The Nazca Lines still cause a lot of controversy regarding who created them and when they appeared. Strange designs, clearly visible from a bird's eye view, resemble geometric shapes, even stripes, and even representatives of fauna. The dimensions of the geoglyphs are so large that it is not possible to understand how these images were drawn.
Nazca Lines: history of discovery
Strange geoglyphs - inscriptions on the surface of the earth, were first discovered in 1939 on the Nazca plateau in Peru. American Paul Kosok, flying over the plateau, noticed strange drawings reminiscent of birds and animals of enormous size. The images were intersected by lines and geometric shapes, but they stood out so clearly that it was impossible to doubt what they saw. 
Later in 1941, Maria Reiche began researching strange marks on the sand surface. However, it was possible to take a photo of the unusual place only in 1947. Maria Reiche devoted more than half a century to deciphering the strange symbols, but a final conclusion was never provided. 
Today, the desert is considered a protected area, and the right to explore it has been transferred to the Peruvian Institute of Culture. Due to the fact that studying such a vast location requires huge investments, further scientific works According to the deciphering of the Nazca lines, they are still suspended.
Description of Nazca drawings
When viewed from the air, the lines on the plain are clearly visible, but walking through the desert, it is unlikely that you will be able to understand that there is anything depicted on the ground. For this reason, they were not discovered until aviation became more developed. Small slides on the plateau distort the pictures, which were made by trenches dug across the entire surface. The width of the furrows reaches 135 cm, and their depth is from 40 to 50 cm, while the soil is identical everywhere. It is due to the impressive size of the lines that they are visible from a height, although they are hardly noticeable while walking. 
Among the illustrations are clearly visible:
- birds and animals;
- geometric figures;
- chaotic lines.
The sizes of the printed images are quite large. Thus, the condor stretches over a distance of almost 120 m, and the lizard reaches 188 m in length. There is even a drawing reminiscent of an astronaut, whose height is 30 m. The manner of drawing geoglyphs is identical, and the lines are striking in their evenness, because even with modern technology it is possible to draw such the trench seems impossible.
Hypotheses about the nature of the appearance of lines
Scientists from different countries tried to figure out where the lines point and who laid them. There was a theory that such images were painted by the Incas, but research has proven that they were created much earlier than the existence of the people. The approximate period to which the appearance of the Nazca lines dates back to the 2nd century BC. e. It was at this time that the Nazca tribe lived on the plateau. In a village belonging to the people, sketches were found reminiscent of drawings made in the desert, which once again confirms the scientists’ guesses.
Maria Reiche deciphered some symbols, which allowed her to hypothesize that the drawings reflect a map of the starry sky, and therefore were used for astronomical or astrological purposes. True, this theory was subsequently refuted, since only a quarter of the images matched known astronomical bodies, which seems insufficient for an accurate conclusion. 
IN currently It is still not known why the Nazca lines were drawn and how a people who did not have writing skills managed to reproduce such marks on an area of 350 square meters. km.
Nazca Drawings are located on Nazca Plateau- one of the most mysterious places on Earth. It is located 450 km south of the capital Peru, between cities Nazca And Palpa. Here the entire territory is 500 sq. km. covered with lines and drawings of unknown origin. They are nothing special if you look at them standing next to them.
Map of Nazca drawings
In 1553 Cieza de Leon was the first to report the Nazca drawings. From his words: “Through all these valleys and through those that have already been traversed, the beautiful, great Inca Road runs along its entire length, and here and there among the sands signs are seen to guess the route laid.”
ABOUTMonkey, Nazca drawing
The drawings were noticed in 1939, when an airplane flew over the plateau American archaeologist Paul Kosok. Huge contribution in the study of mysterious lines belongs to the German doctor of archeology Maria Reiche. Her work began in 1941. However, she was able to photograph the drawings from the air only in 1947, using the services of military aviation.
In 1994, the Nazca Geoglyphs were listed World Heritage UNESCO.
Tree and handsNazca drawing
Nazca Plateau occupies 60 kilometers and approximately 500 sq. m of its territory is covered with a pattern of strange lines folding into bizarre shapes. The main mystery of Nazca is geometric shapes in the form of triangles and more than thirty huge drawings animals, birds, fish, insects and people of unusual appearance. All images on the Nazca surface are dug into sandy soil, the depth of the lines varies from 10 to 30 centimeters, and the width of the stripes can reach as much as 100 meters. The lines of the drawings stretch for kilometers, without changing at all under the influence of the relief - the lines rise up hills and descend from them, while remaining almost perfectly smooth and continuous. Who and why created these drawings - unknown tribes or aliens from outer space - there is still no answer to this question. Today there are many hypotheses, but none of them can be a solution.
Dog, Nazca drawing
Whale, Nazca drawing
Hummingbird has a length of 50 meters, spider — 46, condor extends from beak to tail feathers for almost 120 meters, and heron has a length of up to 188 meters. Almost all the drawings are made on this huge scale in the same manner, when the outline is outlined by one continuous line. Ideally straight lines and stripes go beyond the horizon, crossing dry river beds, climbing hills and without deviating from their direction (although modern geodetic methods do not allow drawing a straight line up to 8 kilometers long on rough terrain so that the deviation does not exceed 0, 1 degree). The true form of the images can only be observed from a bird's eye view. There is no such natural elevation nearby, but there are half-mountain humps. But the higher you rise above the plateau, the smaller these drawings become and turn into incomprehensible scratches.
Hummingbird,Nazca drawing
Spider, Nazca drawing
Condor, Nazca drawing
Heron, Nazca drawing
What scientists have been able to establish more or less accurately is the age of the images. Based on ceramic fragments found here and data from analyzes of organic remains, they established that in the period between 350 BC. and 600 AD there was a civilization here. However, this theory cannot be accurate, since objects of civilization could have been brought here much later than the appearance of the images. One theory is that these are works of the Nazca Indians, who inhabited areas of Peru before the formation of the Inca Empire. The Nazcas left nothing behind except burial places, so it is unknown whether they had writing and whether they “painted” the desert.
"Astronaut", drawing by Nazca
The Nazca Lines pose many questions to historians: who created them, when, why and how. In fact, many geoglyphs cannot be seen from the ground, so we can only assume that with the help of such patterns the ancient inhabitants of the valley communicated with the deity. In addition to the ritual, the astronomical significance of these lines cannot be ruled out.
Lines and images on the Nazca plateau were found in 1920. American scientist P. Kosok, flying over desert, noticed mysterious drawings from the cockpit of the plane. Today, more than 100 “painted” gigantic in size have been discovered on the plateau. geometric shapes, perfectly straight lines, plants and animals.
The lines most interested scientists who studied the plateau. They were perfectly smooth, located absolutely chaotically from each other and “did not pay attention” to the landscape of the area - they passed through valleys and hills, leaving an invariably even trail behind them.
Nazca Plateau is located near the cities of Palpa and Nazca, 60 km long. This area is not irrigated by rain for years. Perhaps this is an ideal area for arranging burials, since it can ensure the incorruptibility of the remains. When P. Kusok studied the lines and drawings from the ground, he noted that they were made using incredibly simple technology. To leave the design, it was only necessary to move the turf and stones, placing them in a row. Considering that the drawings were huge, they would have taken years to complete. But in such an area they could retain their original appearance for thousands of years.
The subjects of images are divided into 2 groups: figures and lines. There are two types of lines: they are either paired, like tram rails, or they form certain figures. After studying the plateau, scientists came to the conclusion that the images were first drawn, and then lines were drawn on top of them. The accuracy of the lines is surprising - they are so straight that they could be used instead of a level. This is surprising, and none of the scientists could explain how, without modern aviation equipment and technology, it was possible to maintain the effect of straight lines over such vast distances.
As soon as these drawings were discovered on the Nazca plateau, the question immediately arose about their purpose and the authorship of the images. Many different theories have been put forward - from alien civilizations to systems for controlling the Earth's population. More and more new researchers are trying to unravel the mystery of the plateau, and almost everyone comes up with their own version of the purpose of the lines. Today, none of the theories has an advantage over others, since in the solution secrets of the Nazca plateau humanity is not one step closer. Modern scientists also have different views on the age of these drawings: some researchers believe that the lines were drawn in 200 BC, others - 1700 BC.
Theories of the purpose of Nazca paintings
One of the first to appear was the astronomical theory. It was suggested by the discoverer of the plateau - P. Kusok. During sunset, he noticed that it was setting exactly at the intersection of one of the lines on the horizon. Further observations convinced the scientist that his guess was correct: he calculated the line of the winter solstice on the plateau. Piece noted that the lines point in the direction of certain space objects (constellations and stars) on important days for astronomy (full moons, etc.).
To confirm P. Kusok's theory, it was necessary to identify all the images on the Nazca plateau with celestial bodies. Such a task required complete dedication, enormous effort and time from researchers. Therefore, P. Kusok enlisted the help of a familiar Spanish translator, who accompanied him on trips to South America. Her name was Maria Reiche. Together they drew up a map and topological plans of the plateau - this took more than 7 years of joint work.
Researchers first received government support only in 1947, when officials from the Ministry of Aviation Peru A service helicopter was allocated for the needs of scientists. From that moment on, Maria was able to take photographs of the plateau from a flying height.
The first time Maria flew, tied herself with ropes, hanging from the side, took pictures, and held the camera in her hands the entire flight. After the first flights, she turned to an engineer she knew, and he designed something like a suspension for the board. In 1956, all the photographs were collected, and on their basis a detailed diagram was drawn up drawings on the Nazca plateau.
In ancient times, the Sun and Moon served as a calendar for people. Their position on the horizon determined the arrival of spring and autumn, the amount of rain, and the timing of the harvesting work. Scientists believe that these lines are a calendar that uses the Moon and the Sun instead of hands like a clock. When studying the drawings on the plateau, scientists were surprised to find that the Nazca drawings repeated the star map and displayed entire constellations on a large scale. But the most important question relatively Nazca Lines remained unanswered until today: who painted these images, and how? After all, ancient people, if you believe official history, did not have the opportunity to fly over the desert and correct the work of builders.
The theory of paleocontact and the Nazca plateau
Another most common version is the paleocontact or alien theory. This is what most researchers and scientists around the world support. For the first time, the theory that planet Earth was previously visited by alien civilizations was first put forward by Erich von Däniken. In his work, Däniken indicated that he was confident that these images were in fact runways for interplanetary travel. He claims that drawings of such sizes were intended only for those who could see them in flight, that is, using aircraft. Däniken suggested that this airport was built for the “Gods” that are described in all the local legends.
There is an interesting ancient legend that is passed down from generation to generation by the entire local population. It talks about how a “golden ship” from distant galaxies arrived on our planet. The crew of the ship was controlled by the woman Oryana, who later became the mother human race. When she gave birth to 70 children to earthly people, the ship left Earth and all the aliens went to their home galaxy.
Documentary films by Erich von Däniken and can be viewed on our website.
IN local legend describes in detail how the “youths of the sun” easily traveled through space on their “golden ships”. Another interesting fact is that the result of an analysis of the muscle tissue of Inca mummies showed that the composition of the blood of ancient remains and modern local residents is radically different from each other. The mummies were found to have a blood type of a surprisingly rare combination. This blood type was encountered by scientists only 2 or 3 times during the entire research period.
Developing the study, scientists noticed that near the main widest lines there were smaller ones that were not related to the main one. These lines did not continue the main drawing in any way and were connected exactly near the end of the contour. They formed a mega-system, which is similar to a kind of electrical circuit in which everything is done with one wire - the patterns do not intersect (there is no short circuit) and are not interrupted (as if the circuit were broken).
Nazca, a small ancient town in southern Peru, attracts numerous tourists from all over the world. There are no outstanding architectural sights here, but there is something that does not leave even the biggest skeptics indifferent: giant images on the earth's surface that are more than two thousand years old. How these drawings appeared here and what they were used for is still a mystery, despite a large number of hypotheses. But thanks to such objects as the Nazca Lines, Peru has become a “magnet” for researchers, mystics and everyone interested in still unsolved mysteries.
Story
The “discoverers” of amazing drawings were pilots back in 1927, who noticed numerous lines and images on a plateau near the Pacific Ocean. But scientists became interested in this discovery only a decade later, when Paul Kosok, an American historian, published a series of photographs taken from the air.
However, strange images were known much earlier. As early as 1553, the Spanish priest and scientist Pedro Césa de León, writing about the conquest of South America, spoke of “signs among the sands to divine the laid path.” The most remarkable thing is that he did not regard these drawings as something strange or inexplicable. Perhaps more was known about the purpose of geoglyphs in those days? This question also remains open.
Among the scientists who studied the lines in the Nazca Desert, the greatest contribution to the development and popularization of the topic belongs to the German archaeologist Maria Reiche. She worked as an assistant to Paul Kokos, and when he stopped research in 1948, Reiche continued the work. But her contribution is important not only from a scientific point of view. Thanks to the efforts of the researcher, some of the Nazca lines were saved from destruction.
Reiche described her research into the amazing monument of ancient civilization in the book “The Secret of the Desert,” and the fee was spent on preserving the pristine appearance of the area and building an observation tower.
Subsequently, aerial photography of the reserve was carried out repeatedly, but a detailed map included all the drawings. Doesn't exist yet.
Description of the drawings
In the photo of the Nazca Lines in Peru you can see clear images of enormous size. Among them are about 700 regular geometric shapes (trapezoids, quadrangles, triangles, etc.). All these lines retain their geometry even on complex terrain, and the contours remain clear where they overlap each other. Some of the figures are clearly oriented towards the cardinal directions. No less surprising are the clear edges of figures whose size exceeds several kilometers.
But even more amazing are the semantic images. On the plateau there are about three dozen drawings of animals, birds, fish, plants and even humans. All of them are of impressive size. Here you can see:
- a bird almost three hundred meters long;
- a two-hundred-meter lizard;
- a hundred-meter condor;
- eighty-meter spider.
In total, there are approximately one and a half thousand images and figures on the plateau. The largest of them measure about 270 m. But, despite careful study over the years, Nazca continues to delight with discoveries. So in 2017, after restoration work, scientists discovered another drawing - an image of a killer whale. They suggested that this image may be one of the most ancient. Most geoglyphs date back to around 200 BC.
Due to the large size of the images, it is impossible to see them while on the ground - the full picture is revealed only from above. From the observation tower, where tourists can climb, the view is also extremely limited - you can only see two drawings. To admire ancient arts, you need
Origin theories
Since the discovery of the Nazca lines, hypotheses have been put forward one after another. There are several most popular theories.
Religious
According to this hypothesis, the ancient population of Peru built images of such a large size so that the gods could notice them from space. For example, archaeologist Johan Reinhakd was inclined to this point of view. In 1985, he published research indicating ancient Peruvians worshiped the elements. In particular, the cult of mountains and the cult of water were widespread in these territories. Thus, it was suggested that the drawings on the ground are nothing more than part of religious rituals.
Astronomical
This theory was put forward by the first researchers - Coconut and Reiche. They believed that many of the lines were indicators of the places of sunrise and sunset of the Sun and other celestial bodies. But the version was refuted by the British archaeoastronomer Gerald Hawkins, who back in the 70s of the last century proved that no more than 20% of the Nazca lines can be associated with celestial landmarks. And taking into account the different directions of the lines, the astronomical hypothesis looks unconvincing.
Demonstrative
Astronomer Robin Edgar did not notice any scientific implications in the drawings on the Peruvian plateau. He also leaned towards metaphysical reasons. Truth believed that numerous furrows were dug not for the purpose of worship, but as a response to constant solar eclipses that happened during this period in Peru.
Technical
Some researchers believe that the lines are associated with the possibility of building aircraft. As proof of this version, there were even attempts to build an airplane from materials available at that time. A similar version is put forward by Russian researcher A. Sklyarov in the book “Nazca. Giant drawings on the fields". He believes that the ancient civilization in Peru was highly developed and possessed not only aircraft, but even used laser technology.
Alien
Finally, there are those who believe that the drawings were used by extraterrestrials - as a way of communication, as a place to land flying objects, etc. Even the strange remains of unknown creatures discovered in these parts are cited as evidence. Others, on the contrary, are sure that Peruvian mummies, like the Nazca Lines, are fakes and fraud.
Nazca Mystery Revealed?
Archaeologists have been trying to find an explanation for the mysterious Naska lines for decades. In 2009, the documentary film “Nazca Lines Deciphered” was shot. Anyone interested in the topic will certainly find it interesting to watch. But the answer to the question remains open, and attempts to unravel the mystery continue. For example, a version has recently been put forward that the Nazca lines form a single whole with the aqueduct system. Puquios, a complex hydraulic system, was built to extract underground water. Part of it has survived to this day. Based on images taken from space, it has been suggested that the lines are part of this “water goon”. Precisely an assumption, because the researchers were never able to explain what functional role the drawings played in the plumbing system. But perhaps one fine day, the answer to the Peruvian miracle will still be found.
About four and a half hundred kilometers south of Lima, the modern capital of Peru, and forty kilometers from the Pacific coast is the Nazca Plateau, the mystery of which has excited the imagination of many researchers for decades.
Now there is no problem getting here - a comfortable double-decker bus from Lima will take you along the smooth Pan-American highway to Nazca in just a few hours. A small town on the edge of the desert warmly welcomes tourists with very cozy hotels of various ranks. And in local restaurants you can not only have a snack and relax with a weak Peruvian cocktail “Pisca-sur” or stronger drinks, but also watch a colorful Indian show. And of course, listen to the famous “Condor” in the most unexpected arrangements.
Tourists are loved in Nazca because they provide the local population with the opportunity to live well in a very inhospitable area of the country. After all, if there weren’t such a foreign flow here, it’s completely unclear how people could survive here.
The Nazca Plateau is a surprisingly flat and completely lifeless desert in one of the driest places on Earth. Rains fall here on average once every two years and last no more than half an hour, although even in this case it is sometimes difficult to call them rains. And the proximity to the equator leads to the fact that even during the local “winter” months, the plateau warms up so much during the day that streams of hot air become visible, rising upward from the hot stones that long years under these conditions they received a so-called “desert tan” - they darkened from the heat and sun.
And yet here, where, it would seem, nothing else could exist, images of animals and people, geometric shapes and lines are intertwined on the surface of the plateau. Rectangles, trapezoids, triangles, figures of a whale, monkey, spider, condor, hummingbird, unknown animals and plants. Together, all this forms a strange, intricate pattern that covers a huge area - several hundred square kilometers. It is this pattern that attracts numerous tourists here, the flow of which is even enough to support the life of the local airport with small pleasure planes, from which tourists have the opportunity to examine the most impressive details of the mysterious pattern on the ground.
“Many centuries before the Incas, a historical monument, which has no equal in the world... In terms of scale and precision of execution, it is not inferior to the Egyptian pyramids. But if there we look, lifting our heads, at monumental three-dimensional structures of simple geometric shape, then here we have to look from a great height at wide expanses covered mysterious lines and images that are drawn on the plain as if by a giant hand...” (M. Reiche. “Secrets of the Desert”).
Who created the giant “easel” - nature or man?.. Who, when and why painted the lifeless desert like that?.. Where did the strange drawings on the ground come from?..
Not only professional archaeologists and historians, but also amateur enthusiasts around the world have been trying to find the answer to these questions for many years. The versions that are put forward regarding the origin and purpose of the lines and drawings are so diverse and sometimes so fantastic that they form a mixture no less bizarre than the Nazca geoglyphs themselves. And the information about the desert plateau and the images on its surface is so seasoned with the most incredible rumors and conjectures that sometimes even a very experienced reader finds it extremely difficult to understand the real state of affairs on the Nazca Plateau and understand which source presents the real facts and which contains nothing but outright fiction and fantasies of the author, who (alas, this is by no means uncommon) has never been to the plateau and has never seen geoglyphs...
In principle, it would seem that there is nothing particularly strange in the very fact of drawings, because people have always loved to draw. And he drew on everything that came to hand - on paper, on walls, on stones. This is his craving for self-expression, which can be traced from the very early periods existence of humanity as such.
The human desire to draw is so great and has such ancient roots that researchers even use special terminology to distinguish one image from another. So frescoes are images on the walls (both natural caves and artificial structures). Petroglyphs are drawings on stones and rocks. Geoglyphs are images on earth...
Near the same Nazca plateau, on some of the surrounding mountains there are, for example, petroglyphs that are applied both directly to the rocks that form the mountain, and to large crumbled boulders.
What then is strange about the fact that there are also geoglyphs - drawings on the ground?.. And why such close attention to the Nazca Plateau?..
Geoglyphs are known on many different continents. They are found in Australia, in European England, in North American California. There are also several countries in South America - Chile, Peru, Bolivia. However, if in other regions of the planet these are single images of mainly animals and people, which do not represent anything particularly surprising, then in the central regions of Peru we are faced with lines, stripes and geometric shapes. In addition, on a rather large, but still limited space of the Nazca plateau, there is an incredible concentration of geoglyphs - their number is in the thousands!.. And this is the uniqueness of this region, its fundamental difference from all others places
First of all, Nazca attracts attention with images of animals, sometimes reaching tens and even hundreds of meters in size. So, let's say the drawing of a hummingbird has a length of 50 meters, a spider - 46, a condor stretches from beak to tail feathers for almost 120 meters, and a lizard stretches in length for 188 meters. These same images are the most famous.
But there are just over three dozen such informative drawings. Everything else is geometric shapes: Nazca now has 13 thousand lines, about a hundred different spirals, over seven hundred rectangular and trapezoidal areas. Scattered among these strict forms are countless “half-finished figures,” zigzags, strokes, segments, straight rays and curvilinear formations. On top of that, there are more than a dozen so-called “centers” on the plateau - points from which lines and stripes extend in different directions.
Literally a phantasmagoria on a huge “easel”, where a mass of “artists”, adherents of a wide variety of styles and movements, left their memories...
“Nazca is something mysterious, enigmatic. Nazca is shrouded in an impenetrable and incomprehensible shroud of mystery. This is something fascinating, deceptive, logical in its own way and at the same time completely absurd. The message that Nazca brings to us is incomprehensible and mysterious, and any hypotheses about it are contradictory. Nazca appears as something unthinkable and unsolved, almost meaningless and capable of driving you crazy. But if the graphic “messages” with which the lands in the vicinity of the modern city of Nazca are dotted are just cyclopean children’s drawings, completely devoid of any meaning and arose as a result of a strange whim or whim, this means that all laws of logic have been violated on the Nazca plateau” ( E. Däniken, “Signs facing eternity”).
Theories and hypotheses
During the study of Nazca geoglyphs, many of the most different versions both the creation of drawings on the ground and their purpose. Here we will provide only their (far from complete) list with brief comments. And some of the most meaningful ones will be considered in more detail below.
So, here are some theories (even the most incredible ones) proposed by different people - archaeologists, historians, writers, scientists and simply enthusiasts, inspired by the secrets of the Nazca geoglyphs.
Erich von Däniken – Alien Cult
The theory of Erich von Däniken is the most famous. He put forward the idea that long ago aliens from other stars visited Earth. They were also noted on the Nazca Plateau. They landed at this place, and in the process of landing the aircraft, the stones were blown in all directions by rocket exhaust. When approaching the ground, the energy of the gases flying from the engines increased and a wider strip of soil was cleared. Thus the first trapezoids appeared. Later the aliens flew away and left people in the dark. Like modern cults, they tried to call upon the alien gods again by creating lines and shapes.
Paul Kosok – Observatory
Kosok suggested that the Nazca Plateau was something like an ancient observatory, where lines and stripes indicated the positions of celestial bodies (stars and planets) at a certain point in time. This hypothesis was completely refuted during the Hawkins expedition.
Maria Reiche – Astronomical theory
Maria Reiche, the most famous explorer Nazca Plateau, favored an astronomical theory in which the lines indicated the rising directions of important stars and planetary events such as the solar solstice, and the spider and monkey designs symbolized the constellations Orion and Ursa Major.
Alan F. Alford – Negroid Slaves
Alford hypothesized that the Nazca lines were created by some “Negroid slaves of the Tiahuanaco culture.” After the revolution, the Negroid population destroyed some of the figures, which, according to Alford, explains the formation of zigzag lines. Later these people went north and founded the Chavin culture in Peru and the Olmec culture in Mexico.
In my opinion, this hypothesis is completely made up. The Tiahuanaco, Chavin and Olmec cultures have absolutely nothing in common with each other. Moreover: in Tiahuanaco and Chavin de Untara there are ruins of structures belonging to an ancient, highly technically advanced civilization (see the author’s book “Peru and Bolivia Long Before the Incas”), while the Olmec culture is completely primitive .
Robert Best – Memory of a Rainstorm
Robert Best from Australia put forward the idea that the Nazca drawings represent certain “ memorable places"about a great flood caused by a prolonged downpour from heaven (like the Old Testament Flood).
Gilbert de Jong – Zodiac
Gilbert de Jong, based on the results of his own measurements on the Nazca plateau, came to the conclusion that geoglyphs are images of the zodiac constellations.
Robin Edgar – Solar Eclipses
Robin Edgar from Canada believes that the Nazca figures and lines are intended to observe the so-called “Eye of God” during total solar eclipses.
Simone Weisbard – Astronomical and meteorological calendar
Simone Weisbard believes that the Nazca geoglyphs were originally a giant astronomical calendar. The system of lines and drawings was later used by the Nascan culture as a system for meteorological forecasts of the Nascan culture.
What forecast could there be in a desert like Nazca?.. Quite obvious - hot and dry. This is confirmed by the preservation of lines that otherwise would have been washed away by rain long ago. So creating a lot of lines and drawings for such an unambiguous forecast makes absolutely no sense.
Jim Woodman – Balloon Theory
Jim Woodmann experimented with launching a hot air balloon made by the Aymara Indians from local materials. After this experiment, Woodman proposed the theory that the Nazcans used balloons both to create geoglyphs and to bury their leaders.
Prof. Anthony Eveny – Water Cult
Anthony Eveny believes that there are connections between the lines and some kind of underground system of water channels. In this way, the Nazca Indians allegedly celebrated the cult of water. And figures and lines were used for ceremonial dances.
Prof. Gelan Siverman – Tribal Signs
Michael Ko – Ceremonial Places
Famous Mayan historian and researcher of Mesoamerican cultures Michael Ko believes that the lines are sacred paths for certain religious rites. And the first lines were created in honor of the oldest heavenly and mountain deities who brought water to the fields.
Prof. Frederico Kaufman-Doig – Magic Lines
A famous archaeologist has proposed a theory according to which the Nazca lines are magical lines that have their origins in the cult of the cat deity in Chavin de Huantar.
Georg A. von Brünig – Sports Stadium
Bruenig suggested that the Nazca plateau was used for races for ritual purposes. This theory was supported by Professor Heumar von Ditfurth.
Markus Reindel / David Johnson – Water Cult and Dowsing
David Johnson believes that the Nazca figures are markers for underground water. Trapezes show the flow of streams, zigzags show where they end, lines indicate the direction of the currents. Reindel, complementing Johnson's theory, explains the nature of the figures by using vines to find underground water.
Carl Munch – Ancient “geo-matrix of numbers”
According to Munch, ancient structures around the world are precisely located in a global coordinate system tied to the position of the Great Pyramid on the Giza Plateau in Egypt. The locations of these places correspond to the geometry of their construction, which was supposedly based on very ancient system numbers, called the “Geomatrix” by Munch. The Nazca Lines are also supposedly located in accordance with the “Geomatrix Code System”.
There are many variations of such theories. But alas. Any thorough examination of the “evidence” of such theories quickly reveals that the authors pull out from the general mass of ancient objects only those that are suitable to “substantiate” their theory, ignoring the fact of the existence of objects that do not fit into this “theory.”
Herman E. Bossi – Nazca Code
Bossy's theory is based on an analysis of a geoglyph called the Mandala or Zodiac (more commonly "Estrella"), which was discovered by Erich von Däniken in 1995. Bossy believes that this design contains encoded information about the star HD 42807 and its planetary system. In other drawings, in his opinion, this code is also used.
Thomas Wieck – Plan of the Cathedral
Vic saw the plan of the cathedral in the Estrella geoglyph.
It remains only unclear which cathedral, and what this drawing would do on a desert plateau...
Prof. Henry Stirlin – The Loom
Stirlin believes that the Nazca Indians used the line system as a loom. In the neighboring Paracas culture, textiles were made from a single thread. But the Indians had neither wheels nor looms, so they organized hundreds of people who held this thread. Their position on the ground was determined by the lines.
Dr. Zoltan Zelko – Map
Hungarian mathematician Dr. Zoltán Zelko analyzed the Nazca line system in comparison with other ancient sites in Peru and hypothesized that the Nazca Plateau could be a 100 by 800 kilometer map depicting the area around Lake Titicaca at a scale of 1:16.
Evan Hadingham – Hallucinogens
Evan Hadingham believes that the solution to the Nazca mystery is the use of a powerful hallucinogenic plant such as Psilocybine. With its help, the Indians allegedly organized “shamanic flights” to view the surface of the plateau. And the lines themselves were created for the worship of a certain “mountain deity.”
Prof. Dr. Aldon Mason – Signs for the Gods
Mason's main interest is ancient burials and deformed skulls of the Nazcan culture. He considers geoglyphs as Signs for the Heavenly Gods.
Albrecht Kottmann – Writing system
Albrecht Kottmann tried a different approach to the Nazca mystery. He divided the drawings into separate parts and analyzed their geometry. So he divided the 286-meter-long bird into 22 parts and as a result “found” that the head consists of two parts, the neck of five parts, the body of three, and the remaining twelve parts form the beak. Kottman believes that geometric signs, designs and their parts are a writing system with giant and small letters.
William H. Isbell – Demographic Theory
According to this theory, the Nazca rulers ordered lines to be drawn to control the population. Isbell believes that the Nazcans could not store crops for long, and in fertile years the population increased sharply. When the Indians were working to create lines, they could not produce children at the same time.
Wolf-Galik – Signals from extraterrestrial life
The Canadian Galiki recognizes in the Nazca system undoubted signs of an extraterrestrial race. He believes that only with such a point of view can we explain such a grandiose plan and the work to implement it.
Siegfried Waxman – Cultural Atlas
Siegfried Waxman saw in the Nazcan line system a cultural atlas of human history.
Ivan Koltsov – Graves of leaders
In accordance with Koltsov's hypothesis, the drawings on the Nazca plateau indicate the burial places of local leaders.
Vladimir Babanin – Map of Ancient Civilizations
According to Babanin, the Nazca geoglyph system is a map of the Earth, where places are marked with specific geoglyphs ancient cultures. Including the lost continents of Atlantis and Mu.
Alla Belokon – Traces of an alien civilization
According to this version, the Nazca lines were created by streams of energy of an unknown nature from the aircraft of an alien civilization, which combines them with the so-called crop drawings produced by UFOs. According to Belokon, the Nazca geoglyph system reflects the diagram of our Solar system.
Dmitry Nechai – Connection with the Great Pyramid
The geoglyph “Estrella,” according to Nechai, reflects the geometric proportions of the Great Pyramid on the Giza Plateau.
Eduard Vershinin – Navigation signs
Geoglyphs on the Nazca plateau served as navigational signs to train young aircraft pilots of an ancient, highly developed civilization.
Igor Alekseev – Mining
Lines and drawings are a by-product of the activities of an alien civilization in the search and extraction of minerals or chemical elements.
Andrey Sklyarov and Andrey Zhukov – Scanning from aircraft
According to the version voiced in the film “Peru and Bolivia Long Before the Incas” (see video below), the plateau was partially created by people in different periods and, perhaps, some of the drawings were created by a highly developed civilization, which was destroyed as a result of the Great Flood. Sklyarov's group found traces of a mudflow that stopped here, descending from the mountains when returning to Pacific Ocean masses of water of a giant tsunami that hit South America.
As mentioned earlier, the presented list does not exhaust all existing versions.
Consequences of the Flood
When, even before the 2007 expedition of the Foundation for the Development of Science "III Millennium" in Peru (in search of any patterns in the arrangement of lines and figures), I tried to analyze photographs of the Nazca and Palpa plateaus taken from space, I discovered a very interesting detail that had previously for some reason no one paid attention. When viewed from space, this entire area looks like a dry river mouth, or like a stream frozen in place. Moreover, not only the Nazca and Palpa region itself looks like this, but also the region tens and even hundreds of kilometers to the north. The big picture as if she had recorded or “photographed” huge water and mudflows that descended from the mountains in a powerful front.
There are no rivers of such width on Earth. Such powerful mudflows, which would have been generated by ordinary climatic factors and at the same time (and there is no doubt about this, looking at the frozen picture) would have descended from the mountains at a front hundreds of kilometers away, have also not been recorded. But there are features of the corresponding relief. Therefore, the idea arises that we are dealing here with traces of such an extraordinary and large-scale cataclysm as the Great Flood.
In the biblical version, the Great Flood is a punishment for people that God sent to them for their sins, flooding the entire Earth with the help of a stream of water from heaven. All living things perished in the waters of the Flood. Only the righteous Noah was saved with his family and those animals that he, at the direction of God, took on board the floating Ark. Similar motifs can be traced in ancient legends and traditions on all continents.
Historical science previously actively denied the reality of the Flood. Nowadays, under quite strong pressure from facts, historians and archaeologists prefer to either attribute everything to local floods, or simply bypass the topic of the Flood “by default.”
According to the views of supporters of the so-called “alternative history”, the Great Flood is a cataclysm on a planetary scale that actually took place, but according to a completely different scenario than that reflected in the Old Testament.
As a number of researchers representing “alternative” trends in history believe, during the events of the Flood, a huge tsunami hit South America from the Pacific Ocean, which, being several kilometers high, reached even remote mountainous areas, leaving behind many “scars” "and consequences that have long been noted by researchers.
In particular, in Lake Titicaca, located on the border of Peru and Bolivia at an altitude of four kilometers, species of animals and plants were found that are characteristic not of fresh water bodies (which is what Titicaca is now), but of the deep sea. They were brought here by the flood tsunami.
The same destructive wave, sweeping away everything in its path, uprooted trees and bushes, killed people and animals, mixing their remains among themselves. This is precisely the picture that archaeologists discovered in many regions of South America - including on the high mountain plateau of the Altiplano, where Lake Titicaca is located...
Usually the description of the Flood is limited to this. But we can make simple logical reasoning by extending the analysis of the consequences of the cataclysm.
It is quite obvious that after all the dramatic events, the water brought here by the tsunami and covering a significant part of the continent naturally had to go somewhere. She could not evaporate instantly. It also could not be completely absorbed into the soil. So it is quite obvious that the bulk of the water that ended up on land due to the tsunami inevitably had to return back to the Pacific Ocean. Which is what she did.
Only upon returning it was no longer just water, but water that had absorbed dirt, clay, sand, small stones and other “garbage”. It was, in fact, just that powerful mudflow that rushed in a wide front from the mountains to the ocean and is now visible from space in the “scars” it left on the western edge of the South American mountains.
Getting into some hollows and depressions, this flow - actually a mudflow - stopped, forming a kind of “mud lakes”. Subsequently, the water from such “lakes” evaporated, exposing the “dirt”, which, according to all the laws of physics, had by this time settled to the bottom in such a way as to form a smooth surface, which was later used by the ancient “artists” as a “canvas” or an “easel” for your geoglyphs. This is exactly how such flat Nazca-type plateaus were formed, which seemed to be specially leveled by someone. Only this “someone” was, albeit catastrophic, but completely natural events...
This logical assumption was fully confirmed on site by a number of geological features that our 2007 expedition drew attention to.
For example, the Nazca plateau on its outskirts does not at all merge into the surrounding mountains as is usually the case in the foothills - more or less smoothly and gradually increasing its level. Instead, the picture is somewhat similar to the fact that the plateau seems to “flow out” from the gorges between the mountains.
Moreover. Above the plateau level here and there rise the peaks of low mountains, which were flooded by the mudflow, but not completely. And the terrain here fully corresponds to the scenario of events that is associated with the return of the waters of the flood tsunami to the Pacific Ocean.
And finally, this development of events is fully confirmed by the actual mudflow nature of the sediments that make up the Nazca and Palpa plateaus. Where small rivers cut through the flat surface on the edge of the plateau (and even in places where modern road builders had a hand in going deep into the geological layers), the structure of these deposits is visible, which absolutely coincides with what should have been left after the descent a powerful mudflow - stones, clay, sand and other “garbage” mixed in a chaotic disorder. We saw a similar “section” of sediments just when we were going to inspect the petroglyphs in the surrounding mountains (see earlier) along the “tongue” of this mudflow “flowing” along the valley between the mountains...
However, if the Nazca and Palpa plateaus were formed as a result of the events of the Great Flood, then the geoglyphs, naturally, were created after these events. This is quite obvious - after all, you can’t draw on something that doesn’t exist yet. In addition, geoglyphs created before the Flood would have been simply washed away by the same tsunami that covered South America. It's simple...
But then it turns out (according to existing estimates of the time of the Flood) that the lines and drawings appeared no earlier than the middle of the 11th millennium BC. This is the lower limit of dating geoglyphs. Unfortunately, it is not yet possible to determine how much later they formed based on the same geological features.
For those who are interested in the events of the Flood in more detail, I can recommend that you read them in my book “ Inhabited island Earth" or "Sensational History of the Earth", which were published by the Veche publishing house. Electronic versions These books can be found on the Internet. We will not delve into the unnecessary details of the Flood and return to the geoglyphs.
Archaeological dating
Archaeologists and historians believe that the geoglyphs of Palpa and Nazca are only about one and a half thousand years old - the same age as, in their opinion, the local culture, whose representatives supposedly created the geoglyphs. But in fact, this assumption is based on radiocarbon dating of the remains of just one single wooden peg, which was found on one of the lines. Meanwhile, it is quite obvious that the peg could have appeared here much more later than the drawing- almost at any time, and it is possible that there is no connection at all between the peg and the drawing.
True, in Lately There have been reports of “confirmation” of this age through thermoluminescence dating of pottery fragments found both in stone dumps and in some ancient ruins of primitive buildings on the lines. However, these results can also be questioned for the same reasons. Both ceramic fragments and buildings could have appeared here significantly later than the lines themselves. After all, literally fifty years ago or a little more, no one prohibited construction on the Nazca Plateau (and outside the territory that is now a protected area, construction is still going on).
It would be a different matter if the find was made not from above the line, but below it. But even in this case, hopes for an accurate determination of the age of the line are not so great.
The radiocarbon dating method is based on measuring the amount of radioactive carbon isotope that accumulates, for example, in a plant during its life and decays after its end. The thermoluminescence method involves measuring the glow of a sample that occurs when it is heated. Both methods are used in archeology and are claimed to be "highly reliable". However, there are also adherents of a skeptical approach who claim that the real measurement error using these methods can even reach several hundred percent. I also adhere to a similar skeptical point of view and believe that these methods can only give the roughest estimates, and not at all accurate dating...
I recently came across the following information on the Internet about the measurements of a certain researcher named Bray Warwick:
“Stones heated to high temperatures leave a coating of manganese oxide, as well as traces of clay and iron. The bottom of the stone is covered with fungi, lichens and cyanobacteria. Such rocks adjacent to the lines can be used for organic analysis using Method C-14. It is assumed that these stones were moved during the process of drawing the lines. In this way the exact date could be determined between 190 BC. and 600 AD But only nine stones were analyzed!”
Let's leave aside the number of stones analyzed - nine pieces are really very few for any categorical conclusions. It is much worse that the author of the above quote clearly does not understand either the conditions on the Nazca Plateau or the methodology for conducting empirical research.
Firstly, there is no clay on the surface of the plateau. There are only stones and very fine, dust-like sand. Secondly, natural clay as such is simply useless for analysis of radiocarbon content. The radiocarbon analysis of ceramics, which, as is known, is created from clay, is based on the assumption that organic matter gets there directly during the process of creating ceramics. For stones near geoglyphs, there is simply no connection between the hypothetical clay (even if it could somehow end up there) and the movement of stones from place to place. Thirdly, the heat and extremely low humidity in the Nazca desert do not at all contribute to the formation of any fungi and lichens on the stones roasting in the sun (I won’t say anything about cyanobacteria - I don’t know). And fourthly, even if fungi and lichens miraculously ended up there, there is absolutely no guarantee that they would have formed precisely at the moment the stones were moved, and not earlier or later.
In general, we can say that Bray Warwick measured who knows what. And it is absolutely impossible to take his “dating” into account...
Since 1997, the Nazca Palpa project, led by the Peruvian archaeologist Joni Isla and Professor Markus Reindel of the German Archaeological Institute, with the support of the Swiss-Liechtenstein Foundation for Foreign Archaeological Research, has been at the forefront of official archaeological research. The main version based on the results of the work is that the geoglyphs were created by local Indians for ritual purposes associated with the cult of water and fertility. However, as far as can be judged from the available materials, no other version of the authorship of the drawings was seriously considered by archaeologists. So the “result” was actually predetermined...
Moreover. This international team of archaeologists conducts their main research not on the geoglyphs themselves, but nearby - in the places of ancient settlements of local cultures. As for the geoglyphs themselves, only one single attempt was made to conduct excavations on one of the stripes of the Palpa plateau. And during the 2007 expedition, while visiting the archaeological mission, we had the opportunity to familiarize ourselves with the results of these excavations.
Alas. A very weighty report, abundantly supplied with photographs and diagrams, recorded only that under the geoglyph there was ordinary plateau soil. We couldn't find anything.
Therefore, the main basis for dating at one and a half thousand years remains the fact that the mysterious drawings are simply located in the territory inhabited by the Nazca and Paracas cultures known here. Although, following this logic, one could easily attribute the construction of the Egyptian pyramids to modern Arabs - after all, they also live next to the pyramids...
Who came first?
The fact that a number of geoglyphs were created by our contemporaries is beyond any doubt. This is not disputed even by historians who, as a rule, simply do not take them into account by default, considering only obviously ancient drawings.
But if there are ancient and modern geoglyphs, then their history already has a certain dynamics. And if so, then it would be quite logical to assume the presence of similar dynamics in the past. That is, to assume that ancient geoglyphs were created in different time.
It seems to be a rather banal logical consideration, but for some reason it is completely ignored by the overwhelming majority, not only by representatives of academic science, but also by those who adhere to the so-called alternative views of the past. For some reason, both of them are trying to look for a single authorship everywhere and in everything.
Meanwhile, the comparison of styles given earlier already reveals quite clearly different authorships among different designs. Moreover, the difference between the two groups of drawings on the ground is colossal!..
Then, in order to understand the entire historical picture of the life of geoglyphs precisely in its development, it is not at all enough to divide them only into “modern” and “ancient”. And even if we do not take into account the literally striking difference between drawings and geometric figures (lines, rectangles, trapezoids, etc.), then even in this case, with a slightly more or less careful look, you can notice the difference between different ancient geoglyphs.
Let's say, analysis of the most popular and widely famous drawings(and at the same time the most extensive in size), in addition to the “contour style,” reveals in them the presence of clear mathematical patterns, which was determined by Maria Reiche. She, alas, was not able to determine what exactly these patterns were (more on that a little later), but she nevertheless unequivocally stated their presence, having carried out careful measurements of many of the drawings.
However, along with these “mathematically verified” geoglyphs, there are also drawings in which there is no point in even looking for any patterns - the naked eye can see that they are not there. The drawings themselves are made very carelessly, and the lines and curves that make them up clearly move from side to side. These are, as a rule, drawings of a rather small size, which, in addition, gravitate towards the outskirts of the plateau. And if there are doubts about the execution of “mathematically verified” drawings by the Indians, then there is no longer any doubt about their ability to create simple crooked drawings. Here (albeit with more detailed analysis) there is also a feeling of completely different authorship for two different types or “subgroups” of drawings.
Meanwhile, there are very few drawings on the plateau - a little more than three dozen. There are tens of thousands of geometric shapes, lines, rectangles, trapezoids and other things. But literally a little closer look reveals the same situation with ancient lines and geometric figures. They can also be divided into two very different categories, clearly having completely different “authors”. One group of such geoglyphs is made very well and has smooth boundaries - as a rule, these are images that stretch for many kilometers, sometimes even crossing some small mountains, ravines and other relief features, completely ignoring elevation changes.
The second group of lines is made of much less quality. Stones of a darker color were removed much less carefully from the main light surface - small stones remained in their place. As a result, such lines are even less visible (although they are visible against the general background). These geoglyphs are not very large in size and often have uneven boundaries, which is easily visible to the eye and does not require any precise measurements. And in comparison with large, high-quality lines, representatives of the second group leave the impression of almost hackwork.
Stripe with curved edges
The difference between large and high-quality on the one hand and small and shoddy on the other was so clearly evident to all members of the expedition that the very fact that neither academic historians nor alternativeists had yet mentioned this anywhere was surprising. Meanwhile, the consequences of this observation are literally global.
The difference between the two groups of geoglyphs, upon closer examination, is so obvious and so significant that it naturally gives rise to the version of their creation at different times (at least) by two completely different cultures. Not only Indians or only aliens, but two completely different groups"authors"!..
But the most important thing is that the difference is so great that it cannot be reduced to a simple difference in the size and quality of the geoglyphs. It indicates a strong difference in the technologies and capabilities of different “authors”, that is, a strong difference between the levels of development of those cultures that created geoglyphs at different times.
And here's what's interesting.
Currently, the dominant position in historical science is occupied by a kind of “linear” approach, according to which society develops “from simple to complex.” Deviations, of course, are allowed, but only those that are not of a fundamental nature. Individual cultures may experience ups and downs, but in general the level of development of civilization is increasing. Hence, as a consequence, more ancient societies are considered more primitive, and later cultures are correlated with more advanced technologies.
On the Nazca plateau linear diagram development “from simple to complex” is clearly disrupted.
If geoglyphs were the work of the Nazca and Paracas cultures, then (especially taking into account the enormous scale, which requires a long time to paint the entire plateau - see, at least, the calculations of Alla Belokon) one would most likely expect a gradual complication of geoglyphs and an increase in the quality of their execution - along with the Indians' experience in creating lines and drawings. Instead, the most complex large lines, stripes and trapezoids also have the greatest degree of wear due to later damage and natural erosion, which indicates their very respectable age.
Moreover, if you follow banal logic, then the area covered with drawings and lines most likely gradually increased around some very ancient center. Accordingly, from the center to the periphery the perfection of their execution should gradually increase. Meanwhile, the simplest and most carelessly executed geoglyphs clearly gravitate not to the center of the plateau, but to its outskirts.
And if we attribute the authorship of all ancient geoglyphs to the Indians, then from the relative position of various geometric figures and designs and their quality of execution, one would have to conclude that the Nazca and Paracas cultures did not develop over time at all, but on the contrary, they experienced some for unknown reasons, powerful degradation. Meanwhile, actual archaeological finds during excavations at the places of residence of representatives of these cultures reveal absolutely no signs of such degradation. And if the facts contradict the logical consequence of some initial assumption, then this initial assumption itself is erroneous.
Taking all this into account, it must be stated that in reality there was a completely different order of events on the plateau.
The “earliest author” was some very highly developed civilization, as a result of whose activities “mathematically verified” drawings appeared, as well as smooth, large and extended lines, stripes and figures that intersected sometimes complex relief details and required a lot of labor in their creation . It is these geoglyphs that most amaze researchers and ordinary viewers with their scope and precision of execution.
Apparently, they made a strong impression not only on modern tourists, but also on the Indian tribes who lived here, whose representatives tried to imitate perfect ancient models. However, the Indians had incomparably fewer opportunities, and therefore they were able to create only smaller and less well-executed crooked “copies”. So the second group of “hacky” geoglyphs appeared...
By the way, the difference between the level of execution of the two groups of geoglyphs is so great that it makes us remember those whom our ancient ancestors called “gods.”
Historical science considers “gods” to be pure fiction, the fantasy of our ancestors, and categorically denies even the very possibility of the existence of a highly developed civilization in ancient times, although our ancestors themselves had absolutely no doubt about the reality of the “gods.” Meanwhile, over the past few years, during a number of expeditions of the Foundation for the Development of Science “III Millennium” to various countries, we have already identified thousands of artifacts - signs of the real existence of such an ancient civilization, which surpassed even modern humanity in terms of technology development. The number of discovered facts is so great that we consider it necessary to recognize the long-standing debate “whether such a civilization was or was not” is already a thing of yesterday. At the moment, the existence of an ancient, highly technologically advanced civilization has simply been PROVEN. And research has long shifted to the plane of studying the characteristics of this civilization, its origin, technologies and real possibilities.
And by the way, South America (especially the territory of Peru) is characterized by the fact that the brightest, most irrefutable evidence of the use of the highest technologies by a certain civilization, which in many ways exceeds our modern capabilities, is found here...
By the way, the version of imitation formulated a little earlier, to a certain extent, not only does not contradict, but is even completely consistent with the position of archaeologists and historians who have now settled on the version of the “religious-mystical” purpose of geoglyphs.
The ancient inhabitants of Nazca and Palpa saw huge drawings of certain “gods” - that is, representatives of a highly developed civilization - and worshiped “divine creations”, copying them and performing some religious or cult rituals on the lines.
Could this be so?.. And why not?!.
However, there may be different variations of this version. For example, it is possible that even high-quality lines and figures could have been made in several stages by different, if not civilizations, then cultures (even “gods”). It is also possible that even the earliest lines may have been created by humans - but under the supervision and direction of "gods" who simply used local Indians as unskilled labor...
Be that as it may, the facts suggest that the oldest and largest lines were made by representatives of another civilization or with their direct participation. And it’s not even so important whether it was an earthly civilization or aliens from another planet. The main thing is that it was a very highly developed civilization, for which flying by air was absolutely no problem (see below). It was clearly not a problem to create such a huge number of lines on a desert plateau. Or at least organize their creation...
Signs of another civilization
Versions about the creation and use of Nazca geoglyphs by pilots of some fairly advanced aircraft imply a very highly developed civilization that visited these places in the distant past. Whether they are representatives of earthly civilization who survived the flood cataclysm, like Vershinin, or representatives of an alien civilization, like Daniken. And it is quite natural to expect that such a civilization should have left behind more significant evidence of its presence than strange patterns, stripes and geometric shapes on a desert plateau.
As mentioned earlier, in South America there are not just many, but very many traces of the activity of an ancient, highly technologically advanced civilization. Moreover, it is in South America that these traces are most indicative - the difference between the quality of processing of hard rocks (such as granite, basalt, diorite and others) and the capabilities of local Indian civilizations is so obvious that it leaves no doubt. Almost all of the most famous megaliths - that is, structures made of large and even huge stone blocks - on the South American continent were created by this highly developed civilization, which in a number of parameters surpassed even the capabilities of modern humanity.
I will not dwell here in detail on the features of local megaliths, since this is beyond the scope of the topic of this book. For those who are interested in a detailed description of South American ancient objects, I can recommend reading my book “Peru and Bolivia Long Before the Incas,” published by the Veche publishing house. Here I will only mention direct, immediate evidence of highly developed technologies left in ancient times.
Traces of the use of such technologies are visible, say, in Tiahuanaco (modern Bolivia) in the complex shapes of blocks of hard andesite (local granite) - the creation of such internal angles is a Herculean task for modern industry. This requires the use of very developed machine (namely machine -!) technologies and durable tools, which the local Indians did not and could not have. The fact that machine technologies were used here is shown, for example, by a block on which ancient craftsmen left a shallow cut with neatly drilled recesses.
Similar cuts, also clearly made by a machine tool, can be seen on the horizontal surface of a small step carved into a sheer cliff at Ollantaytambo in Peru. Moreover, in this case we are faced with double cuts only a millimeter wide, which are physically impossible to obtain using any “impact” methods (simply chopping off the material).
A deeper cut can be seen on the diorite rock at the archaeological site of Sacsayhuaman, located near the ancient Inca capital of Cusco and famous for its “jagged” three-tiered wall of huge sides. Here, for some reason, the ancient craftsmen cut the rock along a length of about ten meters and then broke off a “piece” of several hundred tons from it - just like we work with a glass cutter when cutting glass or ceramics. Only here the cut has a depth of about a centimeter or two, but it is made in the way required by the skill of a glass cutter - in one pass of the tool. This in such a hard material is only possible with the help of powerful stationary equipment using durable steel saws with diamond attachments. And here, it seems, something like our “grinder” was used (only a modern master can go deeper in one pass by only a millimeter and a half, but here the depth is an order of magnitude greater -!). The use of a “grinder” - that is, a circular saw - is clearly indicated by the preserved traces of just such a tool nearby on the same rock, from which in this case, for some reason, a small piece was cut off - see.
However, the main megaliths with signs of the use of highly developed technologies are concentrated in remote mountainous areas. But in the area of geoglyphs there are no such obvious traces. There are no megalithic structures here at all in the usual sense of the word - that is, structures made of large blocks.
It is clear that such a highly developed civilization, which was able to create such megalithic structures in mountainous areas, had no problems covering a distance of several hundred kilometers to the Nazca Plateau. The level of its development is such that it should have mastered air flight long ago and created very advanced devices for this. So she could very well be here. But this is only a logical assumption, but I would still like to see something “more tangible.”
One of the albeit very indirect evidence of the presence of such a civilization here can be found in some features of the Nazca and Paracas cultures.
“The creators of the Paracas culture had a strange predilection for experimenting with their skulls. Infants were subjected to a painful operation to deform the skull, as a result of which the head of the Parakas acquired a wedge-shaped shape. Sometimes children could not withstand such severe tests, as evidenced by the tragic discovery in one of the burial grounds. Here, in 1931, a tiny child was discovered with his head tied with a cotton ribbon. Under the tightly wrapped tape there were two dense pads - one pressed on the frontal and the other on the occipital part of the skull. The result should have been a perfectly wedge-shaped head - but the baby no longer had the chance to rejoice at the result" (G. Ershova, " Ancient America: flight in time and space").
The fashion for such a strange (and very painful, by the way) execution, as a result of which a person’s head takes on an elongated shape, is found in various regions of the planet. But the largest number of such deformed skulls is found precisely in the area of the Nazca and Paracas cultures. Here, such a practice took on a truly manic and all-encompassing scale.
And here's what's interesting. In the practice of head deformation everywhere, in all regions, a certain pattern is clearly visible: with all the variety of methods and methods of influencing the shape of the skull (from tight bandages-caps to special wooden devices), the desire to achieve only one result of deformation is clearly dominant - an elongated head. Nowhere and never has anyone strived for a different form...
A completely logical question arises: what are the origins of such a massive (and uniform in all regions!) desire for an elongated head shape?.. The question is far from idle, given the data of modern medicine that such an effect on the head, in addition to causing inconvenience and unpleasant sensations contributes to the occurrence of regular headaches and seriously increases the risk of negative consequences for a person’s mental and physical health.
Historians do not give any intelligible answer to this question, attributing everything at best to a cult ritual with an unclear motivation. However, even with all the power of influence of religion and cult on the entire way of life of people, it is clearly not enough. For such a “fanatical desire for ugliness” there must be a much more powerful incentive. And the incentive is quite stable, given the ubiquity and duration of this “tradition.”
Recently, more and more researchers are leaning towards the neurophysiological version. The fact is that a change in the shape of the skull also affects various areas of the cerebral cortex, which should, in theory, contribute to certain changes in the human psyche. However, all this is still only in the realm of hypothetical assumptions, and among the tribes practicing skull deformation, no special positive changes in mental abilities have been noticed. And clergy (shamans and priests), for whom the ability, for example, to fall into a trance or immerse in meditation is very important, do not strive for deformation of the skull at all, preferring less radical means...
And here it makes sense to pay attention to the version put forward by Erich von Däniken, a supporter of the version of the real existence of ancient “gods” who were representatives of an alien civilization.
Daniken suggested that the roots strange tradition The deformations of the skulls lie in the desire of the local Indians to resemble the “gods,” that is, representatives of an alien civilization who had an elongated head shape. And this assumption, no matter how strange it may seem, has a very real basis.
The fact is that among the elongated skulls in South America, there were also found those that could well claim to be the skulls of the “gods” themselves!
Robert Connolly first drew serious attention to these skulls during his travels, during which he collected various materials about ancient civilizations. The discovery of these skulls came as a surprise to him.
The first thing that catches your eye is the abnormal shape and size, which have nothing to do with the skull modern man except for the most basic features (“box” for the brain, jaw, holes for the eyes and nose)…
However, the main thing is that during deliberate deformation, only the shape of the skull can be changed, but not its volume. And the skulls that Conolly drew attention to are almost twice the volume of an ordinary human skull!..
Strictly speaking, among people there are cases of increased size of the cranium - in some diseases. However, in cases of such a strong deviation of the head from normal sizes, people are close to the state of a “vegetable” and do not survive to adulthood, but here we are faced with the skulls of clearly adult individuals (which a specialist can easily determine at least by the condition of the teeth)…
Moreover, with artificial deformation, the bones of the skull diverge slightly at the joints. The displacement is not so great as to have any noticeable effect on the volume of the cranium, but it is very clearly noticeable to the eye. And such a displacement can be seen on deformed skulls by almost any tourist who has looked, for example, into one of the museums in Peru.
Meanwhile, on those skulls that have a volume significantly larger than a human one and which Conolly drew attention to, in the places of articulation of the skull bones, no signs of their displacement are noticeable. And in general, they do not look deformed at all, but quite natural - even if they have an unusual shape for us.
Do these skulls belong to the same aircraft pilots who created geoglyphs on the Nazca plateau?.. It is unlikely that any definite answer can be given here. But the fact that these could be skulls of at least relatives of the very authors of the drawings on the ground is a completely acceptable hypothesis...
However, there are much more compelling arguments in favor of the version of the creation of geoglyphs by a highly developed civilization. The fact is that in some features of the drawings, lines and geometric figures on the Nazca plateau, oddities are found that are most logically explainable within the framework of this particular version.
Frozen mathematics
To a certain extent, the Nazca geoglyphs were very “lucky” that it was Maria Reiche who became interested in them at one time. The fact is that Reiche was a mathematician by training.
If only archaeologists and historians were engaged in the study of drawings and lines on earth, then they, being strictly humanists, would undoubtedly only reproduce the general appearance of geoglyphs with varying degrees of accuracy of the resulting image and would, at best, only analyze iconography from the standpoint of comparing styles . This is how they are taught, and this is what ultimately shapes not only their approach to describing ancient objects, but also the very principle of their perception of objects, their thinking.
A mathematician thinks completely differently. It is not enough for him to simply reproduce something to scale. He tries to describe the object in his own mathematical language. That is why Reiche not only compiled a general map of the Nazca geoglyphs. Her sketches and diagrams of objects depicted in the desert are accompanied by numerous mathematical parameters of individual elements of these objects, including, for example, the radius of curvature, the location of the center of this curvature, the angles between tangents at different points, and the like.
But the thinking style of a mathematician is such that the researcher does not simply describe the object being studied. A mathematician looks for possible patterns. And Reiche, as a result of her many years of research, discovered that there are not just patterns in the patterns and lines - the Nazca geoglyphs are literally “permeated” with mathematics!..
“The method of making pictorial figures, and the arrangement of lines and “centers” on the surface of the plateau are subject to mathematical logic. Thus, the beauty and harmony of the drawings is explained by the fact that, as Maria Reiche established, all curves are ideally conjugated with each other and with straight lines, that is, they are made according to strict mathematical laws. The envelopes of sinusoidal elements, which are very often used in images, also obey mathematical laws” (A. Belokon, “Figures of the Nazca desert and circles in grain fields as a result of the energy impact of UFOs on the ground,” report at the 10th Anniversary Conference “Ufology and Bioenergy Informatics” , October 2002)
The subordination of geoglyphs to rigid mathematical logic made a strong impression on astronomer Gerald Hawkins, the leader of the 1973 expedition, during which the geodetic parameters of many lines were measured and the hypothesis of the ancient observatory was refuted. Describing this expedition to the hot Nazca desert, Hawkins used a very emotional but capacious expression - “life in the hell of frozen mathematics.”
However, for us, perhaps more important is not emotional condition Hawkins, but the fact that he discovered during his expedition. According to the measurements taken during this expedition, the large lines of the Nazca plateau were made at the limit of modern (!) techniques of geodesy and aerial photography. Their average deviation in direction does not exceed 9 arc minutes. That is, only two and a half meters for a whole kilometer of length! And this despite the fact that many of the lines cross ravines and small hills. For the primitive Nazca and Paracas cultures this is an impossible result. This requires highly developed measuring technologies!..
A number of researchers drew attention to one strange circumstance. Those images on the Nazca plateau, which, by all logic, should be symmetrical (spider, condor and others), in fact have very pronounced asymmetry. This oddity was so striking that it forced us to look for some logical explanation. And in recent years, a number of publications have appeared in which the authors independently come to the same conclusion - the violation of symmetry in the Nazca geoglyphs is not at all the result of the negligence of their creators, but an inevitable consequence of the fact that the ancient authors... drew projections of three-dimensional images !
Here is what I. Alekseev writes, for example, about this:
“The condor is drawn in two planes intersecting at a slight angle. The pelican appears to be in two perpendicular. Our spider has a very interesting 3-D appearance (1 – original image, 2 – straightened, taking into account the planes in the picture). And this is noticeable in some other drawings... And look how cleverly the three-dimensional volume is laid out in the tree. It’s like it’s made from a sheet of paper or foil, I just straightened one branch” (I. Alekseev, “Nazca Geoglyphs. Some Observations”).
Kiev geologist, specialist in historical artifacts R.S. Furduy and his colleagues have moved even further. They conducted a computer experiment with a condor image, which showed that a corresponding distortion in the shape of the picture could occur if the three-dimensional original was projected onto the desert surface at an angle of 14° to the horizon from a height of 355 meters above the ground!..
Just imagine the ancient Indian shamans who, one and a half thousand years ago, managed to not only create balloon and rise on it to a height of three and a half hundred meters, but also, holding a three-dimensional figurine of a condor in his hands, direct from this height the actions of the Indian workers on the ground so as to ultimately obtain an accurate projection of the figurine. It is unlikely that anyone will object to the fact that the picture turns out to be completely beyond reality...
I. Alekseev decided to try to make the original three-dimensional figure strange creature, which, when projected onto the ground, would produce the famous geoglyph that looks like a chicken with nine fingers, producing a curious result.
“We had to play tricks with the paws; the ancients depicted them in a slightly exaggerated way, and no creature walks on tiptoes. But in general, it turned out right away, I didn’t even have to think about anything - everything is in the drawing (a specific joint, the curvature of the body, the position of the “ears”). What’s interesting is that the figure initially turned out to be balanced (standing on its feet). The question automatically arose, what kind of animal is this? And in general, where did the ancients get the subjects for their wonderful exercises on the plateau?” (I. Alekseev, “Geoglyphs of Nazca. Some observations”).
In 2010, Alekseev managed to solve a problem that Maria Reiche could not completely solve. He found the same mathematical patterns that are embedded in the Nazca geoglyphs. Moreover, he came to this decision literally in a semi-intuitive way.
Trying to reproduce Nazca drawings using a computer in a simple graphics editor Paint.net, he discovered that the fewer lines drawn by hand, and the more methods built into the editor to create lines with variable curvature, the greater the resemblance to real geoglyphs. As he himself writes, he even sometimes had the feeling that the authors of the drawings on the Nazca plateau used the same software when creating them!..
But to create lines with variable curvature, modern graphic editors widely use so-called Bezier curves.
The Bezier curve is a special case of Bernstein polynomials, described by Sergei Natanovich Bernstein in 1912. The Bezier curve method was developed independently in the 60s of the 20th century by Pierre Bezier from the Renault automobile company and Paul de Casteljo from the Citroen company, where this method was used to design car bodies. Due to the ease of defining and managing changes, Bezier curves are widely used in computer graphics for modeling smooth lines.
“And then, at one fine moment, I suddenly discovered that with a certain skill in working with Bezier curves, the program itself sometimes drew the contours quite similarly. At first this was noticeable on the roundings of the spider’s legs, when without my participation these roundings became almost identical to the original ones. Further, with the correct positions of the nodes and when they were combined into a curve, the line sometimes almost exactly followed the contour of the drawing. And the fewer nodes, but the more optimal their position and settings, the greater the similarity with the original.
In general, a spider is practically one Bezier curve (more correctly, a Bezier spline, a sequential connection of Bezier curves), without circles and straight lines. During further work, a feeling arose that grew into confidence that this unique “Nascan” design was a combination of Bezier curves and straight lines. Almost no regular circles or arcs were observed.
Was it not Bezier curves that Maria Reiche, a mathematician by training, tried to describe by making numerous measurements of radii?” (I. Alekseev, “Geoglyphs of Nazca. Some observations”).
“But I truly became imbued with the skill of the ancients when drawing large drawings, where almost ideal curves of enormous sizes were encountered. Let me remind you once again that the purpose of the drawings was an attempt to look at the sketch, at what the ancients had before drawing it on the plateau. I tried to minimize my own creativity, resorting to completing the drawing of damaged places only where the logic of the ancients was obvious (such as the tail of a condor, the protruding and clearly modern rounding on the body of a spider)" (I. Alekseev, "Nasca Geoglyphs. Some observations").
Alekseev managed to reproduce in this way almost all the main drawings known on the Nazca plateau. Subsequently, based on the materials of his article, a kind of “dynamic” experiment was conducted on the website of the Laboratory of Alternative History forum. The man tried to draw a freehand image of a spider on top of a photograph in a specialized graphics program. The hand, naturally, trembled and became confused. The program smoothed out “manual” flaws in accordance with the Bezier curve algorithm. In this case, the final curve automatically fit almost perfectly onto the original photograph!..
Reiche only just barely reached this solution to the problem she formulated of identifying the mathematical patterns of the geoglyphs of the Nazca Plateau, although the foundations of these patterns were prescribed by Bernstein at the dawn of her youth. She didn’t make it, most likely, only because she didn’t see the time when the computer use of Bezier curves became widely available.
It is clear that any speculation about the knowledge of the Nazca and Paracas Indians of the Bezier curves is far beyond any reasonable logic. Modern computers with graphic programs They didn't either. Only a civilization that had a level of development at least comparable to ours could observe the corresponding mathematical laws.
It turns out that Däniken was right - geoglyphs are not only addressed to celestial viewers, but were also created by them. And the Indians of the local Nazca and Paracas cultures clearly have nothing to do with these heavenly spectators.
Only now this is no longer just an assumption, but a hypothesis that has a strict mathematical justification!
It is quite possible that if not the Indians themselves, then their ancestors knew that the Nazca geoglyphs were created by a highly developed civilization. And they were not created by hand at all, but with the help of special mechanisms.
“...in this regard, the following picture is of interest. A worthy competitor to the famous “astronaut” from the Temple of the Inscriptions in Palenque, Mexico. It is possible that this is an episode from some Nascan myth that has not reached us, but the fact that the “cat god”, devouring objects similar to stones, is used as a kind of vehicle for a warrior with a spear thrower and full ammunition is depicted quite unambiguously” (I. Alekseev, “Geoglyphs of Nazca. Some observations”).
And one more point noted by Alekseev. While experimenting with Bezier curves while drawing the so-called “pelican” - a huge geoglyph covering an area of 280 by 400 meters, he discovered a rather strange detail.
“The only drawing that, due to its size and ideal lines, looks absolutely the same in the drawing as in the desert (and in the sketches of the ancients, respectively). Calling this image a pelican is not entirely correct. A long beak and something similar to a crop does not mean a pelican. The ancients did not identify the main detail that makes a bird a bird - its wings. And in general this image is non-functional from all sides. You can't walk on it - it's not closed. And how to catch the eye - jump again? It is inconvenient to view from the air due to the specificity of the parts. It doesn’t really fit in with the lines either. But, nevertheless, there is no doubt that this object was created intentionally - it looks harmonious, the ideal curve balances the trident (apparently transverse), the beak is balanced by diverging straight lines behind. I couldn’t understand why this drawing left a feeling of something very unusual. And everything is very simple. Small and subtle details are separated over a considerable distance, and in order to understand what is in front of us, we must move our eyes from one small detail to another. If you move a considerable distance away in order to take in the entire picture, then all this small detail seems to merge and the meaning of the image is lost. It seems that this drawing was created for perception by a creature with a different size of the “yellow” spot - the zone of greatest visual acuity in the retina. So if any drawing claims to be unearthly graphics, then our pelican is the first candidate” (I. Alekseev, “Nazca Geoglyphs. Some Observations”).
A little conclusion
As we see, if we do not confine ourselves to a very simplified version of the creation of geometric shapes, lines and patterns on the Nazca plateau by the Indians of local cultures and take into account the existing features of geoglyphs, the mystery of the Nazca plateau turns out to be closely connected with issues that go far beyond the limited desert area on the South American coast. And in order to find a solution to the riddle of geoglyphs, they need to be considered together with a whole mass of other, seemingly completely extraneous facts. It is impossible to separate geoglyphs from the rest of history.
Just not the history that is written in textbooks. And history, rejected by modern academic science, but which finds a colossal amount of confirmation both in the form of real artifacts (no matter how archaeologists and historians reject them), and in ancient legends and traditions (no matter how many of them the same historians and archaeologists write off as empty fantasies our ancestors).
Will we ever be able to unravel all the secrets of geoglyphs?.. I don’t know.
So far, only one thing is clear - we cannot isolate ourselves within the framework of any one version. And even more so we must not neglect real facts for the sake of some pre-selected hypothesis.
If the facts indicate that the geoglyphs on the Nazca plateau, Palpa and other regions were created by different “authors”, then we need to look at this matter in dynamics - taking into account the development of the process over time (which does not necessarily have to be a development from simple to complex). It is necessary to separate some “authors” from others. And taking this into account, the main question in trying to understand the chaos of drawings on earth becomes the question of who created what from this. By lumping everything together, you certainly won’t be able to figure out the mystery of geoglyphs...
“So what is this... is Nazca?.. Nazca is like a hundred thunderclaps on the mind. If eyes could scream, they would do it in Nazca. The message of Nazca is veiled and confused, any theory about it is contradictory... This landscape seems unreasonable, insoluble, meaningless and shifts the brain to one side” (Erich von Däniken).
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