The study of working time costs and equipment use time is carried out directly at each workplace through observations (analytical and research method) in order to:
. identifying the structure of working time costs, eliminating losses and unproductive costs through more complete use of the capabilities of equipment, technology, labor organization and production;
. assessment of applied techniques and methods of work;
. definitions optimal option content and sequence of execution of individual elements of operations;
. calculation of norms and standards;
. establishing the reasons for non-fulfillment or significant over-fulfillment of standards.
All methods for studying working time costs can be divided into two groups:
1) methods of direct observation;
2) method of momentary observations.
Direct observation methods include:
. timing;
. photograph of a working day;
. self-photograph of the working day;
. photographic timing.
Timing is a way of studying the time spent on performing cyclically repeating manual and machine-manual elements of an operation. It is used to design the rational composition and structure of an operation, establish their normal duration and, on this basis, develop standards used in calculating technically sound time standards. Timing is used to check standards established by calculation, mainly in mass and large-scale production, as well as to monitor the level of compliance with time standards and adjust these standards. In addition, timekeeping is used to study best practices in order to disseminate them.
Timing can be continuous or selective. With continuous, all operating techniques are measured in their technological sequence during operational time; with selective timing, during the execution of an operation, only individual techniques are measured, regardless of their sequence, but in such a way that the duration of all techniques of the operation is ultimately determined.
Timing consists of the following stages:
. preparation for observation;
. observation;
. processing of time observations;
. analysis of results, conclusions, establishment of standards and design of operational time standards.
Preparation for conducting time-based observation consists of selecting the object of observation, dividing the operation into its component elements, determining fixation points, establishing the number of required measurements, and ensuring appropriate organizational and technical conditions for work in the workplace. By fixation point we mean the moment when the end of the last movement of the previous technique (complex) coincides with the beginning of the first movement of the subsequent technique of the operation. Establishing fixation points is necessary for correct measurement of the duration of receptions.
The required number of measurements is set for each element of the operation; it depends on the required data accuracy. To obtain the most reliable data, more observations need to be made (Table 1).
Preparation for observation ends with entering into the observation sheet the elements of the operation being studied in their technological sequence.
During the observation process, the duration of each standardized element of the operation (movement, technique or set of techniques) is measured and recorded. To measure duration, stopwatches, chronometers and special time recorders (multi-dial pointer and digital instruments), devices for applying information to special forms or punched tape and film equipment are used. The duration of the operation elements is determined by the current time or individual counts. When recording according to the current time, data is entered into the observation sheet that records the moment of the end of the first and the beginning of subsequent elements of the operation without stopping the chronometer or stopwatch. The duration of the operation elements necessary to obtain time series is determined later, in the process of processing time observation data.
During selective timing, during the execution of an operation, the duration of only individual standardized elements is recorded. In this case, the stopwatch or chronometer is started at the beginning of this element of the operation and turned off simultaneously with its completion.
Timing observations should begin at an established rational pace of work, when all the stipulated conditions are met and work techniques are mastered.
The observer records the duration of the normalized elements of the operation, and also in a special column of the chronocard notes the duration of breaks and various deviations that occurred during timing.
As a result of timing observations for each element of the operation, recorded data on the duration of its execution is accumulated. The repeatedly recorded duration of the same element of an operation forms a time series. When timing Special attention is given to manual and machine-manual methods of operation; machine methods are determined using calculations.
The time series obtained during the observation process are analyzed and subjected to statistical processing. Analysis and processing of time series is performed in the following order:
1) make up series with a sufficient number of measurements;
2) establish the degree of stability of the series;
3) calculate the standard estimated duration of each element;
4) identify possibilities for combining elements of the operation;
5) establish a standard operating time.
In standardization practice, the degree of stability of a series is usually determined by the stability coefficient, which is the ratio of the maximum measurement size in a time series to the minimum. The resulting actual stability coefficient for each element of the operation is compared with the standard coefficient (Table 2).
If the actual coefficient exceeds the standard value, the timing sequence is considered unstable and timing for this element of the operation should be repeated.
Based on a time series recognized as stable, the arithmetic mean duration of the operation element is determined.
Analysis of the observation results consists in identifying the possibility of eliminating individual elements of the operation that are not necessary, replacing a number of elements with more time-efficient ones, and establishing the possibility of overlapping the time of individual elements of manual work with the operating time of the equipment.
Working time photography (WPH) is a research method labor process in order to identify the cost of working time during the period under study (usually a shift). With this method, the main attention is paid to determining the loss of working time, as well as studying the costs of preparatory and final time, time for servicing the workplace and time needed for rest. Photography of working hours is carried out for the purpose of:
. drawing up the actual balance of working time (shift) by identifying all its costs for this period, grouping them by categories of time (preparatory-final, main, auxiliary, break time, etc.);
. identifying the causes of losses and wasted time with the subsequent development of measures to eliminate them;
. designing a normal balance of working time, providing for improving the use of working time by eliminating losses;
. obtaining the data necessary for standardizing preparatory and final time, time for servicing the workplace and breaks, for compiling standard tables for these categories of time;
. determining the number of workers required to service individual units, or the number of pieces of equipment serviced by one worker.
During the FW, they monitor the operation of the mechanisms and the workers servicing them and make appropriate entries in the observation sheet, photographs of working hours. At the end of the observation, the data obtained is processed: a summary of time is compiled by categories of working time spent; develop organizational and technical measures; design a normal balance of working time; systematize the data necessary to draw up standards for preparatory and final time, time for servicing the workplace, and time for rest.
The level of detail in the records depends on the purpose of the FRF and the type of production. In conditions of single and small-scale production, less detail is allowed than in large-scale and mass production, where a more accurate analysis of time costs is required. But all interruptions in work are always recorded in detail, indicating their reasons. Work time photography results are grouped into work time categories for analysis purposes.
To facilitate processing of observation results, use symbols time categories - indices developed in accordance with the classification of time expenditure (Table 3).
There are the following types of working time photography:
. individual, when the object of observation is one worker;
. group, when the object of observation is a group of workers performing the same or different operations independently of each other;
. route group photograph;
. self-photography.
In an individual FRF, the observer examines the time use of one worker during a shift or other period of time. When it is carried out, registration is carried out with an accuracy of one minute. The undoubted advantage of this type of PDF is the high accuracy of the data obtained (by types and categories of working time costs), the ability to identify the causes and culprits of losses that occur. But information about the structure of the working day of one worker, who, knowing about the observation, will wittingly or unwittingly distort the true state of affairs, provides practically nothing for assessing the use of working time by all workers in the department as a whole.
A group photograph of a working day is carried out in cases where it is necessary to monitor the use of shift time of several workers located in a limited area (machine operators in an area visible to the registrar, a team of assemblers, etc.). It provides more complete coverage of an object in space and greater efficiency in data collection than individual ones.
A route-group is a PDF in which the recorder moves along a specific route, recording the use of the shift fund of time for a group of workers. Its use is advisable for monitoring auxiliary and service workers moving within their assigned service area. Using a route-group PDF to monitor stationary workplaces does not make much sense, since the method of momentary observations is more effective here.
The essence of self-photography is that one or more workers themselves record their own shift time costs. Self-photography carried out by workers is to some extent close to simple sheets: here, too, not the entire working time fund is studied, but only a certain part of it - downtime and the reasons for its occurrence. The disadvantages of self-photography include its subjective nature, low accuracy and incompleteness of the information received.
Working time photography is carried out in the following order:
1) preparation for observation, consisting of a detailed study and description of the object of observation and the production environment;
2) observation in the form of sequential recording of all time spent;
3) processing of the received data.
During the observation process, all the performer’s actions and breaks are recorded in the observation sheet in the order in which they actually occur. The “Current time” column indicates the end time of the observed working time elements.
When processing data in the observation sheet, according to the recording of time costs, their index is put and by subtracting the previous time from the subsequent one, the amount of costs is determined. Based on these data, a summary of time spent is compiled, and then the actual and standard balance of working time is established.
Next, an analysis of the observation results is carried out: actual costs are compared with standard values; irrational costs and lost working time are determined; their causes are established; measures are proposed to ensure troubleshooting.
As a result, a compaction of working time is achieved, which can be characterized by a compaction coefficient and a coefficient of possible increase in labor productivity by eliminating time losses.
The increase in labor productivity (P) for each proposal aimed at eliminating losses and unproductive costs of working time is calculated using the formula
where Top.n, Top.f are the projected and actual operational time.
The choice of object of observation when photographing working hours depends on the goal. To justify the standards for preparatory and final time and time for servicing the workplace, the objects of observation should be advanced workers who know how to rationally use their work time. To develop organizational and technical measures to eliminate losses and tighten working hours, observation data from all workers is used.
According to the observation technique, a photograph of a working day can be:
. continuous, when time measurements are taken continuously throughout the entire observation period;
. discontinuous (route), in which time measurements are made at certain, relatively short intervals; such a PDF is used for workers (or teams) who do not have permanent jobs (for example, for transport teams, etc.).
Phototiming is a combined method of studying the costs of shift time by observation, in which all the costs of working time during a shift are recorded simultaneously. In this case, the worker’s actions, which directly constitute the labor operation, are studied by the observer especially carefully, and their duration is recorded, as with timing, by continuous recording. Phototiming is used to study time expenditure for the same purposes as PDF and timing. Photo timing can be individual or group. With individual phototiming, the time spent on work and operations performed by one performer is studied; in group work - time spent on interrelated work carried out by a group of workers.
The most effective seems to be the combination of timing and momentary monitoring of the use of removable time, i.e., carrying out momentary phototiming. At the same time, the advantages of momentary observation (i.e., the absence of the negative effect of the constant presence of a recorder near the workplace, distorting the production rhythm) and conventional photo timing are organically combined.
The latter lies in the presence of a dual purpose of such observation: identifying the full value of intra-shift losses of working time and establishing the true level of labor productivity. Their simultaneous presence puts workers and foremen in a difficult dilemma: either to minimize (during the period of momentary phototiming) intra-shift losses of working time and thereby demonstrate real labor productivity, or vice versa. In principle, moment-by-moment photo-timing allows one to determine the maximum achievable levels of extensive and intensive use of working time.
Method of instant observations based on the application of probability theory and mathematical statistics to study the cost of working time, consists in the simultaneous observation of a large number of objects, the state of which is recorded periodically, at a predetermined interval. To study working time costs by this method it is necessary to establish the duration, interval and route of observation.
The reliability of the data obtained is determined by the required number of observations, i.e., the number of moments or measurements. In mass and large-scale production, a confidence probability of the expected result equal to 0.84 is satisfied. Then the formula for determining the number of moments (M) will have the following form:
where a is a coefficient that determines the level of probability of finding an error within the established limits (for large-scale production a = 2); k is the share of the type of time spent under study in the total duration of working time; p is the permissible value of the relative error of observation results (usually accepted within 3-10% of k).
For serial and small-scale production, the confidence probability is taken equal to 0.92, a = 3. Then the number of moments is calculated using the formula
To determine the number of observation moments depending on the type of production, special tables have been developed.
Momentary observations are carried out in the following order:
1) determine the required number of moments using the formulas given above or tables;
2) calculate the length of the detour route in meters (L) and the number of observation objects during one detour (m);
3) calculate the duration of one round:
where 0.6 is the average length of one step, m; 0.01 - average duration of one step, min;
4) count the number of observation moments per shift:
where Tcm is the duration of the shift, min; kв - coefficient taking into account time discrepancies (taken within 0.5-0.7);
5) determine the duration of observation in shifts:
When choosing a site and observation route, a good overview of all equipment located on it and all workplaces must be ensured. The composition of the equipment on the site and the sequence of operations can be any, and the nature of the work can be different. When an observer sequentially walks around the objects located in his area, the state of each of them at that moment is recorded in the map of momentary observations.
The overall result of shift observation is determined by counting the number of marks (fixed moments) for each of the indices and each machine (workplace, etc.). The result is entered in the last columns of the map of momentary observations. Each of the marks corresponds to a certain time interval. By multiplying the number of marks by the duration of the interval, the duration of each type of time expenditure is obtained.
Based on the calculation data, the actual balance of working time is compiled. The analysis of observation results is carried out in the same way as with an individual photograph of working time.
After drawing up the working time balance, it is necessary to check whether the data obtained meet the conditions of the accepted maximum error.
The relative value of the maximum error is calculated using the formula
The momentary observation method has a number of advantages compared to continuous observation:
. simplicity of observations, low labor intensity of processing observation materials;
. the ability to study the working time costs of a large number of objects by one observer.
The disadvantages of the method include the lack of sequence data individual species costs of working time and the number of their repetitions.
Questions for self-control
1. What is meant by working time? What is its composition?
2. What classifications of the performer’s working time exist?
3. What methods are used to study working time costs?
4. What is timing? Its purpose, types, procedure.
5. What does the chronosequence stability coefficient show?
6. What is phototiming? What is its purpose?
7. What are the purposes of workday photography?
8. What is the essence of self-photography?
9. What advantages does the momentary observation method have over continuous observation methods?
The study of the labor process involves the analysis of all factors influencing labor costs and the efficiency of use of production resources. When rationing labor highest value has a solution to two problems related to the study of labor processes. The first is to determine the actual time spent on operations, the second is to establish the structure of time spent during a work shift or part of it. Determining the duration of operations is necessary to develop time standards, select the most rational methods labor, establishing the components of time standards, analyzing the quality of norms and standards. Data on working time costs are used in developing standards for workplace service time and preparatory and final time, assessing the efficiency of using working time, and analyzing the existing organization of labor and production.
The study of labor processes should be carried out taking into account the fact that the time spent on performing an element of an operation or a certain type of work depends on many organizational, technical and psychophysiological factors that usually cannot be fully controlled. In particular, measuring the duration of the execution of the same element of an operation under the same conditions gives a series of values that in most cases do not coincide with each other, i.e., the results of this measurement constitute a variation series. As a result, in order to obtain reliable conclusions about the time it takes to complete elements of operations and the structure of working time costs, methods of organizing and processing observations should be used that would take into account the probabilistic nature of the processes under study. For getting necessary information It is very important to justify the number of observations at minimal cost. Methods for studying labor processes are divided according to the purpose of the study, the number of objects observed, the method of conducting observation, the form of recording its data, etc.
In accordance with the purpose of the study, the following methods are used: timing, photography of working hours, phototiming and the method of random moment observations.
Timing is a method of differentiated research through observations and measurements of the execution time of repetitive work processes and operations, as well as ways to perform these techniques with the least amount of time. The object of observation during timing should be the advanced worker, since one of the important tasks of this observation is the implementation best practices the best workers and, on their basis, the development of technically sound production standards or time standards.
correct division of the operation being studied into its constituent elements (techniques);
studying the time required to perform these techniques;
analysis of observation results and selection of elements for inclusion in the rational composition of the work when designing technical standards.
The following types of timing observations are distinguished:
duplication, stationary, route and picket observations.
Timing observations using a duplicating method are carried out by two timekeepers behind one performer to ensure high measurement accuracy.
Stationary observations are performed by one timekeeper at one workplace.
Route observations are carried out over a moving worker (object of observation) along a specific route.
Picket observations are used in cases where the object of observation is in motion, and the timekeeper cannot follow him and therefore is located at certain points along his route.
Timing can be done selectively or continuously. The most common is the selective method, in which the timekeeper records the duration of a certain technique, skipping the next element.
Working time photography is the observation and analysis of measurements of all working time spent over a long and, as a rule, complete period of a day, shift or cycle - continuously from the moment the worker arrives at work until the moment he leaves the shift or from the beginning of the cycle to its end. They measure not only the operating time of the monitored object and the time it spends on performing the operation, but also all breaks in work and downtime. Thus, time photography provides a photographic snapshot of an observed period of time or the progress of a work process.
The purpose of working time photography is to study the structure of the production process, the sequence and alternation of individual operations, breaks and the reasons for their occurrence. Based on the results of the photographs, the actual balance of working time is compiled, and then, as a result of the analysis of the received materials, a standard balance of working time is established.
Based on the number of workers being monitored, a distinction is made between group and individual photography. The most accurate of these methods of observation is individual photography, in which the observer is able to record all operations with almost any degree of accuracy. In group photography, the degree of accuracy in timing depends on the number of workers being observed by the timekeeper. During observation, the beginning and end of each operation in their sequence are recorded. As a result of processing observations, the duration of each operation is calculated as the difference in time between the end of this and the previous operation.
Phototiming is a combined method by which the composition, alternation, duration of operations and elements, as well as the use of working time during a shift are studied. This method of studying working time by observation is most widely used in mining. The procedure for making observations during photographic timing is practically no different from photographing a working day, and in terms of measurements of repeating elements of an operation, it is no different from timing.
With self-photography, working time is recorded by the worker himself to identify downtime and loss of working time. In a special card, he notes the duration and reasons for downtime and loss of working time.
The random moment observation method is used for the same purposes as working day photography, but the first method is more economical and allows one to obtain results that are practically unattainable with working day photography. With this method, not continuous observations are carried out throughout the working day, but selective (random) observations performed at random periods of time. At more of such observations, their distribution among various elements of work and downtime, according to the laws of mathematical statistics, is quite close to the actual distribution different elements work and downtime during the working day. This method is usually used to study downtime and interruptions in work for various reasons.
When studying the structure of working time, the method of momentary observations has a number of significant advantages over the method of direct time measurements. The main ones are as follows. Using momentary observations, you can analyze the structure of working time for almost any number of observed objects. This is important, since establishing the time expenditure of one or two or three workers, as a rule, does not have significant economic significance. The costs of photography will be justified if, based on its results, it is possible to improve the use of working time of a significant group of observation objects.
The method of momentary observations provides significantly greater reliability of the structure of time spent than the method of direct time measurements. Unlike the latter, in which the observer is constantly in close proximity to the observed workers, during momentary observations the states of the objects of observation can be recorded in such a way that this will not have any noticeable psychological impact on the workers.
Analytical methods can be classified according to three criteria: the degree of differentiation of the labor process; methodology for obtaining initial data (method of determining working time costs); the nature of the dependence of labor standards on standard-determining factors.
According to the degree of differentiation of the labor process, analytical methods are divided into two types - differentiated and integrated.
In contrast to differentiated methods, integrated methods are used to develop standards for labor costs for standardized work as a whole, and not for individual elements. In this case, a preliminary analysis of the nature of the work performed is carried out in order to establish a rational degree of enlargement of the developed standards in terms of its composition. Analytical integrated methods provide for the development of standards based on the statistical dependence of labor intensity on the standard-determining factors adopted as a result of the analysis.
Analytical methods based on a combination of differentiated and integrated ones are called combined. They are used to develop standard labor cost standards.
According to the method of determining the cost of working time (methodology for obtaining initial data), analytical methods are divided into analytical-calculation and analytical-research. Analytical and calculation methods involve establishing the cost of working time for operations (elements) not by direct measurement, but on the basis of pre-developed scientifically based interindustry, sectoral or local standards or calculations using formulas that establish the dependence of time costs on the factors influencing them, based on nomograms . Analytical and research methods provide for the establishment of working time costs based on their measurement during observation directly at the workplace. They are used if the organizational and technical conditions of work have a great influence on the value of labor standards, and there are no standards for them, as well as when developing the labor standards themselves.
Analytical and calculation methods do not provide high accuracy of standards, since for their development standards are used that are established for standard organizational and technical working conditions and do not take into account the specifics of specific workplaces. At the same time, the use of these methods can significantly reduce the labor intensity of developing standards and ensure their equal intensity for similar work. At the same time, it is necessary to systematically evaluate the quality of the applied standards and adjust them in a timely manner.
Based on the nature of the dependence of labor standards on standard-determining factors, analytical methods are divided into direct and indirect. They are used to calculate service standards, controllability and numbers. Analytical direct methods involve calculating standards based on establishing functional dependencies of the value of standards on the labor intensity of the corresponding work, which requires studying the cost of working time; analytical indirect - based on statistical dependencies of standards on factors that indirectly affect the labor intensity of the relevant work. Analytical indirect methods have in common with analytical and summary methods and are used for repetitive types of work with regulated composition and accounted volume.
When using summary methods, time standards are established for the standardized work as a whole, without dividing it into operations and elements, without analyzing and calculating their duration. In this case, the standards are determined on the basis of: the personal experience of the standardizer (experimental method), statistical data on the actual expenditure of working time to perform similar work (statistical method), comparison of the complexity and volume of standardized work with similar ones mentioned earlier (comparative method). Standards established using summary methods are called experimental-statistical. They do not have scientific basis, do not reflect the necessary expenditure of working time; they “lay in” shortcomings in the organization of production and labor that occurred in the past. Summary methods are used mainly to standardize low-repetitive labor processes.
Correct rationing of consumption and reserves material resources- the necessary basis for developing plans for material and technical support for construction organizations. Technically justified standards for material consumption are set for the final measurement value of the finished product. There are the following methods for rationing the consumption of building materials: pilot production, pilot laboratory and calculation and analytical.
The pilot production method consists in the fact that, based on measurements of work performed on a construction site and the amount of materials used, the consumption of one or another type of material per completed unit of work is determined, subject to careful use of resources. This method is used when rationing materials that have difficult to eliminate losses (bulk and dusty materials, concrete mixtures, paints, etc.).
With the experimental laboratory method, measurements of material consumption are carried out in laboratory conditions in order to more deeply study the influence individual factors for material consumption. This method is used for concrete mixtures, liquids, etc.
The calculation and analytical method for rationing material consumption consists in calculating standards based on data from working drawings, technological maps and specifications. This method is not acceptable when rationing the consumption of materials that have difficult to eliminate losses. Its area of application is parts and structures that are not processed during installation, long materials and parts.
To determine the need, as well as for the purposes of planning and monitoring the consumption of material resources in construction, aggregated and production consumption standards are used.
Enlarged norms material consumption is set at 100 thousand or 1 million rubles. cost of construction and installation work or per unit production capacity enterprises (for example, per 1000 tons of annual production of a mine under construction).
Production standards material consumption is established for certain types of work per unit of volume (for example, per 1 m 3 of masonry, per 1 m 3 of a building foundation, per 1 m 2 of wall area).
The study of the cost of working time and time of use of equipment is carried out in order to:
1. identifying the structure of working time costs, eliminating losses and unproductive costs of working time by making fuller use of the capabilities of equipment, technology, labor organization and production;
2. identifying and assessing the applied methods and techniques of work;
3. determining the optimal content and sequence of execution of individual elements of the operation;
4. calculation of norms and standards;
5. identifying the reasons for non-fulfillment or significant over-fulfillment of standards.
Depending on the purpose, the number of objects of observation, the degree of detail of the studied working time costs, the following types of observation are used:
1. photograph of working hours;
2. self-photography;
3. timing.
1.3.1 Working time photograph
Working time photography is the study of the costs of working time or the time of use of equipment during a work shift or part thereof using detailed recording of all data characterizing their duration and structure. It is carried out for the purpose of:
1. identifying shortcomings in the organization of labor and production, leading to direct losses and waste of working time, equipment downtime, as well as the development on this basis of organizational and technical measures to strengthen the identified shortcomings;
2. studying, generalizing and disseminating advanced production experience on the use of working time;
3. establishing service standards and standards for the number of workers;
4. obtaining initial data for developing standards for preparatory and final time, time for servicing the workplace, time for rest and personal needs, determining operational time for handmade in single and small-scale production;
5. identifying the reasons for non-fulfillment and significant over-fulfillment of production standards by individual workers.
Depending on the form of labor organization at the workplaces under study and the number of objects of observation, photography of working hours can be individual, multi-machine, or group (team).
Regardless of the type of observation, each of them consists of the following stages:
1. preparation for observation;
2. conducting observation;
3. processing of observation data;
4. analysis of results and preparation of measures to improve the organization of work or establish norms and standards.
In preparation for observation, the following parameters are studied:
1. technological process that is performed by a performer or a group of workers who are the object of research;
2. organization of work at the workplace (places);
3. service procedure;
4. specifications, operating modes and equipment condition.
Also at this stage, the front side of the observation sheet is filled out. If photography is carried out for the purpose of developing standards, at this stage shortcomings that lead to direct losses and waste of working time are identified and eliminated. Only after this they begin to conduct observation.
Of particular importance is right choice worker when conducting observations on the basis of which standards will be established or standards developed. Norms and standards must be calculated taking into account advanced labor methods and techniques. The intensity of labor when using them will vary among different workers due to psychophysical characteristics. The norm should provide for the average intensity of labor of a worker who has mastered advanced techniques and methods of labor. In this regard, it is recommended to conduct observations of workers whose qualifications correspond to the category of work, whose qualifications correspond to the category of work, who have work experience from 4 to 20 years and the average percentage of fulfillment of standards for a given job.
If the main purpose of photography is to identify lost working time, as well as equipment downtime, it should be carried out without prior intervention in the existing organization of work and maintenance of the workplace or equipment. However, for better observation, a preliminary study of deficiencies in the organization of work and maintenance of the workplace or equipment is necessary.
When using the method of instant observations, a detour route is first developed and fixing points are established, i.e. places along the observer’s route, upon reaching which he must stop and record what the worker is doing or what work is being done this moment performed on the equipment. For example, columns near workplaces, machine tools, etc. can be selected as fixing points. The required number of observations or moments is also determined.
An important point in preparation is to familiarize the worker being supervised, the foreman and the foreman with the nature and purpose of the actions being performed.
Before the start of observation, all general information relating to the equipment being inspected and the worker.
Processing the observation results consists of calculating the duration of working hours by subtracting the previous measurement from the current time. After this, for all measurements in the “Index” column, according to the accepted classification, a brief designation of this type of cost or loss of working time is entered. Further processing consists of selecting and grouping similar time expenditures.
As a result of comparing the actual time spent with the standard ones, unnecessary costs of preparatory and final time, time of organizational and technical maintenance, time for rest and personal needs are identified that need to be reduced. The reasons that caused irrational and unnecessary costs, losses of working time are studied and the truly necessary costs are established, taking into account the amount of work that could be performed by a worker during the observed period in the absence of unnecessary costs and losses of working time.
By comparing data from actual and standard working time balances, the following coefficients are determined:
1. beneficial use working hours
Where T pz– preparatory and final time, min;
T os– main time, min;
T in– auxiliary time, min;
T p– break time, min.
T emb.– duration of observation when taking photographs, min.
2. coefficient of improvement in the use of working time
,
3. the increase in labor productivity is determined
,
4. loss of time for reasons depending on the worker
,
5. Equipment utilization rate is calculated
,
1.3.2 Self-photography
Self-photography of working hours is carried out by the worker himself. In this case, only losses of working time are identified and recorded, the reasons for their occurrence are noted and ways to eliminate them are indicated. This type of observation is effective if self-photographs are carried out systematically and cover large groups workers and serve as the basis for developing measures to improve the organization of production.
The success of self-photography depends on proper preparation To her. Therefore, at the preparation stage it is prepared required amount surveillance maps. During mass self-photography, a schedule for its implementation is developed. Responsible persons are appointed for each structural unit where it will be carried out. Explanatory work among workers is also necessary, during which the tasks and techniques of monitoring are explained in detail.
During direct observation, the worker records the nature of the downtime, the reason for the interruption in work or decrease in labor productivity (if known), how the downtime was used, the time it began and ended. On the back of the card, the worker writes down his proposals for eliminating the causes of lost working time.
Processing observation cards consists of systematizing all records of breaks according to the accepted classification of working time costs, summarizing proposals made by workers and developing measures for their implementation.
1.3.3 Timing
Timing is a type of observation in which cyclically repeating elements of operational work are studied, as well as individual elements of operational work, as well as individual elements of preparatory and final work or work to maintain the workplace.
The purposes of timing are:
1. establishing time standards and obtaining data for the development of labor standards;
2. study and implementation of advanced techniques and methods of work;
3. checking the quality of current standards;
4. identifying the reasons for non-compliance with standards by individual employees;
5. improving the organization of the labor process in the workplace.
There are three methods of timing:
1. continuous – according to the current time, cyclically repeating in a certain order;
2. selective – when individual elements (work methods) of an operation are measured, regardless of their sequential execution;
3. cyclic - when operations are studied that have a very short duration, which does not allow them to be visually measured without combining them into groups, each of which is periodically repeated in each cycle and in a certain sequence.
The accuracy of time measurements when conducting timing observations depends on the duration of the execution of the studied elements of the operation. When the duration of an element of the operation is up to 10 s, measurements are carried out with an accuracy of 0.1 s, for longer durations up to 0.2 s.
Timing observations should be carried out 45 - 60 minutes after the start of work and 1.5 - 3 hours before the end of the working day (and all observations must be completed no later than 30 minutes before the end of work). The number of measurements taken each time should be half the recommended number for the entire shift. Moreover, observations should be carried out not only in day shifts, but also in other shifts, except in cases where this is impossible due to failure to perform standardized work in other shifts or due to the rare repetition of the operation under study.
Timing includes three stages:
1. preparation for observation;
2. conducting observation;
3. processing and analysis of observation results.
Processing and analysis of observation results involves working on the data obtained. First of all, defective measurements are excluded from the obtained time series. With continuous timing, in order to obtain a timeline for each element of the operation under study, the current execution time of the previous element is subtracted from the current execution time of this element, and the remainder is recorded in the duration column of this element.
To evaluate the chronosequence relative to its fluctuations, I use the stability coefficient K y, which is determined by the following formula:
,
Where tmax– maximum execution time of an operation element, s, (min);
tmin– minimum execution time of an operation element, s, (min).
Based on the processing of time series data, the normal duration of each element of the operation is determined, which is used to determine the technical standard of time for each operation.
The time required to complete individual work elements was measured using a stopwatch. The duration of individual elements is determined by subtracting the data of the previous entry from the subsequent one and is entered in the “Pr” line.
Principles of efficiency of labor processes.
The labor process is a set of actions carried out by the contractor in the process of performing specific work (functions).
A number of principles are used to improve the organization of the labor process:
1) the principle of the optimal content of the labor process is that its composition should include elements that provide the most favorable combination of mental and physical activity, uniform load on various organs and rhythm of the labor process. The correct combination of mental and physical activity is achieved by choosing the optimal forms of technological and functional division of labor. Great importance has uniform work of the arms, legs, and body, which creates conditions not only for increasing labor productivity, but also for reducing worker fatigue during the labor process. The development of a clear labor rhythm is facilitated by the specialization of jobs to perform a certain range of similar operations, the enlargement of batches of processed parts, and the elimination of cases of distraction of a worker from his main job;
2) the principle of parallelism is to ensure the simultaneous work of a person and a machine, several machines, and the simultaneous participation of both hands of the performer in the labor process. Compliance with this principle reduces the time spent on operations and thereby increases production efficiency. Compliance with this principle of work of man and machine means performing, if possible, techniques of auxiliary, preparatory and final work and maintenance of the workplace during automatic operation of the equipment, simultaneous processing of several parts on one machine, parallel operation of various tools, multi-machine maintenance, etc.;
3) the principle of saving muscular and nervous energy provides for the exclusion of unnecessary techniques, labor actions and movements from the labor process. It is often unnecessary to shift, for example, an object of work or a tool from one hand to another, static techniques (hold, support), transitions within the workplace and outside it, etc. Superfluous movements are most often bending, turning, squatting, etc. d. In production areas, saving the muscular and nervous energy of workers is achieved through the rational placement of equipment, workplaces, warehouses, storerooms, and the organization of active production maintenance, as a result of which their transitions outside the workplace are minimized. This contributes to saving muscular and nervous energy. building a labor process in which each subsequent reception, labor action or movement is a natural continuation of the preceding elements of the labor process. It is important that sequentially processed surfaces or assembly transitions directly follow one another, so that there are no return movements or return transitions within the cycle;
4) the principle of planning and proactive maintenance of workplaces consists in coordinating in time and establishing strict regulations for the performance of main and auxiliary work;
5) the principle of matching the employee to the work performed is to select workers in such a way that they, according to their psychological and physiological data; general educational and professional training were most consistent with the nature and content of the work performed;
6) the principle of optimal labor intensity is to establish, on the basis of labor standards, a level of labor intensity that ensures high productivity with optimal physical and nervous tension;
7) the principle of optimal equipment performance consists in establishing, on the basis of standards or special studies, such equipment operating modes that would ensure the lowest total costs of living and past labor to perform both individual technological operations and the production process as a whole;
8)principle optimal mode labor and rest of workers in production - establishing the start and end times of work, alternating shifts, the beginning and end of lunch and other regulated intra-shift breaks, ensuring the most favorable working conditions, creating conditions for the timely implementation of repair, adjustment and other preparatory work, securing equipment to workers.
Compliance with these principles is one of the main conditions for high productivity and favorable working conditions.
Classification of methods for studying working time.
The following methods of studying working time are distinguished: statistical and methods of direct observation.
The statistical method is based on the use of statistical data and documentation.
Includes: statistical surveys of the use of working time on a specific date: recording of equipment operation; measurement of working time by recording working time in the labor plan, by recording the balance of working time of one worker: the number of calendar days, working days, downtime (planned and actual).
Methods for direct observation of the use of working time are distinguished by the object of observation: photographs of the performer’s working time, a photograph of the time the equipment was used, a photograph of the production process.
Photography of the time of use of equipment is carried out in machine, automated, hardware production in order to establish the degree of load, the rational use of equipment, and the presence of excess unused capacity.
Photography of the production process is carried out to simultaneously study the progress of the technological process, the time of use of the equipment and the working time of the performer employed on this equipment (more often used in hardware production).
According to the method of observation, they are distinguished: methods of continuous measurements and selective measurements.
According to the means of observation used, there are: visual methods and using technical means surveillance (video cameras, counters, oscilloscopes, etc.).
Depending on the purpose and object of observation, they distinguish: photography of the working day (working time), timing, photo timing.
Working time photography is a method of observing and recording all working time spent during the observation period (a shift, part of it or several shifts).
Timing is a method of studying repeatedly repeated elements of operations, studying the operational time of performing work, operations, and labor processes.
Photo timing is a combined method, when photography and timing are carried out simultaneously, and is used to simultaneously observe the structure of time spent and the duration of individual elements of a production operation.
Photography of working time as a method for studying the composition and sequence of time spent.
Working time photography is a type of observation with the help of which the time spent by one worker or a group associated with the implementation of a particular process throughout the entire working day (shift) or part of it is studied and analyzed, regardless of what this time was spent on. The FRF does not disclose the technology and methods of implementing the process, but only records its progress. The purpose of the FRF is to identify reserves for increasing productivity and improving the use of equipment. This is achieved by identifying the feasibility, sequence of certain time expenditures, their measurement, establishing the degree of possible compaction of the workday of performers, eliminating losses of working time and equipment downtime. The purpose of photography of working time is to identify shortcomings in the organization of labor and production that cause losses or irrational use working time, designing a more rational distribution of work shift time by categories of time spent, in determining the actual production of products, the rate of its production and the uniformity of work during the shift.
Based on the number of objects observed, individual, group, and route observations are distinguished.
Individual is the observation of one object (worker, machine).
Group - for several objects. Types of group observation: brigade (over the workers of the team) and multi-machine (over workers and machines at a multi-machine workplace) observation.
Route observation is the observation of an object that moves along a specific route, or of several objects located relatively far from each other and for which the observer moves along the corresponding route.
Methods for studying working time costs - these are ways to obtain information about the use of working time, the rationality of performing a production operation in order to increase labor productivity.
The main methods for studying the cost of working time include timing, photography of the working day, photo timing, and the method of momentary observations.
Timing - This is a method of studying the cost of operational time (time to perform an operation) by observing and measuring the duration of individual elements of the operation that are repeated during the production of each product in order to determine time standards for individual operations. It is used to design the rational composition and structure of an operation, establish their normal duration and develop reasonable time standards on this basis.
Working day photo - This is a way of studying the costs of working time by observing and measuring the components of these costs during all or part of the working day. A photograph of a working day records and studies all the costs of working time, all its losses, while timekeeping records and studies only the elements that make up the operation.
Working day photography goals:
- - identification of all time spent during the working day and, on this basis, drawing up the actual balance of the employee’s working day;
- - grouping time spent by categories of working time (primary, auxiliary, etc.);
- - identifying the causes of unproductive expenditure of working time and, on this basis, developing technical and organizational measures to eliminate losses and drawing up a normal balance of working time;
- - obtaining initial data for standardization individual categories working time (preparatory and final, main, etc.);
- - determination of the number of workers required to service individual units;
- - determination of the number of pieces of equipment serviced by one worker.
Photo timing - a combined study of operations, when both a photograph of the working day and timekeeping are carried out simultaneously in one dimension. It is used to simultaneously determine the structure of time costs and duration of individual elements of a production operation.
Method of moment observations - This is a statistical way of obtaining average data on the actual workload of workers and equipment. With the help of momentary observations, the loss of working time by employees, managers and specialists is also studied.
Momentary observations are carried out during the walk. An observer, following a specific route, records on an observation sheet what is happening at a given workplace at the time of his visit. All marks are recorded on the observation sheet. The overall result of shift observation is determined by counting the number of marks (fixed moments) for each workplace. Based on the method of momentary observations for the entire group of workplaces, the structure of the costs of all working time, the nature and proportion of time lost, the degree of equipment utilization, the amount and nature of its downtime, and worker employment rates can be identified.
Labor cost standards
The measure of labor costs for performing certain operations (for example, manufacturing units of production) or performing a certain amount of work in specific organizational and technical production conditions is established in the form of labor standards. Labor standards are the basis for planning and organizing production, remuneration, and stimulating productivity growth.
To standardize labor, standards and unified (standard) norms are used. At enterprises, standards for time, production, service, number, controllability and standardized tasks are determined and established. An important place in standardized materials on labor is given to time standards.
Standard time - This is the length of working time required to manufacture a unit of product or perform a certain amount of work in specific organizational and technical production conditions. Measured in man-hours (minutes, days).
Production rate determines the volume of work (or the number of units of product) that workers of appropriate qualifications must perform (produce) during the allotted working time (hour, shift, etc.) in specific organizational and technical production conditions. The production rate (Nb) is inversely proportional to the time rate:
where N|shr is the production rate, units; T - duration (actual fund) of working time, hours; N - established standard of time per unit of production, h/unit.
Service standard - this is the number of production facilities (workplaces, pieces of equipment, production areas) that workers of appropriate qualifications must service per unit of time in certain organizational and technical production conditions. The indicator applies to workers servicing automated production processes and to auxiliary workers. Maintenance rate (Noah) is calculated using the formula
where Ntsb is the standard of service, sd.; £t6 - duration of maintenance of the production facility (equipment unit), hours.
Number of people determines the number of employees of a specific professional qualification required to perform a given amount of work.
Standardized task establishes the required range and volume of work that must be performed by workers in a given period of time. The standardized task can be set in natural units, standard hours, standard rubles.
Controllability rate determines the number of employees (number structural divisions), which must be subordinate to one manager.
Labor standards are established for a separate operation, an interconnected group of operations, or a set of works. The system of labor standards used reflects various aspects of the labor process. Norms of time and number represent norms of labor inputs, norms of output and standardized tasks - norms of labor results. Maintenance and controllability standards characterize the size of workplaces.
