Do you not know that you are the temple of God, and the Spirit of God lives in you?

(St. Apostle Paul) ((Romans, 8; 9))

Many people believe that a person is a “smart animal”, nothing more. They declare that religion is people's response to the inability to explain some natural phenomena, and work is a difficult duty. Free time, this is the main wealth of a person, they think.

If all this were so, we would not be writing a book about the history of mankind, because there would be no history at all.

The animal does not pay attention to unexplained phenomena nature, and that's it. What kind of “mind” is it to deify them? A smart animal finds food, and the rest of its time is free. Wouldn't a wolf be a fool if he decided to attach artificial horns to himself in order to fight a deer?

No, he's completely human at all not an animal.

Man is a spiritual being with a bodily shell. Religion is an attempt to communicate with a higher spiritual principle. Labor is a vital human need, the same as food and rest. Thanks to work, man and society evolve from the lowest forms of existence among the animal world to spiritual perfection.

Moral , labor, information - these are the three categories that distinguish man from animals and underlie his history.

These postulates and our proposed chronology of an integral, consistent and continuous history human civilization mutually confirmed.

The traditional chronology of history, which paints a picture of inexplicable rises and falls, births and disappearances of civilizations, does not in any way correlate with the view of man as a spirit, nor with the idea that man is an ape; developed her brain and intellect through exercises with a stick.

We do not know when, where and how man appeared on our planet, and we doubt that anyone living today knows this for sure. Most likely, people, having appeared one day, began to settle around the Earth, leading a primitive communal lifestyle, hunting and gathering edible plants. This period of history is described quite well in textbooks, and we will not repeat it.

For the formation of a single human community and the progress of people, certain conditions were required, and, according to our version, they took shape by the 3rd century AD. e. in the Mediterranean region.

There were three conditions:

1. The transition from animal types of “work” for obtaining food (hunting, collecting fruits) to human labor - agricultural, industrial, intellectual.

2. Creation of a system of connections by people for the exchange of labor products and ideas, including (and above all) writing.

3. Acceptance of monotheism as an ideology of spiritual community, unity of people of different races and tribes.

There is an idea that humanity developed slowly and unhurriedly, this continued for thousands of years, and only in the 20th century a sharp leap forward was made. It seems to us that real picture nevertheless, it is somewhat different: separated tribes developed independently for hundreds of thousands of years, accumulating knowledge and superstitions, but the breakthrough began in the first centuries of our era in a single center - the Mediterranean.

It is like a spear with a long shaft, the tip of which is civilization, and the 20th century is just the tip of this tip. Our civilization is more than young; in relation to the entire history of man, its duration is a fraction of a percent - so is the gap in the levels of development of different nationalities that we observed in the 20th century surprising?

We believe that humanity, having modern science, computers and satellites, is still at the very beginning of its grand journey.

The first step towards civilization was the emergence of agriculture in Egypt. It was not even a step, but a giant leap! Farming cannot be done “by the way.” After all, planting seeds, processing, harvesting and storing crops makes a person tied to one place.

If there is a lot of other food in this place, agriculture will not arise; if there is little, the person becomes too dependent on the harvest and the experience may end sadly for this person. The harvest must be sufficient for the result to immediately exceed a certain threshold. The very first experiment was supposed to bring success, and in the Nile Valley this became possible, since due to the annual flood, silt was deposited, and the harvest could be obtained without special technical means and techniques.

Although it is impossible to give the exact date of the first harvest, there is no doubt that Egypt is the cradle of civilization. Over time, other peoples in other places began to engage in agriculture; this happened simultaneously with the advent of new tools and the use of horse traction.

(It should be emphasized: when we say that all this happened “before the 3rd century,” we mean exactly that - before. And for how many years before?.. Over two hundred? For a thousand? Completely unknown).

In the oft-mentioned region between the Tigris and Euphrates, Mesopotamia is traditionally thought to have had irrigated agriculture. However, in our opinion, it could only arise when already Not only the technology of agriculture was well known, but also the technology of manufacturing agricultural implements and, of course, metallurgy. This means that agriculture in Mesopotamia is of “imported” origin; it was brought here by representatives of other, settled peoples.

They first learned to smelt iron in the Balkans or Bohemia. (The grandson of the biblical Cain, inventor and forger of metal tools, bore the name Balkan, or Vulcan.) The use of iron made possible the emergence of fundamentally new weapons and means of labor, which made it possible to cultivate lands that at first glance were not suitable for this.

The initial development of cattle breeding with the domestication of animals took place on the Asia Minor Peninsula, and its culmination was the domestication of the horse. And cavalry, as a type of armed forces, first appeared in the Balkans: the mythical creator of cavalry is the Macedonian king Philip, whose name just means “horse breeder” (Phil - to love, here in the sense of “to collect”; ipp - horse, is an integral element, for example, in the word “hippodrome”).

The domestication of the horse, of course, sharply accelerated the development of civilization, since it made land communication between peoples faster and more reliable, but no less important was the beginning of shipbuilding, the creation of ships capable of not only coastal voyages, but also long-distance voyages. The development of shipbuilding is unthinkable without new methods of wood processing, the invention of saws and drills.

Settlement and a sufficient level of production allowed some of the wealthy people to engage in intellectual activity, science and literature, and the beginning of the production of papyrus paper in Byblos and Egypt contributed to the widespread spread of literacy.

Literature originated as short records of fairy tales and anecdotes, primary recitative poetry and various kinds of practical information and recipes, then the first chronicles appeared.

The beginning of sciences is geocentric astronomy and astrology.

Also until the 3rd century AD. e. a method for smelting copper on an industrial scale from Cypriot mines was discovered, the development of tin ores began in Spain, and the resulting appearance of bronze made it possible to produce bronze household items and weapons.

Naturally, economic and cultural development the peoples of the Mediterranean would have been impossible without their interaction. There was extensive trade - merchants brought grain from Egypt, wine from Gaul, livestock, leather, wool from the Asia Minor Peninsula, metal products from Romania, Pest, Ruhr, Spain, wax from Slavic lands.

Trade is the engine of progress. This is an engine that, being turned on once, worked without interruption, drawing more and more into production and intellectual activity. large quantity peoples - and is still working today.

People were the same as us - no worse and no better, only they were surrounded by another life, and their ideas about the world were completely different.

The implementation of the third - and most important - condition for the creation of a single human community (civilization) was the adoption of monotheism by the majority of the inhabitants of the Mediterranean, and this led to the emergence of the first Roman (Byzantine) empire in history.

Center religious life At first there was Egypt (Copt, Gypt), but by the 3rd century, the area at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, the most noticeable and amazing “divine sign” of the Mediterranean, emerged as a second religious center. Representatives came here different nations, set up their altars (and simply “celebrated” before their God). Here the first priestly community formed, teaching everyone who came their understanding of God.

Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes from time to time destroyed the altars erected to the gods of different tribes, confirming the teaching of the local priests that God is one and that He, and only Him, must be worshiped.

Recognition by all of one God led over time to the recognition of power from God, which a single ruler received through dedication, anointing to the kingdom. The prefix Anointed of God or Initiated was added to the name of the king - Nazarene in biblical language, Christ in Greek, Augustus in Latin, and about Gospel Jesus Until the 7th century, people had absolutely no idea about Christ, as he is known to us.

Monotheism does not mean complete identity of people's views. (God is still the same for all religions - but look at the variety of interpretations and rituals!) Less than a hundred years had passed since the creation of the empire in the 3rd century, and its religion had already split into factions of Nicolaitans and Arians, then a “biblical confusion of languages” occurred - nothing more than an introduction different languages services, hundreds of religious sects and communities appeared, and each preacher saw his own God's truth in the heavenly signs.

We must keep in mind the completely boundless superstitiousness of people, their animation of objects and, most importantly, stars. Stars! They have names that can be written in letters. They are united into constellations, and these constellations are not accumulations of flaming balls in airless space (as we know), but figures, also having names and purposes. Astrology was by no means an abstract science.

Vesuvius in Italy became the religious center (more on this in the following chapters). The political center of the first empire in history was located in Romania (Romania) and adjacent Rumelia, this is the general name for the Balkan countries and Asia Minor. Before the start of widespread iron production in Germany (in the Ruhr), this area was industrially and technically the most advanced in the world; merchants from Europe, Asia and northern Africa were drawn here. Here was the center of trade routes, information from all over the world flocked here, and information gives power.

The first world Roman (Byzantine) Empire included England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Egypt and all of North Africa, Bulgaria and the Balkan Peninsula with the archipelago, Asia Minor and Syria. (The names are given here in the modern geographical tradition).

This is what the Roman Empire was originally. In this book we call it Roman or Byzantine, and its western part, which became independent much later, we call Roman.

To the two parts of this territory, Romagnia and Rumelia, we owe the legend about the formation of the city of Rome (Roma) by two brothers Romulus and Remus.

“All Byzantine chroniclers do not call the Greeks anything other than “Romans.” And only in the 15th century did the Athenian Chalkokondylas adopt the name “Hellenes” for his fellow countrymen,” writes N. Morozov. Of course, dating such chronicles and determining the places where the events described in them took place could lead to errors. Modern Greek-speaking Greeks also call themselves Romans, or Romans, and a group of Greeks living in the Caucasus and speaking Turkish call themselves Urums. This word came later from the name Rum, the Rum Sultanate, which is the Turkish name for Romea.

…Yahweh will drive out all these nations from before you, and you will take possession of nations greater and stronger than you.

(Deuteronomy 11; 23)

“Comments” on the Pentateuch of Moses (M., 1992) are very, very extensive. We will quote from them twenty points in a row, without selection, from those related to biblical place names (Numbers 33):

…14. Refidim - usually they try to localize it in the vicinity of Wadi Firan or Wadi Sheikh in the west of the Sinai Peninsula.

15. Sinai Desert - the vicinity of the sacred Mountain; the localization of the area is unclear and depends on the localization of Mount Horev.

16. Kivrot-Hattaava - Heb. "The Burial of Lust."

17. Hazerot - identified with the point of Ain al-Hazra in the northeast of the Sinai Peninsula.

18. Rhythma - usually identified with Wadi Retemat near Ain Kadiz.

19. Rimmon-Parets - location unknown.

20. Livna - location unknown.

21. Rissa - possibly identified with Rasa, located near Aqaba (Eizion-Gever).

22. Kehelat - the name means “Place of Meeting”.

23. Mount Shafar - identified with Jebel Aranf.

24. Harad - possibly Jebel Arade.

25. Makhelot - location unknown.

26. Takhat - possible identification with Wadi Elti.

27. Tarakh - location unknown.

28. Mitka - location unknown.

29. Hashmona - location unknown.

30. Maserot - location unknown.

31. Bene Yaakan - location unknown.

32. Khor Haggidgad - possible identification with Wadi Guzagiz, but also with Wadi Giddade.

33. Yateveta - location unknown.

The path of Moses (in the Koran - under the name Musa) and his people, so fully described in the Bible, is almost not localized within the framework of the modern geography of the Middle East.

Why? Because in the original texts the names were written only with consonants, almost without vowels: KNUN, LBNUN, PRT; and only much later, when the gospel geographical tradition had already taken shape, vowels were given to these names, and it turned out Canaan, Lebanon, Euphrates... The interpreters placed the scene in Palestine. Is this correct? Are the names “pronounced” correctly?

If the biblical texts describe real events(and this is true), which happened to real people (which is also true), then, without a doubt, in some real places. Having identified these areas, we will see that Moses’ campaign from Mount Sinai (Zion, Horeb) to the Promised Land took place much later than theologians say. In the 2nd or 3rd century AD. e., we believe, the path of the people of Moses began.

Where should we start looking for objects named in the Bible as cities, rivers and mountains? Imagine, literally “from the stove” - a volcano.

There are so many volcanic fragments in the Bible, many researchers have long noticed this. On the third new moon after the “flight from Egypt,” Moses found himself near a certain mountain, on which he had a long meeting with the Thunder God. This mountain goes by different names: Zion (Pillar), Sinai and Horeb (Horrible, terrible). This is a volcano, terrible and loud, with a column of smoke and ash.

Stavros (stake, cross) in Greek, or Zion (pillar, guiding sign) in biblical - over Vesuvius during the eruption of 1822

Let's go back to the source.

“On the third day, when morning came, there were thunders and lightning, and a thick cloud over the mountain, and a very strong sound of a trumpet; and all the people who were in the camp trembled... Mount Sinai was all smoking because the Lord had descended on it in fire; and its smoke rose like the smoke of a smelting furnace, and the roar of the mountain shook greatly. And the sound of the trumpet grew stronger and stronger..." (Exodus 19; 16, 18, 19).

“And the people stood afar off; and Moses entered into darkness, where God is” (Exodus 20; 21).

“You approached and stood under the mountain, and the mountain burned with fire to the very heavens, and there was darkness, clouds and gloom. And the Lord spoke to you from the midst of the fire; You heard the voice of his words, but you did not see the image, but only the voice” (Deuteronomy 4: 11-12).

So, descriptions of Mount Sinai-Zion-Horeb clearly show us an active volcano.

But! The traditional Mount Sinai was never a volcano. In general, there are no volcanoes in the Sinai Peninsula, in Syria and Palestine, in northern Africa and in the historically foreseeable past there were no volcanoes.

Where is our “stove”?

A geological map of the Mediterranean, coupled with some biblical clues, gives us the only suitable volcano: Vesuvius in Italy.

Vesuvius is a Plinian type volcano. This is what it looked like in those days: from a crater with enormous power gases burst forth, forming together with the ash a tall, multi-kilometer column of crimson-black color. At the top it blurs into a cloud in the shape of an Italian pine tree and from a distance looks like a pillar with a crossbar, a cross. The formation of the cross is accompanied by thunderstorms with blazing lightning. Occasionally lava erupts, but thunderstorms with downpours, mixing with colossal amounts of ash, produce mud flows that are not inferior in destructiveness to lava flows. At the same time, the earth is shaking - also with a great roar.

It was a very, very conspicuous and most inexplicable object in the Mediterranean;

Egypt was not only the cradle of civilization, but also the first religious center, Vesuvius became the second. It must be assumed that the dispute between Moses and the “Egyptian Pharaoh” is a dispute about faith with the use of witchcraft; not wanting to remain a slave of the former God, Moses wanted to leave and lead away his followers - “his people.”

Let's see where Moses could have led him if they were coming from Vesuvius? Is it possible to identify biblical names?

“The Lord our God spoke to us at Horeb, saying: It is enough for you to sit on this mountain! Turn and move, and go to the Mount of the Amorites and to all their neighbors, to the wilderness, to the mountains and to the lowlands, and to the south and to the shores of the sea, to the land of KNUN and to LBUN, even to the great river, the river PRT" (Deuteronomy , 1; 6–7).

In Italian geography, these names can be pronounced as Kenoa (Genoa) instead of Canaan; LBNUN in exact translation means “White” - and indeed further, on the way from Italy, there is the White Mountain - Mont Blanc. The PRT, usually pronounced as the Euphrates, can be considered the Prut River - it is a large tributary of the Danube.

“And we set out from Horeb and walked throughout this great and terrible desert...” - in fact, next to Vesuvius are the famous Phlegrean fields - vast, scorched lands, filled with lava, full of small volcanoes. “And they came to the KDSH V-RNE.” Theologians believe that this is either a city or a water source of Kadesh-Barnea; but this may be Cadiz-on-Rhône - modern Geneva. “And they walked much around Mount Seir.” The name of the mountain was left untranslated by theologians; if you translate it, it will turn out to be the Devil's Ridge, the Devil's Mountain. It still stands behind Lake Geneva (Diablereux, Devil's Mountain).

(If a competition were held to select an area claiming to be the “Promised Land”, with the participation of Palestine and Switzerland, which would you choose?)

One of the eruptions of Vesuvius with thunder and lightning

After the exodus from “Egypt” (we put Egypt in quotation marks, since in the unspoken Hebrew original of the Bible, instead of the name of Egypt - Copt or Gypt - it is written MCRM, MITs-RAIM); So, after escaping from the “Pharaoh” (in the Koran - “fir-aun”), a chase was sent for the fugitives, but they walked along the bottom of the sea and were saved. “The Lord drove the sea with a strong east wind all night and made the sea dry land, and the waves parted” (Exodus 14:21). It is written absolutely unambiguously: east wind! Look at the map: if the situation occurs near the Red Sea (this is the traditional solution), then the east wind, at best, can catch up water, but there is no way to drive it away. An easterly wind can drive away water, for example in the Bay of Naples, near Vesuvius. Apparently, the fugitives were pressed to the shore and they had no other way.

It is impossible not to notice that for slaves fleeing oppression and poverty, these people are well equipped: silver, gold jewelry, rich fabrics, metal weapons... When reading the Bible, pay attention to the everyday side of life of these people - it is very interesting.

“In the evening quails flew in and covered the camp, and in the morning there was dew around the camp” (Exodus 16:13) - and there is no need to say that migratory birds, caught in the rising poisonous gases from the volcanic eruption, fell dead in its vicinity.

What a brilliant picture! There is roar, horror, destruction, pagan idols are defeated - the fugitives glorifying the one God do not have anything to eat - and then God sends them food. The hungry people, together with their leader, interpret this as God’s care for them... But “the meat was still in their teeth, the birds had not yet been eaten, when the wrath of the Thunderer flared up against them and he struck them with a great pestilence. They called this place the Graves of Caprice (Burial of Lust) because the dead were buried here.”

Either the meat of the birds was poisonous, or the gases began to descend, reaching the ground, but this could not be imagined either then or now.

One of the stops of the Mosaic people during their flight was TBERE, which is described by theologians as a “tavern” - but isn’t it the Tiber? Next comes CN - Siena.

“Cross the stream ARNN” (Deuteronomy 2; 24). In the modern Bible: the Arnon River. But in Italy today you can see the Arno River! “And they went to Bashan.” It is believed that Vasan (Bashan) is an area in Transjordan; mentioned constantly in the Bible... and still stands in Lombardy Bassano.

“...and they went to Bashan; and Og, king of Bashan, with all his people, came out against us to war at Adria” (Deuteronomy 3:1). Adria still exists under this very name, near the mouth of the Po, and some Latin authors often called the Po River Jordan (Eridanum), which fits well with the unspoken biblical name IRDN.

“And at that time we took all his cities; There was not a city that we did not take from them: sixty cities, the whole region of Argov, the kingdom of Og of Bashan” (Deuteronomy 3:4). The cities were fortified high walls- not some kind of reed villages!

Sixty fortified cities! Only King Og has one! And how many other kings did the army of Moses defeat?.. There were not, are not, and perhaps there never will be so many cities in the lands of modern Israel. But in the north of Italy it actually stood in the early Middle Ages (in average century) many cities that are still known to this day: Verona, Padua, Ferrara, Bologna and others.

“For only Og, king of Bashan, remained of the Rephaim. Behold, his bed (coffin), an iron bed, is now in Rabbah, with the sons of Ammon: the length of it is nine cubits, and the width of it is four cubits, a man’s cubits” (Deuteronomy 3:11). Well what can I say? The famous metal tomb of Theodoric of Gotha is indeed “even now in Ravenna,” but Ravenna is not in Palestine, but in Italy.

The city of Massa (Exodus 17; 7), where Moses drew water from the rock with a blow of his staff, still exists to the north-west of Ferrara. The city of Rehovot, where Saul reigned over Edom (Genesis, 36; 37), is now called Reggio, east of Para - the biblical Paran (Deuteronomy, 33: 2 and Numbers, 10; 12).

The Thunderer gave Moses a clear strategic plan: conquering the peoples of Europe, reach the confluence of the Danube with the Prut River, go down to Romania and Rumelia and found a state on the ideology of monotheism.

“Behold, I have given you this land; go, take as an inheritance the land that the Lord promised with an oath to give to your fathers Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, to them and their descendants.”

We would like to stop here those readers who begin to wave their hands about Jewish names. Abraham (Ab-Rom), Isaac and Jacob - Not names. There were no names in our understanding back then! This is how N. Morozov translates it, translating the names:

“This is the land about which I swore to Father Rome, the Disseminator of letters and the Observer of God, saying that I would give it to their descendants.”

“...but destroy their altars, and break their [sacred] slabs, and cut down their Ashers (sacred trees), and burn the statues of their gods with fire, for you do not worship another god, but Yahweh God: the Avenger is his name, God- He is an avenger." (“Avenger” here in the sense of “jealous”, “jealous of other gods”).

Moses and his high priest Aron (in the Koran - Harun) brought the idea of ​​​​monotheism to the peoples, driving it in with all cruelty, destroying, according to an agreement with God (Yahweh, Ieve), the temples of local pagan gods, placing over the peoples a new nobility “from the tribe of Israel” - that is from the atheists, planting new priests, new rituals, introducing new taxes. Moses, a most brilliant man, created a new world.

Israel was not the name of a country or a nation. This word means those who fight, those who fight with the gods. Another meaning for the root YSR, straight. The country of Israel is an ideal, not a thing, according to Israel Shamir.

The name of Moses - MSHE - means Deliverer or Savior, Aron - bright, that is, the Enlightener.

From century to century, from book to book, the absurd story is repeated that Moses led his people through the desert for forty years. What kind of desert is this, in which there are dozens of cities, wonderful grapes grow, and various peoples live?! Unless it is a “desert of the spirit”, where the idea of ​​a single God for all has not yet arrived.

(We remind you that here we are Not we practice theology and use the Bible as a source historical information).

The Book of Numbers is interesting because it contains the results of the first population censuses in history. Censuses are necessary for the correct collection of taxes and calculation of the state budget, for organizing conscription into the army. Why do yesterday’s slaves, captives of Pharaoh, wandering “through the desert”?

The census counted men from twenty years of age and older, all fit for the atheistic war, at six hundred thirty thousand five hundred and fifty people. But these are fit for service, and, let’s say, 450,000 people are called up (you will see the basis for such an assumption in the chapter “The Divine Emperor”).

If the army makes up more than five percent of the population, the country goes bankrupt (the example of the USSR will not let you lie). Suppose Moses took a risk and still called five percent, then it means that the population of his state reached 9 million people.

Further proof that the events are not taking place on a narrow strip of land where 4.5 million Israelis now live. In fact, they weren’t sitting on each other’s heads, were they? They wouldn't be able to feed themselves! “Until the 20th century, Jews in the land of Israel almost did not engage in productive work, and no one here did productive work” (Israel Shamir. “A Guide to Agnon”).

Apparently, this is the number of all the nations subject to Moses. We don’t know the numbers for the 3rd century, but scientists have calculated that in the 5th century a total of 8.5–11 million people lived in Italy, Gaul, Germany and the Balkans (“History of Europe.” M., 1992, vol. 2).

Moses arranged the twelve tribes of Israel (those who fought against God) among the countries:

South - Lower Egypt (Byblos), Upper Egypt (Memphis), Arabia, Spain and Mauritania.

East - Syria, Anatolia, Greece.

West - Italy (Roman region and Lombardy), Sicily.

North - Danube region, Northern Germany, France.

The Levite tribe was not drafted into the army: men of this clan became priests. Levitov (LUI - servant, priest) amounted to a total of 22 thousand people. It is clear that such a darkness of priests was also not intended for one city.

There are very convincing theories that the Pentateuch of Moses was not written by Moses himself. According to some calculations, it turns out that it was brought to its final form in 710 AD. e., much later than the events described in the Pentateuch.

“And Moses the servant of the Lord died there in the land of Moab, according to the word of the Lord. And he was buried in a valley in the land of Moab opposite Bethpeor, and no one knows the place of his burial even to this day” (Deuteronomy 34: 5-6).

Moses died on the campaign, and Joshua the son of Nuna (Nun) took over his cause; and during the conquest of the Land of Israel (that is, during the creation of an atheistic empire), he killed thirty kings, including the father of the Armenian king Shobakh. The Armenian king gathered great strength to fight Joshua, but nothing helped him - “Joshua crushed the power of the Armenians.”

Why such a profusion of kings in Israel? And what kind of grief were the Armenians looking for there? There is no way to explain this unless you understand that Navin fulfilled his covenant, reached the mouth of the Danube, fighting with the kings along the way, and having descended to the south along the Black Sea coast, he found an ideal place near the Bosphorus Strait, from where it is convenient to control military, religious and financial affairs of the emerging empire. By the way, it is an ideal place for international trade and for extortions from passing ships.

Here is already the territory of Armenia (Aromenia?), which at some times included the lands from the Caspian to the Mediterranean Sea and became integral part empire created by the monotheists.

So when? When did all this happen? No, not in the 13th century before n. e. All these events took place, and in the 2nd or, rather, 3rd century AD. e., shortly before the appearance in Byzantium of the capital of the first Roman Empire in the history of mankind.

There are similar covenants in the Koran. For example:

And so We took a covenant from the children of Israel: “You will not worship anyone except Allah; to parents - a good deed, and to relatives, and orphans, and the poor. Tell people good things, stand up in prayer, bring cleansing”...

And so We made a covenant with you: “You will not shed your blood, and you will not drive each other out of your homes” (Surah 2/77, 78).

Diocletian Gaius Aurelius Valerius (God-called Strong Golden Strong - from Latin and Hebrew) became emperor in 284, at the age of forty, after his predecessor died on campaign.

We have already said that there were no names in the modern sense at the beginning of our era. Therefore, we do not know what the name of the God-called Strong Golden Strong was before his accession to the throne.

The 3rd century is the century of “transition” from imaginary history to real history. The Roman Empire, the beginning of which we are describing now, seemed to have already “ended” on the eve of this century, shifted into the past by 333 years as a result of a chronological error. It turns out that before the first emperor - Diocletian - he ruled the last Emperor the same empires.

But between the beginning and the end of an entire era, society developed. If indeed in front of us Start after the end, we must inevitably find a fair amount of regression, a backward movement. There is such a backward movement. It was discovered by traditionalist historians themselves and, not knowing how to explain it, they simply took it for granted - so, they say, it happened... everything returned to the same...

Diocletian and Maximian. The monument was transported in 1204 from Constantinople to Venice

The effect is as if a movie is being played backwards. In school textbooks, the description of this “regression” looks something like this:

Previously (before Trajan), not only the weapons of the Romans, but also speech, faith, and customs advanced everywhere. 100–200 years later, everything Roman began to retreat back. Many barbarians settled along the edges of the empire; Latin speech disappeared in some places, became coarser and distorted in others. Especially the army lost its former Roman character.

The faith of the enemies of the empire passed on to the soldiers. Foreigners, descendants of barbarians, reached important positions and received command over the legions. The ancient Roman customs and orders disappeared more and more. The Emperor no longer shared power with the Senate. He was not considered an authorized representative of the people: he was a ruler by divine law.

In fact, before the “Senate” it was still a long time to live; and nothing Roman “retreated back” - it simply did not exist, everything was ahead.

Diocletian became the first emperor “according to divine law.”

There was no experience of leading this kind of empire yet (except for the experience of Moses?), and in 285 Diocletian appointed himself three co-rulers: Maximian (Maximian Marcus Aurelius Valerius, 240-310), who was considered Augustus (divine) along with the emperor, and two Caesars (lower rank) - Galerius and Constantius Chlorus (Red).

The empire was divided into four parts, or twelve dioceses, each containing 101–120 provinces. They were divided among themselves like this. Diocletian rules the eastern part. These are Egypt, Achaia, Pontus and Thrace. The capital is Nicomedia in Asia Minor. (Before the division into dioceses, Egypt was generally considered the personal estate of Diocletian.) Maximian received the Italian dioceses, which included Italy, Western Illyria and North Africa. Residence - Mediolan (modern Milan in Italy).

Galerius took the Illyrian dioceses... Residence - Sirmium on the Lower Danube. The Gallic dioceses - Gaul, Spain and Britain - killed Constantius Chlorus. Residence - Trier on the Rhine.

Please note that there is no trace of Italian Rome yet.

It would be incorrect to imagine this empire as something like the Russian Empire of the early 20th century, a single state ruled by a crown emperor. “The ancient “Roman Empire,” writes N. Morozov, “in all periods of its existence was more like modern alliances, like the former triple alliance between Germany, Austria and Italy. The Latin, Greek and Egyptian (Arab-Moorish and Coptic) parts lived a completely independent life and, if recognized at a given time, historical period the primacy of any one area considered the most powerful or cultural, then to the same extent as in the Triple Alliance the hegemony of Germany was recognized.”

...Under Diocletian, magnificent appearances and receptions of the emperor, bowing to the ground before him became a custom. He appeared in the long robe of a high priest with a white priestly bandage studded with pearls on his head.

He was drawn with a glow around his head. Everything that surrounded him acquired a sacred character.

He, of course, fought. After all, there were many barbarians on the edges of the empire! They fought in Gaul with the Bagaudas (the prototype of the Spartacus uprising), with the Moors in Africa, with Achilles in Egypt (294–295), and Carausius in Britain (297). They repelled the attacks of the Franks and Almans on the Rhine, and wild tribes on the Danube. (The fact that barbarians are barbarians, and tribes are “savage”, is the opinion of those who described these events. “Barbarian”, or “barbar”, accurately translated from Latin means “beard”, “one who wears a beard” ". From him is the modern Spanish barbudo. We have no information about what their “savagery” was, other than an unshaven face and disobedience to the emperor).

In 286–287 and 296–298, Diocletian fought in the Persian lands, as a result of which he strengthened his influence in Armenia and Iberia (Georgia) and subjugated part of Mesopotamia.

His army consisted of 450 thousand people. Having carried out military reform, he divided the troops into mobile and border troops. In general, the Roman (Byzantine) Empire was very for a long time was a purely military state. Diocletian, like all subsequent emperors, was obliged to stay firmly in the saddle and be able to lead his troops himself.

In 301, an imperial edict established price limits on goods, but this anti-market reform failed. But the emperor succeeded in collecting taxes and set an example for future generations.

In each region, diocese, province, city, many officials appeared to maintain order, collect taxes, supervise the supply of grain, food and everything else for the troops and the capital. And in order to prevent the abuses of these officials, other officials were appointed to supervise the former. Another group of officials was in the capital; These received bills, reports and news and reported everything to the emperor.

Such changes caused great public enthusiasm. Competent people needed! But even an illiterate, but smart enough person could build a good career. (Maximinian was illiterate).

To maintain his court (and it was famous for its amazing splendor), as well as officials and the army, Diocletian needed a lot of money. He, of course, took them from the population. A unified land-per capita tax was established, that is, it was taken from the amount of land and from individual in natural form (grain, sheep). This fact casts doubt on the authenticity of the famous coin with the inscription “Diocletian” attributed to his era.

When we say that “they took taxes,” this is exactly what it means: they went from house to house and took. But keep in mind this contradiction: most residents perceived the emperor and his decrees as divine, and considered the tax collectors, most likely, robbers (that's where the drama is!).

Constantine the Great (Rome, Palazzo Conservatore)

A person who did not know how to support himself and pay taxes was assigned to the state or another person who took care of him and forced him to work and pay taxes for him. People “from the forests” and captive barbarians did not understand modern life; there was slavery necessary public measure.

In his imperial work, Diocletian achieved outstanding success; he is rightfully ranked among the most remarkable sovereigns of his time.

Strife began in the empire, a war for power broke out when in 305 he voluntarily renounced the throne, and even incited Maximian to do the same. He settled on his estate in the Illyrian Salona (now the city of Split in Croatia) and took up gardening. When one day his former comrades rushed to him with loud calls to return and restore order - they say, without him the empire is dying! - he replied: “But look what a cabbage I have!” And I didn’t go anywhere.

Perhaps he felt too old to sit in the saddle and lead troops into battle? Or was he disappointed in the people around him? Or did other spiritual horizons open up to him, making wealth, honors and endless battles uninteresting, even for the glory of the Lord?

Nikolai Morozov directly connects the names of Diocletian and the biblical Moses, believing that they are one person. We tend to think that Moses is a generalized figure; in the Bible given in modern look Much later than the events described in it, Moses merged the features and biographies of several of the first leaders of the Roman Empire.

...For some time after Diocletian, Constantius Chlorus ruled, then the son of his comrade Constantine, also an Illyrian (Slav); It was he who moved the capital of the empire to Byzantium. Constantine is a Latin name meaning Firm, Constant; and what his mother and father’s names were is also unknown.

Ancient Constantinople, western city wall. Exterior view (restoration)

Since then, the name Byzantium has been applied to both the capital and the entire empire; the official name of the capital - Constantinople - most likely appeared much later; it can be translated from Latin Greek as "Fortified City" ("polis" - "city" in Greek). In this book we most often call this city Tsar-grad; the name comes from the Hebrew "koshar", which in Greek pronunciation became "kaisar", "king".

Byzantium, which gave rise to Tsaryrad, is considered a Greek settlement. Allegedly, the Greeks living in Greece (with its capital in Athens) colonized the coasts of the seas. As you will see later, on the contrary, from time immemorial the “Greeks” lived on the shores of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean islands, constituting one of the nationalities of the empire, and only from the 8th century they began to colonize the territory of Greece.

On the site of Byzantium, the capital of the Roman Empire was built, the first Rome - Constantinople. Italian Rome, the “most ancient” and greatest, at that time still did not have.

Let's think about whether the choice of places to build capitals is random? Look at the map. All capitals of Europe and the Mediterranean are located at the mouths of the largest rivers, on their banks and on the shores of the seas. If anyone thinks that the kings simply wanted to live closer to fresh river or sea air, then let them leave these thoughts. Rivers are roads! You won't get lost on the river. It’s easy to get into the interior of the mainland along the river, and the sea is a gateway to other countries, this is information, trade and prosperity (was it in vain that Peter I “cut a window” to Europe through the Baltic Sea? Although, frankly speaking, Russia has had a maritime exit to Europe through the Northern Dvina).

Alexandria stands on the Nile, greatest river Africa. Paris on the Seine River, whose length is 780 km, the basin area is almost 80 thousand square kilometers. London: Thames, length 332 km on the plain, width within London reaches 250 meters. How many capitals are there on the Danube and its tributaries? The location of Constantinople (modern Istanbul) on the shores of the Bosphorus Strait is amazingly convenient: access to all seas, to all surrounding countries on any shore!

No, in ancient times it was not the kings who chose where the capital cities should be. Capitals arose and grew on their own, without asking the rulers.

Why was Rome, the city of cities, the capital of capitals, built on a non-navigable mountain river, thirty kilometers from the sea? And to get into it, we had to pave roads in all directions!

The fact is that Rome was not the capital of the empire never, and could not be her. And in more late times When attempts were made to proclaim it the center of the empire, such attempts did not end in anything but embarrassment. Rome was the seat of the church, and nothing more. It even became the capital of Italy only in the 19th century. Cities that stood significantly higher in the political hierarchy than Rome in the Western Roman, that is, Roman, empire that arose in the 9th century were the sea cities of Naples, Genoa, and Venice. The capital of the empire was generally located in Germany - in Aachen.

Does this surprise you? But why? After all, if in the West “Germania” began to sound “Jemeni”, then in our country it is still pronounced as before: the article and the name He-Romania - Germany. And it is clear that this was the name of the main state of the empire, which was given to it by the surrounding peoples. After all, the Germans themselves do not call their country Germany, but say: Deutschland.

Licinius Valery Licinian Licinius. The son of a Dacian peasant, adopted by Diocletian. Caesar, co-ruler of Constantine the Great. Fought with Constantine and was defeated by him

So what was the need for Romulus and Remus, who were suckled by one she-wolf in the 8th century? before n. e., as legend claims, to start the construction of the capital of Rome with pomp and noise? No. At the start of construction, we note that Romulus killed Remus, and this example, perhaps, turned out to be contagious? The Western Roman Empire, in turn, “killed” the Eastern Roman Empire, appropriating its history.

Here we return to the Byzantine Emperor Constantine to compare his story with the stories of Romulus and the biblical king Jeroboam I. There are too many coincidences in them! All three founded new capitals: Rome, Shechem and Constantinople. Rome and Constantinople are named after their founders. After the “era of Romulus,” the era of Jeroboam and the era of Constantine I, there were no other foundations of capitals.

Each of them had a co-ruler: Romulus - the brother of Remus, Constantine - Licinius, and Jeroboam - Rehoboam. The co-rulers of Romulus and Constantine died as a result of the struggle with their kings; Jeroboam and Rehoboam were constantly at war.

Under Romulus and under Jeroboam, due to the lack of women, there was a threat of termination of the clan. In both cases, to solve the problem, women were kidnapped from their neighbors. In the history of Rome, this was the famous “kidnapping of the Sabine women.” The Bible describes the “abduction of the maidens of Shiloh” under Jeroboam. There are no reports of anything similar under Constantine, but it is known that the emperor’s army at the foundation of the city was entirely male, and such a kidnapping could well have happened.

Romulus was deified during his lifetime; Jeroboam is the founder of the largest religious movement; Constantine, like Romulus, was deified during his lifetime (counted among the saints) and, like Jeroboam, founded a major religious movement - Arianism.

Under Constantine, Basil the Great is born, the legends about whom are identical to the legends about Jesus Christ - the son of God. Under Jeroboam, “King Asa” begins to rule, who surprisingly resembles Basil the Great and Jesus.

Constantine I is closest to us in terms of reign. We believe that the other two were “copied” from him - Romulus by the chronicler Titus Livy, and Jeroboam by the authors of the Bible.

It is traditionally believed that Diocletian was an ardent supporter of the god Mithras and a persecutor of early Christians. Does this contradict the view that the empire was based on the idea of ​​monotheism? No, it does not contradict, just as Christianity does not contradict the idea of ​​monotheism.

Mithras, a man sent by God the Father to fight evil, having accomplished his exploits on earth, ascends to heaven to his father to return to earth on its last day. The cult has a ritual of ablution from past sins when receiving a convert, as well as a ritual of a sacred meal, when the Mithraites eat bread with wine diluted with water, remembering the last meal of their teacher with his disciples and communing with the deity. Asceticism, equality and brotherhood are preached.

Bas-relief found in the underground grotto of the Capitol in Rome, otherwise called the bas-relief of the Villa Borghese. He shows that Mithraism and Arianism are the same faith. Mithras brings a burnt offering to the constellation Taurus. Above, racing in chariots: the Moon, in front of which the messenger carries the lowered torch of the night, and the Sun, preceded by the messenger with the raised torch of the day. The evening and morning dawns stand with torches in front of the sacrificed Taurus. The blood of Taurus is licked by the Dog - Sirius, below is the constellation Hydra, from behind which Cancer peeks out. Next is the constellation Raven. The trees above represent Milky Way. The Mitron-Bearer himself represents Orion (biblically “Arian”, that is, “Arian”). This is the usual view of the sky immediately after sunset on the summer solstice.

The chronology of religions is no less confusing than the chronology of real history. For example, it is believed that Mithraism is ancient cult, since it is contained in the teachings of Zarathustra, and he allegedly lived during the fall of the biblical God-fighting kingdom. Meanwhile, the cult inscriptions and drawings of this religion indicate that the invincible Mithras, the Sun God, defeats the bull (Taurus), that is, the astral meaning of the legend lies in the struggle of the Sun with the constellation Taurus. This allows us to unequivocally state that the cult arose at the beginning of the century. e. Only from now on, on the day of the spring equinox, the constellation Taurus “burns out” in the rays of the evening dawn.

And it was at the beginning of AD. e. Mithraism appeared in Europe, but did not come from the East, as historians now believe, but only from then on began to spread on East.

Apparently, the name comes from the Hebrew MTP, which means “watered,” that is, “baptized with water.” Thus, the ancient mithraeums scattered throughout Europe are simply baptismal houses, similar to Catholic baptisteries.

Mithra's birthday is December 25 according to the Julian account, the holiday is Sunday, called the day of the Sun. "Mithraism was an almost universal religion Western Europe in the first centuries of the Christian era" (J. Robertson. "Pagan christs"). It must be assumed that the legend of Mithras and the rituals of this cult, combined with the real biography of Basil the Great (more on this in the following chapters), gave humanity the idea of ​​Christianity.

The headdress of the Mithraic high priest is the tiara, or miter. The headdress of the Pope also has this name; like the priests of Mithras, the Pope wears red shoes and also holds the keys of the “rock god,” Peter.

The “drag” of Mithraism from the Ancient East into the early Middle Ages of Europe gives us yet another proof that the biblical Godless Kingdom is nothing more than an analogue of the Roman Empire, shifted into the past by chronologists.

This is confirmed by the Koran, where it is written that Aron, the brother of the biblical Moses (Musa), is the uncle of Jesus Christ, for his mother, Mary (Maryam), is their sister.

“The angels said: “Oh, Maryam! Behold, Allah rejoices you with the news of a word from Him, whose name is the Messiah - Ysa, son of Mary, glorious in his neighbor and last world and from those close to him" (Sura 3/40).

“Oh, Maryam, you have done an unheard of thing! O sister of Haruna..." (Sura 19/28–29).

We will talk about the history of religion and its chronology in the chapter “The Tree of Faith”, but here we will limit ourselves to only some analogies.

Thus, the “ancient Egyptian” cult of the goddess Izidg practically coincides with the Christian cult, whose fans had their own matins, masses, and vespers, strikingly reminiscent of the corresponding Catholic and often Orthodox services. Here we have “... the resurrection of Osiris from the dead after his three-day stay in the tomb. He is depicted at the moment of resurrection, rising from the grave... Next to him stands his wife and sister Isis.”

Gods of "Ancient" Egypt. On the left is Isis. On the right are gods with the heads of birds and animals. Bottom right - Horus. Everyone has crosses in their hands. Egypt is considered the classic land of crosses

Description of five Egyptian bas-reliefs traditionally dated to 1500 BC. e. (before the birth of Jesus):

“In the first picture, the divine messenger Thoth stands before the maiden queen Met-em-ve and proclaims that she will give birth to a son. The second explains who will be the father of the latter: the named maiden and the supreme solar god Ammon squeeze each other in a loving embrace. The third picture complements and reveals the meaning of the previous one: the virgin birth from the divine seed. The fourth picture shows the very scene of the birth of the royal god-man, and, finally, the fifth depicts the worship of the baby. Three kneeling human figures greet him and present him with gifts” (N. Rumyantsev).

Not only in Egypt, but also in Ancient India, Mesopotamia, Persia, Christian crosses are widespread. Dionysus and Bacchus - the dying and rising Savior Ancient Greece. The biography of Buddha has many similarities with the main evangelical myths.

“...who hopes to prove the difference between the death of Jesus and the manner of death of his Asia Minor relatives, who in Mary Magdalene and other Marys standing at the cross and tomb of the Savior cannot recognize the Indian, Asia Minor and Egyptian mother goddesses Maya, Mariamma, Maritala, Marianna, Mandana - the mother of the “messiah” Cyrus, the “Great Mother” Pessinunt, the mournful Semiramis, Mariam, Merrida, Mirra, Myra (Meru) ... let him not meddle in religious and historical issues” (A. Dreve).

It would be simply impossible to distinguish many, many cults - they are distinguished by dating, and coincidences are explained by borrowings. We probably need to stop this children’s “Hide and Seek” and finally tell the truth: the traditional chronology is not correct.

Notes:

Moral- rules based on the experience of mankind that serve as a measure of the behavior of people and groups. Moral laws are valid laws. Ethics- the study of the general nature of morality and the specific choices of moral decisions made by a person in his relationships with other people. A person's ethics are his own business. These are the moral decisions that a person chooses himself, without coercion (L. Ron Hubbard).

Let's discuss!

1.Question: what difficulties do scientists experience when studying the life of primitive people?

Answer: the main difficulty for scientists in studying the life of primitive people is the lack of information; the discovered household items are mostly poorly preserved, scattered, and belong to different time periods.

2. Question: why did primitive hunters draw animals?

Answer: in ancient times There was no written language, and people did this through drawings to convey information to their fellow tribesmen. Animals were the basis for life, the availability of food and clothing depended on animals, therefore, while drawing animals, a person simultaneously worshiped them and asked for forgiveness for hunting them. By drawing animals, people began to primitively plan the hunt and joint actions of tribe members during the hunt.

3. Question: what role in life primitive man was the fire playing?

Answer: fire became the basis of survival for primitive man. He warmed himself with fire, cooked food with fire, and defended himself from attacks by predators with fire. Using fire, he made his first household items.

check yourself

1.Question: into what eras do scientists divide the history of mankind?

Answer: Scientists divide human history into the following eras:

Primitive history

Story Ancient world

History of the Middle Ages

History of modern times

History of modern times

2. Question: what era in history was the longest?

Answer: Primitive history was the longest.

3. Question: using the illustrations (p. 5), describe the changes in appearance primitive people.

Answer: Figure 1 shows the oldest man who lived about a million years ago, such a man was called Pithecanthropus. Figure 2 shows a person similar to modern man who lived about 40 thousand years ago, he was called Cro-Magnon.

Next lesson

Question: what was the count of years among the ancient Egyptians and the ancient Romans?

1. Counting years among the ancient Egyptians.

In the Nile Valley, a calendar was created that existed together with the Egyptian civilization for about 4 millennia. The origin of this calendar is associated with Sirius, a bright star in the tropical sky. The time interval between two heliacal risings of Sirius coinciding in Ancient Egypt with the summer solstice and preceding the Nile flood, is 365.25 days. However, the Egyptians set the length of their year to an integer number of days - 365. Thus, for every 4 years, seasonal phenomena lagged behind the calendar by 1 day. With absence leap years The New Year passed over 1460 (365 × 4) years through all the seasons and returned to the starting number. The period of 1460 years was called the sotic period, cycle, or Great Year of Sothis.

In Ancient Egypt, the year according to the official calendar was divided into 3 seasons of 4 months each.

High water time (akhet) - from mid-July to mid-November

Germination time (peret) - from mid-November to mid-March

Dry time (shemu) - from mid-March to mid-July

The months were designated by numbers (the first month of the Flood, the second month of the Flood, etc.). Each month had 30 days. The Egyptians knew that the year does not include 360 ​​days (12 months of 30 days), but 365 days, so the remaining 5 days that were not included in the calendar were added at the end last month. Egyptians, starting from the end Old Kingdom, began to count the years from the moment of the accession of the new ruler. In official documents, the date was recorded according to the following scheme: 1) “year of reign” and the year number; 2) month sign and month number in the season; 3) name of the season; 4) the sign of the day and the number of the day in order; 5) “the reign of the king of two lands”; 6) the throne name of the king in the cartouche.

Example: The second year of the reign of the king of two lands, Amenemhat III, the first day of the third month of the Flood season.

2. Counting years among the ancient Romans.

According to the ancient Roman calendar, the year consisted of ten months, with March being considered the first month. This calendar was borrowed from the Greeks; According to tradition, it was introduced by the founder and first king of Rome, Romulus, in 738 BC. e. The eight names of the months of this calendar (March, April, May, June, September, October, November, December) have been preserved in many languages ​​to the present day. At the turn of the 7th and 6th centuries BC. e. a calendar was borrowed from Etruria in which the year was divided into 12 months: January and February followed December. This calendar reform is attributed to Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome. The year consisted of 354 days: 6 months of 30 days and 6 months of 29 days, but an additional month was added every few years

The Romans kept lists of consuls. Consuls were elected annually, two per year. The year was designated by the names of the two consuls of a given year, the names were put in an ablative, for example: in the consulate of Marcus Crassus and Gnaeus Pompey (55 BC).

Since the era of Augustus (from 16 BC), along with dating according to consuls, chronology from the supposed year of the founding of Rome (753 BC) has come into use: from the foundation of the city.

Slide 2

What is history and what does it study?

• History is the science of the past.
• History studies how different peoples lived and what events took place.