Brief biography of Joseph Haydn. The remarkable life and work of Joseph Haydn

Biography

Youth

Joseph Haydn(the composer himself never called himself by the name Franz) was born on March 31, 1732 on the estate of the Counts of Harrach - the Lower Austrian village of Rohrau, near the border with Hungary, in the family of Matthias Haydn (1699-1763). His parents, who were seriously interested in vocals and amateur music-making, discovered in the boy musical abilities and in 1737 they sent him to relatives in the city of Hainburg an der Donau, where Joseph began to study choral singing and music. In 1740, Joseph was noticed by Georg von Reutter, director of the chapel of Vienna's St. Stefan. Reutter took the talented boy to the choir, and he sang in the choir for nine years (including several years with his younger brothers).

Singing in a choir was a good, but only school for Haydn. As his abilities developed, he was assigned difficult solo parts. Together with the choir, Haydn often performed at city festivals, weddings, funerals, and took part in court celebrations. One such event was the funeral service for Antonio Vivaldi in 1741.

Service at Esterhazy

The composer's creative heritage includes 104 symphonies, 83 quartets, 52 piano sonatas, oratorios (The Creation of the World and The Seasons), 14 masses, 26 operas.

List of essays

Chamber music

• 12 sonatas for violin and piano (including sonata in E minor, sonata in D major)
• 83 string quartets for two violins, viola and cello
• 7 duets for violin and viola
• 40 trios for piano, violin (or flute) and cello
• 21 trios for 2 violins and cello
• 126 trio for baritone, viola (violin) and cello
• 11 trios for mixed winds and strings

Concerts

35 concertos for one or more instruments with orchestra, including:

• four concertos for violin and orchestra
• two concertos for cello and orchestra
• two concertos for horn and orchestra
• 11 concertos for piano and orchestra
• 6 organ concerts
• 5 concertos for two-wheeled lyres
• 4 concertos for baritone and orchestra
• concert for double bass and orchestra
• concerto for flute and orchestra
• concerto for trumpet and orchestra

Vocal works

There are 24 operas in total, including:

• “The Lame Demon” (Der krumme Teufel), 1751
• "True Constancy"
• "Orpheus and Eurydice, or the Soul of a Philosopher", 1791
• "Asmodeus, or the New Lame Demon"
• "Acis and Galatea", 1762
• "The Desert Island" (L'lsola disabitata)
• "Armida", 1783
• “Fisherwomen” (Le Pescatrici), 1769
• "Deceived Infidelity" (L'Infedelta delusa)
• “An Unforeseen Meeting” (L’Incontro improviso), 1775
• "The Lunar World" (II Mondo della luna), 1777
• "True Constancy" (La Vera costanza), 1776
• "Loyalty Rewarded" (La Fedelta premiata)
• “Roland the Paladin” (Orlando Рaladino), a heroic-comic opera based on the plot of Ariosto’s poem “Roland the Furious”

14 oratorios, including:

• "World creation"
• "Seasons"
• "Seven Words of the Savior on the Cross"
• "The Return of Tobias"
• Allegorical cantata-oratorio “Applause”
• oratorio hymn Stabat Mater

14 masses, including:

• small mass (Missa brevis, F-dur, around 1750)
• great organ mass Es-dur (1766)
• mass in honor of St. Nicholas (Missa in honorem Sancti Nicolai, G-dur, 1772)
• Mass of St. Caeciliae (Missa Sanctae Caeciliae, c-moll, between 1769 and 1773)
• small organ mass (B major, 1778)
• Mariazellermesse, C-dur, 1782
• Mass with timpani, or Mass during the war (Paukenmesse, C-dur, 1796)
• Mass Heiligmesse (B major, 1796)
• Nelson-Messe, d-moll, 1798
• Mass Theresa (Theresienmesse, B-dur, 1799)
• mass with theme from the oratorio “The Creation of the World” (Schopfungsmesse, B-dur, 1801)
• mass with wind instruments (Harmoniemesse, B-dur, 1802)

Symphonic music

A total of 104 symphonies, including:

• "Oxford Symphony"
• "Funeral Symphony"
• 6 Paris Symphonies (1785-1786)
• 12 London Symphonies (1791-1792, 1794-1795), including Symphony No. 103 “With tremolo timpani”
• 66 divertissements and cassations

Works for piano

• Fantasies, variations

Memory

• A crater on the planet Mercury is named after Haydn.

In fiction

• Stendhal published the lives of Haydn, Mozart, Rossini and Metastasio in letters.

In numismatics and philately

Literature

• // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Alshvang A. A. Joseph Haydn. - M.-L. , 1947.
• Kremlev Yu. A. Joseph Haydn. Essay on life and creativity. - M., 1972.
• Novak L. Joseph Haydn. Life, creativity, historical significance. - M., 1973.
• Butterworth N. Haydn. - Chelyabinsk, 1999.
• J. Haydn - I. Kotlyarevsky: the mystery of optimism. Problems of mutual interaction between science, pedagogy, theory and practice of illumination: Collection of scientific works / Editorial. - L.V. Rusakova. VIP. 27. - Kharkiv, 2009. - 298 p. - ISBN 978-966-8661-55-6. (Ukrainian)
• Dies. Haydn's Biography. - Vienna, 1810. (German)
• Ludwig. Joseph Haydn. Ein Lebensbild. - Nordg., 1867. (German)
• Pohl. Mozart und Haydn in London. - Vienna, 1867. (German)
• Pohl. Joseph Haydn. - Berlin, 1875. (German)
• Lutz Gorner Joseph Haydn. Sein Leben, seine Musik. 3 CDs mit viel Musik nach der Biographie von Hans-Josef Irmen. KKM Weimar 2008. - ISBN 978-3-89816-285-2
• Arnold Werner-Jensen. Joseph Haydn. - München: Verlag C. H. Beck, 2009. - ISBN 978-3-406-56268-6. (German)
• H. C. Robbins Landon. The Symphonies of Joseph Haydn. - Universal Edition and Rockliff, 1955. (English)
• Landon, H. C. Robbins; Jones, David Wyn. Haydn: His Life and Music. - Indiana University Press, 1988. - ISBN 978-0-253-37265-9. (English)
• Webster, James; Feder, George(2001). "Joseph Haydn". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Published separately as a book: (2002) The New Grove Haydn. New York: Macmillan. 2002. ISBN 0-19-516904-2

Notes

Links

Joseph Haydn (Haydn) - famous German composer, was born in the village of Rohrau (in Austria) on March 31, 1732, died in Vienna on May 31, 1809. Haydn was the second of twelve children of a poor coachmaker. As a child, he showed extraordinary musical abilities and was first sent to study with a relative-musician, and then at the age of eight he ended up as a singer in Vienna, in the chapel at the Church of St. Stefan. There he received his school education and also studied singing and playing the piano and violin. It was there that he made his first experiments in composing music. As Haydn began to grow up, his voice began to change; Instead, his younger brother Mikhail, who entered the same chapel, began singing treble solos, and finally, at the age of 18, Haydn was forced to leave the chapel. I had to live in the attic, give lessons, accompany, etc.

Joseph Haydn. Wax sculpture F. Teyler, approx. 1800

Little by little his first works - piano sonatas, quartets, etc. - began to spread (in manuscripts). In 1759, Haydn finally received a position as conductor for Count Morcin in Lukawiec, where, by the way, he wrote his first symphony. At the same time, Haydn married the daughter of the Viennese hairdresser Keller, who was grumpy, quarrelsome and did not understand anything about music. He lived with her for 40 years; they had no children. In 1761, Haydn became the second bandmaster in the chapel of Count Esterhazy in Eisenstadt. Subsequently, the Esterhazy orchestra was increased from 16 people to 30, and Haydn, after the death of the first conductor, took his place. Here he created most of his works, usually written for holidays and special days for performance in the Esterhazy house.

Joseph Haydn. Best works

In 1790, the chapel was dissolved, Haydn lost his job, but was provided with a pension of 1,400 florins by the Counts of Esterhazy and could thus devote himself to free and independent creativity. It was during this era that Haydn wrote his best essays having highest value and in our time. In the same year, he was invited to London: for 700 pounds sterling, he undertook to conduct his new six symphonies there, specially written for this purpose (“English”). The success was enormous, and Haydn lived in London for two years. The cult of Haydn grew terribly in England during this time; at Oxford he was proclaimed Doctor of Music. This journey and stay abroad had special significance in Haydn’s life also because until then he had never left his native country.

Returning to Vienna, Haydn met with an honorable reception everywhere along the way; in Bonn he met the young Beethoven, who soon became his student. In 1794, following a second invitation from London, he went there and stayed there for two seasons. Returning again to Vienna, Haydn, who was then already over 65 years old, wrote his two famous oratorios, “The Creation of the World,” to the words of Lidley (according to Milton), and “The Seasons,” to the words of Thomson. Both English texts were translated for Haydn by van Swieten. Gradually, however, the infirmity of old age began to overcome Haydn. A particularly severe blow was dealt to him by the French invasion of Vienna; a few days after this he died.

Joseph Haydn was born in the spring of 1732 in a village in Austria. His father was a mechanic who repaired carriage wheels. The boy's parents loved to sing and play music. They noticed a penchant for music in their son and sent him to study. The boy sang in the chapel at holidays and funerals. He learned to play different instruments.

The young man was working with famous musician, since there were many gaps in his education. He studied various books about music theory. During this period, Joseph composed sonatas.

In the 50s, a young man worked at court. He wrote works for orchestra.

The composer married in 1760. Despite the fact that the musician wanted children, the couple never had them. The couple did not get along in character. My wife did not like the profession of a musician. She was indifferent to his works. But divorces were prohibited then, so the couple had to live together.

Then Joseph worked at the prince's court, his family was the most influential in Hungary and Austria. He wrote music and led an orchestra. Soon the composer was given permission to write his works not only for the royal family, but also to sell them and print them. Thanks to this change in the composer's life, the musician quickly gained international popularity.

In Vienna, the musician was introduced to Mozart, and they became friends. In Europe at this time new musical genres. Art was actively developing.

When the prince died, his son disbanded the orchestra because he did not like music. The composer went to England, where he wrote symphonies. The musician gave concerts in the capital of England. He was very popular and became rich. About a year later, the composer met Beethoven and became his teacher.

Joseph returned to his homeland and settled in big house, worked as a bandmaster and continued to write music. The composer died in the spring of 1809.

For children

Biography of Joseph Haydn about the main thing

Great Viennese classic born in 1732 in a village that was located on the border of Austria and Hungary. Johann Haydn's father was a wheelwright. He was a literate person and understood music. The entire large family, and the artisan had twelve children, was fond of amateur singing. Already at an early age, the boy was discovered to have a wonderful voice and a desire to learn music. This attracted the attention of a distant relative who was a music teacher in a nearby town. At the age of six, his parents sent the boy to study in the city where his father’s cousin, a teacher and conductor of the local choir, lived. For two years, Johann learned to read, write, play various instruments, and sang in the choir.

In 1740, Johann was enrolled as a chorister at St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna and received the position of soloist. The life of the choristers was Spartan: they ate poorly and worked hard. But, despite the difficult conditions, the teaching was professional.

In 1749, the conductor kicked him out of the choir because his voice broke. For five years, Johann leads a miserable existence, trying to earn a living. Having borrowed money, Haydn rented a small room, bought an old harpsichord and began to work. All day long he taught and studied. Everything the young musician did was related to music. During these years, he created his first works and also composed to order.

In 1759, Haydn was invited to the post of bandmaster to Count Morcin. For the Viennese aristocrat he composes light music, which he liked, full of joy and love. Composed his first symphonies.

In 1760, the composer fell in love with one of his students, but the girl decided to go to a monastery. In a hurry, at the age of 28, Johann marries her older sister. Which I later regretted for the rest of my life. The marriage was very unsuccessful. Not only was Maria Anna barren, but she also couldn’t stand musical creativity her husband and tried to annoy him at every opportunity.

From 1761 to 1790, Haydn worked as a bandmaster in a family of the richest aristocrats of the Hungarian family. The musician led the orchestra, composed music, and held concerts every week. Over the course of 29 years, he survived three generations of Esterhazy. Johann was satisfied with the work of the aristocrats, a decent salary, with which he later bought a house, and relative creative freedom. He composes numerous symphonies, operas, oratorios and much more. Becomes famous throughout Europe.

On one of his working trips to Vienna, Haydn met Mozart. Throughout their lives, composers have been linked strong friendship. Mozart was a great admirer of Haydn's talent, and dedicated six string quartets to him.
In 1790, the Esterházy orchestra was disbanded.

From 1791 he worked in London, where he was awarded the title of Doctor of Music at Oxford. Haydn's cheerful character and wit were reflected in all his works.

Returning to Vienna, the composer became the leading musician of the era. One of his students was Beethoven, but due to his difficult character collaboration was short-lived. Until the end of his life, the composer remained a master of musical jokes. Even in Symphonies No. 83 “Chicken” and No. 82 “Bear” he managed to joke. Possessing the ability to imitate animals using sounds and natural phenomena, creates the oratorios “The Creation of the World” and “The Seasons”.

In 1809, Johann Haydn died in his home, after a rich and fruitful life.

For children

Interesting facts and dates from life

Composer Franz Joseph Haydn is called the founder of the modern orchestra, the “father of the symphony,” and the founder of the classical instrumental genre.

Composer Franz Joseph Haydn called the founder of the modern orchestra, the “father of the symphony,” the founder of the classical instrumental genre.

Haydn was born in 1732. His father was a carriage maker, his mother served as a cook. House in the town Rorau on the river bank Leiths, where little Joseph spent his childhood, has survived to this day.

Craftsman's Children Matthias Haydn loved music very much. Franz Joseph was gifted child- from birth he was given a ringing melodic voice and absolute pitch; he had a great sense of rhythm. The boy sang in the local church choir and tried to learn to play the violin and clavichord. As always happens with teenagers - with young Haydn in adolescence the voice disappeared. He was immediately fired from the choir.

For eight years the young man earned money by giving private music lessons and constantly improved with the help of independent studies and tried to compose works.

Life brought Joseph together with a Viennese comedian and popular actor - Johann Joseph Kurtz. It was luck. Kurtz ordered music from Haydn for his own libretto for the opera The Crooked Demon. Comic work was successful - it took two years to complete theater stage. However, critics were quick to accuse the young composer of frivolity and “buffoonery.” (This stamp was later repeatedly transferred by retrogrades to other works of the composer.)

Meet the composer Nicola Antonio Porporoi gave Haydn a lot in terms of creative mastery. He served the famous maestro, was an accompanist in his lessons, and gradually studied himself. Under the roof of a house, in a cold attic, Joseph Haydn tried to compose music on an old clavichord. In his works the influence of the works of famous composers and folk music: Hungarian, Czech, Tyrolean motifs.

In 1750, Franz Joseph Haydn composed the Mass in F major, and in 1755 he wrote the first string quartet. From that time on, there was a turning point in the composer’s fate. Joseph received unexpected financial support from the landowner Carl Furnberg. The patron recommended the young composer to a count from the Czech Republic - Josef Franz Morzin- Viennese aristocrat. Until 1760, Haydn served as Morzin's bandmaster, had a table, shelter and salary, and could seriously study music.

Since 1759, Haydn has created four symphonies. At this time, the young composer got married - it happened impromptu, unexpectedly for him. However, marriage to a 32-year-old Anna Aloysia Keller was concluded. Haydn was only 28, he never loved Anna.

Haydn died at his home in 1809. First, the maestro was buried in the Hundsturmer cemetery. Since 1820, his remains were transferred to the temple of the city of Eisenstadt.

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Franz Joseph Haydn. Born March 31, 1732 - died May 31, 1809. Austrian composer, representative of the Viennese classical school, one of the founders of such musical genres as symphony and string quartet. The creator of the melody, which later formed the basis of the anthems of Germany and Austria-Hungary.

Joseph Haydn was born on March 31, 1732 on the estate of the Counts of Harrach - the Lower Austrian village of Rohrau, near the border with Hungary, in the family of carriage maker Matthias Haydn (1699-1763).

His parents, who were seriously interested in vocals and amateur music-making, discovered musical abilities in the boy and in 1737 sent him to relatives in the city of Hainburg an der Donau, where Joseph began to study choral singing and music. In 1740, Joseph was noticed by Georg von Reutter, director of the chapel of Vienna's St. Stephen's Cathedral. Reutter took the talented boy to the chapel, and for nine years (from 1740 to 1749) he sang in the choir (including several years with his younger brothers) of St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna, where he also learned to play instruments.

The chapel was the only school for little Haydn. As his abilities developed, he was assigned difficult solo parts. Together with the choir, Haydn often performed at city festivals, weddings, funerals, and took part in court celebrations. One such event was the funeral service for Antonio Vivaldi in 1741.

In 1749, Joseph's voice began to break and he was kicked out of the choir. The subsequent ten-year period was very difficult for him. Josef took on various jobs, including being a servant and for some time being an accompanist for Italian composer and singing teacher Nicola Porpora, from whom he also took composition lessons. Haydn tried to fill the gaps in his musical education by diligently studying the works of Emmanuel Bach and the theory of composition. Studying musical works predecessors and theoretical works of J. Fuchs, J. Matteson and others, Joseph Haydn compensated for the lack of systematic music education. The harpsichord sonatas he wrote at this time were published and attracted attention. His first major works were two brevis masses, F-dur and G-dur, written by Haydn in 1749 before he left the chapel of St. Stephen's Cathedral.

In the 50s of the 18th century, Joseph wrote a number of works that marked the beginning of his fame as a composer: the Singspiel (opera) “The New Lame Demon” (staged in 1752, Vienna and other cities of Austria - has not survived to this day), divertissements and serenades , string quartets for music club Baron Furnberg, about a dozen quartets (1755), first symphony (1759).

In the period from 1754 to 1756, Haydn worked at the Viennese court as free artist. In 1759, the composer received the position of bandmaster ( music director) at the court of Count Karl von Morzin, where Haydn found himself under the leadership of a small orchestra, for which the composer composed his first symphonies. However, von Mortzin soon began to experience financial difficulties and ceased operations of his music project.

In 1760, Haydn married Maria Anna Keller. They did not have children, which the composer greatly regretted. His wife treated him very coldly professional activity, used his scores for curlers and stands for pate. It was an extremely unhappy marriage, and the laws of the time did not allow them to separate. Both took lovers.

After the disbandment of the musical project of the financially failed Count von Morzin (1761), Joseph Haydn was offered a similar job with Prince Paul Anton Esterhazy, the head of the extremely wealthy Esterhazy family. Haydn initially held the position of vice-kapellmeister, but he was immediately allowed to lead most of Esterházy's musical institutions, along with the old Kapellmeister Gregor Werner, who retained absolute authority only for church music.

In 1766, a fateful event occurred in Haydn’s life - after the death of Gregor Werner, he was elevated to the rank of bandmaster at the court of the Esterhazy princes, one of the most influential and powerful aristocratic families in Austria. The duties of the conductor included composing music, leading the orchestra, playing chamber music for the patron and staging operas.

The year 1779 becomes a turning point in the career of Joseph Haydn - his contract was revised: while previously all his compositions were the property of the Esterhazy family, he was now allowed to write for others and sell his works to publishers.

Soon, taking this circumstance into account, Haydn shifted the emphasis in his compositional activity: he wrote fewer operas and created more quartets and symphonies. In addition, he is in negotiations with several publishers, both Austrian and foreign. On Haydn's conclusion of a new employment contract Jones writes: "This document acted as a catalyst towards the next stage of Haydn's career - the achievement of international popularity. By 1790, Haydn found himself in a paradoxical, if not strange, position: as Europe's leading composer, but bound by a previously signed contract, he was spending his time as conductor in a remote palace in the Hungarian countryside.

During his almost thirty-year career at the Esterházy court, the composer composed a large number of works, and his fame is growing. In 1781, while staying in Vienna, Haydn met and became friends with. He gave music lessons to Sigismund von Neukom, who later became his close friend.

On February 11, 1785, Haydn was initiated into the Masonic lodge “Toward True Harmony” (“Zur wahren Eintracht”). Mozart was unable to attend the dedication because he was attending a concert with his father Leopold.

Throughout the 18th century, in a number of countries (Italy, Germany, Austria, France and others), processes of formation of new genres and forms of instrumental music took place, which finally took shape and reached their peak in the so-called “Viennese classical school" - in the works of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven. Instead of polyphonic texture great importance acquired a homophonic-harmonic texture, but at the same time, large instrumental works often included polyphonic episodes that dynamized the musical fabric.

Thus, the years of service (1761-1790) with the Hungarian princes Esterházy contributed to the flourishing creative activity Haydn, which peaked in the 80s - 90s of the 18th century, when mature quartets (starting with opus 33), 6 Paris (1785-86) symphonies, oratorios, masses and other works were created. The whims of the patron of the arts often forced Joseph to give up his creative freedom. At the same time, working with the orchestra and choir he led had a beneficial effect on his development as a composer. For the chapel and home theater Esterházy wrote most of the symphonies (including the widely known “Farewell”, (1772)) and the composer’s operas. Haydn's trips to Vienna allowed him to communicate with the most prominent of his contemporaries, in particular with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

In 1790, Prince Nikolai Esterhazy died, and his son and successor, Prince Anton Esterhazy, not being a music lover, disbanded the orchestra. In 1791, Haydn received a contract to work in England. Subsequently he worked extensively in Austria and Great Britain. Two trips to London (1791-1792 and 1794-1795) at the invitation of the organizer of the “Subscription Concerts”, violinist I. P. Zalomon, where he wrote his own for Zalomon’s concerts best symphonies(12 London (1791-1792, 1794-1795) symphonies), broadened his horizons, further strengthened his fame and contributed to the growth of Haydn’s popularity. In London, Haydn attracted huge audiences: Haydn's concerts attracted huge numbers of listeners, which increased his fame, contributed to the collection of large profits and, ultimately, allowed him to become financially secure. In 1791, Joseph Haydn was awarded an honorary doctorate from Oxford University.

While passing through Bonn in 1792, he met the young Beethoven and took him on as a student.

Haydn returned and settled in Vienna in 1795. By that time, Prince Anton had died and his successor Nicholas II proposed to revive musical institutions Esterhazy under the direction of Haydn, again acting as conductor. Haydn accepted the offer and took the offered position, albeit on a part-time basis. He spent his summer with Esterhazy in the city of Eisenstadt, and over the course of several years wrote six masses. But by this time Haydn becomes public figure in Vienna and spends most of his time in his own large house in Gumpendorf (German: Gumpendorf), where he wrote several works for public performance. Among other things, Haydn wrote two of his famous oratorios in Vienna: “The Creation of the World” (1798) and “The Seasons” (1801), in which the composer developed the traditions of G. F. Handel’s lyric-epic oratorios. Joseph Haydn's oratorios are marked by a rich, everyday character that is new to this genre, a colorful embodiment of natural phenomena, and they reveal the composer's skill as a colorist.

Haydn tried his hand at all types of musical composition, but his creativity did not manifest itself with equal force in all genres. In the field of instrumental music, he is rightly considered one of major composers second half of the XVIII And early XIX centuries. The greatness of Joseph Haydn as a composer was maximally manifested in his two final works: the great oratorios “The Creation of the World” (1798) and “The Seasons” (1801). The oratorio “The Seasons” can serve as an exemplary standard musical classicism. Towards the end of his life, Haydn enjoyed enormous popularity. In subsequent years, this successful period for Haydn's work is faced with the onset of old age and failing health - now the composer must fight to complete his begun works. Work on oratorios undermined the composer's strength. His last works were “Harmoniemesse” (1802) and the unfinished string quartet opus 103 (1802). By about 1802, his condition had deteriorated to the point that he became physically unable to compose. The last sketches date back to 1806; after this date, Haydn did not write anything else.

The composer died in Vienna. He died at the age of 77 on May 31, 1809, shortly after the attack on Vienna by the French army led by Napoleon. Among him last words there was an attempt to calm his servants when a cannonball fell in the vicinity of the house: “Do not be afraid, my children, for where Haydn is, no harm can happen.” Two weeks later, on June 15, 1809, a funeral service was held in the Scottish Monastery Church (German: Shottenkirche), at which Mozart's Requiem was performed.

The composer created 24 operas, wrote 104 symphonies, 83 string quartets, 52 piano (keyboard) sonatas, 126 baritone trios, overtures, marches, dances, divertiments for orchestra and different instruments, concerts for clavier and other instruments, oratorios, various pieces for clavier, songs, canons, arrangements of Scottish, Irish, Welsh songs for voice with piano (violin or cello if desired). Among the works are 3 oratorios (“Creation of the World”, “Seasons” and “Seven Words of the Savior on the Cross”), 14 masses and other spiritual works.

The most famous operas Haydn:

“The Lame Demon” (Der krumme Teufel), 1751
"True Constancy"
"Orpheus and Eurydice, or the Soul of a Philosopher", 1791
"Asmodeus, or the New Lame Demon"
"Pharmacist"
"Acis and Galatea", 1762
"The Desert Island" (L'lsola disabitata)
"Armida", 1783
“Fisherwomen” (Le Pescatrici), 1769
"Deceived Infidelity" (L'Infedeltà delusa)
“An Unforeseen Meeting” (L’Incontro improviso), 1775
"The Lunar World" (II Mondo della luna), 1777
"True Constancy" (La Vera costanza), 1776
"Loyalty Rewarded" (La Fedeltà premiata)
“Roland the Paladin” (Orlando Рaladino), a heroic-comic opera based on the plot of Ariosto’s poem “Roland the Furious.”

Haydn's most famous masses:

small mass (Missa brevis, F-dur, around 1750)
great organ mass Es-dur (1766)
mass in honor of St. Nicholas (Missa in honorem Sancti Nicolai, G-dur, 1772)
Mass of St. Caeciliae (Missa Sanctae Caeciliae, c-moll, between 1769 and 1773)
small organ mass (B major, 1778)
Mariazellermesse, C-dur, 1782
Mass with timpani, or Mass during the war (Paukenmesse, C-dur, 1796)
Mass Heiligmesse (B major, 1796)
Nelson-Messe, d-moll, 1798
Mass Theresa (Theresienmesse, B-dur, 1799)
mass with theme from the oratorio “The Creation of the World” (Schopfungsmesse, B-dur, 1801)
mass with wind instruments (Harmoniemesse, B-dur, 1802).