The fat family. What do modern descendants of Leo Tolstoy do? Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy

A paradise for fat men with glasses The road from Lijiang to Dali goes through fields - first terraced on the mountain slopes, and then ordinary, flat ones. It is mainly women who harvest crops, stack straw, and scatter fertilizers on both of them. Mini tractors, mules and others

The noble family of the Tolstoys comes from an ancient German family. Their ancestor was Indris, who in the middle of the 14th century left Germany and settled in Chernigov with his two sons. Here he was baptized and received the name Leontia. The ancestor of the Tolstoys was the great-grandson of Indris, Andrei Kharitonovich, who moved from Chernigov to Moscow and here, from Vasily the Dark, received the nickname Tolstoy, which later began to be passed on to his descendants. The first representatives of this family were military men. This tradition was preserved by all generations of Tolstoys, but later many Tolstoys glorified their family both as prominent government officials and as figures of art and literature.

Genealogical table Family of Counts Tolstoy.

Family of Counts Tolstoy(genealogical table).

Vasilchikovs, a noble and princely family descended from the nephew of the Tolstoy founder, Vasily Fedorovich.

great-great-grandson of Tolstoy, journalist

Although many modern Tolstoys live abroad (they emigrated after the revolution), they remained with the “block Russian literature"descendants in our country. For example, Pyotr Tolstoy, whose father returned from emigration in 1944 with his brother. Thanks to his family, Peter knew about his great-great-grandfather from childhood: he visited Yasnaya Polyana several times and became closely acquainted with family heirlooms. This representative of the Tolstoy family is very famous Russian journalist and a TV presenter who has been working on Channel One for many years. Currently hosts the programs “Politics” and “Time will tell.” Peter spoke about his famous great-great-grandfather in one of his interviews:

Tolstoy remained honest with himself, always remained so, even when he was mistaken

Fekla Tolstaya

great-great-granddaughter of Tolstoy, journalist

Second cousin of Peter Tolstoy and also a very famous Russian journalist. Her real name is Anna, but she is known mainly under the name Thekla - a childhood nickname that later turned into a pseudonym. Tolstaya was born into a family of philologists and followed in the footsteps of her parents: she graduated from the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University and speaks five languages. However, already in childhood she was drawn to television: as a schoolgirl, Fekla began acting in minor roles in cinema, and in 1995 she entered GITIS at the directing department. Behind Fekla’s back there are many projects on radio and television, including original programs about her own family tree“Fat”, as well as “War and Peace”: Reading the novel.” In a conversation with MK Boulevard, the journalist happily spoke about the advantages of her huge family, whose members are scattered all over the world:

If you have relatives in another country, you understand it completely differently. I can explore Rome, for example, together with my beautiful niece, who, like a Roman, shows me the places I have loved since childhood - and this is an incomparable feeling. The same can be said about my relatives in Paris or New York. I get into the family, communicate with their friends

Andrey Tolstoy

great-great-grandson of Tolstoy, reindeer herder

Another descendant representing the Swedish branch of the family, Andrei Tolstoy, is a simple farmer who has been raising reindeer for many years. He reached great success: Andrey is one of the most famous reindeer herders in Scandinavia. He admitted that he was never able to read “War and Peace” at school. However, then I finally mastered the four-volume work. Several years ago, Andrey visited Russia for the first time.

Vladimir Tolstoy

great-great-grandson of Tolstoy, advisor to the President of Russia

Vladimir Ilyich is a person without whom there would be no meetings of Tolstoy’s descendants (which today take place regularly), and the fate of Leo Tolstoy’s estate Yasnaya Polyana would remain under threat. In the early 90s they wanted to take away the lands of the estate for new developments, the forests were cut down... But in 1992, Vladimir Ilyich published in “ Komsomolskaya Pravda» great material about all the troubles. Soon he was appointed director of the museum-reserve. Now Tolstoy is a presidential adviser Russian Federation, and his wife Ekaterina Tolstaya is in charge of the museum’s affairs. Vladimir admitted to the Tula newspaper “Young Communard”, speaking about his relatives:

Each of us has our own individuality, each of us has our own view of the world. And everyone is talented in their own way. Fat people can do everything: they take photographs, draw, write. And at the same time they are embarrassed about their talents: modesty is another family quality...

Victoria Tolstoy

great-great-granddaughter of Tolstoy, jazz singer

Yes, yes, she is Tolstoy, not Tolstoy: the Swede Victoria decided not to decline her surname, but to make it more “authentic”. How did the Swedish line of the Tolstoy family come about? The son of Lev Nikolaevich, Lev Lvovich, was forced for health reasons to turn to the Swedish doctor Westerlund. And then he fell in love with his daughter Dora... The modern representative of this family branch, singer Victoria, is better known in her homeland under the pseudonym “Lady Jazz”. By her own admission, Victoria does not know the Russian language and has not read Lev Nikolaevich’s novels, but in her work she often turns to classical Russian composers. On this moment The blonde already has 8 albums, one of which is called My Russian Soul (“My Russian Soul”). Victoria told the jazz publication JazzQuard:

When I was in Moscow several years ago, I visited the Tolstoy House Museum. I remember I saw there a portrait of a lady from the Tolstoy family and was amazed at how much this young woman from past centuries looked like me! Then for the first time I really felt my involvement in the Tolstoy family: how much connects and unites us at the deepest genetic level!

Ilaria Stieler-Timor

great-great-granddaughter of Tolstoy, Italian teacher

January 10, 2013 marked the 130th anniversary of the birth of one of the brightest and most talented Russian and Soviet writers XX century - Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy.

Alyosha Tolstoy was born in a well-born noble family January 10, 1883 (December 29, 1882 old style) in the Samara province in the city of Nikolaevsk. His father was a representative of the old family of Counts Tolstoy, Nikolai Aleksandrovich Tolstoy (1849 - 1900). He graduated from the Nikolaev Cavalry School, in 1868 he became a cornet and was sent to the Life Guards Hussar Regiment. But for his tendency to be “riotous” he was removed from military service with a ban on living in St. Petersburg and Moscow. He moved to Samara province, where he met his future wife, immediately inflamed with passion for her.

Tolstoy's father was a distant relative of Leo Tolstoy. For those interested in the relationship of three Tolstoys at once - Alexei Konstantinovich, Lev Nikolaevich and Alexei Nikolaevich, I will immediately say that they are, to varying degrees, distant relatives of each other. The Tolstoys' ancestors came to Rus' from Germany in the 13th century, received their nickname from Grand Duke Vasily, and served Ivan the Terrible, Alexei Mikhailovich and Peter the Great. It was Peter the Great who awarded Pyotr Andreevich Tolstoy the title of count, which had just begun to appear in Russia.

P.A. Tolstoy was the founder of the Russian special services - the Secret Chancellery and was noted for preparing and carrying out the operation to return Tsarevich Alexei, who was subsequently executed, to Russia. He is common ancestor for all three Tolstoy writers. IN mid-18th century century, the Tolstoy family divided into various branches. In this sense, Lev Nikolaevich and Alexey Nikolaevich are very far from each other in terms of the degree of relationship, but it is still present.

Mother - Alexandra Leontievna Tolstaya (Turgeneva) came from an ancient noble family Turgenev. She was the granddaughter of the Decembrist N. Turgenev and, as many claimed, a distant relative of the writer Ivan Turgenev, which, however, despite the beauty of the legend, is not necessarily true - perhaps they were namesakes or very distant relatives, evidence for which does not exist, despite on the extensive system of recording noble genealogy in Russia. It is only known that the extensive Turgenev dynasty originated from the Golden Horde nickname Turgen. However, here is what he wrote on this occasion about the new writer A.M. Gorky A.V. Amfitheatrova: “I draw your attention to Count Alexei Nik. Tolstoy. This is a young man, the son of Tolstoy, the provincial leader of the nobility in Samara, a relative of I.S. Turgenev: good blood! The same opinion is shared by M. Voloshin, who wrote this about A.N. Tolstoy: “Fate was pleased to combine in him the names of a number of writers of the forties: on his father’s side he is Tolstoy; on the mother's side - Turgenev, on some side he is close either to Aksakov or to Khomyakov. In a word, the blood of the classics of Russian prose flows in him, black earth, generous, landowner blood.”

Thus, in the personality of Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy, the family branches of the Tolstoys and Turgenevs may have unexpectedly crossed. However, the word “accidental” is more appropriate here, because the noble class, especially the hereditary and noble class, was quite closed, so many were distant relatives of each other. For comparison, let me remind you that almost all the monarchical dynasties of Europe were also relatives, so sometimes this led to the appearance of diseases typical for such cases - for example, hemophilia. male line Nicholas II and his wife. This was rare among well-born nobles, since the degree of kinship was much lower.

According to the memoirs of contemporaries, the father of the future writer Nikolai Aleksandrovich Tolstoy was a complex, spontaneous person, but at the same time extraordinary. Family life things didn’t work out for the Tolstoys. By this time, there had generally been a crisis of the nobility and the entire system of closed class relations in Russia. Many nobles went bankrupt and squandered their fortunes, while merchants, on the contrary, grew rich, the first capitalists appeared, and the property stratification of the peasant community began. Sometimes, a rich peasant could afford much more than an impoverished nobleman. But the class system was closed, there was no social elevator, and this gave rise to many problems. This was also reflected in family values. What was unthinkable just recently became, if not commonplace, then quite often manifested.

It is difficult to say which of the spouses was right and which was wrong, but Alexandra Leontievna had another person in her life - a small-scale nobleman and liberal zemstvo figure, Alexei Apollonovich Bostrom. A few months before Alyosha was born, his mother left the well-born but impoverished Tolstoy for Bostrom.

This subsequently allowed a version to emerge according to which Alexey Tolstoy, who was already Alexandra Leontievna’s fifth child from Tolstoy, is in fact Bostrom’s son, which, however, apart from rumors and guesses, is not confirmed by anything, so it rather belongs to the realm of some myths and legends.

I pay so much attention to the origin of A.N. Tolstoy quite deliberately, since this largely affected his fate and work, influenced his perception of the revolution in Russia and his position in relation to Soviet power and Russian emigration.

Alyosha Tolstoy spent his childhood on Bostrom's estate, and only after he reached the age of 16, his father Nikolai Alexandrovich recognized him as his legitimate son and gave him his last name (before that Alyosha bore his stepfather's last name - Bostrom). I. Bunin, referring to Aldanov, claims that A.N. Tolstoy confessed to the latter, as if he had begged his father to recognize him. In fact, this does not at all cast doubt on N.A.’s paternity. Tolstoy, but testifies to difficult nature their meeting, which ultimately ended successfully. In any case, it is quite obvious that Alyosha Tolstoy himself could not be held accountable for the actions of his mother to his father.

The estate of Bostrom, where Alyosha spent his childhood, was the Sosnovka farm in the Samara province (now it is the village of Pavlovka in the Samara Krasnoarmeysky microdistrict).

Those years left a deep imprint on the writer’s soul. Later, he himself admitted that he led a mainly contemplative life, observing the changing seasons, natural phenomena, the life of plants and insects, the colors of the sky, forests, meadows, rain and winds, blizzards and the starry sky. He inquisitively tried to understand the world around him, and his keen powers of observation later allowed him to skillfully use this in his literary descriptions.

In 1901, Alexei Tolstoy entered the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology. Here Alexei Tolstoy begins to write and quickly becomes famous in the literary metropolitan world. It's interesting that he started out as a poet. In his early work notes of imitation of Nekrasov and Nadson, as well as the Symbolists, were clearly noticeable.

In 1905, Alexey was sent for internship to the Urals, where he lived for more than a month in Nevyansk. Impressed by this trip, the young writer writes his first story, “The Old Tower.”

It should be noted that Alexei Tolstoy’s literary talent was in a certain sense was hereditary - his mother, who most adored I.S. Turgeneva, she herself was fond of writing and already at the age of 16 she wrote her first story “Will”. She subsequently became a children's writer.

Once, after listening to the story of A.N. Tolstoy about his childhood and the life of nobles in the Samara province, M. Voloshin told him: “You know, you are very rare and interesting person. You should probably be the last in literature to bear the old traditions of noble nests.”

This is an opinion about A.N. Tolstoy was quite common in St. Petersburg, and together with the influence of the mother, her passion for I.S. Turgenev and childhood memories significantly influenced the choice of topics at the beginning of Alexei Nikolaevich’s writing career. This is how “noble novels” and stories appeared - “Mishuka Nalymov”, “Cranks”, “The Lame Master”. But there was something in these stories and novels that fundamentally distinguished Tolstoy from the noble everyday life of his predecessors - first of all, they were distinguished by realism in the description of human relationships. The novel “The Lame Master” partially describes the love story of his parents (mother and N.A. Tolstoy). Nostalgic, trying to capture what is passing away, A.N. Tolstoy, however, understands that the nobility, both as a closed estate and as a class, is gradually leaving the forefront Russian history. All this contemplative life with rentier approaches, in the twentieth century, rapidly moving into the era of industrialization and social change, simply has no future. This was clear to him even before the revolution, which is quite significant.

Serious changes in A.N.’s worldview Tolstoy take place during the First World War, when he was a war front-line correspondent.

It was there, at the front, that A.N. Tolstoy begins to understand true price to many things: “...I saw true life, I took part in it, tearing off the tightly buttoned black frock coat of the Symbolists. I saw the Russian people." During the war years A.N. Tolstoy visited the allies of England and France.

But the First World War was only the beginning of shocks and life’s troubles, through which A.N. Tolstoy, like many others, had to go through that.

The revolution of 1917 did not cause A.N. Tolstoy with great enthusiasm. When the food supply became really bad in Moscow, A.N. Tolstoy and his family went south and were able to move to Odessa, which at that time was occupied by the Allied troops of the Entente.

It is probably worth saying a few words about the writer’s personal life. A.N. Tolstoy was married four times. First, on a native of Samara, Yulia Vasilyevna Rozhnova. They had a son, Yuri, who died as a child. Then A.N. Tolstoy lived with Sofia Isaakovna Dymshits for some time. They had a daughter, Maryana. S.I. Dymshits converted from Judaism to Orthodoxy to marry A.N. Tolstoy, but the wedding never took place.

The writer left for the south with his third family and wife (or officially second) - Natalya Vasilievna Krandievskaya. She wrote poetry, and later memoirs. They had two children - Dmitry and Nikita. A.N. Tolstoy also adopted Kandievskaya’s son from his first marriage, Fyodor.

But Odessa was also uneasy, and in April 1919 the Tolstoys moved first to Constantinople, and then from there to Paris and in 1921 to Berlin.

However, with his position as an emigrant A.N. Tolstoy was also burdened, realizing that he was there, in his own words, “a pariah, a man cut off from his homeland.” At the same time, it was the years of emigration that showed that A.N. Tolstoy became a true master of words. From his pen come such wonderful things as “Nikita’s Childhood”, “Walking Through Torment”, “Aelita”, “The Tale of Troubled Times”. The range of his creative themes is extremely wide. “Aelita” is a beautiful fantasy novel, “The Tale of Troubled Times” - historical work, “Walking Through Torment” was a lively and prompt response to what was happening in Russia. The novel was subsequently expanded, and this first version became the initial part called “Sisters.” The novel was already ideologically strengthened in the USSR, but “Sisters” as a whole is much stronger than the subsequent parts (this also happened with Sholokhov, whose “ Quiet Don"is noticeably superior to his own "Virgin Soil Upturned"). The prototype of Katya Roshchina was his wife N. Krandievskaya. “Nikita’s Childhood” is to a certain extent an autobiographical, nostalgic story for a bygone Russia. The prototype of Nikita was the son of Tolstoy and Krandievskaya Nikita.

At the end of 1921 A.N. Tolstoy begins to get closer to the writers who remained in Soviet Russia and collaborate with publications loyal to the Bolsheviks. Unlike many emigrants, he begins to believe that the victory of the Bolsheviks is not some kind of accident, but, perhaps, a historical fact. All this causes irritation in emigrant circles - publications begin to appear reproaching him for illegitimacy, former cohabitation with a Jewish woman and other actions. Naturally, this only strengthens A.N. Tolstoy in his views and rejection of attempts to turn history back. As a result, in April 1922 A.N. Tolstoy writes " Open letter N.V. Tchaikovsky,” one of the leaders of the Russian emigration in France, where he speaks of the need to recognize the Bolsheviks as the only government of Russia and asserts the need for cooperation with the Bolsheviks “to strengthen great power.” This letter actually leads to his break with the white emigration, and A.N. Tolstoy is expelled from the Union of Russian Writers in Paris.

The choice was made, and on September 1, 1923, Alexei Tolstoy returned to Russia. The first novel published, which laid the foundations of the Soviet science fiction, became "Aelita". The central character of the novel is the Red Army soldier Gusev, an unstoppable optimist and supporter of the world revolution, who immediately arranges it on Mars, having flown there together with the engineer Losev. In 1924 he published satirical story“The Adventures of Nevzorov, or Ibicus,” where he describes in a humorous form his memories and impressions of life in exile.

Alexey Tolstoy does not shy away from teamwork and, together with a number of other writers, takes part in writing the novel “Big Fires,” which was published in the magazine “Ogonyok.”

Among other works by A.N. Tolstoy, one can note the play “The Conspiracy of the Empress” (1925) and “The Diary of Vyrubova” (1927), which tells about the decomposition and decline of the Romanov family.

He is also actively working on the “Walking in Torment” trilogy, which we mentioned above. It was completed only in 1941. The epic novel "Walking in Torment" describes Soviet power as a natural consequence of the entire centuries-old Russian history. At the same time, the revolution of 1917 is described as an absolutely fair historical act. A.N. Tolstoy writes about this with conviction, and not at all out of a desire to adapt to anyone. Probably, the second was also present to some extent, but still the main thing was precisely the plan and the internal perception of what was happening.

His other science fiction novel “The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin” is also interesting, in which, in addition to the theme of the responsibility of a brilliant scientist to humanity for his inventions (which is often written about), the issues of life in exile are also considered in a fairly broad context (which is rarely noticed).

Another fantastic work by A.N. Tolstoy is considered to be his story "Blue Cities". This opinion is so strong that “Blue Cities” was even included in the first volume of “Science Fiction and Adventure” in the “Library of Russian Culture” series. classical literature in 100 volumes” jointly published by the publishing houses “Drofa” and “Veche” in 2003. Meanwhile, in my opinion, “Blue Cities” have a fairly distant relationship to fantasy (except in a certain sense to adventure, and that’s a stretch). It's about something completely different. About the fate of V.A. Buzheninov, who after injuries and vicissitudes civil war cannot find himself in a new life, dreaming of the future, dreaming of the life of beautiful Moscow in 2023, which he sees in delirium, and which he once tells his comrades about (that’s all that’s fantastic, actually). He arrives in a provincial town, but does not find himself in a peaceful life, cannot find a job, and on top of everything, things don’t work out for him. personal life- his chosen one, his mother’s pupil, rejects his love, reaches out to those who have more money, to the same wealthy merchants with whom he once fought on the civilian fronts. Blue cities are far away, and this common global happiness that he so dreamed of is still unattainable, but the gloomy reality, oppressive with its hopelessness, is nearby. And then V.A. Buzheninov commits the murder of his hated rival and burns down a city mired in philistinism. In a plot sense, this is a kind of synthesis of “Dowry” by Ostrovsky and modern stories in the style of "Afghan syndrome". This is not science fiction, but a very serious social drama, showing the problems of Soviet society in the mid-twenties. “Blue Cities,” as it seems to me, seriously refute the frequent accusations of A.N. Tolstoy in conformism.

In 1929 A.N. Tolstoy begins work on the novel “Peter I,” which he wrote until the end of his life and never had time to finish. “Peter I” is the writer’s attempt to rethink Russian history, its key, turning points. The statements that A.N. seem rather primitive to me. Tolstoy took up this novel because I.V. Stalin was impressed by the images of both Peter the Great and Ivan the Terrible, and this was supposedly some kind of social order. Of course, Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy did not shy away from this side of life in Soviet Russia, but the novel “Peter I” has nothing to do with his supposed “conformism”. This epic historical work is perhaps the main historical novel(except for “War and Peace” by Leo Tolstoy) of Russian literature. It is no coincidence that at first I talked so much about the origin of A.N. Tolstoy, his count's title, legally transferred to him by his father, the machinations of ill-wishers about his alleged illegitimacy. It was the era of Peter that changed old Russia, set in motion social elevators that could lift yesterday's pariahs to the very top, who achieved everything thanks to their talent and personal qualities - such as the same former trader at the bazaar, and later the all-powerful Alexander Menshikov. Alexei Tolstoy compared the era of Peter and his contemporary Soviet Russia as eras of social transformation, he drew certain parallels between them, as well as between Peter and Stalin (not in the novel, of course, but ideologically). This coincided with Stalin’s understanding of his own historical mission, but this is secondary in relation to A.N.’s own worldview. Tolstoy.

If we talk about works designed to ensure the ideological guidelines of the authorities, then this is not “Peter I”, but rather the story “Bread”, which describes Tsaritsyn during the Civil War. As you know, its defense was led, including by I.V. Stalin, therefore the story is quite interesting in the sense that it reflects Stalin’s view of the civil war.

Of course, A.N. Tolstoy collaborated with the authorities, but this is precisely why he came from exile. Actually, the writer himself never hid this. In 1934, together with other authors, he wrote the book “The Stalin Canal”; in the same year he made a report on dramaturgy at the First Congress of the Union of Writers of the USSR.

In 1935 A.N. Tolstoy married for the fourth (officially third) time to Lyudmila Ilyinichna Krestinskaya-Barysheva. They had no children.

A.N. Tolstoy often visited abroad in 1932-1937 - in Germany, Italy, France, England, Czechoslovakia, and Spain. Participated in the first (in 1935) and second (in 1937) congresses of writers in defense of culture.

A.N. Tolstoy or the Soviet (in other words, red) Count was very popular and, after the death of A.M. Gorky, from 1936 to 1938 he headed the Union of Writers of the USSR. Since 1937, he was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, and since 1939, an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Unlike A.M. Gorky A.N. Tolstoy did not have too serious doubts about what was happening in the USSR - he immediately accepted the Bolshevik line in its entirety and in the main, and considered everything else secondary. At the same time, A.N. Tolstoy was a very cheerful person, he was not averse to drinking a little and eating well. Soviet authority valued her red count and tried to provide him with all the conditions for life without need, even during a period of famine. This, like his cheerfulness, naturally irritated many. This is what L.V., who knew him for many years, writes in her diary. Shaporina: “Before, Alexey Nikolaevich brought with him a lot of fun; ever since he is increasingly possessed by government enthusiasm, his noise becomes some kind of official demagoguery... When he sees me, he immediately begins historical conversations, always great-power ones. It’s all government pathos now.” It’s unlikely A.N. Tolstoy would have wasted his time on “great power pathos” in purely everyday conversations. This just confirms that his position was based on his inner convictions.

We also cannot agree with the fact that during these years, apart from the story “The Adventures of Pinocchio or the Golden Key,” he did not write anything significant. Working on “Peter I” took a lot of effort, as did social activity. And “The Adventures of Pinocchio” became a real creative success - the very case when the repetition turned out to be much better than the original (“The Adventures of Pinocchio” by Carlo Collodi). However, this was not a repetition, but simply the use of a similar plot.

When the war began, A.N. Tolstoy participated in writing Stalin’s famous appeal, which was read by Molotov. It was then that for the first time there was a call to remember the heroic ancestors - Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy, Minin and Pozharsky, Suvorov and Kutuzov.

During the war years A.N. Tolstoy returns to journalism, recalling his experience of front-line journalism during the First World War. Almost 60 publications come from his pen. The most famous essay by A.N. Tolstoy's "Motherland". In his works, the writer often turns to the theme of Russian heroes, the eras of Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy, Mikhail Kutuzov. The main leitmotif is the fight against enemy invasion. At the same time, even at the mental level A.N. Tolstoy compares the skull and bones on the emblems in the buttonholes, the black color of the tanks, the mouse uniform of the Nazis and Hitler himself with a certain common hostility dark force, which the Russian people must definitely defeat. It was the appeal to traditional Russian values ​​that formed the basis of his worldview during this period. In 1944 it was published famous story"Russian character".

The war once again forces him to take a new look at both the Russian people and the Soviet society of his time. He is waiting for victory, being confident that after it: “The people returning from the war will not be afraid of anything. He will be demanding and proactive.”

A.N. Tolstoy expected victory, but his serious illness turned out to be stronger, and he did not live to see the end of the war quite a bit, just a few weeks - the writer died on February 23, 1945 and was buried on Novodevichy Cemetery. Understanding the meaning of the loss, I.V. Stalin declared state mourning.