeral. They say that Dali entered the crypt only a few hours later. “Look, I’m not crying,” was all he said. The death of Gala for Dali was a huge blow in his life. What the artist lost with Gala’s departure was known only to him. He walked alone through the rooms of their house, saying something about happiness and the beauty of Gala. He stopped drawing and sat for hours in the dining room, where all the shutters were closed.
Last work"Swallowtail" was completed in 1983.

In 1983, Dali’s health seemed to improve, and he began to go out for walks. But these changes were short-lived.

On August 30, 1984, there was a fire in Dali’s house. The burns on his body covered 18% of the skin surface.
By February 1985, Dali’s health was improving again and he even gave an interview to the newspaper.
But in November 1988, Dali was admitted to the hospital. The diagnosis is heart failure. On January 23, 1989, Salvador Dali passed away. He was 84 years old.

At his request, the body was embalmed and was kept in his museum for a week. Dali was buried in the very center of his own museum under a simple slab without inscriptions. The life of Salvador Dali has always been bright and eventful; throughout his life he was distinguished by his extraordinary and extravagant behavior. He changed unusual costumes, the style of his mustache, and constantly praised his talent in the books he wrote (“The Diary of a Genius,” “Dali by Dali,” “ golden book Dali", "The Secret Life of Salvador Dali"). There was such a case when he gave lectures at the London Group Rooms in 1936. It was held as part of International exhibition surrealists. Dali appeared in the costume of a deep sea diver.

Salvador Dali (1904─1989) – great spanish artist and sculptor, writer, graphic artist, director. One of the brightest and most talented representatives of the surrealist movement in painting.

Birth and family

In the northeastern part of Spain, not far from Barcelona, ​​there is a small town called Figueres. At the very beginning of the twentieth century, on May 11, 1904, the future genius Salvador Dali was born in this place. His family at that time consisted only of his parents - his father, Don Salvador Dali y Cusi, and his mother, Dona Filipa Domenech. Later, Salvador had a little sister, Anna Maria.

Before this, there was already one son in the family, but he died of meningitis in 1903, just shy of two years old. When the future artist was only 5 years old, while visiting his brother’s grave, his parents had the imprudence to say that Salvador was his reincarnation. From that moment on, Dali had an obsessive idea that his parents loved not him at all, but his older deceased brother in the person of Salvador. Ideas of this kind will be characteristic of a genius throughout his life.

But the parents actually loved both Salvador and him very much. younger sister. The family was of average income, father was a wealthy state notary, mother was engaged in housekeeping and raising children. The father was an atheist, but the mother, on the contrary, was an unwavering Catholic, thanks to her insistence the children regularly attended church.

Childhood and school years

Father and mother gave their children the most worthy education they were capable of, given their financial situation. In 1910 the boy was sent to primary school"Immaculate Conception" Christian Brothers.

Dali grew up very smart child, but for unknown reasons he himself argued the opposite. He was uncontrollable and arrogant. One day, while with his mother in a shopping area, Salvador threw a tantrum over a piece of candy. The candy shop was closed for siesta, but the boy was screaming so loudly that passing police officers begged the owner-trader to open the shop and sell the ill-fated candy to the child. Salvador achieved his goal by any means: he was capricious, feigned, and attracted the attention of strangers.

Because of this character, Dali was unable to make friends with the kids at school. In addition, conduct the usual school life He was hampered by all sorts of phobias and complexes. Even from his school days, he began to exhibit some kind of split personality. He played with the guys gambling, but when he lost, he behaved like a winner. He was never able to find common ground with his classmates and develop sympathy or friendship with at least one of them. A strange, eccentric child evoked a corresponding reaction from the children. When the children learned that Dali was terribly afraid of grasshoppers, they began to catch these insects and throw them down his collar. He started having wild hysterics, which amused the children. One only child, with whom Salvador had at least some kind of human relationship, was the future Barcelona football player Josep Samitier.

Painting training

His talent for drawing emerged from early years, in school textbooks and notebooks in the margins, he often drew caricatures to make his little sister laugh. Family friend Ramon Pichot was an impressionist artist, he noticed the boy's abilities and helped him develop in this direction.

In the town of Cadaques by the sea, the Dali family had a small house. Here in 1916 the future artist spent his holidays. He liked to communicate with the lower strata of society, he talked for a long time with local workers and fishermen, and eagerly studied the superstitions and mythology of his people. Perhaps even then mystical themes were woven into his creative talent.

In parallel with receiving a regular education, the boy was enrolled in the municipal art school where he studied fine arts. After completing his studies here, he entered the Academy of the Brothers of the Marist Order in Figueres, where the Spanish artist Nunez taught Dali the methods of original engraving.

In 1921, a tragedy struck the family: my mother died of cancer.

Madrid

After the death of his mother, Dali decided to leave for Madrid. He persuaded his father to let him go and help him enter the Academy of Fine Arts.

In 1922, Salvador Dali prepared a drawing for the entrance exams that turned out to be too small. The caretaker from the Academy told Dali’s father about this, and he, already tired of his son’s whims, asked him to redraw it in an amicable way. There was three days left, but Salvador was in no hurry to write, which drove his father to white heat. On the day of the exam, the young man told his father that he had made a drawing, only even smaller than the previous one; for his parent, such a challenge was a strong blow. But the commission considered the high skill in Dali’s work and accepted him into the Academy.

He began his studies in Madrid and settled in student dormitory for gifted young people. Along with his studies, Dali was very interested in the works of Freud, showed off in society, and made new useful acquaintances.

Salvador wrote a lot at this time, introducing new trends into his paintings: cubism and Dadaism.

But in 1926, despite his talent, Salvador was expelled from the Academy for his disgusting arrogance and disdainful attitude towards teachers. That same year he left for Paris.

Creative path

In the French capital, Dali met Pablo Picasso. Under his influence, he created a number of paintings that took part in exhibitions and brought popularity to the artist.

Salvador wrote in the style of surrealism. His paintings intertwined myths with reality, and his deep study of psychology according to Freud left a significant imprint on his work.

In 1937, the artist visited Italy, he was delighted with the works of the Renaissance, after which he own paintings even correct human proportions appeared, but still with surreal fantasies.

At the beginning of World War II, Salvador left for the United States, where he lived until 1948. In America, he also discovered his talent for writing; in 1942, his autobiography “The Secret Life of Salvador Dali” was published. Acquaintance with Walt Disney also brought Dali experience of working in cinema. Director Alfred Hitchcock shot the film Spellbound, and Salvador wrote the scenery for it.

Returning to Spain, the artist worked a lot and, as before, conquered the whole world with his works, exhibitions and shocking antics.

In 1969, Dali became interested in sculpture, among his most famous works:

• "Gala in the Window";
• "Seated Don Quixote";
• "Space Elephant"
• "The horse and rider are stumbling."

An incredible love story

Elena Dyakonova, known throughout the world as Gala, became the famous muse and wife of Salvador Dali.

They met in the summer of 1929, at that time Elena was married to French poet Paul Eluard and at the same time had a lover, Mark Ernst. The woman was too loving, she simply adored sex, could not exist without it.

Gala was older than Dali for 10 years. At the time of their acquaintance, he was a young aspiring artist who came from a provincial town, and Gala was experienced and sophisticated, self-confident and sophisticated, moving in the highest circles of society. He was struck by her beauty.

It cannot be said that Gala had beauty in the usual sense of the word; she, like a magnet, attracted men to her, they became as if bewitched and lost their minds from this woman.

Gala and Dali became close, but this did not stop the woman from continuing her relationship with her husband and also having lovers along the way; at that time in bohemian circles this was considered normal.

But in the end she left her husband and moved in with Dali in 1930, she told him then: “My boy, we will never part”. She not only satisfied his sexual fantasies, Gala became everything for Salvador: patroness, business manager, organizer.

It was Gala who made the artist famous throughout the world; she used all her connections, organized exhibitions, and brought his works to connoisseurs. And he created with such zeal that one painting had not yet been completed, and another was already asking to be put on canvas. Dali painted his muse, which inspired him so much, constantly. Now his paintings were signed double name Gala - Salvador Dali.

Husband Paul Eluard before last days wrote her love letters full of tenderness. And only after his death in 1952 did Gala and Salvador get married.

When Dali began to lose interest in paintings, Gala gave him new idea creating designer furniture. Rich people all over the world were ready to give any money for sofas in uniform female lips, elephants on thin legs or a fancy watch with a strange dial. Salvador Dali is also the author of the packaging design for Chupa Chups caramel.

Their relationship is for ordinary world seemed strange, but for the two of them it was normal. The woman changed lovers like gloves, Dali constantly had fun in the company of young girls, spending a lot of money on them. In 1965, El Salvador had a second muse - Amanda Lear, a 19-year-old model and singer.

But Gala remained the only woman to whom he completely obeyed. If not for her, the world might never have known the great genius of Salvador Dali. First, she inspired self-confidence in the young, insecure artist, then she fully revealed the full scope of his talent: she made Dali the idol of the planet, while constantly protecting and defending him. And he bowed to her.

Their amazing relationship lasted 53 years. Gala died in 1982 at the age of 88. Her body was embalmed, dressed in a red dress and placed in a coffin with a glass lid. In their castle of Pubol, during her lifetime, she built a crypt for the two of them, and the woman was buried there.

The last years of life and death of a genius

Dali survived his wife by 7 years. After Gal's death, he had terrible depression, and Parkinson's disease was rapidly developing. He spent last years in seclusion in the Pubol castle, where the woman of his life lay under a glass lid.

He painted a little, but the paintings were very simple, and a thin thread of grief ran through them everywhere.

Over time, he stopped writing, speaking, and then moving. The old man was distraught, it was almost impossible to care for him, he bit the nurses, threw whatever came to hand at them, and screamed.

He died on January 23, 1989. Finally, he shocked the whole world with his will - to bury himself not next to the woman he loved; he asked that people walk on his grave. In the town of Figueres there is a Dali theater-museum; in one of the rooms, his body is walled up under the floor...

Municipal Treasury Educational institution
"Average comprehensive school №9"

Project
The world of phantasmagoria by Salvador Dali

Completed by: 8-B grade student
Varenova Amina
Supervisor:
Alferenkova Olga Vladimirovna

Introduction:
Salvador Dali Spanish painter, graphic artist, sculptor, director, writer. One of the most famous representatives surrealism.

I decided to take the topic “The World of Phantasmagoria of Salvador Dali” because it seemed interesting to me. I also wanted to learn a little more about Dali’s paintings and what surrealism is, and also tell you.

Biography:
Salvador Dali ( full name Salvador Domenech Felip Jacinte Dalí and Domenech, Marquis de Dalí de Pubol) was born in 1904 in the town of Figueres in Catalonia, in the family of a lawyer.

Since childhood, the future artist suffered from phobias. In particular, he was very afraid of grasshoppers. Classmates took advantage of this and sometimes made fun of the “non-standard” student.His creative abilities manifested themselves already in early childhood. At the age of seventeen he was admitted to the Madrid Academy of Fine Arts.

During his first trip to Paris in 1926, he met P. Picasso. Under the impression of a meeting that changed the direction of the search for one’s own artistic language, corresponding to his worldview, Dali creates his first surreal work« Splendor of the hand »

(Annex 1)
(Appendix 2)

What is surrealism?

Surrealism is a movement in art, philosophy and culture that was formed by the beginning of 1920 in France. It is distinguished by an emphatically conceptual approach to art, the use of illusions and paradoxical combinations of forms.

Surrealism is not a party, not a label, but a one-of-a-kind state
spirit, not constrained by slogans or morality. Surrealism - complete freedom
human being and his right to dream. I am not a surrealist, I am surrealism... S. Dali
(Appendix 3)

By 1929, surrealism had become a controversial and, for many, unacceptable movement in painting. But it was in that year 1929 that Dali fell in love - Elena Dyakonova or Gala, which was the wife of the writer Paul Eluard . It is this woman who will become a muse for the rest of her life. (in 1934 she divorced her husband). In the early 30s, Salvador Dali entered into some kind of conflict on political grounds with the surrealists. His admiration for Adolf Hitler and his monarchical inclinations ran counter totheir ideas . Dali broke with the surrealists after they accused him of counter-revolutionary activities .

At the end of the 60s, the relationship between Dali and Gala began to fade. And at Gala’s request, Dali was forced to buy her his own castle, where she spent a lot of time in the company of young people. The rest of them life together represented smoldering firebrands that were once a bright fire of passion.
(Appendix 4)
(Appendix 5)
(Appendix 6)

In 1973, the Dali Museum was opened in Figueres. This incomparable surrealistic creation still delights visitors to this day. The museum is a retrospective of the life of the great artist. Gala died in 1982. Although their relationship could not be called close, Dali took her death as a terrible blow. Soon, in Dali's house caught fire. The burns on the artist's body covered 18% of the skin. Salvador Dali's heart stopped on January 23, 1989. His body was pained, as he requested, and for a week he lay in his museum in Figueres. Salvador Dali was buried in the center of his museum.

(Appendix 7)

(Appendix 8)

Symbolism of Dali in paintings
Dali’s symbolism is not accidental (just as everything in life is not accidental, according to the maestro): being interested in Freud’s ideas, the surrealist came up with and used symbols in order to emphasize hidden meaning their works. Most often - to indicate the conflict between the “hard” bodily shell of a person and his soft “fluid” emotional and mental filling.
Bread
Perhaps the fact that Salvador Dali depicted bread in many of his works and used it to create surreal objects, testified to his fear of poverty and hunger. Dali was always a big “fan” of bread. It is no coincidence that he used buns to decorate the walls of the theater-museum in Figueres.
(Appendix 9)
(Appendix 10)

Crutches
One day, little Salvador found old crutches in the attic, and their purpose impressed the young genius. strong impression. For a long time, crutches became for him the embodiment of confidence and hitherto unprecedented arrogance. By participating in the creation of " Brief dictionary surrealism" in 1938, Salvador Dali wrote that crutches are a symbol of support, without which certain soft structures are unable to maintain their shape or vertical position.
(Appendix 11)
Soft (molten) watch
Dali said that liquid is a material reflection of the indivisibility of space and the flexibility of time. One day after eating, while examining a piece of soft Camembert cheese, the artist found the perfect way to express man's changing perception of time - soft watch. This symbol combines psychological aspect with extraordinary semantic expressiveness. "Consistency of time" is one of the famous paintings a great artist, which is a kind of symbol of the transience and relativity of temporary space.

(Appendix 12)

Body parts.
By depicting legs, fingers, torsos and heads, Dali implied freedom. He himself admitted that he liked to look at his thumb, holding a palette in his hand and admiring his isolation.
(Appendix 13)

Conclusion:
I'm glad I took this topic. During this project, I learned a lot of new things and became interested in the paintings of Salvador Dali. I hope that you liked my presentation and learned a lot of interesting and educational things.

Sources:

https:// ru. wikipedia. org/ wiki/% D0%94% D0% B0% D0% BB% D0% B8,_% D0% A1% D0% B0% D0% BB% D1%8 C% D0% B2% D0% B0% D0% B4% D0% BE% D1%80

https:// artchive. ru/ publications/299~ Kak_ eto_ ponjat_ dictionary_ simvolov_ Salvadora_ Dali

http:// www. artgit. ru/ khudozhniki/ salvador- dali. html