Hemingway's works. Ernest Hemingway - biography, information, personal life

Name: Ernest Hemingway

Age: 61 years old

Height: 183

Activity: writer, journalist, Nobel laureate

Family status: was married

Ernest Hemingway: biography

Nobel Prize winner Hemingway was the most translated into Russian foreign writer during the Soviet Union. Ernest’s works were published in the magazines “30 Days”, “Abroad”, “International Literature”, etc., and in European countries this gifted man was called “the number one master of the pen.”

The great writer was born in America, on the southwestern coast of Lake Michigan, not far from the cultural capital of the Midwest - Chicago, in the provincial town of Oak Park. Ernest was the second child of six children. The boy was raised far from literary art, but wealthy parents: the popular performer Mrs. Grace Hall, who retired from the stage, and Mr. Clarence Edmont Hemingway, who devoted his life to medicine and natural history.

It is worth saying that Miss Hall was a unique woman. Before her marriage, she delighted many cities in the United States with her sonorous voice, but left the singing field due to intolerance to stage light. After leaving, Hall blamed everyone for her failure, but not herself. Having accepted Hemingway's marriage proposal, this interesting woman She lived with him all her life, devoting her time to raising children.

But even after marriage, Grace remained a strange and eccentric young lady. Ernest was born until he was four years old in girls' dresses and with bows on his head because Mrs. Hemingway wanted a girl, but the second child was a boy.

In his free time, general practitioner Clarence loved to go hiking, hunting and fishing with his son. When Ernest was 3 years old, he got his own fishing rod. Later, childhood impressions associated with nature will be reflected in Hemingway's stories.

In his youth, Khem (the writer’s nickname) read voraciously classic literature and wrote stories. While at school, Ernest made his debut in a local newspaper as a journalist: he wrote notes about past events, concerts and sports competitions.

Although Ernest studied at the local Oak Park school, in his works he often describes northern Michigan - a picturesque place where he went on summer vacation in 1916. After this trip, Ernie wrote a hunting story, “Sepi Zhingan.”

Among other things, the future laureate in literature had an excellent sports training: He was fond of football, swimming and boxing, which played a cruel joke on the talented young man. Due to the injury, Hem was practically blind in his left eye and also damaged his left ear. For this reason, in the future the young man was not accepted into the army for a long time.

Ernie wanted to become a writer, but his parents had other plans for their son's future. Clarence dreamed that his son would follow in his father’s footsteps and graduate from medical school, and Grace wanted to raise a second child, imposing music lessons that he hated on her child. This mother’s whim affected Khem’s studies, as he missed a whole year of compulsory classes, studying the cello every day. “She thought I had abilities, but I had no talent,” said the elderly writer in the future.

After graduating from high school, Ernest, disobeying his parents, did not go to university, but began to master the art of journalism in the city newspaper of Kansas, The Kansas City Star. At work, police reporter Hemingway encountered such social phenomena, like deviant behavior, dishonor, crime and corruption of women; he visited crime scenes, fires, and visited various prisons. However, this dangerous profession helped Ernest in literature, because he constantly observed the behavior of people and their everyday dialogues, devoid of metaphorical delights.

Literature

After participating in military battles in 1919, the classic moved to Canada and returned to journalism. His new employer was the editors of the Toronto Star newspaper, which allowed the gifted young man to write materials on any topic. However, not all of the reporter’s works were published.

After a quarrel with his mother, Hemingway took things from his native Oak Park and moved to Chicago. There the writer continued to collaborate with Canadian newspapermen and at the same time published notes in the Co-operative Commonwealth.

In 1821, after his marriage, Ernest Hemingway fulfilled his dream and moved to the city of love - Paris. Later, impressions of France will be reflected in the book of memoirs “A holiday that is always with you.”

There he met Sylvia Beach, the eminent owner of the bookstore "& Company", which was located not far from the Seine. This woman had enormous influence in literary circle, because it was she who published James Joyce’s scandalous novel “Ulysses,” which was banned by censors in the United States.

Hemingway also became friends with the famous writer Gertrude Stein, who was wiser and more experienced than Hem and considered him her student all her life. The extravagant woman disdained the creativity of journalists and insisted that Ernie be involved in literary activities as much as possible.

Triumph came to the master of the pen in the fall of 1926 after the publication of the novel “The Sun Also Rises” (“Fiesta”) about the “lost generation.” Main character Jake Barnes (Hemingway's prototype) fought for his country. But during the war he received a serious injury, which forced him to change his attitude towards life and women. Therefore, his love for Lady Brett Ashley was platonic in nature, and Jake healed his emotional wounds with the help of alcohol.

In 1929, Hemingway wrote the immortal novel “A Farewell to Arms!”, which is still included in mandatory list literature for study in schools and higher education educational institutions. In 1933, the master composed a collection short stories“The winner takes nothing,” and in 1936 Esquire magazine published famous work Hemingway's The Snows of Kilimanjaro, about writer Harry Smith who searches for the meaning of life while traveling on safari. Four years later, the war work “For Whom the Bell Tolls” was released.

In 1949, Ernest moved to sunny Cuba, where he continued to study literature. In 1952 he wrote the philosophical and religious story “The Old Man and the Sea,” for which he was awarded the Pulitzer and Nobel Prizes.

Personal life

The personal life of Ernest Hemingway was so replete with all sorts of events that a whole book would not be enough to describe the adventures of this great writer. For example, the master was an amateur thrills: at a young age, he could “restrain” a bull by participating in bullfights, and was also not afraid to be alone with a lion.

It is known that Hem adored the company of women and was amorous: as soon as a girl he knew showed her intelligence and graceful manners, Ernest was immediately amazed by her. Hemingway created the image of a nobody, talking about the fact that he had many mistresses, ladies of easy virtue and black concubines. Whether this is fiction or not, biographical facts say that Ernest really had many chosen ones: he loved everyone, but called each subsequent marriage a huge mistake.

Ernest's first lover was the lovely nurse Agnes von Kurowski, who treated the writer in the hospital for his wounds during the First World War. It was this light-eyed beauty who became the prototype of Catherine Barkley from the novel “A Farewell to Arms!” Agnes was seven years older than her chosen one and had maternal feelings for him, calling him “baby” in her letters. The young people thought of legitimizing their relationship with a wedding, but their plans were not destined to come true, as the flighty girl fell in love with a noble lieutenant.

The second chosen one of the literary genius was a certain red-haired pianist Elizabeth Hadley Richardson, who was 8 years older than the writer. She may not have been a beauty like Agnes, but this woman supported Ernest in every possible way in his activities and even gave him a typewriter. After the wedding, the newlyweds moved to Paris, where at first they lived from hand to mouth. Elizabeth gave birth to Hema's first child, John Hadley Nicanor ("Bumby").

In France, Ernest often visited restaurants where he enjoyed coffee in the company of his friends. Among his friends was socialite Lady Duff Twisden, who had high self-esteem and did not disdain strong words. Despite such provocative behavior, Duff enjoyed the attention of men, and Ernest was no exception. However, at that time the young writer did not dare to cheat on his wife. Twisden was later "recast" as Brett Ashley from The Sun Also Rises.

In 1927, Ernest began to become involved with Pauline Pfeiffer, Elisabeth's friend. Paulina did not value her friendship with the writer’s wife, but on the contrary, she did everything to win someone else’s man. Pfeiffer was pretty and worked for the fashion magazine Vogue. Later, Ernest will say that a divorce from Richardson will be the greatest sin of his entire life: he loved Paulina, but was not truly happy with her. From his second marriage, Hemingway had two children - Patrick and Gregory.

The third wife of the laureate was the famous US correspondent Martha Gellhorn. The adventurous blonde loved hunting and was not afraid of difficulties: she often covered important political news happening in the country and did dangerous journalistic work. Having achieved a divorce from Paulina in 1940, Ernest proposes to Martha. However, soon the newlyweds’ relationship “came apart at the seams,” since Gellhorn was too independent, and Hemingway loved to dominate women.

Hemingway's fourth betrothed is journalist Mary Welsh. This radiant blonde supported Ernest’s talent throughout the marriage, and also helped with publishing efforts, becoming her husband’s personal secretary.

In 1947 in Vienna, a 48-year-old writer falls in love with Adriana Ivancic, a girl 30 years younger than him. Hemingway was attracted to the white-skinned aristocrat, but Ivancic treated the author of the stories like a father, maintaining friendly relations. Mary knew about her husband’s hobby, but she acted calmly and wisely as a woman, knowing that the fire that arose in Hemingway’s chest could not be extinguished by any means.

Death

Fate constantly tested Ernest's resilience: Hemingway survived five accidents and seven catastrophes, and was treated for bruises, fractures and a concussion. He also managed to recover from anthrax, skin cancer and malaria.

Shortly before his death, Ernest suffered from hypertension and diabetes, but was admitted to the Mayo Psychiatric Dispensary for “cure.” The writer’s condition only worsened, and he also suffered from manic paranoia about being watched. These thoughts drove Hemingway crazy: it seemed to him that every room wherever he was was equipped with bugs, and vigilant FBI agents were on his heels everywhere.

The clinic doctors treated the master in the “classical way”, resorting to electroconvulsive therapy. After 13 sessions, therapists made it impossible for Hemingway to write because his vivid memories had been erased by electric shock. The treatment did not help, Ernest plunged deeper into depression and obsessive thoughts, talking about suicide. Returning to Ketchum on July 2, 1961, after being discharged, Ernest, thrown “to the margins of life,” shot himself with a gun.

• One day Ernest made a bet with his friends that he would write the most concise and touching work in the world. The literary genius managed to win the bet by writing six words on paper:

“For sale: baby shoes, never worn.”

• Ernest was terribly afraid of public speaking, and especially hated giving autographs. But one persistent fan, dreaming of the coveted signature, pursued the writer for 3 months. As a result, Hemingway gave up and wrote the following message:

"To Victor Hill, a real son of a bitch who can't take no for an answer!" (“To Victor Hill, a real Son of a Bitch, who can’t take “no” for an answer”).

• Before Ernest, Mary Welsh had a husband who did not want to agree to a divorce. So one day an enraged Hemingway put his photo in the toilet and started shooting with a gun. As a result of this spontaneous act, 4 rooms in an expensive hotel were flooded.

Hemingway Quotes

• While sober, make all your drunken promises come true - this will teach you to keep your mouth shut.
• Travel only with those you love.
• If you can provide even a small service in life, you shouldn’t shy away from it.
• Don't judge a person just by his friends. Remember that Judas had perfect friends.
• Look at pictures with an open mind, read books honestly and live as you live.
• The best way to know if you can trust someone is to trust them.
• Of all the animals, only man knows how to laugh, although he has the least reason for this.
• All people are divided into two categories: those with whom it is easy, and just as easy without them, and those with whom it is difficult, but impossible without them.

Bibliography

• "Three Stories and Ten Poems" (1923);
• "In Our Time" (1925);
• "The Sun Also Rises (Fiesta)" (1926);
• "A Farewell to Arms!" (1929);
• "Death in the Afternoon" (1932);
• "The Snows of Kilimanjaro" (1936);
• "To Have and Have Not" (1937);
• "For Whom the Bell Tolls" (1940);
• “Across the River, in the Shade of the Trees” (1950);
• "The Old Man and the Sea" (1952);
• "Hemingway, Wild Time" (1962);
• "Islands in the Ocean" (1970);
• "Garden of Eden" (1986);
• "A Collection of Short Stories by Ernest Hemingway" (1987);

Ernest Miller Hemingway (eng. Ernest Miller Hemingway; July 21, 1899, Oak Park, Illinois, USA - July 2, 1961, Ketchum, Idaho, USA) - American writer, journalist, winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature.

Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in a privileged suburb of Chicago - the town of Oak Park (Illinois, USA). His father, Clarence Edmont Hemingway, was a doctor, and his mother, Grace Hall, devoted her life to raising children.

Father with early childhood tried to instill in Ernest a love of nature, dreaming that he would follow in his footsteps and take up medicine and natural history.

When Ernie was 3 years old, his father gave him his first fishing rod and took him fishing with him. By the age of 8, the future writer already knew by heart the names of all the trees, flowers, birds, fish and animals that lived in the Midwest.

Another favorite pastime for Ernest was literature. The boy sat for hours reading books that he could find in the home library; he especially liked works and historical literature.

Mrs. Hemingway dreamed of a different future for her son. She forced him to sing in the church choir and play the cello. Many years later, already an elderly man, Ernest will say: “My mother didn’t let me go to school for a whole year to study music. She thought I had ability, but I didn’t have any talent.”.

Nevertheless, resistance to this was suppressed by his mother - Hemingway had to study music every day.

In addition to their winter home in Oak Park, the family also had a cottage, Windmere, on Walloon Lake. Every summer, Hemingway and his parents, brothers and sisters went to these quiet places.

For the boy, trips to Windmere meant complete freedom. No one forced him to play the cello, and he could mind his own business - sit on the shore with a fishing rod, wander through the forest, play with children from an Indian village.

In 1911, when Ernest was 12 years old, Grandfather Hemingway gave him a 20-gauge single-shot shotgun. This gift strengthened the friendship between grandfather and grandson. The boy loved listening to the old man’s stories and retained good memories of him throughout his life, often transferring them into his works in the future.

Hunting became Ernest's main passion. Clarence taught his son how to use weapons and track animals. Hemingway dedicated some of his first stories about Nick Adams, his alter ego, to hunting and his father figure. His personality, life and tragic end - Clarence will commit suicide - will always worry the writer.

Being a naturally healthy and strong young man, Hemingway was actively involved in boxing and football. Ernest later said: “Boxing taught me to never stay down, to always be ready to attack again... fast and hard, like a bull.”.

IN school years Hemingway made his debut as a writer in a small school magazine, The Tablet. First, “The Court of Manitou” was published - an essay with northern exoticism, blood and Indian folklore, and in the next issue - new story"It's All About the Color" is about the behind-the-scenes and dirty commercial side of boxing. Further, mainly reports were published about sports competitions and concerts. Particularly popular were the sarcastic notes about “ social life» Oak Park. At this time, Hemingway had already firmly decided for himself that he would be a writer.

After graduating from school, he decided not to go to university, as his parents demanded, but moved to Kansas City, where he got a job at the local newspaper The Kansas City Star. Here he was responsible for a small area of ​​the city, which included the main hospital, train station and police station. The young reporter went to all the incidents, got acquainted with brothels, encountered prostitutes, hired killers and swindlers, visited fires and prisons.

Ernest Hemingway observed, remembered, tried to understand the motives of human actions, captured the manner of conversations, gestures and smells. All this was stored in his memory, so that later they could become the plots, details and dialogues of his future stories. Here his literary style and habit of always being in the center of events were formed. The newspaper's editors taught him precision and clarity of language and tried to suppress any verbosity and stylistic negligence.

Hemingway wanted to serve in the army, but due to poor eyesight he was denied for a long time. But he still managed to get to the front of the First World War in Italy, signing up as a volunteer driver for the Red Cross.

On the very first day of his stay in Milan, Ernest and other recruits were thrown straight from the train to clear the territory of an exploded ammunition factory. A few years later he would describe his impressions of his first encounter with war in his book "A Farewell to Arms!".

The next day, young Hemingway was sent as an ambulance driver to the front in a detachment stationed in the town of Schio. However, almost all the time here was spent in entertainment: visiting saloons, playing cards and baseball. Ernest could not endure such a life for long and achieved a transfer to the Piave River, where he began servicing army shops. And soon he found a way to be on the front line, volunteering to deliver food to soldiers directly into the trenches.

On July 8, 1918, Hemingway, while rescuing a wounded Italian sniper, came under fire from Austrian machine guns and mortars, but survived. At the hospital, 26 fragments were removed from him, and Ernest had more than two hundred wounds on his body. Soon he was transported to Milan, where doctors replaced the shot kneecap with an aluminum prosthesis.

On January 21, 1919, Ernest returned to the United States as a hero - all the central newspapers wrote about him as the first American wounded on the Italian front. And the King of Italy awarded him the silver medal “For Military Valor” and the “Military Cross”. The writer himself later said: "I was a big fool when I went to that war. I thought we were a sports team and the Austrians were the other team competing.".

Hemingway spent almost a whole year with his family, healing his wounds and thinking about his future.

On February 20, 1920, he moved to Toronto, Canada, to return to journalism. His new employer, the Toronto Star newspaper, allowed the young reporter to write on any topic, but only published materials were paid.

Ernest's first works - "Nomadic Exhibition of Paintings" and "Try a Free Shave" - ​​ridiculed the snobbery of art lovers and the prejudices of Americans. Later, more serious materials appeared about the war, about veterans who no one needs at home, about gangsters and stupid officials.

During these same years, the writer had a conflict with his mother, who did not want to see Ernest as an adult. The result of several quarrels and clashes was that Hemingway took all his belongings from Oak Park and moved to Chicago. In this city, he continued to collaborate with the Toronto Star, while simultaneously doing editorial work at the Cooperative Commonwealth magazine.

September 3, 1921 Ernest married young pianist Hadley Richardson and together with her he went to Paris (France), to the city that he had long dreamed of.

In Paris, the young Hemingway couple settled in a small apartment on Rue Cardinal Lemoine near Place Contrescarpe. In the book Ernest wrote: "There was no hot water and sewerage. But there was a good view from the window. There was a good spring mattress on the floor, which served us as a comfortable bed. There were pictures on the wall that we liked. The apartment seemed bright and cozy".

Hemingway had to work hard to earn a living and be able to travel around the world during the summer months. And he began submitting his stories to the Toronto Star weekly. The editors expected from the writer sketches of European life, details of everyday life and customs. This gave Ernest the opportunity to choose topics for his essays and develop his own style on them.

Hemingway’s first works were essays ridiculing American tourists, “golden youth” and playmakers who flocked to post-war Europe for cheap entertainment (“This is what Paris is like,” “American Bohemia in Paris,” etc.).

In 1923, Ernest met Sylvia Beach, the owner of the Shakespeare and Company bookstore. Warm friendly relations began between them. Hemingway often spent time at Sylvia’s establishment, rented books, and met Parisian bohemians, writers and artists, who were also regulars at the shop.

One of the most interesting and significant things for young Ernest was his acquaintance with Gertrude Stein. She became an older and more experienced comrade for Hemingway; he consulted with her about what he wrote and often talked about literature. Gertrude was dismissive of working at the newspaper and constantly insisted that Ernest's main purpose was to be a writer. Hemingway looked with great interest at James Joyce, a frequent visitor to Sylvia Beach's shop. And when Joyce’s novel “Ulysses” was banned by censors in the USA and England, he, through his friends in Chicago, was able to organize the illegal transportation and distribution of books.

Ernest Hemingway's first real success as a writer came in 1926 after the publication of "And the Sun Rises"- a pessimistic, but at the same time brilliant novel about the “lost generation” of young people who lived in France and Spain in the 1920s.

Ernest Hemingway published a collection of short stories in 1927. "Men Without Women", and in 1933 - "Winner takes nothing". They finally established Hemingway in the eyes of readers as a unique author of short stories. Among them, “The Killers,” “The Short Happiness of Francis Macomber,” and “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” became especially famous.

And yet, most people remember Hemingway for his novel. "A Farewell to Arms!"(1929) - a love story between an American volunteer and an English nurse, set against the backdrop of the battles of the First World War. The book was an unprecedented success in America - even the economic crisis did not hinder sales.

In early 1930, Hemingway returned to the United States and settled in Key West, Florida. Here he became interested in fishing, traveled on his yacht to the Bahamas, Cuba and wrote new stories. According to biographers, it was at this time that the fame of a great writer came to him. Everything marked by his authorship was quickly published and sold in numerous editions. In the house where he spent several best years life, a museum of the writer was created.

In the fall of 1930, Ernest was involved in a serious car accident, which resulted in broken bones, a head injury and an almost six-month recovery period from his injuries. The writer temporarily abandoned the pencils with which he usually worked and began typing.

In 1932 he took up the novel "Death in the Afternoon", where he described bullfighting with great accuracy, presenting it as a ritual and a test of courage. The book again became a bestseller, confirming Hemingway's status as America's number one writer.

In 1933, Hemingway began writing a collection of short stories, The Winner Takes Nothing, the proceeds of which he planned to use to fulfill his long-time dream of an extended safari in East Africa. The book was again a success, and at the end of that year the writer went on a trip.

Hemingway arrived in the area of ​​Lake Tanganyika, where he hired servants and guides from among representatives of local tribes, set up a camp and began to go hunting.

In January 1934, Ernest, returning from another safari, fell ill with amoebic dysentery. Every day the writer’s condition worsened, he became delirious, and his body was severely dehydrated. A special plane was sent from Dar es Salaam for the writer, which took him to the capital of the territory. Here, in an English hospital, he spent a week undergoing a course of active therapy, after which he began to recover.

Nevertheless, this hunting season ended successfully for Hemingway: he shot three lions, among his trophies were also twenty-seven antelopes, a large buffalo and other African animals. The writer's impressions of Tanganyika are recorded in the book "Miss Mary's Lion", which Hemingway dedicated to his wife and her long hunt for a lion, as well as in the work “The Green Hills of Africa” (1935).

The works were essentially Ernest's diary as a hunter and traveler.

At the beginning of 1937, the writer finished another book - "To have and not to have". The story gave the author's assessment of the events of the Great Depression era in the United States. Hemingway looked at the problem through the eyes of a man, a Florida resident who, escaping poverty, becomes a smuggler. Here, for the first time in many years, appeared in the writer’s work. social theme, largely caused by the alarming situation in Spain. The Civil War began there, which greatly worried Ernest Hemingway. He took the side of the Republicans who fought General Franco and organized a collection of donations in their favor. Having collected money, Ernest turned to the North American Newspaper Association with a request to send him to Madrid to cover the progress of the fighting. A film crew was soon assembled, led by film director Joris Ivens, who intended to film documentary"Land of Spain". The screenwriter of the film was Hemingway.

During the most difficult days of the war, Ernest was in Madrid, besieged by the Francoists, in the Florida Hotel, which for a time became the Internationalist Headquarters and the Correspondents' Club.

During the bombing and shelling, the only play was written - "Fifth column"(1937) - about the work of counterintelligence. Here he met an American journalist Martha Gellhorn, who upon returning home became his third wife. From Madrid the writer traveled to Catalonia for some time, since the battles near Barcelona were particularly brutal. Here in one of the trenches Ernest met French writer and the pilot Antoine de Saint-Exupéry and the commander of the international brigade Hans Kale.

Impressions from the war were reflected in one of the most famous novels Hemingway - "For whom the Bell Tolls"(1940). It combines the vividness of the pictures of the collapse of the republic, comprehension of the lessons of history that led to such an ending, and the belief that the individual will survive even in tragic times.

In 1941, Hemingway went to Baltimore, where he bought a large sea boat from a local shipyard, giving it the name Pilar. He moved the ship to Cuba and was engaged in sea fishing there until December 7, 1941, when Japan attacked the Pearl Harbor base and the Pacific Ocean turned into an active combat zone.

In 1941-1943, Ernest Hemingway organized counterintelligence against Nazi spies in Cuba and hunted for German submarines in the Caribbean on his boat. After this he resumed his journalistic activity, moving to London as a correspondent.

In 1944, Hemingway took part in combat bomber flights over Germany and occupied France. During the Allied landings in Normandy, he obtained permission to participate in combat and reconnaissance operations. Ernest led a detachment of French partisans numbering about 200 people and took part in the battles for Paris, Belgium, Alsace, and in breaking through the Siegfried Line.

In 1949, the writer moved to Cuba, where he resumed literary activity. There was a story written there "The Old Man and the Sea"(1952). The book talks about heroic and doomed resistance to the forces of nature, about a man who is alone in a world where he can only rely on his own perseverance, faced with the eternal injustice of fate. The allegorical tale of an old fisherman battling sharks that have torn apart a huge fish he has caught is marked by the traits most characteristic of Hemingway as an artist: a dislike of intellectual sophistication, a commitment to situations in which moral values, a meager psychological picture.

In 1953, Ernest Hemingway received Pulitzer Prize for the story "The Old Man and the Sea". This work also influenced Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954.

In 1956, Hemingway began work on autobiographical book about Paris in the 1920s - "A holiday that is always with you", which was published only after the death of the writer.

He continued to travel and in 1953 he was involved in a serious plane crash in Africa.

In 1960, Hemingway left the island of Cuba and returned to the United States, to the town of Ketchum (Idaho).

Hemingway suffered from a number of serious illnesses, including hypertension and diabetes, but for “treatment” he was admitted to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester (USA). He fell into a deep depression about the surveillance. It seemed to him that FBI agents were following him everywhere and that bugs were placed everywhere, phones were tapped, mail was read, and his bank account was constantly being checked. He could mistake random passers-by for agents. But in the early 1980s, when E. Hemingway’s FBI file was declassified, the fact of surveillance of the writer was confirmed - over the last five years of the writer’s life, two new reports were added to the file.

They tried to treat Hemingway according to the laws of psychiatry. Electroconvulsive therapy was used as treatment. After 13 electroshock sessions, the writer lost his memory and the ability to create. Here's what Hemingway himself said: “These doctors who gave me electric shocks don’t understand writers... If only all psychiatrists learned to write works of art to understand what it means to be a writer... what was the point of destroying my brain and erasing my memory, which is my capital, and throwing me to the margins of life?.

During treatment, he called his friend from a phone in the clinic corridor to report that bugs were also placed in the clinic. Attempts to treat him in a similar way were repeated later. However, this did not give any results. He could not work, was depressed, suffered from paranoia and increasingly talked about suicide. There were also attempts (for example, an unexpected jerk towards an airplane propeller, etc.) from which it was possible to save him.

On July 2, 1961, at his home in Ketchum, a few days after being discharged from the Mayo Psychiatric Clinic, Hemingway shot himself with his favorite gun without leaving a suicide note.

Ernest Hemingway Family:

1. First wife - Elizabeth Hadley Richardson (1891-1979). Son - Bumby John (1923-2000). Granddaughters: Margot (1954-1996), Mariel (born 1961).

2. Second wife - Paulina Pfeiffer (1895-1951). Sons: Patrick (b. 1928), Gregory (1931-2001). Grandson: Sean Hemingway (b. 1967).

3. Third wife - Martha Gellhorn (1908-1998).

4. Fourth wife - Mary Welsh (1908-1986).

Bibliography of Ernest Hemingway:

Novels:

1926 - The Torrents of Spring
1926 - The Sun Also Rises (Fiesta)
1929 - Farewell to arms! /A Farewell to Arms
1937 - To Have and Have Not
1940 - For Whom the Bell Tolls / For Whom the Bell Tolls
1950 - Across the River and Into the Trees
1952 - The Old Man and the Sea (story) / The Old Man and the Sea
1970 - Islands in the Ocean / Islands in the Stream
1986 - The Garden of Eden
1999 - A Glimmer of Truth / True at First Light

Collections:

1923 - Three Stories and Ten Poems
1925 - In Our Time / In Our Time
1927 - Men Without Women / Men Without Women
1933 - Winner Take Nothing
1936 - The Snows of Kilimanjaro and Other Stories
1938 - The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories
1969 - The Fifth Column and four stories about Civil War in Spain / The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War
1972 - Stories about Nick Adams / The Nick Adams Stories
1987 - Collection of short stories by Ernest Hemingway / The Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway
1995 - Ernest Hemingway: Collected Works / The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway

Documentary prose:

1932 - Death in the Afternoon
1935 - Green Hills of Africa / Green Hills of Africa
1962 - Hemingway, wild time / Hemingway, The Wild Years
1964 - A holiday that is always with you / A Moveable Feast
1967 - By-Line: Ernest Hemingway / By-Line: Ernest Hemingway
1970 - Ernest Hemingway: Cuban Reporter / Ernest Hemingway: Cub Reporter
1981 - Ernest Hemingway: Selected Letters / Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917-1961
1985 - The Dangerous Summer
1985 - Dateline: Toronto / Dateline: Toronto
2000 - Hemingway on Fishing / Hemingway on Fishing
2005 - Under Kilimanjaro / Under Kilimanjaro.

Hemingway Ernest - biography Hemingway Ernest - biography

(Hemingway) Hemingway, Ernest Miller (1899 - 1961)
Hemingway Ernest (Hemingway)
Biography
American writer. Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in Oak Park near Chicago, Illinois (USA). In 1917 he graduated from River Forrest Township School. After graduating from high school, he worked as a reporter for the Kansas City Star newspaper in Kansas City, Missouri. He took part in the First World War from 1914 to 1918, serving as a driver of an ambulance for the Red Cross field service in Italy. On July 8, 1918, he was wounded in both legs by shell fragments. On January 21, 1919, Hemingway returned to America. He worked for some time for the Toronto Star newspaper (Toronto, Canada), then lived doing odd jobs in Chicago. On September 2, 1921, he married Elizabeth Hadley Richardson. On December 22, 1921, they moved to Paris, from where Hemingway continued to write reports for the Toronto Star. In 1923, Hemingway’s debut collection of short stories, “Tree Stories and Ten Poems,” was published in Paris; in January 1924, the second book, “In my home,” was published, and in October 1926, Hemingway’s first novel, “The Sun Also Rises,” was published in the United States. ). In 1927, Ernst and Hadley divorced and Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer, whom he had met two years earlier. In the period between the two world wars, he traveled a lot, hunted in Africa, attended bullfights in Spain, and went spearfishing in Florida. During the Spanish Civil War in 1937 - 1938, he served as a journalist in the ranks of the International Brigade, which fought on the side of the Republicans. During the civil war he visited Spain four times. On December 26, 1939, Hemingway broke up with Paulina and, together with Martha Gellhorn, moved to Cuba and a year later purchased a house in the village of San Francisco de Paula, a few miles from Havana.
At Irwin's breakfast, Shaw meets Mary Welsh, who on May 2, 1945 becomes Hemingway's fourth wife. During World War II, he led his own small unit of the American Army in Europe. After the war he lived in Cuba for a long time. In 1959 - 1961, Hemingway, who suffered from cirrhosis of the liver, secretly went to the hospital several times, but was unable to improve his health. On August 1 (according to other sources - July 2), 1961, while in the town of Ketcham (Idaho), he committed suicide by shooting himself in the forehead with a hunting double-barreled shotgun.
Among Hemingway's works are reports, essays, short stories, novels: "Tree Stories and Ten Poems" (1923, collection of stories), "In my home" (1924, collection of stories), "In Our Time", 1925, collection of stories), “The Sun Also Rises” (1926, novel; in the English edition - “Fiesta”), “Men without Women” (1927, collection of stories), “A Farewell to Arms!” (A Farewell to Arms, 1929, novel), “Death in the Afternoon” (1932), “Green Hills of Africa” (1935), “The Winner Takes Nothing” (1933, collection of short stories), “To Have and to Have Not” (1937 , novel), “For Whom the Bell Tolls” (1940, novel; dedicated to the events of the Spanish Civil War in 1937; for many decades it was banned from publication in the USSR), “Across the River, in the Shade of the Trees” (Across the River and into the Trees, 1950, novel), “The Old Man and the Sea” (1952, parable story), “Islands in the Ocean” (published 1970, unfinished novel)
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Information sources:
Encyclopedic resource www.rubricon.com (Encyclopedia of Russian-American relations, English-Russian linguistic and cultural dictionary "Americana", Big Soviet encyclopedia, Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary)
Project "Russia Congratulates!" - www.prazdniki.ru

(Source: “Aphorisms from around the world. Encyclopedia of wisdom.” www.foxdesign.ru)

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Academician

2011. See what “Hemingway Ernest - biography” is in other dictionaries:

HEMINGWAY Ernest Miller (1899 1961), American writer. In the novels “Fiesta” (1926), “A Farewell to Arms!” (1929) mentality of the “lost generation” (see LOST GENERATION). In the novel “For Whom the Bell Tolls” (1940) civilian... ... encyclopedic Dictionary Hemingway Ernest

- (Hemingway) (18991961), American writer. Member of the First World War. During the National Revolutionary War of 193639 in Spain war correspondent. From 1939, almost until the end of his life, he lived in Cuba. In 194244 X. created... ... Encyclopedic reference book "Latin America" Hemingway, Ernest Miller

- (Hemingway, Ernest Miller) ERNEST HEMINGWAY (1899 1961), one of the most popular and influential American writers of the 20th century, who gained fame primarily for his novels and short stories. Born in Oak Park (Illinois) into a family... ... Collier's Encyclopedia

Hemingway Ernest Miller (July 21, 1899, Oak Park, near Chicago - July 2, 1961, Ketcham, Idaho), American writer. He graduated from school (1917), worked as a reporter in Kansas City. Participant of the 1st World War 1914‒18. Journalistic practice... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

HEMINGWAY Ernest Miller- HEMINGWAY Ernest Miller (18991961), American writer, journalist correspondent. Participant of the 1st World War 191418; in 192228 he lived in Paris. Book “In Our Time” (1925) montage of stories and miniature interludes... Literary encyclopedic dictionary

Ernest Hemingway- Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois (USA) in the family of a doctor. In 1928, the writer's father committed suicide. Ernest, the eldest son of six children, attended several Oak Park schools... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

Hemingway (English Hemingway) surname and place name English origin. Last name Hemingway, Margot (born 1954 1996) American fashion model and actress, granddaughter of Ernest Hemingway, sister of Mariel Hemingway. Hemingway, Mariel (b.... ... Wikipedia

Hemingway Gellhorn ... Wikipedia

- (1899 1961) American writer. In the novels Fiesta (1926), A Farewell to Arms! (1929) the mindset of the lost generation. In the novel For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), the Spanish Civil War of 1936 39 appears as a national and universal tragedy... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (1899 1961) writer The rich are not like you and me, they have more money. If two people love each other, it cannot end happily. Only lovers who did not love enough to hate each other can forget about each other. Consolidated encyclopedia of aphorisms

Books

• Ernest Hemingway. Collected Works in 4 volumes (set of 4 books), Ernest Hemingway. "If we win here, we will win everywhere. The world is a good place and it’s worth fighting for, and I really don’t want to leave it." Ernest Hemingway The work of Ernest Hemingway enters the golden...

Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in Oak Park (Illinois, USA), in the family of a doctor.

During First World War the young man did not join the army because, due to an injury, he had practically no vision in one eye. However, in 1918, Hemingway went to the Italian front as a Red Cross volunteer. Three months later, the future writer was seriously wounded. After the mine explosion, there were 237 fragments in his body.

In 1920, Hemingway, who returned from the war, married Halley Richardson. Family life with her lasted only four years.

American Educational Program. Writers - Ernest Hemingway. Part 1

Hemingway began writing under the influence of communication with members of a literary circle, in which he met J. Joyce, Ezra Pound. A feature of Hemingway's work was a specific realism with a strong existentialist shade. The writer sought to “penetrate into the very essence of phenomena” and “tell the truth.”

Hemingway’s first book, “Three Stories and Ten Poems,” was published in 1923. In 1925, the collection “In Our Time” was published; in 1926, the novels “Spring Waters” and “The Sun Also Rises”; in 1927 . – collection of stories “Men without Women”.

American Educational Program. Writers - Ernest Hemingway. Part 2

During this period, the writer became quite famous. He begins to fruitfully collaborate with the publishing house of Charles Scribner. In 1927, Hemingway married a second time, to German journalist Pauline Pfeiffer. Around the same time, the novel “A Farewell to Arms!” appeared, which made the author truly famous. Next were written: “Death in the Afternoon” (1932), “Green Hills of Africa” (1935), etc.

The writer traveled a lot. His travel experiences were reflected in many works, such as Death in the Afternoon and The Snows of Kilimanjaro.

In 1936, Hemingway organized a fundraiser and clothing drive for Republicans fighting in Spain. He himself went to Spain to fight in the foreign legion against Francoists. During this period, the novel “To Have and Have Not” (1937), the play “The Fifth Column” (1938), the script “Spanish Land” (1938), and the novel “For Whom the Bell Tolls” (1940) were created .).

Ernest Hemingway in the cockpit of his yacht Pilar. Photo ok. 1950

During World War II, Hemingway was actively involved in anti-fascist agitation.

In 1952, the story “The Old Man and the Sea” was published. In 1954, the writer received the Nobel Prize for Literature "for his narrative mastery, once again demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence he had on modern style."

On June 21, 1961, Hemingway committed suicide by shooting himself. The reason was severe depression, which had tormented him for a long time.

Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 - American writer, journalist, winner of the 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature, author of A Farewell to Arms! and the sea" and many others. the site recalls the most interesting and unexpected facts about a writer who turned his life into an adventure novel with a tragic ending.

Ernest Hemingway was born into a family of a doctor and a housewife in a privileged suburb of Chicago. He grew up as a stubborn boy and did only what he wanted. He did not become a musician, as his mother wanted, and did not go to university. Instead, immediately after school, he moved in with his uncle and got a job as a journalist at a local newspaper. On the very first day, Hemingway got a story about a fire - the result was an excellent report and a burnt suit.

When did the first one begin? World War, Hemingway really wanted to go to the front, but due to poor eyesight he was not accepted into the army. Then the young man signed up as a volunteer Red Cross driver - and so he ended up at the front in Italy. On the very first day of his stay in Milan, Hemingway and other volunteers were sent to clear the territory of an exploded ammunition factory. We had to carry out corpses - including women and children. Hemingway distinguished himself in the war by pulling an Italian sniper out from under fire. At the same time, he himself received more than two hundred wounds, from which fragments were pulled out for a long time in the hospital.

Hemingway's favorite city was always Paris. The writer first came there with his first wife in 1921. The newlyweds lived more than modestly, if not poorly. However, Hemingway wrote a lot and met many interesting people: writers Scott Fitzgerald, James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, poet Ezra Pound and so on. The happy time spent in Paris was later embodied in a book of memories“A holiday that is always with you” (1964).

Ernest Hemingway was popular with women, but at the same time he did not like to have affairs on the side. Another new hobby often ended in marriage. Thus, the writer was married four times. He had three sons from his first two wives.

While writing his works, Hemingway most often ate peanut butter and onion sandwiches. In general, he loved to eat delicious food and knew how to cook. Hemingway once published a recipe for apple pie in his newspaper column. Today, in the writer's museum in Florida, you can see his other recipes, for example, hamburger.

There is a popular story about how Hemingway once bet that he could write the most moving story with just a few words. And he won the argument by writing:“Children's shoes for sale. Unworn". Quoteinvestigator.com recently conducted an investigation to find out whether this is true or not. It turned out that this phrase first appeared in 1917 in an article by William R. Kane, and modern version phrase appeared in 1991.

One day, Hemingway stole a urinal from his favorite bar. The writer stated that he “squandered” enough money in this bar that he has the right to own it. The urinal was installed in Hemingway's house.

Hemingway took an active part in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) on the side of the Republicans fighting General Franco. He went to Madrid as a journalist with film crew for the filming of the documentary “Land of Spain”, for which he wrote the script. During the most difficult days of the war, Hemingway did not leave the city, which was besieged by the Nazis. Impressions from the war formed the basis of one of the author’s most famous novels -"For Whom the Bell Tolls" (1940).

In 1941, Hemingway purchased a boat, which he took to Cuba. He became interested in sea fishing, and to protect his catch from sharks, he installed a machine gun on the boat. Hemingway broke the world record by catching seven marlin in one day. The boat was also used for other purposes - from the summer of 1942 to the end of 1943, Hemingway used it to hunt for German submarines (here, in addition to a machine gun, he needed hand grenades).

Hemingway loved to hunt and once took himself on a long safari in East Africa, the impressions from which formed the basis of the book"Green Hills of Africa" . Among the writer's major trophies are three lions, twenty-seven antelopes and a buffalo.

Throughout his life, Hemingway felt as if he was surrounded by a cloud of misfortune. His father, sister and younger brother committed suicide. Mistress Jane Mason and Parisian friend, writer Scott Fitzgerald, tried to commit suicide. One of the writer's first biographers jumped out of a window.

During his life, Hemingway suffered from anthrax, malaria, skin cancer and pneumonia. He survived diabetes, two plane crashes, a ruptured kidney and spleen, hepatitis, a skull fracture and a shattered spine, and hypertension. But he died by his own hands.

Hemingway was a KGB agent - this became known thanks to a KGB officer who gained access to Stalin-era archives in the 90s. The writer was recruited in 1941 and received the agent name "Argo". During the 1940s, Hemingway met with Soviet agents in Havana and London and "expressed an active desire to help." However, in the end, his benefit to the KGB turned out to be small, since the writer could not provide any politically important information. He never "participated in practical work" By the 50s, the Argo agent was no longer in contact with Soviet agents.

In the last years of his life, Hemingway was obsessed with growing paranoia - the writer was convinced that the FBI was watching him. This fear especially grew at the Mayo Psychiatric Clinic in Rodchester, where the writer was “treated” with electric shock. He even called his friend from the phone in the clinic and reported bugs placed in it. Nobody believed Hemingway back then. Only fifty years after the writer's death, thanks to the new Freedom of Information Act, could a request be made to the FBI. Then it turned out that, by order of Hoover, Hemingway was indeed under surveillance and wiretapping. Including in that psychiatric clinic.

On July 2, 1961, a few days after being discharged from the Mayo Clinic, Hemingway shot himself with his favorite gun, leaving no suicide note. The model of this Vincenzo Bernardelli double-barreled shotgun is now called "Hemingway".

Ernest Hemingway had a favorite cat, Snowball, with six toes, which was given to him by a ship captain he knew. Today, at least fifty descendants of Snowball live in the Hemingway Museum in Florida (half of them were six-fingered). To this day, multi-toed cats are called “Hemingway cats.”

There is a society of men who look like Ernest Hemingway. Every year the society holds a competition to choose the most similar member from among its number.

In 2000, a domestic cartoon based on Hemingway's story"The Old Man and the Sea" , received an Oscar. Its creator, Russian animator Alexander Petrov, used a special technique of “revived painting” (painting with oil paints on glass). This is a very beautiful cartoon and really worth seeing.