I. I. Shishkin

An unsurpassed master of landscape, founding member of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions, artist Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin was born on January 13 (25), 1832 in Yelabuga. Since childhood, the boy showed interest in nature and history native land, read a lot, started drawing very early. Father of the future artist not only did he not limit his son’s hobbies, but contributed to the development of his talents. In 1852, I. I. Shishkin was enrolled in the Moscow School painting and sculpture. Academician Apollo Mokritsky became his teacher and mentor.

In the difficult 90s, when the older generation artists was experiencing a creative crisis, and the young were in search of new ways of development painting, I.I. Shishkin continued to follow the path chosen many years ago. The main topic The beauty of Russian nature remained in his work. In 1898 he wrote his penultimate picture- “Ship Grove”. This monumental painting became the crown of all the work of Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin, an unsurpassed master of landscape. In March 1898 artist gone. He died while working on another monumental painting"Forest Kingdom"

Artist

V. M. Vasnetsov

Creation artist Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov occupies a special place in Russian painting 19th century. Writing Inspiration paintings he drew from folk poetry, Russian fairy tales and epics, Everyday life ordinary people. Thanks to this, everything is his paintings very poetic and close in spirit to the Russian people. V. M. Vasnetsov was born in 1848 in the Vyatka village of Lopyal into the family of a priest. Very early, an interest in folk culture arose in him and, at the same time, in painting. According to family tradition, the boy was supposed to become a priest, but his love for art forced V. M. Vasnetsov to make a different choice.

In the early 1900s in painting Religious themes appear in V. M. Vasnetsov’s works, but he also does not forget about fairy-tale plots. In 1910 he writes picture“Bayan”, in 1913-1918 - “The Fight of Dobrynya Nikitich with the Serpent Gorynych”, in 1918 he finished “The Frog Princess”, “The Sleeping Princess”, in the late 10s - early 20s of the 20th century he wrote “Kashchei the Immortal " and "Princess Nesmeyana". V. M. Vasnetsov worked hard until the very last day of his life, creating poetic images of everyone’s loved ones fairy-tale heroes. After the revolutions of 1905 and 1917, allegorical features and reflections appear in these images artist about the socio-political situation in Russia, but this does not in any way detract artistic advantages paintings. Until the end of his life, V. M. Vasnetsov was faithful to the principles of poetic reflection of the world, and tried to convey its beauty by all available means.

Artist and founder of the Association of Mobile artistic exhibitions" Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy was born on May 27 (June 8), 1837 in Ostrogozhsk (Voronezh province) into a poor middle-class family. Since childhood he aspired to become artist. In 1852 he became an apprentice to an icon painter, and the following year he began working as a retoucher in a photo workshop. I. N. Kramskoy arrived in St. Petersburg in 1857 and worked in the photo studio of A. I. Denier. In the fall of 1857 he entered the Academy arts.

The portraits painted by I. N. Kramskoy in the 80s are full of deep psychologism; they reflect the innermost essence of a person. Most successfully he managed to depict in the portrait the characters of I. I. Shishkin, V. G. Perov, A. S. Suvorin, S. S. Botkin, V. S. Solovyov. In the 80s, I. N. Kramskoy became a very popular portrait painter; he had many customers, including members of the imperial family. He worked 10-12 hours a day, and this, of course, had a bad effect on his health. Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy died on March 24 (April 5), 1887 in St. Petersburg, before reaching fifty years of age.
I. N. Kramskoy did a lot for the development of Russian painting second half of the 19th century. He was talented artist, who defended high moral principles in art, a wonderful portrait painter who created a whole gallery of famous figures of Russian culture and art of the second half of the 19th century. In addition, he had remarkable organizational skills, which allowed him to become the founder of the Artel artists"and the ideologist of the "Association of Itinerants".

Artist

Aivazovsky

Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (Ayvazyan) was born on July 17 (30), 1817 in Feodosia. Ancient city, destroyed by the recent war, fell into complete disrepair due to the plague epidemic in 1812. On old drawings We see on the site of a once rich city heaps of ruins with barely visible traces of deserted streets and isolated surviving houses.

Finally, in 1898 artist Aivazovsky wrote picture“Among the Waves,” which was the pinnacle of his work. Until his last day, he happily retained not only his undulled vigilance, but also his deep faith in his art. He walked his path without the slightest hesitation or doubt, maintaining clarity of feelings and thinking into old age. Aivazovsky's work was deeply patriotic. His merits in art were noted all over the world. He was elected member of five Academies arts, and his Admiralty uniform was strewn with honorary orders from many countries. Aivazovsky died on April 19 (May 2), 1900, at the age of eighty-two.

Viktor Elpidiforovich Borisov-Musatov is the creator of original elegies in painting Victor Elpidiforovich Borisov-Musatov was born on April 14, 1870 in Saratov in the family of a railway employee.

In Tarusa artist Borisov-Musatov creates his own last piece– large watercolor “Requiem” (1905, State Tretyakov Gallery), dedicated to the memory of an untimely deceased friend, N. Yu. Stanyukovich - the wife of the famous writer. “Requiem” sounds sad and solemn, symbolically conveying joys and sorrows human life. As fate would have it, it was a requiem for the author himself. On the night of October 26, 1905 artist Borisov-Musatov died. He is buried in Tarusa on a high bank, above the Oka.

Artist

L.A. Bruni

The pedigree of Leo Bruni reads as fascinating historical novel. His surname is Italian. Genus artists Bruni has been known in Northern Italy and Switzerland since the Renaissance of the sixteenth century. On the maternal side - also solid artists. Lev Bruni himself, as a child, was sure: “All people are artists».

Famous academic painter was Lev Alexandrovich's great-grandfather on his father's side, Fedor Antonovich Bruni. His painting“The Copper Serpent” was once the second most popular Russian historical painting (the first place, naturally, belonged to “The Last Day of Pompeii”). On the maternal side - also solid artists. Nicholas the First himself and his family posed for the brilliant watercolorist Pyotr Fedorovich Sokolov, another great-grandfather...

Nothing happens in his works, or rather, the most important thing happens: trees bend under the weight of the first wet snow, roofs just washed by rain shine, sunlight permeates the forest thicket... Everything is one, beautifully animated and fragile. This fragility and fleetingness simply demands to be captured. AND artist responds to this silent demand.

He works continuously, life and art for him turn out to be confused and intertwined. Creativity of the highest standard becomes part of his everyday life; This must be why he treated his already completed works and their future fate with a kind of Mozartian carelessness. When in the mid-30s, a prominent art critic A. Chegodaev decided to select several of his works for an exhibition. Lev Alexandrovich pulled out a shabby suitcase from under the sofa. It was filled to the brim with watercolors - wrinkled, with the edges either bent in order to place the sheets in a suitcase, or chewed by someone - as it turned out, a dog. One leaf was eaten by about a third. Shocked by what he saw, the art critic turned to the restorers.

Now this rescued watercolor is one of Bruni’s best works among those, unfortunately, few that are stored in the Tretyakov Gallery. The pink frog froze between the thin blades of grass. One can argue with great profundity that in visual arts the analogue of sound is gesture, movement, and space is always a container of mysterious silence, and that in this work by Lev Aleksandrovich it is the space of the sheet, turning into the space of the world, that has such a decisive significance. But it’s probably better to just stop in the midst of life’s addictive bustle to look and see. And with a sharpness usually only accessible to children, yes artists, experience surprise and delight at every drop of this world.

Artist
V.V.Vereshchagin

Vasily Vasilyevich Vereshchagin - great Russian artist, master of battle paintings. Born on October 14 (26), 1842 in Cherepovets, in a family belonging to an old noble family.

Returning to Russia, Vereshchagin conceived a new cycle paintings, now from Russian history, under the general title “1812. Napoleon in Russia." It was created during 1887 - 1904 and was supposed to represent a monumental epic dedicated to people's war. IN picture“Don’t hesitate, let me come” shows a partisan ambush in a deep snow-covered forest. In the work “On the High Road. Retreat. Flight" presents the defeated army of Napoleon. A handful of exhausted, frozen Frenchmen and snow-covered guns contrast with the grandeur of Russian nature.

However, material and creative difficulties did not allow to the artist complete the plan. Left unwritten paintings, depicting Kutuzov and the heroism of the Russian army. last series artist's paintings was dedicated to the Spanish-American War of 1898 - 99 in the Philippine Islands and Cuba. Vereshchagin devoted his entire life to the noble goal of a truthful depiction of the war, its exposure. Artist-the warrior died at a combat post at the beginning Russo-Japanese War, on the battleship Petropavlovsk blown up by the Japanese.

Artist
M. N. Vorobiev

Vorobyov Maxim Nikiforovich (1787 – 1855) – painter, landscape painter, master of urban landscape. Occupies a significant place in history Russian painting How artist and as a mentor to a whole generation of Russian landscape painters. Academy Watchman's Son arts, Vorobyov, at the age of ten, entered the academy as a student and provided great success in drawing, perspective, architecture (Professor Thomas de Thomon) and landscape painting painting; his mentors in the latter were F.Ya. Alekseev and probably M.M. Ivanov (landscape painter). Genus painting, elected young artist or, rather, assigned to him by the academic authorities, was architectural and landscape.

His most original artistic an attempt, however, more daring than successful, this is “Thunderstorm” (lightning strikes a tree) with a human figure hiding from terrible phenomenon, an optical task almost impossible for painting. Technique paintings Vorobyova is full of knowledge, thoughtful and complete, but at the same time free. Vorobyov's artistic nature showed itself in his music studies: he played the violin perfectly. Financially, Vorobiev was mainly supported by orders from the Sovereign and other highest persons, a lifelong pension for the successful implementation of the Palestinian assignment; in addition, he painted paintings for Count A.Kh. Benkendorf, Prince M.S. Vorontsov, and he often made, at their request, repetitions of some of his best paintings. However, in the end, many of his works were not acquired by anyone, so artist a whole museum of his paintings was compiled, which were sold out only after his death, having been played in a lottery, which did not have much success. Main paintings Vorobyov's works are in palaces, on the Fall estate of Count Benckendorf and in a few private collections. In the Hermitage there is the “Chapel of Golgotha”. At present they cannot serve as a guide and a model; but in his time Vorobiev taught a lot to many not only landscape painters, but even genre painters and architects.

He, like no one else, could create talents, so in the long list of his students there are more workers (for example, the Chernetsov brothers) than talents. Nevertheless, among the latter there are such names as the untimely death of Lebedev, L. Lagorio and the ceased artistic activities of M.K. Klodt; A.P. Bogolyubov, I.I. Shishkin, at first were Vorobiev’s students, as were the brothers Goravsky and Gine, Dorogov.

Artist
N. N. Ge

Nikolai Nikolaevich Ge - famous Russian painter. Born on February 15, 1831 in Voronezh. The Gue family comes from France; Gue's great-grandfather emigrated to Russia at the end of the eighteenth century and settled in Moscow. Ge's father was a landowner. Nikolai Nikolaevich spent his childhood in the village; at the age of 10 he was brought to Kyiv and placed in the First Kyiv Gymnasium, after which he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, first of Kyiv, then of St. Petersburg University. In 1850. Ge dropped out of university and entered the Academy Arts, where he studied under the guidance of P. Basin.

IN last period his artistic Ge's activities sought to achieve a different ideal. To the artist, according to him, talent is given in order to awaken and reveal in a person what is dear in him, but what is obscured by the vulgarity of life. The main thing in picture- thought, Ge attached the main importance to the plot and the religious and ethical problem that he wanted to explain. Form became something secondary and unnecessary for him. At one time, under the influence of Tolstoy, he even gave up painting and illustrated the “Our Father” with a pencil. His friendship with Tolstoy illuminated the entire end of his life; they often corresponded, shared their plans, Ge constantly consulted with Tolstoy regarding his works and completely followed the latter’s advice: “ Paintings express a simple, understandable and necessary Christianity for people.”

Artist

M. K. Bashkirtseva

Maria Konstantinovna Bashkirtseva - Russian artist. Born on November 11, 1860 near Poltava, into a wealthy noble family. Bashkirtseva spent her first years in the Kharkov region (at that time a province), on her mother’s estate. In May 1870, the Bashkirtsevs went abroad and, after visiting Austria, Germany and Switzerland, settled in Nice. Here the early youth of the future passed female artists, who from childhood showed many-sided talent and lively curiosity.

Working on painting"Bench on a suburban Parisian boulevard" artist Bashkirtseva caught a cold, and consumption, which had been slowly developing in her for several years, worsened and took her to the grave. Maria Konstantinovna Bashkirtseva died on October 31, 1884, about 24 years old. After her death, the French Society of Women artists"organized an exhibition of all of Bashkirtseva's works, where the public could see the extraordinary diversity and productivity of her talent. Maria Konstantinovna left about 150 paintings, sketches and drawings and, in addition, several sculptural sketches, revealing her great talent in this direction. After this exhibition, the French press unanimously spoke of Bashkirtseva as a first-class talent, as to the artist, which promised a number of brilliant works. Indeed, many sketches female artists indicate extraordinary humanity and the depth of her energetic, courageous talent.
Started painting“Holy Wives after the Burial of Christ” most certainly confirms this opinion with the originality of its design, which runs counter to the usual academic template. The best paintings by the artist Bashkirtseva purchased by the French government for national museums. “Meeting” and the pastel “Portrait of a Model” are in the Luxembourg Museum. An exhibition took place in January 1887 paintings by the artist Bashkirtseva in Amsterdam - on the initiative and at the expense of the Amsterdam Society artists. Dutch artistic the criticism fully confirmed the reviews of the French press. In the same year, Charpentier published “The Diary of Bashkirtseva.” This two-volume edition represents a reduction of the enormous manuscript material left by artist. The “Diary” aroused keen interest among the public and the press and in a short time went through several editions. In the winter of 1890, an article by Gladstone dedicated to the Diary appeared in the Nineteenth Century, in which the famous statesman called the Diary Russian artist one of the most remarkable books of our century. Only some pages of the “Diary” were published in Russian in a very small book.

Alexander Andreevich Ivanov - famous Russian historical painter. Born in St. Petersburg, July 16, 1806, at the age of eleven he entered the Imperial Academy as an “outsider” student. arts and was brought up in it with support from the encouragement society artists, under the main leadership of his father, professor painting A. I. Ivanova.

Serious, thoughtful attitude artist Ivanov’s approach to the subject, his complete renunciation of routine, academic views and techniques, his commitment to nature, the search for beauty not external and accidental, but determined by the correspondence of the form to the individual character and meaning of the depicted persons - all this won the creator of “The Apparition of the Messiah” warm sympathy mainly young artists, was a real revelation for them and had a decisive influence on many of their number. However, Alexander Ivanov was not destined to see the fruits of his venerable labor: his exhibition was still ongoing, and his fate paintings It was not yet decided how he went to his grave, stricken with cholera, on July 3, 1858. After his death, the “Appearance of the Messiah” was acquired by Emperor Alexander II and donated to the Moscow public museum, where it remains on display to this day. Except this paintings, constituting one of the precious monuments Russian painting, extremely curious are the numerous sketches (in pen, pencil and watercolor) on the themes of the Old and New Testaments, which I. studied in Rome, breaking away from time to time from his main work. They were published in exact facsimiles by the German Archaeological Institute on account of the capital bequeathed to him for this purpose by his brother painter, architect S. Ivanov.

Artist

K. P. Bryullov

Karl Pavlovich Bryullov - famous Russian artist historical, portrait and genre painting. Born in St. Petersburg on December 12, 1799. His distant ancestors were French, but his father was a German with a French surname (Brulleau), who was a sculptor-carver and painter miniatures From an early age, the son showed a special ability for drawing and received his first lessons in this art from his father.

Bryullov wrote not only oil paints, but was also an excellent watercolorist. The subjects of the watercolors were genre, however, artist sometimes he stooped to crudely erotic works. The illness forced Bryullov in 1849 to go for treatment to the island of Madera, where he was at the same time as Duke M. of Leuchtenberg. His stay on this island restored his strength, but with his arrival in Italy he again felt bad and died on June 12, 1852 in the town of Marciano, near Rome. He is buried in the Monte Testaccio cemetery in Rome. During his lifetime, Bryullov, of course, had extensive acquaintances, especially in the society of art ministers, but he was especially close to the writer N. Kukolnik, composer M. Glinka and actor V. Samoilov. Among Karl Pavlovich's students, some subsequently received greater or lesser fame. Fedotov is a genre satirist who is nothing like his teacher, Petrovsky, who died almost at the beginning of his artistic career, Moller is an author paintings“The Kiss” and “John’s Sermon on the Island of Patmos”, Mikhailov (“The Girl Puts a Candle in Front of the Icon”), Kapkov (“The Widow” and “Tatiana Reading Her Letter to Onegin”), known for the expressiveness of his heads, and Shevchenko. Karl Bryullov, despite the strength of his talent, did not create a school. A portrait of Bryullov, painted by himself, was mentioned; V " Last day Pompeii" he depicted himself in the background as artist; in Academy arts in St. Petersburg there is a plaster photograph from the bust of Bryullov, work by I. Vitali

Artist
I. E. Repin

Ilya Efimovich Repin - great Russian painter. Born on July 24 (according to other data in August) 1844 in Chuguev, now the Kharkov region, he died on September 29, 1930 in the village of Repino, Leningrad region. Born into the family of a military settler. Studied in St. Petersburg at the Drawing School of the Encouragement Society artists(end of 1863) with R.K. Zhukovsky and I.N. Kramskoy and at the St. Petersburg Academy arts.

After 1917, Repin, who lived in the Penaty estate in Kuokkala (since 1899), ended up abroad. (Kuokkala belonged to Finland until 1940.) While living in Finland, Repin did not break ties with his homeland and dreamed of returning to the USSR. In Penaty, where he died and was buried, a memorial museum was opened in 1940. Memorial Museum Repin is also in Chuguev. In 1958, a monument to Repin was unveiled in Moscow (bronze, granite, sculptor M. G. Manizer, architect I. E. Rozhin). arty Ivan Sokolov and Kachalov, who were noted against him in the statement for this year. In 1757, he was listed as a master of land carving with a salary of 300 rubles. Mahaev studied perspectivepainterValeriani took out many prospectuses under his supervision. Died March 30, 1770.

Makhaev’s works also include 34 views (drawings) of different cities: Novgorod; Bronnitskaya Mountain near Novgorod; Tver: “gr. N. Sablin"; Vladimir; Astrakhan; Kokshaysk; Penza; Saransk; Kazan; Zilantiev Monastery; Sviyazhsk; Cheboksary; Simbirsk; Sizran; Verkhoturye; tapa; Tobolsk; Pelym; Tyumen; Ekaterinburg; Tomsk; Kyakhta; Nevian plant; Krasnoyarsk Mangazey; Kuznetsk; Irkutsk; Yakutsk; Udinsky fort; Turinsk; Selenginsk; Nerchinsk; Ililik; Yeniseisk.

Artist
I. N. Nikitin

Ivan Nikitich Nikitin – pensioner of Emperor Peter the Great, portrait and historical painter at the court of Peter the Great, Catherine the First and Peter the Second. Born around 1688 in Moscow, died in the spring of 1741. His father, Nikita Dementievich, was a priest in Moscow at the church in the name of St. Demetrius of Thessalonica, at the Tver Gate in the White City.

Nikitin stayed in Siberia until the spring of 1741. Princess Anna Leopoldovna, returning many imprisoned from Siberia, on December 29, 1740, ordered that a case be presented about him, and on April 22, 1741, she ordered Nikitin to be released. A decree about this was immediately sent to Tobolsk, but did not reach this city until the end of June. Nikitin was released and had to return from exile at his own expense. On the way home he died.

paintings, Fedotov became more and more convinced that he lacked serious preparation in order to convey his ideas to the canvas quickly and freely, which at his age to conquer himself artistic technology must work persistently, spending a lot of time and taking advantage of at least some income. With the pension and benefits received it was barely possible to have shelter and food, and yet it was necessary to buy money from them artistic materials, hire natural resources and send benefits to Moscow for fallen relatives, with all care for them artist into complete poverty. I had to put aside my newly conceived compositions for an indefinite period and earn money through less serious work - painting cheap portraits and copying my previous works.

Artists of the 19th century At the beginning of the nineteenth century, painting began to abandon biblical and mythological subjects and worship the classical heritage of Greece and Rome. There is a growing interest of artists in the personality of man, his mental states, in the life of not only gods and kings, but also ordinary people.

Karl Pavlovich Bryullov He also acts as a master of secular portraiture, turning a natural motif into an example of heavenly idyllic harmony “Horsewoman”, Portrait of Giovanina and Amatzilia Paccini, pupils of gr. Samoilova Yu. P.

Orest Adamovich Kiprensky KIPRENSKY Orest Adamovich March 24, 1782, in the Leningrad region October 17, 1836, Rome, Russian artist. Outstanding Master Russian fine art of romanticism, who gained particular fame as a wonderful portrait painter. “Self-portrait with brushes behind the ear” (fragment, about, Tretyakov Gallery).

Orest Adamovich Kiprensky A. S. Pushkin. Portrait by O. A. Kiprensky (1827, Tretyakov Gallery). This portrait is the most famous of all images of Pushkin. It was first exhibited at an exhibition at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts in September 1827. “You created again, dear wizard, Me, the pet of the pure Muses - And I laugh at the grave, Having left forever from mortal bonds...” the poet wrote to the artist.

Orest Adamovich Kiprensky Portrait of D. N. Tail Year. Tretyakov Gallery. Moscow. “Portrait of Life Hussar Colonel Evgraf Davydov”

Vasily Andreevich Tropinin TROPININ Vasily Andreevich, Russian artist. One of the founders of romanticism in Russian painting. Born into a family of serfs. He was a serf first of Count A. S. Minikh, then of I. I. Morkov. He studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, where he became close to O. A. Kiprensky and A. G. Varnek (the latter also later became a prominent master of Russian romanticism).

Vasily Andreevich Tropinin “Portrait of an unknown man in a dressing gown with a pipe.” This painting is unusual in its style; it stands out among the everyday portraits painted by the artist in the 1980s. The sharp side light reveals the expressive facial features of the person being portrayed and gives the image a certain romanticism characteristic of Tropinin’s earlier works.

Vasily Andreevich Tropinin V. A. Tropinin. "Lacemaker" year. Tretyakov Gallery.

Alexey Gavrilovich Venetsianov VENETSIANOV Alexey Gavrilovich, Russian artist. The best master of the rural everyday genre in Russian fine art of romanticism, teacher-reformer. Coming from a merchant family, in his youth he served as a minor official. He developed as an artist largely independently, copying paintings from the Hermitage. Between 1807 and 1811 he took painting lessons from V. L. Borovikovsky.

Alexey Gavrilovich Venetsianov “Shepherd boy with a pipe” 1820s “Shepherd boy”

Alexey Gavrilovich Venetsianov “On the arable land. Spring" Tretyakov Gallery.

Vasily Grigorievich Perov Vasily Grigorievich PEROV, Russian painter, one of the organizers of the Association of Itinerants. Author genre paintings(“Rural religious procession at Easter”, 1861), imbued with sympathy for the people (“Seeing off the deceased”, 1865, “Troika”, 1866), psychological portraits (“A. N. Ostrovsky”, 1871; “F. M. Dostoevsky ", 1872). Illegitimate son of Baron G. K. Kridener; the surname “Perov” arose as a nickname given to the future artist by his literacy teacher, a junior sexton. He studied at the Arzamas School of Painting () and at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (), in particular with S. K. Zaryanko. Lived and worked in Moscow, and in Paris (pensioner of the Academy of Arts). He was particularly influenced by P. A. Fedotov, as well as magazine satirical graphics and the German everyday genre of the Düsseldorf school. He was one of the founding members of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions.

Vasily Grigorievich Perov “Rural religious procession for Easter” year. Tretyakov Gallery. Early works are imbued with an “accusatory” mood characteristic of the Russian realistic school.

Vasily Grigorievich Perov V. G. Perov. “The last tavern at the outpost” year. Tretyakov Gallery.

Vasily Grigorievich Perov Perov’s coloring acquired a new, sharper, tonal expressiveness in the painting “Seeing Off the Dead Man” (1865). A peasant funeral no longer appears as just a social satire, but as a drama about the “humiliated and insulted,” which is universal in its meaning.

Vasily Grigorievich Perov Perov also made a great contribution to the art of portraiture. He created images of a number of famous cultural figures. “Portrait of A. N. Ostrovsky” year. Tretyakov Gallery.

Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy KRAMSKOY Ivan Nikolaevich, Russian artist, critic and art theorist. One of the most significant masters of Russian realism of the 19th century. Born into a poor middle-class family. Kramskoy’s early career was “multidisciplinary,” typical of an intellectual commoner: he was a clerical scribe, an apprentice to an icon painter, and worked as a retoucher for a traveling photographer. Studied at the Academy of Arts (). Lived and worked in St. Petersburg. The portraits of Russian cultural figures (L.N. Tolstoy, 1873; Nekrasov) and peasants (Polesovshchik, 1874) are remarkable in their depth of social and psychological characterization. Thematic canvases are devoted to philosophical and ethical problems (“Christ in the Desert”, 1872), the disclosure of complex mental movements (“ Inconsolable grief", 1884).

Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy “Christ in the Desert” (1872, Tretyakov Gallery). “Then [after Baptism] Jesus was led up by the Spirit into the desert to be tempted by the devil, and after fasting for forty days and forty nights, he was finally hungry. And the tempter came to Him and said: If You are the Son of God, command that these stones become bread. He answered and said to him, “It is written, Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds from the mouth of God” (Matthew 4:1-4).

Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy “Unknown” Tretyakov Gallery.

Ivan Nikolaevich Kramskoy “Portrait of L. N. Tolstoy” year. Tretyakov Gallery. Kramskoy proved himself primarily as a wonderful portrait painter. Beginning with a self-portrait of 1867, he affirmed the ideals of a proud, morally strong personality.

Vasily Ivanovich Surikov SURIKOV Vasily Ivanovich, Russian artist. The best master of Russian historical painting, combining realism of the 19th century. with vibrant pictorial innovation. Born into the family of a clerical employee. Surikov's family belonged to an old Cossack family; the future master was accustomed from childhood to perceive the surrounding Siberian life with its picturesque archaism and ancient legends as living history. B studies at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts under P. P. Chistyakov. He lived in St. Petersburg, and from 1877 in Moscow. He was a member of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions and the Union of Russian Artists. He constantly traveled to Siberia, visited the Don (1893), the Volga (), and the Crimea (1913). In the 2000s he visited France, Italy and a number of other European countries.

Vasily Ivanovich Surikov In monumental canvases dedicated to turning points, the intense conflicts of Russian history, the main character showed the masses, rich in bright personalities, filled with strong feelings. Deep in understanding contradictions historical process Surikov’s works (“Morning of the Streltsy Execution”, 1881; “Menshikov in Berezovo”, 1883; “Boyarina Morozova”, 1887; “Conquest of Siberia by Ermak”, 1895) are distinguished by the breadth and polyphony of their composition, brightness and richness of color. Portraits, watercolors.
Vasily Ivanovich Surikov Head of the noblewoman Morozova year. Sketch for the painting “Boyarina Morozova”. Tretyakov Gallery.

Vasily Ivanovich Surikov “Menshikov in Berezovo” year. Tretyakov Gallery.

Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi KUINDZHI Arkhip Ivanovich [January 1841, the town of Karasu near Mariupol July 11 (24), 1910, St. Petersburg], Russian landscape painter. The son of a shoemaker, Greek by nationality. He studied painting on his own, and in 1868 he studied at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. In 1878 he received the title " cool artist first degree" for the paintings "On the Island of Valaam", "Chumatsky Tract in Mariupol", "Ukrainian Night" and "Steppe".

Isaac Ilyich Levitan LEVITAN Isaac Ilyich, Russian artist. The greatest master Russian landscape of the late 19th century, which laid down the principles of symbolism and modernity in this genre. Son of a railway employee. In the early years Levitan's family moved to Moscow. The future master studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, where V. D. Polenov and A. K. Savrasov had the greatest influence on him. P. P. Trubetskoy. "Isaak Ilyich Levitan." Bronze year. Tretyakov Gallery.

Great foreign artists

Foreign artists

Lorenzetti’s paintings harmoniously combined the traditions of Siena painting with its lyricism and the generality of forms and promising spatial construction characteristic of Giotto’s art. Although the artist uses religious and allegorical subjects, the features of contemporary life clearly appear in his paintings. The conventional landscape, characteristic of the paintings of the masters of the 14th century, is replaced by Lorenzetti with recognizable Tuscan landscapes. He paints very realistically vineyards, fields, lakes, sea harbors surrounded by inaccessible cliffs.

Eyck Van
Country: Netherlands

The city of Maaseik is considered the homeland of the Van Eyck brothers. Little information has been preserved about his older brother Hubert. It is known that it was he who began work on the famous Ghent Altar in the Church of St. Bavo in Ghent. Probably, the compositional design of the altar belonged to him. Judging by the surviving archaic parts of the altar - "Worship of the Lamb", figures of God the Father, Mary and John the Baptist, - Hubert can be called a master of the transition period. His works had many similarities with the traditions of late Gothic (abstract and mystical interpretation of the theme, conventionality in the transfer of space, little expressed interest in the image of man).

Foreign artists

Albrecht Durer, the great German artist, the largest representative of Renaissance culture in Germany. Born in Nuremberg in the family of a goldsmith, a native of Hungary. Initially he studied with his father, then with the Nuremberg painter M. Wolgemut (1486-89). During his years of study and during his wanderings in Southern Germany (1490-94), during a trip to Venice (1494-95), he absorbed the heritage of the 15th century, but nature became his main teacher.

Bosch Hieronymus
(1450-1516)
Country: Germany

Bosch Hieronymus, the great Dutch painter. Born in Herzogenbosch. His grandfather, grandfather's brother and all five uncles were artists. In 1478, Bosch married a wealthy patrician Aleid van Merwerme, whose family belonged to the highest aristocracy. There were no children from this marriage, and it was not particularly happy. Nevertheless, he brought material prosperity to the artist, and, not yet becoming quite famous, Bosch could afford to paint the way he wanted.

Botticelli Sandro
(1445-1510)
Country: Italy

Real name - Alessandro da Mariano di Vanni di Amedeo Filipepi, great Italian painter of the Renaissance. Born in Florence into a tanner's family. Initially, he was apprenticed to a certain Botticelli, a goldsmith, from whom Alessandro Filipepi received his surname. But the desire for painting forced him in 1459-65 to study with the famous Florentine artist Fra Philippe Lippi. Early works of Botticelli ( "Adoration of the Magi", "Judith and Holofernes" and especially the Madonna - "Madonna Corsini", "Madonna with a Rose", "Madonna with Two Angels") were written under the influence of the latter.

Verrocchio Andrea
(1435-1488)
Country: Italy

Real name - Andrea di Michele di Francesco Cioni, an outstanding Italian sculptor. Born in Florence. He was a famous sculptor, painter, draftsman, architect, jeweler, and musician. In each genre he established himself as a master innovator, not repeating what his predecessors did.

Carpaccio Vittore
(c. 1455 / 1465 - c. 1526)
Country: Italy

Carpaccio Vittore (c. 1455 / 1465 - c. 1526) - Italian painter. Born in Venice. He studied with Gentile Bellini and was strongly influenced by Giovanni Bellini and partly by Giorgione. Carefully observing the events of modern life, this artist knew how to imbue his religious compositions with a lively narrative and many genre details. In fact, he created an encyclopedia of the life and customs of Venice in the 15th century. They say about Carpaccio that this master is “still at home in Venice.” And even the very idea of ​​Venice is inseparably linked with the memory of the greenish paintings of the brilliant draftsman and colorist, as if visible through sea water.

Leonardo da Vinci
(1452 - 1519)
Country: Italy

One of the greatest Italian Renaissance artists, Leonardo da Vinci was also an outstanding scientist, thinker and engineer. All his life he observed and studied nature - the heavenly bodies and the laws of their movement, mountains and the secrets of their origin, water and winds, the light of the sun and the life of plants. Leonardo also considered man as part of nature, whose body is subject to physical laws and at the same time serves as a “mirror of the soul.” He showed his inquisitive, active, restless love for nature in everything. It was she who helped him discover the laws of nature, to put its forces at the service of man, it was she who made Leonardo the greatest artist, who with equal attention captured a blossoming flower, an expressive gesture of a person and a foggy haze covering distant mountains.

Michelangelo Buonarroti
(1475 - 1564)
Country: Italy

“No man has yet been born who, like me, would be so inclined to love people,” the great Italian sculptor, painter, architect and poet Michelangelo wrote about himself. He created brilliant, titanic works and dreamed of creating even more significant ones. Once, when the artist was at the marble mining in Carrara, he decided to carve a statue from an entire mountain.

Rafael Santi
(1483 - 1520)
Country: Italy

Raphael Santi, the great Italian High Renaissance painter and architect. Born in Urbino in the family of G. Santi, the court artist and poet of the Duke of Urbino. He received his first painting lessons from his father. When he died, Raphael moved to T. Viti's studio. In 1500 he moved to Perugio and entered Perugino's workshop, first as an apprentice and then as an assistant. Here he learned the best features of the style of the Umbrian school of Painting: the desire for an expressive interpretation of the subject and the nobility of forms. Soon he brought his skill to the point where it became impossible to distinguish a copy from the original.

Titian Vecellio
(1488- 1576)
Country: Italy

Born in Pieve di Cadoro - small town on the border of the Venetian possessions in the Alps. He came from the Vecelli family, very influential in the town. During the war between Venice and Emperor Maximilian, the artist’s father rendered great services to the Republic of St. Mark.

Foreign artists

Rubens Peter Paul, the great Flemish painter. “The King of Painters and the Painter of Kings” was called by the contemporaries of the Fleming Rubens. In one of the most beautiful corners of Antwerp, there is still “Rubens-Hughes” - the artist’s house, built according to his own design, and workshop. About three thousand paintings and many wonderful drawings came from here.

Goyen Jan van
(1596-1656)
Country: Holland

Goyen Jan van is a Dutch painter. His passion for painting manifested itself very early. At the age of ten, Goyen began to study drawing with the Leiden artists I. Swanenburg and K. Schilperort. The father wanted his son to become a glass painter, but Goyen himself dreamed of being a landscape painter, and he was assigned to study with the mediocre landscape artist Willem Gerrits in the city of Goorn.

Segers Hercules
(1589/1590 - ca. 1638)
Country: Holland

Segers Hercules - Dutch landscape painter and graphic artist. He studied in Amsterdam with G. van Koninksloo. From 1612 to 1629 he lived in Amsterdam, where he was accepted into the guild of artists. Visited Flanders (c. 1629-1630). From 1631 he lived and worked in Utrecht, and from 1633 - in The Hague.

Frans Hals
(c. 1580-1666)
Country: Holland

Decisive role in addition national art The early stage of development of the Dutch art school was influenced by the work of Frans Hals, its first great master. He was almost exclusively a portrait painter, but his art meant a lot not only to Dutch portraiture, but also to the formation of other genres. In Hals’s work, three types of portrait compositions can be distinguished: a group portrait, a commissioned individual portrait, and a special type of portrait images, similar in nature to genre painting, which he cultivated mainly in the 20s and early 30s.

Velazquez Diego de Silva
(1559-1660)
Country: Spain

Born in Seville, one of the largest artistic centers in Spain late XVI– beginning of the 17th century. The artist's father came from a Portuguese family that moved to Andalusia. He wanted his son to become a lawyer or a writer, but did not stop Velazquez from painting. His first teacher was Fr. Herrera Sr., and then F. Pacheco. Pacheco's daughter became Velazquez's wife. In Pacheco's workshop, Velazquez was busy painting heads from life. At the age of seventeen, Velazquez received the title of master. The career of the young painter was successful.

Country: Spain

El Greco
(1541-1614)
Country: Spain

El Greco, real name - Domenico Theotokopouli, great Spanish painter. Born into a poor but enlightened family in Candia on Crete. Crete at that time was the possession of Venice. He studied, in all likelihood, with local icon painters who still preserved the traditions of the medieval Byzantine art. Around 1566 he moved to Venice, where he entered Titian's workshop.

Caravaggio Michelangelo Merisi
(1573-1610)
Country: Italy

Caravaggio Michelangelo Merisi, an outstanding Italian painter. The emergence and flourishing of the realistic movement in Italian painting of the late 16th and early 17th centuries is associated with the name of Caravaggio. The creativity of this remarkable master played a huge role in artistic life not only Italy, but also other European countries. Caravaggio's art attracts us with its great artistic expressiveness, deep truthfulness and humanism.

Carracci
Country: Italy

Carracci, a family of Italian painters from Bologna in the early 17th century, the founders of academicism in European painting. At the turn of the 16th - 17th centuries in Italy, as a reaction to mannerism, an academic movement in painting took shape. Its basic principles were laid down by the Carracci brothers - Lodovico (1555-1619), Agostino (1557-1602) and Annibale (1560-1609).

Bruegel Pieter the Elder
(between 1525 and 1530-1569)
Country: Netherlands

Anyone who has read Charles de Coster’s wonderful novel “The Legend of Till Eulenspiegel” knows that the entire people took part in the Dutch revolution, in the struggle against the Spaniards for their independence, a cruel and merciless struggle. Just like Ulenspiegel, the largest Dutch artist, draftsman and engraver, one of the founders of realistic Dutch and Flemish art, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, was a witness and participant in these events.

Van Dyck Anthonys
(1599- 1641)
Country: Netherlands

Van Dyck Antonis, an outstanding Flemish painter. Born in Antwerp into the family of a wealthy businessman. Initially he studied with the Antwerp painter Hendrik van Balen. In 1618 he entered Rubens' workshop. I started my work by copying his paintings. And soon he became Rubens’s main assistant in carrying out large orders. Received the title of master of the Guild of St. Luke in Antwerp (1618).

Poussin Nicolas
(1594-1665)
Country: France

Poussin Nicolas (1594-1665), an outstanding French painter, a leading representative of classicism. Born in the village of Andely in Normandy in the family of a small landowner. Initially he studied in his homeland with the little-known, but quite talented and competent wandering artist K. Varen. In 1612, Poussin went to Paris, and there J. Aallemant became his teacher. In Paris he became friends with the Italian poet Marine.

XVII (17th century)

Foreign artists

Cape Albert Gerrits is a Dutch painter and etcher.

He studied with his father, the artist J. Cuyp. His artistic style was formed under the influence of the paintings of J. van Goyen and S. van Ruisdael. Worked in Dordrecht. Cuyp's early works, close to the paintings of J. van Goyen, are monochrome. He paints hilly landscapes, country roads running into the distance, poor peasant huts. The paintings are most often made in a single yellowish tonality.

Ruisdael Jacob van
(1628/1629-1682)
Country: Holland

Ruisdael Jacob van (1628/1629-1682) - Dutch landscape painter, draftsman, etcher. He probably studied with his uncle, the artist Salomon van Ruisdael. Visited Germany (1640-1650s). He lived and worked in Haarlem, and in 1648 he became a member of the guild of painters. From 1656 he lived in Amsterdam, in 1676 he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine in the Treasury and was included in the list of Amsterdam doctors.

Rembrandt Harmens van Rijn
(1606-1669)
Country: Holland

Born in Leiden into a miller's family. The father's affairs went well during this period, and he was able to give his son a better education than other children. Rembrandt entered the Latin School. I studied poorly and wanted to take up painting. Nevertheless, he finished school and entered Leiden University. A year later I started taking painting lessons. His first teacher was J. van Swanenburg. After staying in his workshop for more than three years, Rembrandt went to Amsterdam to visit the historical painter P. Lastman. He had a strong influence on Rembrandt and taught him the art of engraving. Six months later (1623) Rembrandt returned to Leiden and opened his own workshop.

Terborch Gerard
(1617-1681)
Country: Holland

Terborch Gerard (1617-1681), famous Dutch painter. Born in Zwolle into a wealthy burgher family. His father, brother and sister were artists. Terborch's first teachers were his father and Hendrik Averkamp. His father forced him to copy a lot. He created his first work at the age of nine. At the age of fifteen, Terborch went to Amsterdam, then to Haarlem, where he came under the strong influence of Fr. Khalsa. Already at this time he was known as a master of the everyday genre, most willingly painting scenes from the life of military men - the so-called “guardhouses”.

Canalletto (Canale) Giovanni Antonio
(1697-1768)
Country: Italy

Canaletto's first teacher was his father, theater decorator B. Canale, whom he helped design performances in the theaters of Venice. He worked in Rome (1717-1720, early 1740s), Venice (from 1723), London (1746-1750, 1751-1756), where he performed works that formed the basis of his work. He painted vedotas - city landscapes, depicted streets, buildings, canals, boats gliding on the sea waves.

Magnasco Alessandro
(1667-1749)
Country: Italy

Magnasco Alessandro (1667-1749) - Italian painter, genre painter and landscape painter. He studied with his father, the artist S. Magnasco, then with the Milanese painter F. Abbiati. His style was formed under the influence of the masters of the Genoese school of painting, S. Rosa and J. Callot. Lived and worked in Milan, Florence, Genoa.

Watteau Antoine
(1684-1721)
Country: France

Watteau Antoine, an outstanding French painter, with whose work one of the significant stages of development is associated household painting in France. Watteau's fate is unusual. During the years when he wrote his best works, neither in France nor in the neighboring countries was there a single artist who could compete with him. The titans of the 17th century did not live to see Watteau's era; those who followed him in glorifying the 18th century became known to the world only after his death. In fact, Fragonard, Quentin de La Tour, Perronneau, Chardin, David in France, Tiepolo and Longhi in Italy, Hogarth, Reynolds, Gainsborough in England, Goya in Spain - all this is the middle, or even the end of the 18th century.

Lorraine Claude
(1600-1682)
Country: France

Lorrain Claude (1600-1682) - French painter. At an early age he worked in Rome as a servant for A. Tassi, then became his student. The artist began receiving large orders in the 1630s; his clients were Pope Urban VIII and Cardinal Bentivoglio. From that time on, Lorrain became popular in Roman and French circles of art connoisseurs.

XVIII (18th century)

Foreign artists

Gainsborough Thomas, an outstanding English painter, creator of the national type of portrait. Born in Sudbury, Suffolk, into the family of a cloth merchant. The picturesque surroundings of the town, located on the River Stour, attracted Gainsborough from childhood, who endlessly depicted them in his childhood sketches. The boy's passion for drawing was so great that his father, without hesitation for long, sent his thirteen-year-old son to study in London, which at that time had already become the center of artistic life.

Turner Joseph Mallord William
(1775-1851)
Country: England

Turner Joseph Mallord William was an English landscape artist, painter, draftsman and engraver. He took painting lessons from T. Moulton (c. 1789), in 1789-1793. studied at the Royal Academy in London. In 1802 Turner became an academician, and in 1809 he became a professor in academic classes. The artist traveled extensively throughout England and Wales, visited France and Switzerland (1802), Holland, Belgium and Germany (1817), Italy (1819, 1828). His artistic style formed under the influence of C. Lorrain, R. Wilson and Dutch marine painters.

Johannes Vermeer of Delft
(1632-1675)
Country: Holland

Jan Vermeer of Delft is a great Dutch artist. Almost no information about the artist has survived. Born in Delft into the family of a burgher who owned a hotel. He also produced silk and sold paintings. Perhaps that is why the boy became interested in painting early. Master Karel Fabritius became his mentor. Vermeer soon married Katherine Bolney, the daughter of a wealthy burgher, and already in 1653 he was accepted into the Guild of St. Luke.

Goya y Lucientes Francisco Josse
(1746-1828)
Country: Spain

One day little Francisco, the son of a poor altar gilder from a village near spanish city Zaragoza, painted a pig on the wall of his house. A stranger passing by saw genuine talent in children's drawing and advised the boy to study. This legend about Goya is similar to those told about other Renaissance masters when the true facts of their biography are unknown.

Guardi Francesco Lazzaro
(1712-1793)
Country: Italy

Guardi Francesco Lazzaro is an Italian painter and draftsman, a representative of the Venetian school of painting. He studied with his older brother, the artist Giovanni Antonio, in whose workshop he worked with his younger brother Niccolo. He painted landscapes, paintings of religious and mythological themes, and historical compositions. He worked on the creation of decorative decorations for the interiors of the Manin and Fenice theaters in Venice (1780-1790).

Vernet Claude Joseph
(1714-1789)
Country: France

Vernet Claude Joseph - French artist. He studied first with his father A. Vernet, then with L. R. Viali in Aix and with B. Fergioni, from 1731 in Avignon with F. Sovan, and later in Italy with Manglar, Pannini and Locatelli. In 1734-1753. worked in Rome. During the Roman period, he devoted a lot of time to working from life in Tivoli, Naples, and on the banks of the Tiber. He painted landscapes and sea views (“The seashore near Anzio”, 1743; “View of the bridge and the castle of St. Angel”, “Ponte Rotto in Rome”, 1745 - both in the Louvre, Paris; “Waterfall at Tivoli”, 1747; “Morning in Castellamare", 1747, Hermitage, St. Petersburg; "Villa Pamphilj", 1749, Pushkin Museum, Moscow; "Italian Harbor", "Sea Shore with Rocks", 1751; "Rocks at the Seashore", 1753 - all in the Hermitage, Saint Petersburg). These works amaze with their virtuosity in conveying the light-air environment and lighting, authenticity and subtle observation.

Vernet Horace
(1789-1863)
Country: France

Verne Horace is a French painter and graphic artist. He studied with his father, Karl Vernet. Writing during the heyday of the art of romanticism, the artist uses in his works the means inherent in the romantics. He is interested in people at the mercy of natural elements, in extreme situations. Vernet depicts warriors fiercely fighting in battles, hurricanes and shipwrecks (“Battle at Sea”, 1825, Hermitage, St. Petersburg).

Delacroix Eugene
(1798 - 186)
Country: France

Born in Charenton in the family of a prefect. Received an excellent education. He studied painting first at the School of Fine Arts in Paris, then in the workshop of P. Guerin (1816-22), whose cold skill had less influence on him than the passionate art of the romantic T. Géricault, with whom he became close at the School. A decisive role in the formation of Delacroix’s painting style was played by copying the works of old masters, especially Rubens, Veronese and D. Velazquez. In 1822 he made his debut at Talon with a painting "Dante's Rook"(“Dante and Virgil”) based on the plot from the first song of “Hell” (“The Divine Comedy”).

Gericault Theodore
(1791-1824)
Country: France

Born in Rouen into a wealthy family. He studied in Paris at the Imperial Lyceum (1806-1808). His teachers were K.J. Berne and P.N. Guerin. But they did not influence the formation of his artistic style - in the painting of Gericault, the tendencies of the art of A. J. Gros and J. L. David can be traced. The artist visited the Louvre, where he made copies of the works of old masters; he was especially admired by the paintings of Rubens.

Artvedia Art Gallery - biography of contemporary artists. Buy and sell contemporary paintings by artists from various countries.

Hiroshige Ando
(1797-1858)
Country: Japan

Born in Edo (now Tokyo) in the family of a minor samurai, Ando Genemon. His father held the position of foreman of city firefighters, and the family’s life was quite prosperous. Thanks to early training, he quickly learned to understand the properties of paper, brushes and ink. The general level of education at that time was quite high. Theaters, prints, and ikeba-fas were part of everyday life.

Hokusai Katsushika
(1760-1849)
Country: Japan

Hokusai Katsushika is a Japanese painter and draftsman, master of color woodcuts, writer and poet. He studied with the engraver Nakayama Tetsuson. He was influenced by the artist Shunsho, in whose workshop he worked. He painted landscapes in which the life of nature and its beauty are closely connected with the life and activities of man. In search of new experiences, Hokusai traveled a lot around the country, making sketches of everything he saw. The artist sought to reflect in his work the problem of the relationship between man and the nature around him. His art is permeated with the pathos of the beauty of the world and the awareness of the spiritual beginning that man brings to everything with which he comes into contact.

Foreign artists

Bonington Richard Parkes is an English painter and graphic artist. From 1817 he lived in France. He studied painting in Calais with L. Francia, and from 1820 he attended the School of Fine Arts in Paris, where his teacher was A. J. Gros. In 1822 he began exhibiting his paintings in the Paris Salons, and from 1827 he took part in exhibitions of the Society of Artists of Great Britain and the Royal Academy of Arts in London.

Ensor James
(1860-1949)
Country: Belgium

Ensor James (1860-1949) - Belgian painter and graphic artist. The artist was born and raised in the port city of Ostend, where he spent almost his entire life. The image of this seaside town with narrow streets inhabited by fishermen and sailors, with annual Maslenitsa carnivals and the unique atmosphere of the sea often appears in many of his paintings.

Van Gogh Vincent
(1853- 1890)
Country: Holland

Van Gogh Vincent, the great Dutch painter, representative of post-impressionism. Born in the Brabant Village of Groot Zundert in the family of a pastor. From the age of sixteen he worked at a company selling paintings, and then as a teacher’s assistant in private school in England. In 1878 he got a job as a preacher in a mining district in southern Belgium.

Anker Mikael
(1849-1927)
Country: Denmark

Anker Mikael is a Danish artist. He studied at the Academy of Arts in Copenhagen (1871-1875), as well as in the workshop of the Danish artist P. Kreyer. Later in Paris he studied in the workshop of Puvis de Chavannes, but this period was not reflected in his work. Together with his wife Anna he worked in Skagen, in small fishing villages. In his works, the sea is inextricably linked with images of Jutland fishermen. The artist depicts people in moments of their difficult and dangerous work.

Modigliani Amedeo
(1884-1920)
Country: Italy

How subtly, elegantly she told about Amedeo Modigliani Anna Akhmatova! Of course, she was a poet! Amedeo was lucky: they met in 1911, in Paris, fell in love, and these feelings became the property of the art world, expressed in his drawings and her poems.

Eakins Thomas
(1844-1916)
Country: USA

He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) and at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris (1866-1869). The formation of his artistic style was greatly influenced by the work of the old Spanish masters, which he studied in Madrid. Since 1870, the painter lived in his homeland, in Philadelphia, where he was engaged in teaching activities. Already in his first independent works, Eakins showed himself to be a realist (“Max Schmit in a Boat,” 1871, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; “On a Sailboat,” 1874; “Sailing Boats on the Delaware,” 1874).

Kent Rockwell
(1882-1971)
Country: USA

Kent Rockwell is an American landscape painter, draftsman, graphic artist, and writer. He studied with a representative of the plein air school of artist William Merritt Chace in Shinnecock on Long Island, then with Robert Henry at the School of Art in New York, where he also attended the classes of Kenneth Miller.

Homer Winslow
(1836-1910)
Country: USA

Homer Winslow is an American painter and draftsman. He did not receive a systematic education, having only mastered the craft of lithographer in his youth. In 1859-1861 attended evening drawing school at the National Academy of Arts in New York. From 1857 he made drawings for magazines, in civil war(1861-1865) collaborated on the illustrated weekly publication Harpers Weekly, for which he made realistic drawings of battle scenes, distinguished by expressive and strict forms. In 1865 he became a member of the National Academy of Arts.

Bonnard Pierre
(1867-1947)
Country: France

Bonnard Pierre - French painter, draftsman, lithographer. Born in the vicinity of Paris. In his youth he studied law, while also studying drawing and painting at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts and the Académie Julian. Got carried away Japanese engraving. Together with the artists E. Vuillard, M. Denis, P. Sérusier, they formed the core of a group that called itself “Nabi” - from the Hebrew word for “prophet”. The members of the group were supporters of a symbolism that was less complex and literary than the symbolism of Gauguin and his followers.

Marriage Georges
(1882-1963)
Country: France

Braque Georges - French painter, engraver, sculptor. In 1897-1899 studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Le Havre, then at the Ambert Academy and at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris (1902-1903). His early work was marked by the influence of the Fauves, especially A. Derain and A. Matisse. It was during this period that the artist most often turned to the landscape genre: he painted harbors, sea bays with boats, and coastal buildings.

Gauguin Paul
(1848-1903)
Country: France

Gauguin Paul (1848-1903), outstanding French artist. Representative of impressionism. Born in Paris. His father was an employee of the moderate-republican newspaper Nacional. A change in political course forced him to leave his homeland in 1849. On a ship heading to South America, he died suddenly. Gauguin spent the first four years of his life in Lima (Peru) with his mother's relatives. At the age of 17-23 he served as a sailor, fireman, helmsman in the merchant and navy, sailed to Rio de Janeiro and other distant cities.

Degas Edgar
(1834-1917)
Country: France

Edgar Degas was a contradictory and strange person at first glance. Born into a banker's family in Paris. Scion of an aristocratic family (his real name was de Ha), he refused the noble prefix from a young age. He showed interest in drawing as a child. Received a good education. In 1853 he passed the exams for a bachelor's degree and began to study law. But already at that time he studied with the painter Barrias, then with Louis Lamothe. Like Edouard Manet, he was prepared for brilliant career, but he dropped out of law school for the School of Fine Arts.

Derain Andre
(1880-1954)
Country: France

Derain Andre - French painter, book illustrator, engraver, sculptor, one of the founders of Fauvism. He began painting in Shatou in 1895, his teacher was a local artist. In 1898-1900 studied in Paris at the Career Academy, where he met A. Matisse, J. Puy and A. Marquet. Very soon Deren left the academy and began studying on his own.

Daubigny Charles Francois
(1817-1878)
Country: France

Daubigny Charles Francois - French landscape painter, graphic artist, representative of the Barbizon school. He studied with his father, the artist E. F. Daubigny, then with P. Delaroche. Was influenced by Rembrandt. Copied paintings in the Louvre Dutch masters, he was especially attracted to the works of J. Ruisdael and Hobbema. In 1835-1836 Daubigny visited Italy, and in 1866 he went to Holland, Great Britain and Spain. But these trips were practically not reflected in the artist’s work; almost all of his works are devoted to French landscapes.

Dufy Raoul
(1877-1953)
Country: France

Dufy Raoul - French painter and graphic artist. He studied in Le Havre, in evening classes at the Municipal Art School, where Luyer taught (1892-1897). Here Dufy met O. J. Braque and O. Fries. During this period, he painted portraits of his family members, as well as landscapes similar to the paintings of E. Boudin.

Isabey Louis Gabriel Jean
(1803-1886)
Country: France

Isabey Louis Gabriel Jean (1803-1886) - French painter of the romantic movement, watercolorist, lithographer. He studied with his father, the miniaturist J.-B. Izabe. Was influenced by the painting of English marine painters and small Dutch XVII V. Worked in Paris. In search of new impressions, Isabey visited Normandy, Auvergne, Brittany, Southern France, Holland, England, and as an artist accompanied an expedition to Algeria.

Courbet Gustave
(1819-1877)
Country: France

Gustave Courbet is an outstanding French painter, a wonderful master of realistic portraiture. “...never belonged to any school, to any church... to any regime, except the regime of freedom.”

Manet Edouard
(1832-1883)
Country: France

Edouard MANET (1832-1883), an outstanding French artist who rethought the traditions of narrative realistic painting. “Brevity in art is both necessity and elegance. A person who expresses himself concisely makes one think; a verbose person is boring.”

Marche Albert
(1875-1947)
Country: France

Marche Albert (1875-1947) - French painter and graphic artist. In 1890-1895 studied in Paris at the School of Decorative Arts, and from 1895 to 1898 - at the School of Fine Arts in the workshop of G. Moreau. He painted portraits, interiors, still lifes, landscapes, including views of the sea, images of harbors and ports. In the landscapes created by the artist from the late 1890s to the early 1900s. the strong influence of the Impressionists is noticeable, in particular A. Sisley (“Trees at Billancourt”, ca. 1898, Museum of Art, Bordeaux).

Monet Claude
(1840-1926)
Country: France

Claude Monet, French painter, founder of impressionism. “What I write is a moment.” Born in Paris in the family of a grocer. He spent his childhood in Le Havre. In Le Havre he began making caricatures, selling them in a stationery shop. E. Boudin drew attention to them and gave Monet his first lessons in plein air painting. In 1859, Monet entered the Paris School of Fine Arts, and then the Gleyer atelier. After a two-year stay in Algeria military service(1860-61) returned to Le Havre and met Ionkind. Ionkind's landscapes, full of light and air, made a deep impression on him.

Pierre Auguste Renoir
(1841-1919)
Country: France

Pierre Auguste Renoir was born into the family of a poor tailor with many children, and from early childhood he learned to “live comfortably” even when there was no piece of bread in the house. At the age of thirteen, he already mastered the craft - he painted cups and saucers at a porcelain factory. He was wearing his work blouse, stained with paint, when he arrived at the School of Fine Arts. In Gleyre's atelier, he picked up empty paint tubes thrown by other students. Squeezing them up last straw, he hummed something carefree and cheerful under his breath.

Redon Odilon
(1840-1916)
Country: France

Redon Odilon is a French painter, draftsman and decorator. He studied architecture in Paris, but did not complete the course. For some time he attended the School of Sculpture in Bordeaux, then studied in Paris in the studio of Jerome. As a painter, he was formed under the influence of the art of Leonardo da Vinci, J. F. Corot, E. Delacroix and F. Goya. The botanist Armand Clavo played a big role in his life. Having a rich library, he introduced the young artist to the works of Baudelaire, Flaubert, Edgar Allan Poe, as well as Indian poetry and German philosophy. Together with Clavo, Redon studied the world of plants and microorganisms, which was later reflected in his engravings.

Cezanne Paul
(1839-1906)
Country: France

Until now, one of the participants in the first exhibition on the Boulevard des Capucines, the most silent of the visitors to the Guerbois café, Paul Cézanne, remained in the shadows. It's time to get closer to his paintings. Let's start with self-portraits. Let's take a closer look at the face of this high-cheeked, bearded man, who looks either like a peasant (when he is wearing a cap) or like a scribe-sage (when his steep, powerful forehead is visible). Cézanne was both at the same time, combining the persistent work ethic of a peasant with the searching mind of a scientific researcher.

Toulouse Lautrec Henri Marie Raymond de
(1864-1901)
Country: France

Toulouse Lautrec Henri Marie Raymond de, an outstanding French artist. Born in Albi in the south of France into a family that belonged to the largest aristocratic family, which once led the Crusades. Since childhood, he showed talent as an artist. However, he took up painting after a fall from a horse (at the age of fourteen), as a result of which he became disabled. Soon after his father introduced him to Princeto, Henri began to regularly come to the workshop on the rue Faubourg Saint-Honoré. For hours he could watch the artist draw or write.

Foreign artists

Dali Salvador, great spanish artist, the largest representative of surrealism. Born in Figueres (Catalonia) in the family of a famous lawyer. At the age of sixteen, Dali was sent to a Catholic college in Figueres. The development of his personality was greatly influenced by the Pichot family. All family members owned musical instruments and organized concerts. Ramon Pichot is a painter who worked in Paris and knew P. Picasso closely. In the Pichots' house, Dali was engaged in drawing. In 1918, his first exhibition took place in Fegeras, which was favorably noted by critics.

Kalnins Eduardas
(1904-1988)
Country: Latvia

Kalnins Eduardas is a Latvian marine painter. Born in Riga into the family of a simple artisan, he began to draw early. Kalnins' first teacher was the artist Evgeniy Moshkevich, who opened a studio for aspiring painters in Tomsk, where the boy's family moved at the beginning of the First World War. After 1920, Kalnins returned to Riga with his parents and in 1922 entered the Latvian Academy of Arts. His teacher was Vilhelme Purvitis, a student of A.I. Kuindzhi.

It follows from the representatives of Western European painting of the 19th century that France was still considered the world cultural center at that time (since the 17th century), and artistic style opening the era - romanticism. Oddly enough, on the Internet it is much easier to find information about representatives of romanticism in general than about the French of the 19th century. For example, you can refer to the information presented on the website smollbay.ru, which lists romantic artists not only in France, but also in other countries. By the way, the list of representatives of romanticism in 19th century painting should begin with one of its founders - the Spaniard Francisco Goya. You can also include here the names of Jacques Louis David, whose work occupies borderline state between classicism and romanticism, and the “true romantics” Theodore Gericault and Eugene Delacroix.

Romanticism was replaced by realistic painting, which also originated in France. A rather succinct article about this direction is contained in the “Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron”; its text can be found on the Internet at dic.academic.ru. Representatives of realism in the fine arts of France include, first of all, Honoré Daumier, Gustave Courbet and Jean Francois Millet.

One of the brightest in history French painting– emergence and development. Information about impressionist artists is quite easy to find by visiting the websites hudojnik-impressionist.ru, impressionism.ru, as well as numerous printed publications on this topic, for example, “Impressionism. Illustrated Encyclopedia" by Ivan Mosin, "Impressionism. An enchanted moment" by Natalia Sinelnikova, "History of world painting. Impressionism" by Natalia Skorobogatko. The leading masters here are Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, Edgar Degas.

No less widespread is information about representatives of neo-impressionism and post-impressionism. You can find it on the already mentioned website smollbay.ru or in Elena Zorina’s book “The History of World Painting. Development of impressionism". First of all, the list should be replenished with the names of Georges Seurat, Paul Signac, Paul Cezanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent Van Gogh, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec.
The trend in English painting of the second half of the 19th century, like Pre-Raphaelism, became increasingly popular. The names of its representatives can be found on the websites dic.academic.ru, restorewiki.ru or in the books “Pre-Raphaelism” by Ivan Mosin, “History of World Painting. Victorian painting and the Pre-Raphaelites" by Natalia Mayorova and Gennady Skokov. The leading masters of this trend are Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Everett Millais, William Holman Hunt, William Morris, Edward Burne-Jones.

Masters of Russian painting of the 19th century

Compiling a list of 19th century artists is not such a difficult task; you just need to put a little effort into searching and organizing the information.

At one of the stages of his development, a person abandoned the goal of acting only for functionality and convenience and began to pay attention to beauty. This is how art appeared - something that brightens up the everyday life, evokes emotions and preserves for centuries. Art is a way to pass on history through generations.

Among the large number of branches, each genre is distinguished by its own characteristics and nuances, ways of evoking impressions, originality and independence. This is also painting, which has been pleasing the human eye for many centuries. It covers many styles and trends, which allows us to talk about painting as a limitless source of inspiration and deep emotions. Looking at the picture, everyone finds something of their own in it, notices little things in which, perhaps, the author did not put any meaning. This is the value of visual art.

Paintings of the 19th century, along with modern ones, are capable of evoking a wide variety of, often contradictory, emotions that hit the brain and overturn the usual meaning of things.

19th century painting

The end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century is reflected in history as the predominance of high classicism in all types of art, including painting. This period is filled with the desire of artists to convey the romance, uniqueness, and individuality of beauty in their creations. Paintings of the 19th century are something that makes you riveted your gaze to every stroke and admired it as part of a large, living canvas. This time again revealed to the world the beauty of the portrait, its ability to show not only the individual qualities of the person depicted and new techniques in painting, but also part of the artist himself, the way he sees the world.

Also, paintings of the 19th century are filled with a gradation of two colors that are close in shade, which added life and reality to the paintings. Later, in the 50s, the sublimity and romanticism of the paintings changed to a reflection of life without exaggeration and embellishment - to realism. But still, despite general trends, artists painted what they saw, what they felt and what they wanted to convey. The time frame of a popular genre or priority technique did not affect them, because it is difficult to squeeze a creative person, a master of his craft, into a certain format.

Paintings by Ivan Aivazovsky

If you say only two words - “sea” and “painting”, then the first who comes to mind will be Ivan Aivazovsky. The way he conveyed the water element cannot be compared with anything. In his paintings, water, like a person, is filled with thoughts, emotions and experiences. Each of his paintings is a picture of the world of the 19th century, where ships struggle with the elements, where light and darkness find their contrast in every corner of life, where feelings overflow, as if the last day has already come.

His works, such as “Battles”, “Storm and Shipwreck”, “Crimea and Surroundings”, are a portal through which you can get to the place depicted on the canvas and become an integral part of it. Devoting a lot of effort and time to landscapes, Ivan Aivazovsky also created portraits. Some of them are “Portrait of Vice Admiral M. P. Lazarev”, “Portrait of A. I. Kaznacheev” and others.

Karl Bryullov and his creations

Russian paintings of the 19th century are a collection of the most beautiful works of a large number of masters, among whom Karl Bryullov stands out with a special love for art. Having received from his father the ability to appreciate beauty, Karl, even from childhood, far surpassed many of his classmates in skill. In his activities he operated big list technician. Oil, watercolor, sepia or drawing - his paintings reflected the author's undying interest in all facets of art.

Bryullov, inspired by the works of the best masters of all times, was able to convey plasticity, a special sense of form and an individual understanding of painting. The most significant work of this artist is the monumental historical painting “The Last Day of Pompeii,” which took six years to create. Bryullov’s entire creative heritage is included in the “golden fund” of not only Russian but also world painting.

Viktor Vasnetsov and his paintings of the 19th century

People become familiar with many of Viktor Vasnetsov’s works at school. This artist was noticed for his passion for folklore, historical and fairy-tale subjects, significance national history. “Bogatyrs”, “Knight at the Crossroads”, “Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible” - all these works, like places of concentration of figurative energy, evoke a strong internal impulse.

In Vasnetsov’s paintings, the scene and the plot are important, and color plays, although a secondary, but extremely important role, because it is thanks to the precise selection of colors and the sweet trepidation, the spiritual beauty of what is depicted that his paintings are able to fill the soul with pleasant warmth and admiration.

Painting by Arkhip Kuindzhi

Simple but exciting; it seemed undemanding but impressive - such is the art of the 19th century. Arkhip Kuindzhi's paintings fit perfectly into the atmosphere of that time. The absence of a plot in his works should have reduced their value and taken away the enthusiastic interest with which they are looked at, but still these pictures catch and carry into the distant depths of consciousness.

It's all about the color. The fullness with which Arkhip Kuindzhi conveys the simplicity of his surroundings makes it impossible not to admire his works. “Snowy Peaks”, “Sunrise”, “Forest” - all this vivid examples high skill of Arkhip Ivanovich, thanks to which you can see the beauty and harmony of the surrounding world.

The world through the eyes of Isaac Levitan

All paintings by artists of the 19th century are exciting and touching in their own way, and the works of Isaac Levitan occupy their place among them. Within the framework of one canvas, the artist displayed many shades, thanks to which the special sensuality of his paintings was achieved.

The artist passionately loved life and all its facets. His works are simple and, at first glance, unpretentious landscapes, such as “Above Eternal Peace”, “Wooded Shore”, but it is in their brevity that emotional expressiveness is hidden.