Jastrow's Illusion (Jastrow, 1899)
Who do you see here? Hare or duck?
Ehrenstein illusion. Schematic modification. (Ehrenstein, 1930)
Hare-duck in full height.Ehrenstein, W. Untersuchungen uber Figur-Grund-Fragen. Zeitschrift fur Psychologie 117, 1930. P. 339-412 (Fig. 3, p. 369).
Wife or mother-in-law (two picture options).
Who do you see here?
A young girl or a sad old woman?How many people are there?
One? Two? Or maybe three?
Who do you see? Sad old man or cowboy?
J. Botwinick "Husband and Father-in-Low", 1961
Illusion with the face of a pharaoh.
Is it a donkey or a seal?
Who is this?
American Indian or Eskimo?
Old man or lovers?
Is it just a rose?
Sandro del Prete "Life In The Rose"
What is this?
Facial profile? What if you take a closer look? Still can't see?!
Did you see the inscription “Liar” (liar, deceiver)?Mysterious portrait general
The picture shows 9 people. Can you find them all?
Don Quixote.
How many faces do you see here?
What is Einstein thinking about?
Find a donkey.
G.A. Wotherspoon "Society, A Portrait"
Illusions with a skull.
Clown in loveL'amour de Pierrot "A Clown's Love", 1905
Salvador Dali. "Slave market with a disappearing bust of Voltaire", 1940.
Gossip Girls and Satan
G.A. Wotherspoon "Gossip, and Satan Came Also"
(eng. ambiguous figures, reversible figures)- images that allow different relationships between “figure” and “background” depending on the subject’s ideas. The selected object (figure) becomes the object of perception, and everything that surrounds it recedes into the background of perception. So, fig. 2a can be perceived either as an image of a black vase on a white background, or as two profiles of a person’s face on a black background. More multi-valued images are also possible. For example, when continuously viewing the figure (“Schröder figure”) in Fig. 2b its appearance changes, and one can observe: 1) a staircase; 2) a paper strip folded like an accordion; 3) overhanging cornice.
Dual or polysemantic images are explained by the fact that when a person perceives such drawings, different ideas arise that are equally consistent with what is depicted. Therefore, it is enough to single out the k.-l. a characteristic detail corresponding to a certain idea, in order to then immediately see a certain object.
Rice. 2. Examples of dual images.
Addition : The classic figure with reversible perspective is the Necker cube; this is D. and. named after the Swiss mathematician and physicist Louis Albert Necker (1730-1804), who reported that crystals and their designs during scientific observations they seem to spontaneously rotate in depth (which, of course, makes their visual examination very difficult). The above reversible vase was published in 1915 by the Danish philosopher Edgar Rubin (1886-1951); this vase very popularly illustrates the reversibility of figure and ground. Dual images often found in paintings famous artists, an example of which is Salvador Dali’s painting “The Slave Market with the Appearance of an Inconspicuous Bust of Voltaire” (when viewed from a close distance, the figures of people dominate; as the viewing distance increases, Voltaire’s bust becomes noticeable).
Another example of the striking competition between figure and ground is the engraving by M. Escher “Concentric Limit IV (Heaven and Hell)”: here the spontaneous alternation of devils and angels, which has no end, is symbolic and has a deep philosophical meaning.
Theoretical value Dual images in the psychology of perception is that they convincingly prove the well-known thesis of Gestalt psychology about the relative independence of the perceptual whole from sensory elements. The method of proof is simple: on the same sensory basis, with the same stimulation, completely different perceptions can arise. T. o., D. and. prove the same thesis as the transposition effect (which consists in demonstrating the constancy, stability of the perceptual whole with a complete change of the sensory basis), but directly opposite. way. (B.M.)
Psychological Dictionary. A.V. Petrovsky M.G. Yaroshevsky
Dictionary of psychiatric terms. V.M. Bleikher, I.V. Crook
no meaning or interpretation of the word
Neurology. Complete explanatory dictionary. Nikiforov A.S.
no meaning or interpretation of the word
Oxford Dictionary of Psychology
no meaning or interpretation of the word
subject area of the term
Vishnyakova Anna
The work “Dual Images” was submitted to the competition of the Small Academy of Sciences (MAS) in our gymnasium. The work is an abstract and presentation on a given topic and can be presented to students to broaden their horizons and develop spatial imagination both in class and in extracurricular activities.
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Dual images Performed by: Anna Vishnyakova, 5th grade student at Gymnasium No. 1 in Yaroslavl Supervisor: N. V. Rozhkova, 2009
Look at the pictures. What kind of strange cube is shown in the picture? From which side are we looking at this frame cube? How many cubes do you see in the picture? What is this?
Problematic question: Are there other images that contain more than one meaning, and will studying these paintings help me when studying geometry?
Goal: To become familiar with the concept of dual images. Consider different representations of dual images. Find out how considering dual pictures in geometry can help.
Plan 1. Duality in images 2. Groups of dual paintings Upside-down paintings Double portraits Ghostly silhouettes Tracking paintings Vanishing images Deceptive figures Visual distortions
Duality in images Duality is inconsistency, ambiguity, inclination in one direction or the other. Dual images are images that contain two, and sometimes three, subjects or objects, but we do not perceive them at the same time.
Groups of dual paintings Upside-down paintings Double portraits Ghostly silhouettes Tracking paintings Vanishing images Deceptive figures Visual distortions
Upside-down paintings Upside-down paintings are paintings with different images that can be seen by turning the picture 45, 90 or 180 degrees.
Portrait of the Pope
"Old man or princess?"
"Girl or old woman?"
"A regular visitor and his favorite dish»
“A young nurse or an old woman?”
« Mountain landscape with a praying mother and child"
"Frog or horse?"
"Hare or duck?"
Double portraits The secret of double portraits is that in one you can see images of two or three people at once.
“A young girl or an old woman in a cap?”
"Old Woman and Lady"
"Mom, Dad and Daughter"
Ghostly silhouettes In these paintings, in addition to the main plot, there is another – hidden one. Main artistic technique, used by artists to create a double subject - the contours of several figures or objects create a new image.
"Slave market with a disappearing bust of Voltaire"
"Love in a Rose"
"The secret between autumn leaves»
"Clown in Love"
"The Lady in Front of the Mirror"
"Gossip Girls and Satan"
"Landscape with a Baby"
Tracking Pictures The mystery of the Tracking Paintings is that no matter which way you look at it, it seems that the characters are looking straight into your eyes.
"Are you among the volunteers?"
"Motherland is calling"
"Scarf of Saint Veronica"
Disappearing images The mystery of the “disappearing images” paintings is explained by the play of chiaroscuro. When you look close, you see only rows of dots or lines, but when you move away, silhouettes appear, and the further you move from the picture, the clearer the image appears.
"The Face of Jesus Christ"
"Portrait of Marilyn Monroe"
Visual distortions Dual patterns consisting of geometric shapes and their various combinations give amazing “visual distortions”: straight lines seem curved, parallel lines seem to diverge, rectangles seem to be arbitrary quadrangles.
"Goering's Illusion"
"Illusion at the Wall Cafe"
"The Ehrenstein Illusion"
"Shapes"
While working on the project, I learned about the concept of dual images and looked at their different representations. Since ancient times people have tried volumetric bodies depicted on a plane so that they can be immediately distinguished from flat ones, so that the depth of space can be felt. And by peering into dual pictures you can learn to see volumetric figures, depicted on a plane, which is especially useful when studying stereometry. Conclusion:
1. A. Kalinin “Invisible - Visible”, “Science and Life”, 2005, No. 2 2. A. Kalinin “Paintings are werewolves”, “Science and Life”, 2005, No. 3 3. A. Kalinin " Mysterious paintings: two-eyed and three-eyed”, “Science and Life”, 2005, No. 4 4. www.aladyshek.beon.ru 5. www.biohacker.boom.ru/nisha Literature
Thank you for your attention
Preview:
Municipal educational institution Gymnasium No. 1
ABSTRACT
"DUAL IMAGES"
Performed:
student of 5th grade "B"
Vishnyakova Anna
Teacher:
Rozhkova N.V.
G.Yaroslavl
year 2009
CONTENT
Introduction. General concept duality
1. Duality in images. A little history of “pictures with a secret”
2. Groups of dual paintings according to the method of finding the hidden plot
1) upside-down paintings
3) ghostly silhouettes
4) tracking pictures
5) disappearing images
6) deceptive figures
7) visual distortions
Conclusion
Bibliography
Applications
INTRODUCTION
In our lives we often come across the concept of “duality”. IN explanatory dictionaries Ozhegov, Ushakov and others give approximately the same interpretation of the word “duality”: inconsistency, ambiguity, inclination in one direction or the other.
The theme of the duality of images attracted me because the search for a second meaning in a picture, something secret that is not evident at first glance, is a very interesting and exciting activity that develops attention and the ability to concentrate, requiring the inclusion of imagination and creative search. You experience great joy when you manage to solve the “mystery” of a painting, and with even greater interest you return to the drawings, the “secret” of which has not yet been revealed.
And, of course, you are amazed at the skill and imagination of the artists who created dual paintings. Many of them remained unknown, others, on the contrary, were great and famous throughout the world.
1. DUALITY IN IMAGES
So what are dual paintings or images? These are those paintings that contain two, and sometimes three, subjects or objects, but we do not perceive them at the same time. We look at one object, and everything that surrounds it fades into the background and becomes the “background”. But if you look closely at what just served as the “background”, you can see a completely different image. It becomes visible when you rotate the picture or place it at a certain angle, approach it or move away from it, or stare for a long time at one point or , on the contrary, you focus your gaze from details to overall plan.
In languages different countries these paintings are also called: “werewolves”, “shifters”, “pictures with a secret”, “double vision”, “amazing art”, etc. But the meaning of these names is the same - “duality of plots”, “ambiguity”.
Art historians find it difficult to determine exactly when the first dual paintings appeared. It is believed that the time of their origin is the 16th century. Most of the paintings had a satirical content and ridiculed their heroes. In the Middle Ages, when any free thinking was suppressed and destroyed, with the help of a hidden plot, artists ridiculed the vices of kings, emperors, and people in power. An example is one of the first dual paintings known to us from 1600 of the year - portrait Popes unknown author(Slide No. 1). If it is turned upside down, the profile of the head Catholic turns into the head of the devil. At that time, ordinary people considered the Pope to be the embodiment of evil for violating Christian commandments, absolving sins for payment, and acquisitiveness.
He published his first book, consisting of seventeen dual paintings, at the end of 1890. German artist Otto Bromberger.
WITH late XIX centuries, dual pictures are widely distributed in Europe, including in Russia. They are depicted not only in paintings, but also on postage stamps, postcards, coins, sets, ashtrays, etc. In the mid-20th century, the great Spanish surrealist artist Salvador Dali revived the genre of dual paintings.
2. GROUPS OF DUAL PICTURES BY METHOD OF FINDING THE HIDDEN Plot
The research part of my work consisted of searching for a variety of ambiguous images and systematizing them according to the method of recognizing the hidden plot.
I.First large group“pictures with a secret” - changelings. Different images can be seen by turning the picture 180 degrees.
Slide number 2 “Old man or princess?” In Europe, this picture also has a second name: “Before 6 beers and after”
Slide number 3 “Girl or old woman?” I came up with and drew it Unknown artist back in the 19th century, after which the picture was redrawn and published many times. This modern version paintings by the artist L.V. Volkov, jokingly called by him “Wife at work and at home.”
Slide No. 4 “A regular visitor and his favorite dish” This postcard was published in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. When you turn the postcard, the roasted pig on the platter turns into a fat gentleman.
Slide number 5 “A young nurse or an old lady?”
Sometimes it is enough to rotate the image not by 180, but by 90 or even 45 degrees:
Slide number 6 “Mountain landscape with a praying mother and child”
Slide number 7 “Frog or horse?”
Slide number 8 “Hare or duck?”
II. I would call the second group of pictures “double portraits”. As a rule, the “secret” lies in the presence in one portrait of an image of two people: “with their back to us” or in the “front” we see one person, in the “profile” we see another.
Slide number 9 “A young girl or an old woman in a cap?” Its author is often called American cartoonist W. Hill, who published the work in 1915 in the Pak magazine. Sometimes the image is attributed to the psychiatrist E. Boring. In fact, back in the first years of the 20th century, a postcard with the same picture and the inscription: “My wife and my mother-in-law” was put into circulation in Russia. The prototype for it was a German postcard from 1880 (author unknown).
Slide number 10 The same theme in a slightly different version
Slide No. 11 “Mom, Dad and Daughter” Author G. Fisher, 1968 The drawing can be called not a “double” but a “triple” portrait, however, in my opinion, the drawing is not very masterly and well thought out: the perception of the face of one is somewhat hampered by large four faces of another.
3) I would call the next group of paintings “ghost silhouettes”. Here, in addition to the main plot, there is another hidden one. The main artistic technique used by artists to create a double plot - the contours of several figures or objects create a new image.
Slide number 12 A classic example is the painting by the Spanish surrealist artist Salvador Dali “Slave Market with a Vanishing Bust of Voltaire”, 1940. Taking a general look at the picture, we see two women in black and white clothes, a man in a turban leads them into the gallery, other people. Looking closely, we see how the outline of a human head is formed from the arch of the gallery - an image of a sculptural portrait of one of the greatest philosophers of the 18th century, Voltaire, by Houdon. The women's heads form Voltaire's eyes, dresses - cheeks, mouth and neck.
Slide number 14 Another work by Sandro Del Prete “The Secret Between the Autumn Leaves” 1991. This is not only the title of the painting, but also the key that reveals the artist’s intention. His name is known all over the world today. And he started as an amateur. In his youth, Del Prete studied drawing for only six months; until the age of 44 he did not consider himself professional artist and worked for an insurance company in his hometown of Bern, Switzerland, where he still lives. Extraordinary beautiful drawing. The contours of the leaves create the silhouette of a beautiful naked girl. The painting is exhibited in a gallery in Bern, Switzerland.
The same type of images includes slides No. 15 “Clown in Love” and No. 16 “Lady in front of a mirror.” These are the pictures of the end XIX - early XX century, when the theme of life and death became a common theme among artists. When examined closely, the silhouettes of people become the outlines of a skull.
Slide No. 17 “Gossip Girls and Satan” Silhouettes of two ladies in hats form a portrait of Satan.
Slide No. 18 “Landscape with a baby” Tree branches and the shore of a pond form a figure small child lying on his back.
4) I would include the so-called “tracking pictures” into a separate group. Their mystery is that, no matter which way you look at them, it seems that the characters are looking straight into your eyes.
Slide number 19 The most famous poster of the era civil war In Russia" "Have you signed up as a volunteer?", 1920.The poster is also remarkable because the author, poster artist Dmitry Moor, in fact, in the form of a determined Budyonnovist, left us his self-portrait.
Slide number 20 Poster of the Great Era Patriotic War“The Motherland is Calling!”, 1941. Author I.M. Toidze.
Slide number 21 “St. Veronica’s Scarf”, by Gabriel von Max, Germany, 1870. The painting is also unusual in that the viewer sees Jesus’ eyes either open or closed. This effect is achieved by the play of shadow cast by the brow ridges on Jesus' eyelid.
5) I think that the play of chiaroscuro also explains the mystery of the “disappearing images” paintings. When you look close, you see only rows of dots or lines, but when you move away, silhouettes appear, and the further you move away from the picture, the clearer the image appears
Slide number 22 “The Face of Jesus Christ”
Slide number 23 “Wipeout of Marilyn Monroe”
6) dual patterns consisting of geometric figures can be distinguished into a separate group. Various combinations these figures-lines different thicknesses, circles, angles give amazing “visual distortions”: straight lines seem curved, parallel lines seem to diverge, squares seem to be polygons.
Slide number 24 “Goering’s illusion.” Named after its creator. The two broad lines in the foreground appear to be curved, although in fact they are parallel. The illusion is created by rays diverging from one point in the background. They seem to be pushing apart parallel lines, creating a “curvature” effect.
Slide number 25 “Illusion in the Wall Cafe in Bristol” The horizontal lines are actually parallel. The illusion is created by rows of squares moving along the vertical axis, painted in a contrasting color white background black color.
Slide No. 26 “The Ehrenstein Illusion” The sides of the square are not perceived as straight lines. Distortion is created by concentric circles in the background.
Slide No. 27 In one image we can see a staircase leading from bottom to top from right to left, and a niche descending in steps from left to right. Which side is the folded sheet of paper facing us - short or long? And how are the glasses positioned: with the arms or lenses facing us? All these questions can be answered in two ways.
There are many examples of visual distortions. Some are built on color contrast, others - a combination various forms and figures, while others create the illusion of movement. I think that this group can be the subject of a separate study.
CONCLUSION
Thus, having considered various examples of dual pictures, we can come to the conclusion that they are based on the characteristics of human vision, perception and recognition different images. People see and recognize dual subjects depending on the individual characteristics of perception: some pay their first glance to the general plan of the picture, which acts as a “background”, others begin to look at the image from the largest details, and the background seems to merge, recedes into the background . Therefore, initially some people see one plot, others another.
The appearance of dual paintings would have been impossible without the general progress of science, culture and art, during which new technical capabilities were created and new techniques used to obtain dual images: appearance in Europe in the 15th century oil paints, allowing you to convey the “depth” and “transparency” of the image and achieve various color effects, the development of the theory of chiaroscuro - the distribution of light on an object, the brightness of colors, which allows you to perceive the object as voluminous and relief, the use of perspective - one of the image techniques volumetric items on a plane, helping us to see the location of an object in the space surrounding it.
And in our time, interest in dual paintings does not fade. To confirm this, there are many Internet sites that not only display already known pictures, but also hold competitions among contemporary artists to create dual images.
LIST OF REFERENCES AND ELECTRONIC SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1. A. Kalinin “Invisible-Visible”, “Science and Life”, 2005, No. 2
2. A. Kalinin “Paintings-werewolves and their heroes”, “Science and Life”, 2005 No. 3
3. A. Kalinin “Mysterious Katrina: two-eyed and three-eyed”, “Science and Life”, 2005, No. 4
4.www.aladyshek.beon.ru
5.www.biohacker.boom.ru/nisha
6.www.psy.msy.ru/illusion
7.www.beledi.ru/forum
8.www.copypast.ru/2008/03/11
9.www/peterlife.ru/funoffice/illusion
Dual or polysemantic images, as the Big Psychological Dictionary tells us, are explained by the fact that when perceiving such drawings, a person has different ideas that are equally consistent with what is depicted.
How many women do you see?
At first glance, 90% of people see an attractive girl of 20-25 years old, the remaining 10% see an old woman over 70 with a huge nose. For those who see the picture for the first time, it is difficult to see the second image.
Clue: The girl’s ear is the eye of an elderly woman, and the oval of a young face is the old woman’s nose.
The first impression, according to psychologists, usually depends on what part of the picture your gaze fell on at the first moment.
After a little training, you can learn to order yourself who you want to see.
Psychiatrist E. Boringou used the portrait in the 1930s as an illustration for his work. The author of such an image is sometimes called the American cartoonist W. Hill, who published the work in 1915 in the magazine “Pak” (translated into Russian as “elf”, “fairy-tale spirit”).
But back in the first years of the 20th century, a postcard was issued in Russia with the same picture and the inscription: “My wife and my mother-in-law.”
The picture with two ladies can be found in many psychology textbooks.
Hare or duck?
Which character did you see first on modern version"Ehrenstein illusions"? The very first "duck-hare" drawing was published in Jastrow's book in 1899. It is believed that if children are shown the picture on Easter Day, they will be more likely to see it as a rabbit, but if shown to them in October, they will tend to see a duck or similar bird
Clue: In the picture you can see a duck, which is directed to the left, or a hare, which is directed to the right.
Singing Mexicans or old men?
Mexican artist Octavio Ocampo is the author of quite unusual paintings with hidden meaning. If you look closely, you will see another, hidden image in each of his drawings. He has designed sets for more than 120 Mexican and American films. Created several portraits of famous people Western world in a surreal style (“Portrait of the singer Cher”, “Portrait of the actress Jane Fonda”, “Portrait of Jimmy Carter”, etc.).
Clue: The old man and the old blonde woman look at each other. Their eyebrows are the hats of Mexican musicians, and their eyes are the faces of musicians.
Just Rose?
At first glance, yes. An ordinary flower and nothing more. But it was not there. The author of this image, Sandro del Pre, formed a new direction in art, which he called “illusorism,” focusing on the creation optical illusions when painting.
Clue: In the center of the rose you can see a couple kissing.
Old man or cowboy?
This painting by Ya. Botvinnik, first half of the twentieth century, USA, is called “My husband and my father-in-law.”
Who did you see first? A young man in a cowboy hat or an old man with a big nose?
Psychologists say that a person’s attitude towards himself influences the choice of image: with a positive attitude, people are more likely to perceive a young image in the first seconds.
Clue: The cowboy's neck is the old man's mouth, the ear is the eye, the chin is the nose.
What do you see in the sixth picture?
Leave your options in the comments to this article. The answer will appear at 13:00 on October 8, 2013.
Answer: Skull or young couple
