Reviews of foreign trade. Foreign trade turnover

According to the Federal Customs Service, over 5 months of 2018, Russia increased trade turnover with EU countries, the USA, China, Belarus, Turkey and Ukraine. The maximum growth was noted in trade with Turkey, China and EU countries.

Trade with the EU

Thus, trade turnover between Russia and the EU in January-May 2018 amounted to $119.772 billion, which is 22.1% more than a year earlier. At the same time, Russia began to sell more: exports from the Russian Federation increased by 24.5%, reaching $83.427 billion. Imports from Europe increased by 16.9% to $36.344 billion. At the same time, the share of the European Union in the total foreign trade turnover of Russia decreased in annual terms from 44. 6% to 44.1%.

Trade turnover with China

Turnover between the Russian Federation and China over the 5 months of 2018 increased by a third (31.4%), reaching $40.831 billion. At the same time, Russian exports to China increased 1.4 times to $21.214 billion, and Russian imports from China increased by 20 .9% to $19.618 billion. During the reporting period, China increased its share in total foreign trade turnover by almost a percentage from 14.1% to 15%.

Trade turnover with Turkey

Trade turnover between Russia and Turkey showed the maximum increase compared to other directions, adding 46.2% in annual terms. The indicator reached $11.387 billion. At the same time, imports from Turkey to Russia increased 1.6 times to $1.656 billion, and Russian exports showed an increase of 44.6%, amounting to $9.731 billion. Turkey’s share in the total foreign trade turnover during the reporting period increased to 4 .2% from 3.5% a year earlier.

Russia – USA

Trade turnover between Russia and the United States, according to the Federal Customs Service, increased by 10.5% compared to the same period in 2017 to $9.289 billion. Russian exports to the United States increased by 7.8% and amounted to $4.129 billion. American imports increased by 12 .7% to $5.16 billion. In the total foreign trade turnover of the Russian Federation, the share of the United States decreased over the year from 3.8% to 3.4%.

With Ukraine – growth by a third

Trade turnover between Russia and Ukraine increased over 5 months by 28.7% to $5.8 billion. At the same time, Russian exports to Ukraine amounted to $3.629 billion, an increase of 30.3%, and imports from Ukraine - $2.209 billion (+26.3% ). Compared to 2017, Ukraine’s share in Russian foreign trade increased by 0.1%.

Russia – Belarus

Turnover between Russia and Belarus from January to May 2018 increased by 18% to $13.8 billion. Russian exports to Belarus amounted to $8.787 billion, showing an increase of 24.8%. From Belarus to Russia they imported $7.9% more than a year earlier. The total volume reached $5.049 billion. The share of Belarus in the total foreign trade turnover decreased to 5.1% from 5.3% a year earlier.

Iran's share remained unchanged

Foreign trade turnover between Russia and Iran in January-May 2018 increased by 34.9% to $816.9 billion. Exports from the Russian Federation increased by 30.1% to $526 million. Imports from Iran increased by 44.4% to $290. 9 million. Iran's share in the total foreign trade turnover of the Russian Federation in annual terms did not change - 0.3%.

You may also be interested in:

US President Donald Trump is insisting that China increase its purchases of American goods by two to three times the previous proposal...

Ukraine imposed sanctions against 294 legal entities and 848 individuals, involved in the construction of the Kerch Bridge, the holding of elections in Donbass and the...

British Prime Minister Theresa May asked the EU to postpone Brexit from March 29 to June 30, 2019, according to a letter she sent...

According to customs statistics, foreign trade turnoverof the Russian Federation in 2017 amounted to 584 billion US dollars and increased by 25% compared to 2016, including exports - 357 billion US dollars (an increase of 25%), imports - 227 billion dollars (an increase of 24% ).

Dynamics of the most important indicators of foreign tradeRussian Federation in 2015 – 2017

In the structure of Russia’s foreign trade by group of countries, the European Union (EU) occupies a special place as the largest economic partner, with its share in total volume the trade turnover of the Russian Federation in 2017 accounted for 42%, the countries of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) - 31%, the member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) - 12%, including the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) - 9%, for the countries of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - 3%, for the BRICS countries - 18%, Asia-Pacific - 32%.

Russia’s main trading partners in 2017 were: China –
15% of trade turnover of the Russian Federation (growth by 32%), Germany – 9% (by 23%), the Netherlands – 7% (by 22%), Belarus – 5% (by 26%), Italy – 4% (by 21 %), USA – 4% (by 16%), Turkey – 4% (by 37%), Republic of Korea – 3% (by 28%), Kazakhstan – 3% (30%), Ukraine – 2% (by 26 %).

Main trading partners of the Russian Federationamong non-CIS countries in 2017

Mutual trade of the Russian Federationwith states– members of the EAEU in 2017

(data in the graph is presented for 2017)

EXPORT RUSSIA.

Russia's exports in 2017 amounted to 357 billion US dollars and, compared to 2016, increased by 25% or 71 billion US dollars.

In 2017 compared to 2015-2016. In the total volume of Russian exports, the share of individual countries of the European Union decreased (in particular the Netherlands, Italy - by 2%), as well as Turkey, Japan and Ukraine - by 1%. At the same time, the share of Russian exports to the Republic of Belarus (by 1%) and China (by 3%), which took a leading position among partner countries, increased.

In 2017, the main share in the value volume of Russian exports was occupied by fuel and energy products - 59% (in 2016 - 58%), of which crude oil - 38% (37%), petroleum products - 24% (23%), natural gas – 14.5% (16%) and coal – 6% (4,5%).

The value of Russia's exports of fuel and energy products in 2017 compared to 2016 increased by 27% and amounted to 211 billion US dollars. At the same time, the physical volumes of exports of crude oil and petroleum products decreased by 1% and 5%, respectively, compared to the previous year.

Among the partner countries, the largest decrease in physical volumes of exports of petroleum products and crude oil was recorded in relation to following countries: Netherlands (-8 million tons), USA (-4 million tons), Latvia (-3 million tons) and Italy

(-3 million tons). At the same time, growth was recorded from China (+4 million tons), Denmark (+3 million tons), Singapore (+2 million tons) and India (+3 million tons). Belarus and Turkey reduced purchases of crude oil (-0.5 million tons and -0.8 million tons), but at the same time increased imports of Russian petroleum products (+1.5 million tons and +1.5 million tons).

Exports of natural gas in 2017 increased to almost all major partner countries, with the exception of the UK, which reduced purchases of Russian gas by 1 billion m3, and Hungary – by 0.7 billion m3.

The increase in the value of exports of fuel and energy goods was achieved due to an increase in prices for basic fuel and energy products by an average of 24%.

In 2017, compared to 2016, non-resource non-energy exports increased in value by 22.5% to 133.7 billion US dollars, and in physical volume - by 9.8%.

The share of exports of non-commodity, non-energy goods in the total volume of Russian exports in 2017 amounted to 37.5% in value, while in 2016 it was 38.3%; in terms of physical volume, the share of these goods increased slightly compared to last year and amounted to 22 ,4%.

In 2017, while both value and physical volumes of non-resource, non-energy exports increased compared to the same period last year, there were no significant changes in its commodity structure. Structural changes amounted to no more than 1-2%.

The main non-resource non-energy exports of Russia have traditionally been:

Metals and products made from them (semi-finished products and flat rolled products from iron and unalloyed steel, unprocessed aluminum);

Machinery, equipment and vehicles (turbojet engines, fuel elements, parts for equipment for nuclear energy);

Chemical products (mineral and organic fertilizers);

Food products and agricultural raw materials (wheat and meslin). Total specific gravity these goods in the value volume of non-resource non-energy exports of Russia in 2017 amounted to 80.9%.

Exports of metals and products made from them increased by 29.7% to 35.9 billion US dollars, its share in the value of non-raw material exports amounted to 26.9% (in 2016 - 25.4%). Moreover, the physical volume of exports of metals and products made from them remained virtually unchanged compared to the same period last year (an increase of 0.4%), which is explained by an increase of 40%-45% in average export prices for semi-finished products and flat rolled iron and unalloyed steel, and also 20% for unprocessed aluminum. The share of these goods in the value of Russia's exports of metals and metal products over the last two years was 41%.

Supplies of flat rolled products to Italy, which occupied third place in the export of this product in 2016, were reoriented to Egypt in 2017, increasing compared to the same period last year by 2.2 times in weight and 3.2 times in value.

Exports of machinery, equipment and vehicles increased by 14.6% to 28.1 billion US dollars, its share in the value of non-resource exports amounted to 21.0% (in 2016 - 22.4%). The physical volume of exports of machinery, equipment and vehicles increased by 24.2%.

Exports of fuel elements decreased by 17.2%, mainly due to the cessation of supplies to India since 2017 (in 2016 their value was 163.8 million US dollars), as well as a reduction in supplies to the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Armenia, and Ukraine.

The value of supplies of parts for nuclear power equipment to Bulgaria increased 356 times (from 343.9 thousand US dollars to 122.4 million US dollars). The value of supplies of these goods to Belarus has increased 6 times, while since 2017, supplies to Armenia and Poland have completely stopped.

Exports of chemical products, about 30% of which were mineral and organic fertilizers, increased by 15.0% (to 23.9 billion US dollars), its share in the value of non-raw material exports amounted to 17.9% (in 2016 - 19 .0%). The physical volume of exports of chemical products increased by 5.7%.

Exports of food products and agricultural raw materials increased by 21.5% to 20.3 billion US dollars and its share in the value of non-raw material exports amounted to 15.2% (in 2016 - 15.3%). The physical volume of exports of this category of products increased by 21.7%.

More than 37% of the value of this category of goods was grain exports.

Thus, while both value and physical volumes of non-resource, non-energy exports increased compared to the same period last year, there were no significant changes in its commodity structure in 2017. Structural changes amounted to no more than 1-2%.

IMPORT RUSSIA.

In 2017, Russian imports amounted to 227 billion US dollars and compared to 2016 increased by 25% or 45 billion US dollars.

In 2017, APEC countries became the main trading partners for imports, accounting for more than 40% of all imports. China's share in Russian imports is 21%. EU countries also occupied a significant share - 38%, of which Germany - 11%, Italy - 4%, France - 4% and others. The CIS countries accounted for 11% of all imports, including the EAEU countries - 8%, the main share was imports from the Republic of Belarus - 5% and Kazakhstan - 2%.

In 2017, the main share of the value of Russia's imports was made up of machinery, equipment and vehicles - 49% (in 2016 - 47%). Also, a significant share in imports was: chemical products - 18% (19%), food - 13% (14%), metals and products made from them - 7% (6%), textiles and footwear - 6% (6%) .

In 2017, the value increase in Russian imports was 53%
due to an increase in the value of imported machinery and equipment, which in absolute terms amounted to 24 billion US dollars.

Among machinery and equipment in 2017, the largest share in the value volume of Russian imports was: mechanical equipment - 41% (in 2016 - 41%), electrical equipment - 24% (25%) and means ground transport – 20% (18%).

In 2017, the main countries supplying imported machinery and equipment were China (26%), Germany (12%) and the USA (8%). Wherein
and the largest increase in imports of these goods also occurred
these countries, from China - by 6 billion US dollars, Germany - by 2.8 billion US dollars, the USA - by 2.6 billion US dollars.

Imports of mechanical equipment in 2017 amounted to 45 billion US dollars and increased by 28% or 10 billion US dollars compared to 2016.

This increase was due to an increase in imports of computers by 1.2 billion US dollars, while the increase in imports of these goods from China amounted to 0.9 billion US dollars. These goods were also imported to
2017 from the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and other countries.

The growth in imports of mechanical equipment also occurred due to an increase in the import of bulldozers and graders (2 times in quantitative terms), equipment for processing rubber and plastics, parts of computers, liquid pumps, pneumatic tools, internal combustion engines, industrial machines and equipment, and others.

The import of bulldozers and graders in 2017 compared to 2016 increased by $0.8 billion, the main increase in supplies came from the import of these goods from China - 2.3 times, Japan - 1.5 times, South Korea -
3 times.

The increase in the import of rubber processing equipment is associated with the delivery in 2017 of a multi-component plant for the production of linear low/high density polyethylene worth over US$0.5 billion from EU countries.

The supply of parts for computers has increased significantly
in 2017, China - by 340 million US dollars, in smaller volumes Singapore, Vietnam and South Korea - by 100 million dollars, 7 million US dollars and 10 million US dollars, respectively.

Imports of liquid pumps in 2017 increased by 410 million US dollars, of which from South Korea - by 160 million US dollars, Germany - by
60 million US dollars and China - 50 million US dollars.

In 2017, Russian imports of electrical equipment amounted to 27 billion US dollars and compared to 2016 increased by 24% or 5.2 billion US dollars. At the same time, this 32% increase was formed due to an increase in import supplies of telephone sets for cellular communications on
US$1.7 billion. The main countries supplying these devices were China (63%) and Vietnam (17%).

Imports of ground transport equipment increased by
2017 compared to last year by 36% or by 6 billion US dollars. The increase was mainly due to an increase in imports of spare parts for passenger cars (including bodies, chassis, etc.) - by 2.6 billion US dollars, tractors - by 1 billion US dollars and trucks - by 0.9 billion . US dollars. At the same time, the share of passenger cars in the value volume of imports decreased significantly - from 38% to 31%, with a simultaneous increase in the share of tractors and trucks - from 11% to 17%.

An increase in the import of components for passenger cars in 2017 was registered from Germany (+34%), Japan (+52%), China (+29%), South Korea (+64%) and the Czech Republic (+52%), which is due to increasing the industrial assembly of Mazda, Toyota, Volkswagen, Skoda cars in Russia, as well as expanding their model range.

Due to the increasing demand for Russian market for special equipment, the import of goods classified by codes 8701 “Tractors”, 8704 “Trucks” and 8705 “Special purpose vehicles” increased in quantitative terms by 1.5 times, in value terms by 2.4 times, 1.8 times and 1 ,1 times respectively. Among these vehicles, imports in value terms of truck tractors produced in the Netherlands and Germany increased by 3 times, France by 5 times, Brazil by 9 times; truck cranes made in China – 9 times, Germany – 3 times; dump trucks made in the USA - 4 times, Belarus - 2 times.

In 2017, compared to 2016, the main value volume of imports of chemical industry goods accounted for pharmaceutical products - 27%, plastics and products made from them - 22%. These groups of goods accounted for the main increase in imports in this industry, due to pharmaceutical products - by 1.9 billion US dollars, plastics and products made from them - by 1.2 billion US dollars. At the same time, the value of imports of rubber, rubber and products made from them increased significantly - by 0.8 billion US dollars, as well as organic chemical compounds - by 0.8 billion US dollars.

In the import of pharmaceutical products, the main place is occupied by medicines, which account for 80% of the import of this group of goods. The increase in the value of imports of medicines in 2017 compared to 2016 amounted to more than 1.4 billion US dollars. The reason for this was not a physical increase in the import of these goods, but an increase in prices by an average of 16%. The main countries supplying medicines are Germany - 21%, France - 10%, Italy - 7%, India - 6%, Switzerland - 5%. In 2017, the supply of medicines increased significantly in the UK - by 0.1 billion US dollars.

The main share in the import of rubber, rubber and products made from them is occupied by tires and pneumatic tires - 48%, as well as products, tubes and tapes made of vulcanized rubber (codes 4009, 4010, 4016 HS EAEU) - 28%, natural and synthetic rubber ( codes 4001 and 4002 TN VED EAEU) – 12%. Components for repair and maintenance of automobiles are mostly declared under codes 4009, 4010 and 4016 of the EAEU HS. Natural and synthetic rubber are mainly purchased by companies involved in the production of automobile tires. In 2017, the value growth of imports for these product items amounted to more than 30%. Import purchases were carried out from China - 14%, Japan - 12%, Germany - 10%, South Korea - 7%.

Foodstuffs.

The value of food imports in 2017 amounted to 29 billion US dollars and increased by 15% or 3.8 billion US dollars compared to 2016. The largest share in the value of food was fruits - 16%, meat and meat by-products - 9%, dairy products - 9%, alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks - 9%, vegetables - 6% and others.

In 2017, supplies of fruits and nuts increased significantly – by 0.8 billion US dollars; alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks – on
US$0.7 billion; dairy products, meat and meat products, vegetables - 0.4 billion US dollars each. At the same time, in terms of physical volumes of these goods, significant growth occurred only in the import of fruits, vegetables, as well as alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks. The increase in value volumes for other categories of food products is mainly due to rising prices for imported products.

The import of fruits in physical terms increased due to an increase in supplies of cherries and grapes from Turkey, in respect of which restrictive measures were lifted in 2017; bananas from Ecuador; citrus fruits from South Africa.

The physical volume of imports of vegetables from China increased by 1.4 times for almost the entire product range, potatoes from Egypt - by 2.5 times, tomatoes from Azerbaijan - by 1.5 times, potatoes from Belarus - by 1.3 times, onions from Turkey - 3500 times.

Imports of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks in 2017 amounted to
2.5 billion US dollars and, compared to 2016, increased in value by 39% (by 0.7 billion US dollars), in physical volume (liters) by 29%. At the same time, an increase in the import of alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks occurred for all product positions.

The main import volume in 2017 was grape wines – 40%, ethyl alcohol with a concentration of less than 80 vol.% – 38%, malt beer – 8%.

The value of the import of grape wines in 2017 amounted to 1 billion US dollars and increased in value compared to 2016 - by 38%. At the same time, the growth in physical volumes amounted to 11%. Thus, the increase in value is primarily due to an increase in prices for grape wines by 24%.

Grape wines were imported in 2017 from Italy - 29%, France - 18%, Spain - 16%, Georgia - 10%. At the same time, supplies from Italy in physical terms (liters) increased by 34%, France - by 29%, Georgia - 1.8 times. Supplies from Spain decreased in physical terms, but increased in value – by 24%.

Import of alcoholic beverages with an alcohol concentration of less than 80 vol.%
in 2017 amounted to 0.9 billion US dollars, the increase in physical volume (liters) was 30%, in value - 38%. The main volumes of imports of this category of goods came from the UK - 25%, Armenia - 19%, France - 16%, the USA and Ireland - 5% each. In 2017, compared to 2016, the UK increased the supply of whiskey by 31%, Ireland – by 36%, the USA – by 33%, and Armenia increased the import of cognac by 25%. At the same time, the import of French cognac decreased in physical volume by 5%, but increased in value by 32%.

The import of malt beer in 2017 compared to 2016 increased both in physical volume (by 50%) and in value (by 54%). The main beer supplying countries were Germany, the Czech Republic, Belarus and Belgium. Germany occupies a leading position both in terms of beer supply volumes by value (33%) and in terms of physical volumes (29%). At the same time, in 2017, Germany almost doubled its beer supplies. The Czech Republic, Belarus and Belgium also increased the physical volumes of malt beer imports by 1.5 times, 1.5 times and 1.3 times, respectively.

Economic processes in Russia are complex and ambiguous. In the first half of the nineties, the Russian economy experienced a deep recession, caused by the consequences of a large-scale transition from a centralized economy to a market economy, but at the same time significantly aggravated by a number of political factors. In terms of its foreign economic capabilities, Russia is sharply behind many countries in the world community. In the second half of the nineties, some revival of the Russian economy began, but, unfortunately, it was not determined by the modernization of production, but by the use of international loans to organize production and export abroad natural resources, for the purchase of consumer goods in other countries.

Only with beginning of XXI century, a real recovery began in the Russian economy, financial stabilization appeared, and the standard of living of the population began to rise. However, the emergence of these positive results is largely due to the favorable environment in world energy prices.

In such conditions, the political goals and objectives of the state become a particularly important motive for all foreign economic activity. They significantly influence the choice of regional directions and specific partners in foreign economic relations, the nature and scale of relationships with various countries, and the forms of using international cooperation in the interests of Russia’s socio-economic development. Research on these aspects of the interaction between politics and economics in external activities Russian state is of current importance. It allows us to better understand the interaction of the country’s internal development with the possibilities of its international activity, and to assess the effectiveness of foreign economic activity from the standpoint of Russia’s national interests.

In general, despite the remaining tension in global financial markets, the situation in Russia's foreign trade was characterized by positive trends. However, some unfavorable signs in macro indicators affected the foreign economic sphere. This is a rapid increase in imports mainly due to growth in physical volumes.

According to the WTO rating, according to preliminary data, Russian Federation took 12th place in the world in terms of the value of exports of goods - $355 billion. At the same time, the nominal annual growth rate increased by 17%, and the real one - by less than 6%. Russia's share in international exports was 2.6%. In terms of the value of imports of goods ($223 billion, growth rate - 35%), Russia rose to 16th position, and its share in total imports reached 1.6%. As a result, in terms of import growth rates, Russia took 1st place in the world among the leading trading powers.

Without taking into account the intra-regional trade of the 27 EU countries and individual members of the group, Russia took 7th place in merchandise exports and 10th position in imports of goods in the world.

In the ranking of countries providing commercial services ($38 billion, growth rate - 25%), the Russian Federation again took 25th place, and its share was 1.2%. In the sphere of import of commercial services ($44.3 billion, growth rate - 15%), Russia rose to 16th position in the world, and its share was 1.9% (in 2006, respectively, 18th place and 1.7%).

Foreign economic relations of Russia with the countries of the European Union

In the geographical structure of Russian foreign trade the most important place occupied by the European Union. Its share accounted for 51.6% of Russian trade turnover, and the CIS countries - 15.3%, which is higher than a year earlier. During this time, the share of APEC countries increased from 16.4% to 19.1 percent. Russia's main foreign trade partners among the EU member countries remain Germany, the Netherlands and Italy, which account for almost half of Russia's foreign trade turnover with the EU or 28.7% of Russia's foreign trade turnover with non-CIS countries. Russia's main foreign trade partners among APEC countries are China, Japan, the USA and the Republic of Korea, accounting for 87.7% of foreign trade turnover with this group of countries or 19.8% of foreign trade turnover with non-CIS countries. Among the CIS countries, the main foreign trade partners are Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, which account for 88.1% of foreign trade turnover with the CIS countries.

A significant predominance of Russian exports over imports is typical for trade with the Netherlands and Italy, where the share of exports in turnover was 91.7% and 75.7%. The same proportions in Russian trade turnover were typical for trade with Poland, Finland, India, Turkey, Belarus and Kazakhstan. Almost equal proportions between exports and imports have developed in Russia's trade turnover with Germany and the United States.

The European Union is Russia's largest trading partner and accounts for more than half of the volume of Russian foreign trade; investments, services, and cooperation ties play an increasingly significant role in our relations. The numbers show a clear positive, but is everything really good here? An analysis of the situation of the upcoming update of the legal framework for economic cooperation between Russia and the EU indicates the presence of at least two vectors. One is building up the results achieved, eliminating dead ends and barriers, expanding opportunities, and further liberalizing economic relations. Another is the politicization of issues of the Russia-European Union partnership. At the same time, the initiative to politicize does not belong to Russia, but European countries, among which the new members of the European Union especially stand out. Speaking about the evolution of Russian foreign policy on economic issues in relation to the European Union as an organization as a whole. It should be noted that the development of economic dialogue cannot be imagined without taking into account the situation in the world. But if we consider the evolutionary changes in economic cooperation between Russia and the countries that are part of the European Union, we will see a number of features.

Considering the economic dialogue between Russia and Italy, we can say that Italy is one of Russia’s leading trading partners among Western countries. In recent years, a steady growth trend has continued in Russian-Italian trade and economic relations.

At the core successful development bilateral relations rest on a solid economic foundation. In terms of trade turnover, Italy ranks third among Russia's trading partners among Western countries. Bilateral trade turnover amounted to 23.465 billion US dollars, with Russian exports - 19.06 billion US dollars, imports - 4.40 billion US dollars. The main issues of bilateral trade and economic cooperation are considered by the Russian-Italian Council for Economic, Industrial, Monetary and Financial Cooperation. In recent years, the area of ​​high technology and the space industry have become priority areas of bilateral economic cooperation. The commodity structure of Russian-Italian trade has not changed significantly in recent years. In Russian exports to Italy, the main role traditionally belongs to energy resources. Natural gas continues to be the most important commodity in Russian exports to Italy. In the commodity composition of Russian imports from Italy, consumer goods still occupy a predominant place. The second most important group remains mechanical and technical goods. The shares of all other product groups remained virtually unchanged. Monetary and financial cooperation is moving to a new qualitative level. His characteristic feature is a transition from providing loans under government guarantees to normal interbank interaction, providing for the use of financial instruments that do not affect Russia’s external debt. Electric power industry is becoming one of the priority areas for attracting Italian capital. One of the priority areas of economic cooperation is cooperation in the field of high technology.

If you look at Russian-German relations, you can say the following. Germany is Russia's main economic partner in the world. Its share in Russia's foreign trade is more than 10%, and Russia's in Germany's foreign trade is about 2.5%. Mutual trade turnover reached a record level of $32.9 billion. The volume of trade between Russia and Germany increased by 30% and reached $30.9 billion. An important impetus for the development of energy dialogue was given by the signing of an agreement on the construction of the North European Gas Pipeline between Gazprom and German companies E.ON Ruhrgas and BASF, as well as the adoption of a high-level Statement on cooperation in the field of energy during the working visit of Russian President V.V. Putin to Germany. Germany is Russia's main creditor (it accounted for more than 40% of Russian debts under the Paris Club) and one of the largest investors. The final agreement with Germany on early repayment the balance of Russia's external debt and former USSR in the amount of 10.4 billion US dollars (8.14 billion euros). Germany is Russia's most important trading partner, accounting for 13.6 percent of all Russian foreign trade. Russia for Germany, based on absolute financial indicators, is the 10th most important trading partner and trade with it accounts for about 3 percent of total figure. However, the import of Russian energy resources is of a strategic nature for Germany. Already today, Germany imports more than 30 percent of natural gas and 20 percent of oil from Russia, and according to experts, this share will increase even more in the future. Russia imports many mechanical engineering products from Germany.

Speaking about Russian-Belgian relations, we can highlight a number of factors that determine the direction of economic cooperation between the two countries. The state and prospects of trade, economic, monetary, financial and investment cooperation between the two countries, relations with international economic organizations, relationships at the regional and sectoral level are discussed at meetings of the Mixed Commission on Economic Cooperation between Russia and the Belgian-Luxembourg Economic Union.

Considering Russian-Greek relations in the context of evolutionary development, a number of factors can be noted. There is an upward trend in mutual trade. According to Russian customs statistics, trade turnover between Russia and Greece amounted to 1429.2 million dollars, including Russian exports - 1262.2 million dollars, imports -167.0 million dollars. Stability and long-term prospects for relations in economic sphere is given, in particular, by the implementation of the 1987 Agreement on the supply of Russian natural gas to Greece. Speaking about the development of Russian-Greek economic relations, we can say that their development is aimed at a long-term and stable perspective. Trade turnover is increasing from year to year, which indicates a fairly strong and promising cooperation.

Summarizing the results of this paragraph, we came to a number of conclusions. Speaking about the evolution of Russian foreign policy on economic issues in relation to the European Union as an organization as a whole. It should be noted that the development of economic dialogue cannot be imagined without taking into account the situation in the world. Cooperation between Russia and countries belonging to the European Union represents long-term prospects. This type of cooperation is developing very dynamically. As for the evolutionary changes in economic cooperation, we can say that in the conditions of modern world trade, it has quite sustainable development.

Foreign economic relations of Russia with other countries

Considering Russian-American relations, we see that the structure of Russian exports to the United States is traditionally characterized by a raw material orientation. The share of machinery and equipment in it continues to remain insignificant. However, market research American market and an analysis of the capabilities of American companies show: Russia makes little and poor use of the United States as a supplier new technology and partner in the development of new technologies. There are also real opportunities to expand Russian exports by increasing the supply of a number of goods from high degree processing as well as services. According to the Ministry of Economic Development, the export of goods from Russia to the United States is dominated by goods of the fuel and raw materials group, primarily oil and petroleum products (28.0%), which was primarily facilitated by the favorable price environment for these goods. The volume of supplies of oil and petroleum products in 2007 amounted to $2,252.7 million. Ferrous metals accounted for 17.0% of Russian exports to the United States ($1,367.0 million), aluminum and products made from it - 15.4% ( 1239.6 million dollars). The volume of supplies of inorganic chemical products increased ($1,121.1 million - 13.9% of all Russian exports to the United States), as well as precious and semi-precious stones, metals, natural and cultured pearls ($1,027.4 million - 12. 7%). A significant share fell on fertilizers ($201.0 million), wood and wood products ($132.0 million), and some products of the engineering industry ($244.3 million).

Russian imports from the United States were dominated by general engineering products and vehicles (about 65%). A significant share in imports was occupied by land transport vehicles and their parts - 19.1% ($1,802.1 million), nuclear reactors, boilers, equipment and mechanical devices - 18.5% ($1,745.0 million). Few, but still imported, were also pharmaceutical products ($360.8 million), plastics and products made from them, other chemical products ($337.3 million), perfumes, cosmetics, soaps and detergents (280 .0 million dollars). A significant share of products imported from the United States last year (more than 12%) continued to be food products, primarily meat and meat by-products, the import volume of which amounted to $851.0 million.

According to the US, trade turnover is hampered by protectionist restrictions imposed by the Russian State Duma. For example, as noted in the annual report of the American Department of Commerce, Russia has slightly reduced tariffs on a number of food products. However, it remains unprofitable to import alcoholic beverages, medicines and communication devices into Russia due to additional fees and duties, as well as licensing and registration requirements. Huge customs duties and taxes on imported goods “virtually prevent Russian airlines from purchasing foreign aircraft,” the report noted. Tariffs and taxes raise the prices of American cars and SUVs by 70%.

If we consider Russian-Chinese relations, it is clearly visible that in recent years Russian-Chinese relations can be characterized as follows: cooperation between our countries in the political, trade, economic, humanitarian fields, as well as in the field of public diplomacy, has received comprehensive and in-depth development. Sino-Russian relations have become one of the most active and vibrant relations between major powers modern world. The rapid development of Sino-Russian partnerships and strategic cooperation not only brings real benefits, but also plays an important stimulating role in protecting peace and stability throughout the world. Bilateral trade and economic ties are also developing rapidly. Economic and investment cooperation has yielded encouraging results. China and Russia view the development of their partner as a favorable chance for their own development and are making every possible effort to expand technical and economic cooperation. For six years in a row, trade turnover between China and Russia has maintained a rapid growth trend. By 2020, China's total investments in Russia will amount to $12 billion. China's investment volume in Russia has already amounted to about $2.2 billion.

Let's consider trade and economic relations between Russia and the countries Latin America. Intensifying relations with the Latin American world is an objective necessity. Moreover, the current situation in the countries of the continent opens up certain prospects for Russia. Diplomatic relations have been established with all 33 sovereign republics of the region. Relations are being restored or established in other areas, primarily in the field of trade and economic cooperation. True, the volume of annual trade turnover barely exceeds $6 billion, which is far from meeting the capabilities of the parties. Russia today is not able to lay claim to anything serious geopolitically in the Southern Hemisphere. But it can also collaborate and expand its niche in areas such as high tech, peaceful use of nuclear energy and space exploration, energy, oil and gas production, metallurgy, pharmaceuticals, fishing industry, agricultural and road engineering, agro-industrial complex. At least the leading countries of the Southern Cone consider Russia a promising partner.

Economic sanctions of EU countries??? Well... then...

Nowadays, information is widely disseminated in the media and the Internet that Russia has no serious trading partners and our trade turnover is very modest. But is it? According to statistics from the Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation (FCS), from January to August 2016, our total trade turnover amounted to $288.5 billion, and of which exports are $176 billion, and import – $112.5 billion. One way or another, we sell more than we buy.

It is worth noting that trade turnover nevertheless decreased by 18.2%. Nothing can be done, the unfavorable economic situation, sanctions, foreign policy pressure - all this harms the joint business. At the same time, exports decreased by 25%, and imports by 4.8%. So who is Russia trading with?

Main trading partners of Russia by region, January-August 2016

Russia’s main trading partners, despite the sanctions, are still EU countries – $124.9 billion. Trade turnover with the countries of the Eurasian Union (EAEU) is still $9.4 billion, but that’s it for now. However, if we consider in country equivalent, the main trading partner is China - almost $40.2 billion. In second place is Germany with $24.9 billion, and in third place is the Netherlands with $20.5 billion. So, trading with Russia is profitable and many countries not only did not reduce the volume of trade with us, but, on the contrary, increased it. For example, China, France and the Netherlands. The import of their goods and services to Russia has only increased.

Main trading partners of Russia by country, January-August 2016

What does Hjccbz export? This question was probably asked by every resident of our country. Today, Russia is mainly engaged in the export of energy resources such as petroleum products, coal and gas. Rolled steel is also exported along with ferrous and non-ferrous metals and minerals. The largest share of Russian exports is formed by petroleum products. In addition, the leading export items include natural gas, mineral fertilizers, timber, machinery, as well as weapons and various equipment.

Many people are interested in what the role of Yakut diamonds is in the export of polished diamonds. More than three hundred million tons of oil, as well as about two hundred and fifty billion cubic meters of gas, are exported to countries near and far abroad. We will tell you more about exported products, the structure of Russian exports and trading partners in our article.

Foreign trade of Russia

Russia's main trading partners today are countries such as China, Poland, Germany, Italy, Turkey, Switzerland, Great Britain, Finland and the USA.

Russia is engaged in providing a significant part of the needs of the Commonwealth of Independent States in oil products and gas. What else does Russia export? Timber, machinery and various equipment. Therefore, for most countries, in particular neighboring countries, Russia has been and remains an important trading partner.

In 2012, Russia became a member of the World Trade Organization. In addition, our country is a party to the agreement on the CIS free trade zone and a member of the customs as well as the Eurasian Economic Union.

Since 2014, domestic foreign trade has been subject to significant negative pressure from the foreign trade policies of other countries, which is expressed in the form of economic sanctions imposed against Russia. Reciprocal counter-sanctions from outside also have an impact Russian government in the field of foreign trade. Thus, in connection with the known political changes, the turnover in foreign trade in the country in 2014 decreased by seven percent compared to the previous year 2013 and amounted to only eight hundred billion dollars.

As for the current stage, according to the Federal Customs Service, the turnover in Russian foreign trade for Last year amounted to 470 billion dollars. This figure is even lower compared to the values ​​in 2014 and 2015. If we compare the current trade turnover with previous years, the drop is more than eleven percent. One of the important components of foreign trade policy is exports from Russia to China.

Last year’s devaluation of the ruble, which occurred following a large-scale drop in oil prices at the beginning of 2016, played a decisive role in the negative change in indicators. Then oil prices fell to below thirty dollars per barrel due to excess supply on the foreign market. The reduction in oil demand from one of Russia’s most important partners, China, also had an impact. And the dollar/ruble exchange rate has increased sharply against the backdrop of all this.

Export records in recent years

At the end of last year, Russian exports, in terms of value, decreased by seventeen percent, amounting to $280 billion.

This picture is formed due to the fact that Russia exports abroad mainly hydrocarbons (gas and oil exports). Of course, along with the fall in their value, the overall price of exports also decreased. At the same time, exports in physical terms increased. Throughout the past year, Russia did not reduce, but, on the contrary, increased their supplies abroad, even despite low prices.

Thus, oil exports in 2016 increased by almost seven percent to two hundred million tons. But at the same time, its revenues fell by eighteen percent to seventy billion dollars. The same thing happened in the export of other raw materials. Thus, in physical terms, natural gas exports increased by thirteen percent, although already in the first half of the year its cost fell to $150 per thousand cubic meters.

Large raw materials enterprises were increasing supply volumes in order to maintain market share. In addition, in the context of devaluation, they had the opportunity to receive more revenue from exports in rubles.

The same thing served as an incentive for companies in other industries. What does Russia export besides the materials mentioned above? Thus, our country managed to increase the supply of most food products to China, and also to the countries of Asia and Europe. In terms of wheat supplies last spring, Russia came out on top in the world, thereby overtaking Canada and the United States.

In addition, export volumes of butter, meat, milk, cottage cheese and cheeses increased. Supplies of mechanical engineering goods, as well as timber and other products, have increased. This was influenced by government support for large enterprises, which was aimed at stimulating production and increasing exports. In addition, the devaluation of the ruble made it possible for Russian products to emerge victorious in the competition with other countries. Russian goods were often supplied to the world market at more low prices, but it should be noted that this did not result in major losses for exporters.

So, as has already been noted more than once, Russia exports mainly hydrocarbon raw materials, that is, oil, coal and gas, as well as chemical and metallurgical goods, along with machinery, equipment, weapons and food (grain exports, for example).

At the end of 2009, we were in second place in the world in terms of oil exports and were leaders in natural gas supplies. That same year, seventeen billion kilowatts of electricity were exported, valued at eight hundred million dollars.

Jewelry

Yakutia occupies a leading place in the Russian Federation in diamond mining. The EU countries, Israel and the UAE are considered one of the main importers of Yakut diamonds.

Export of weapons

Between 1995 and 2001, Russian arms exports amounted to approximately three billion annually. Later it began to grow and in 2002 exceeded $4.5 billion. In 2006, this figure increased by another two billion dollars.

In 2007, based on a presidential decree, Rosoboronexport became the single state mediator in the field of military-technical cooperation. As for arms manufacturers, they lost the right to export final products of Russian arms. Our country's share in the global arms market in 2005-2009 was 23 percent, second only to the United States.

In 2009, Russia had military-technical cooperation with more than 80 countries, supplying products to 62 of them. The volume of domestic exports of military goods then exceeded two hundred and sixty billion rubles. The share of exports of combat aircraft at that time amounted to forty percent of the total exports of the main types of weapons.

What does Russia export these days?

Today, Russia has multi-billion dollar contracts for the supply of weapons with countries such as India, China, Vietnam, Greece, Iran, Brazil, Syria, Malaysia, Indonesia and others.

Food export

At the beginning of 2010, we were in third place in the world in the export of grain crops, second only to the United States and the countries of the European Union. Russia was in fourth place in wheat exports. These are good indicators for exported agricultural products.

Last year, food exports increased by four percent, reaching an all-time high of seventeen billion dollars. Thus, in the structure of exports, the largest part is wheat, which accounts for 27 percent of the total volume of food supplies, which allowed Russia to take first place. Next comes frozen fish, sunflower oil and corn. By the way, at the end of last year, exports of agricultural products and food from Russia increased by 4%.

Export of machinery and equipment

In 2009, equipment and machinery worth eighteen billion dollars were exported from our country. From 1999 to 2009, the share of total exports of domestic machinery and equipment increased 2.5 times. In 2010, export volumes of machinery and equipment increased to $21 billion.

Car export

In 2009, about 42 thousand cars and fifteen thousand trucks worth $630 million. A significant part of the trucks exported from our country is supplied to the CIS.

Export of metallurgical products

According to 2007 data, Russia ranked third in the world, just after Japan and China, in terms of steel exports, amounting to 27 billion tons per year. In 2008, we ranked first in the world in exports of nickel and aluminum.

Export software

In 2011 general indicators the volume of exports of software and services for its development amounted to four billion dollars.

Export: trading partners of Russia

Now in the world media, as well as on the Internet, it is widely discussed that Russia supposedly does not have any serious foreign trade policy, and the domestic trade turnover itself is very, very modest. But is this really so? According to statistics from the Federal Customs Service, last year our total trade turnover amounted to $280 billion. At the same time, the share of exports is equal to 170 billion dollars. In any case, based on statistical data, we can confidently say that we sell much more than we buy.

It should, however, be noted that trade turnover decreased by eighteen percent. And it is difficult to do anything about this, given the unfavorable economic situation along with sanctions and constant foreign policy pressure. Of course, all this seriously harms the joint foreign trade business. It is worth noting that exports decreased by twenty-five percent. And yet, with whom is Russia trading today?

So, the main trading partners of our country, even despite all kinds of sanctions, are still the countries of the European Union, which amounts to $124 billion a year. Trade turnover with representatives of the Eurasian Union currently amounts to only nine billion, but it must be emphasized here that this is only for now.

Export to China from Russia is important aspects foreign trade policy. Trade turnover with this country is almost forty billion dollars. Germany is in second place today - twenty-four billion. The third position among the most promising trading partners for us belongs to the Netherlands. Therefore, trading with Russia is more than profitable, and in this regard, many countries have not reduced the volume of trade with us, but rather, on the contrary, increased it. For example, states such as China, the Netherlands and France did this.

The table below presents the main partner countries with which Russia carries out foreign trade export relations today.

What has changed in 2017?

After, one might say, a disastrous 2016, the situation in terms of Russian exports has returned to growth. The main incentives in the first half of the year were the stabilization of prices for raw materials, along with the strengthening of the ruble exchange rate and production growth rates.

In the first half of 2017, foreign trade turnover continued to increase. In six months, they reached $270 billion compared to the same time period last 2016. Thus, there was an increase of 28 percent.

In addition, positive changes in the field of foreign trade, which began in the second half of last year, continued in 2017. The decisive factor for this was the rise in oil prices, which occurred after agreements between OPEC countries aimed at reducing the rate of production of black gold. As a result of all this, since the fall of 2016, oil prices began to increase and in February 2017 they managed to reach their maximum level: a barrel of oil exceeded $56. In May of this year, oil producers extended the agreement for another nine months, that is, until the end of March next 2018. According to most experts, this agreement will support the price of oil until the end of this year. At the same time, the reduction volumes remain at the level of 1.8 million barrels per day. According to the countries participating in the cartel, this will make it possible to eliminate excess supply from the market and prevent prices from falling again.

It is important to note that along with oil prices, other goods, such as ferrous and non-ferrous metals, as well as raw materials and gold, have also risen in price. By the way, do not forget about grain exports to Asian countries. In addition, following the increase in prices, the ruble began to strengthen.