How to draw a rising sun. Technological map for fine arts on the topic: “Mastering the concepts of “perspective” and “aerial perspective”

Cranes are beautiful, noble and very ancient birds, whose ancestors lived on Earth along with dinosaurs and managed to survive after all global cataclysms.

Israel: cranes in the Hula Valley.

Interest and respect for birds can be traced in the cultures of many peoples of the world. The crane is considered national symbol Armenia. In many Asian countries The crane is a sacred bird, the embodiment of happiness and longevity. In Rus' they were considered messengers of God; our ancestors believed that the first person to see the crane dance in the spring would be blessed with happiness and good luck all year long. In Yakutia today they believe that the killer of a crane faces terrible misfortunes.

Aristotle began studying these birds, and today cranes are included in the extensive order of crane-like animals and the family of cranes. The genus of true cranes consists of 10 species of birds, distributed almost throughout the world.

What does a crane look like?

A person far from ornithology may confuse the crane with other long-legged, long-necked semi-aquatic birds. If we compare the crane in the photo with its very distant relatives the heron and the stork, then the legs and neck of the crane are longer, the body is more graceful, and the beak is shorter.

This is a tall, stately bird, the height of representatives different types ranges from 90 to 175 cm and weighs from 2 to 11 kg. The body of the crane is elongated, teardrop-shaped. When the bird is standing, the long flight feathers of the wing create the impression that it has a long, luxuriant tail, which in some species resembles a train.

The wingspan of an adult crane is about 2 m. Birds take off with a running start in the wind, quickly pick up speed and spread their wings just before takeoff. The flight of the crane is smooth and rhythmic, with soft lowering of the wings and sharp upward strokes. Unlike herons, cranes fly with their necks stretched forward and tuck their legs in inclement weather.

The long neck of the crane is crowned by a small, neat head with an elongated straight beak, 20 - 30 cm long. Part of the head is devoid of feathers, and the bare area of ​​rough skin is bright red or orange, so from a distance it resembles a cap.

The plumage colors of cranes are predominantly grey, white and black. Individuals of both sexes do not differ in any way in appearance; males are only slightly heavier than females.

Habitat and lifestyle

Cranes nest in Eurasia, North America and Australia. Residents of warm regions live sedentary lives; migratory populations winter in the south of France, Asian countries, Mexico and the southern United States.

Migrating cranes fly at altitudes from 900 m to 1.5 km, using rising air currents, and form a wedge only in headwind conditions. During their migration, birds make 1-2 stops in the same place, where they rest for several weeks.

Unlike herons and storks, cranes never perch on trees; they gather for the night in large groups and sleep in shallow water standing with one leg tucked under. Therefore, the main habitats of birds are wet, low-lying, swampy forest landscapes or places near fresh water bodies. During wintering, the birds live in marshy areas with salt water. It is precisely because of the drainage of swamps and the destruction of habitats familiar to birds that most crane species are today on the verge of extinction.

What do cranes eat?

These birds are omnivores and equally successfully consume various parts of plants and animal food. The diet of cranes does not depend on the availability of certain food; if the usual food is not available, the birds switch to any food that they can feed on.

The plant diet includes stems, leaves, roots of various aquatic and terrestrial plants, seeds and fruits. Particular preference is given to grain crops. Often large flocks of cranes descend on corn and grain fields, causing serious damage to the land.

Animal food consists of worms and insects, amphibians, small rodents, reptiles, mollusks, crustaceans, and fish.

In places where hunting cranes is prohibited by religion and law, the birds are not afraid of people and willingly feed near settlements and livestock pastures.

Features of reproduction

Cranes are monogamous and remain married throughout their lives. Sexual maturity occurs at the age of 3 - 5 years, and pairs are formed before arriving at the nesting sites.

The union of two birds is celebrated with a mandatory mating ritual, which is called the dance of the cranes. Mutual courtship consists of bouncing, small dashes and bows. The male and female flap their wings, spin, throw twigs and tufts of grass into the air, and all this is accompanied by a drawn-out melodic song. After mating, the pair begins building a nest.

Outside the mating season, cranes are not aggressive, but they jealously guard their nesting territory from strangers, the area of ​​which varies from 1 to 40 km2. For the nest, a secluded, hard-to-reach place is chosen right in the water, in shallow water, often in dense thickets of reeds and reeds.

The finished nest of cranes is a large compacted pile of tree branches, dry grass, pieces of moss and peat, up to 3 m in diameter.

Cranes are clean and carefully care for their feathers, but immediately before incubation they are specially coated with silt and wet earth. If the crane looks downright dirty in the photo, it means the bird is trying to camouflage itself in order to become less noticeable to predators and humans.

The female lays 1 to 3 light beige speckled eggs weighing about 200 g. Both parents incubate, and the incubation period lasts from 28 to 32 days. The chicks are born naked and helpless, but after a day they are already firmly on their feet. In order not to attract enemies, parents often crush and hide the eggshells.

Despite the small number of chicks, competition for survival often leads to the death of the weaker one. The chicks become fully feathered 70 - 75 days after birth and acquire the ability to fly, but they always spend the first winter with their parents.

IN wildlife Cranes live up to 20 years, and in captivity life expectancy increases to 80 years.

Types of cranes: genus true cranes

Of the 10 species of true cranes, most are extremely vulnerable or on the verge of extinction. Therefore, in 1973, America was created International Foundation protection of cranes.

An endangered species of cranes that nest exclusively in northern Russia and winter in China. This large birds, height up to 140 cm and weight from 5 to 8.6 kg. The main color of the plumage is white, only the tips of the flight feathers are black. A distinctive species feature is a very long beak of bright red color with a serrated tip. Long legs Siberian Cranes are colored reddish-pink.

Numerous species, widespread in Russia, China and Mongolia. Adult birds grow up to 115 cm, the body weight of males is about 6 kg. The birds' legs are black, the beak is light. The plumage of the back is dark gray with blue, the belly and wings are light gray, the tips of the wings are black. The forehead and top of the neck from the chin are dark gray or black.

A small, rare species, discovered only in 1974. The birds nest in eastern Russia and northern China, wintering in Japanese island Kyushu. These are relatively small cranes, no more than 100 cm high and weighing about 3.75 g. The main plumage is dark gray with blue, the head and neck are white. The tips of the tail coverts and flight wings are painted black. The limbs are black-brown. The beak is interestingly colored: pink at the base, gradually becoming greenish, and yellow-green towards the tip.

A rare species whose representatives live in the Tibetan Plateau Chinese province Qinghai. For the winter, birds descend into the valleys of Tibet or migrate to Bhutan and northeast India.

The height of the black-necked crane is about 115 cm with a body weight of 5.35 kg. The back and wings of the birds are gray-ashy in color, the belly is dirty white. The upper part of the neck and head are black, a white or grayish spot is clearly visible under the eyes. Legs and tail are black.

Rare cranes belonging to an endangered species. The birds live in Russia in the Amur River basin and in Japan. The Japanese population leads a sedentary lifestyle, the rest of the birds spend the winter in Asia.

These are large cranes, up to 158 cm tall and weighing about 7.5 kg. In autumn, males of the species can gain weight up to 11 kg. Adult birds are distinguished by their snow-white plumage, including their wings, which distinguishes them from other relatives. The birds' legs are lead-gray. The tail and neck are black, and a wide white stripe runs from the eyes to the back of the head and down the neck.

Another name for the birds is the Antigone crane, which is the largest species of crane. Birds live sedentary in India, Indochina and parts of Australia. Average height representatives of the species are 176 cm with a body weight of 6.35 kg.

The plumage color is bluish-gray. In the photo of the Antigone crane, the almost completely bald head and upper part of the neck catches the eye, which makes the red “cap” of the birds seem especially large. Stubborn, coarse hairs grow on the throat and neck. The birds' legs are reddish, the beak is long, pale green. Today, the Indian crane is classified as a vulnerable species.

In appearance it is very similar to the Indian crane, but smaller in size and darker in color. The height of the birds is about 161 cm, body weight reaches 6 kg. The general color of the plumage is gray with blue, only part of the tips of the wing feathers are almost black. Gray, strongly elongated flight feathers cover the tail and form a kind of long train. The birds' legs are black, the beak is gray. This is a numerous species living sedentary in Australia and New Guinea.

These are the rarest cranes, a small population of which lives in northwestern Canada. The birds winter in the southern United States and Mexico.

Birds grow up to 150 cm and weigh from 6.4 to 7.3 kg. These cranes are completely snow-white with black wing tips and black "whiskers" located on either side of the head from the beak to the throat. The birds' legs are black, the beak is pale yellow with a greenish tip.

The most numerous species, representatives of which are widespread in Canada, Cuba and Chukotka. The birds go to Mexico and the USA for the winter.

There are 6 known subspecies of sandhill crane, whose height ranges from 80 to 150 cm and weight from 3 to 6.5 kg. The plumage color of all subspecies is different shades of gray, the head and top of the neck are light, the cheeks are white, and the legs are black.

The birds, classified as endangered species, nest in China, Mongolia and eastern Russia, and winter in Japan.

Large crane, weighing up to 5.6 kg. In adult birds, the plumage is dark gray with a silvery tint to the wings. The main difference between these cranes is the bright red “glasses” around the eyes, formed by areas of bare skin, as well as Pink colour legs and white longitudinal stripes running along the neck.

Types of cranes: genus crowned cranes

The crowned crane lives in Western and East Africa. The number of this species is declining, although it is still quite numerous.

The Eastern crowned crane lives in eastern and southern Africa. This is the most common of the six species of cranes found in Africa.

Types of cranes: demoiselle crane genus

The demoiselle crane is the smallest and third largest member of the crane family.

In this species of cranes, a pair, as a rule, remains intact throughout its life.

The paradise crane or African demoiselle lives in South Africa and leads a sedentary lifestyle. 99% of the paradise crane population lives in South Africa.

Some of the closest relatives of cranes are herons; we have many photos of different types of herons on our website.

There are many things associated with cranes beautiful legends and stories. In Japan, the crane is a symbol of happiness and longevity; the ancient Chinese believed that these birds were messengers of God; in Rus', seeing a crane was considered extraordinary luck and a sign of a rich harvest. In many beliefs, a pair of cranes still represents fidelity, love and happiness. They were embroidered on towels for the wedding day, painted, made into figures and given to loved ones. The Japanese say that if you make a thousand paper cranes, the largest one will be made. cherished dream. How to draw a crane? Varieties of these amazing birds There are quite a few, the most unusual type being the one with a red “cap” on its head. Let's try to draw a crane step by step.

1. Let's show a crane in flight; it is especially beautiful in motion. We draw a flying bird in watercolor, which means we need thick special paper, a pencil for a preliminary sketch and an eraser. You will also need a soft cloth that absorbs water well to remove excess water from the brush. Let's depict the body of the bird as an elongated oval, like a grain. The right wing will visually look larger, because the left one is at an angle to the viewer and appears shorter. Let's draw a curved, graceful neck; it will be approximately equal in size to half of the body. We finish drawing two graceful paws folded in flight.

   

   
   
2. We draw magnificent huge wings and a head. Notice how flat the left wing seems and where it is “attached” to the body - above the middle, closer to the back, at the same angle.

   

   
   
3. Carefully remove the auxiliary lines with an eraser and draw feathers. They will be large and hard around the edges. They seem to fold like a fan and at the highest point of the wing there are the widest and largest feathers, this allows the bird to easily soar in the air. Look at how they are located - the top feather is at an angle of almost 90 degrees, and the lower feathers are turned in the opposite direction and gradually become smaller in size. We mark the border of the bird's colors on the neck and head.

   

   
   
4. Let's start painting with watercolors. Take more water And different shades blue. You can add a little purple and pink. Be careful with warm colors - yellow, ocher, brown - otherwise it may turn out dirty. Put a little paint on the brush, paint in light and transparent layers, add water, but in moderation. The paper will absorb it, mixing all kinds of shades, and you will get wonderful picturesque stains. Where we want to make an accent (and this will be the crane’s head), we add rich paint, highlighting this fragment. Be sure to wait until this layer is completely dry before moving on to the next step.

   

   
   
5. Using a thin brush we paint the neck of the bird, and with a wide brush we add a transparent gray-blue tint to the body of the crane. We will leave the edges of the wings and the back pure white, and do not paint over the paper in these areas at all. Using the same gray-blue paint we will make a shadow on the bird’s abdomen. This layer should also dry well.

   

   
   
6. We add details to the final drawing with a thin brush. In the picture the neck and feathers look black, but in reality the color used is dark gray with a deep blue added. Remember that pure black does not exist in nature; it is obtained by mixing different colors and can have cold and warm shades. Therefore, if you are painting a landscape or an animal, then do not use only black paint, it will not look entirely natural and rough. We draw the bird’s paws, a dark red beak and a bright “cap”. Using a cool shade of gray, in short strokes, draw the feathers on the wings, under the black row. Now move a little away from the drawing and see how it is perceived, is the picture complete? To further highlight the beautiful snow-white wings, you can add a deep blue tint to the area of ​​the sky near the crane's neck.

   

   
   

I.Work on new material.

The main goal of a landscape artist is to convey a sense of the depth of space. The words of the audience: “I want to enter your picture” will be a huge praise. And this is not a miracle; it is enough to know the laws of aerial perspective, which you will learn in this lesson.

1. 
   The air and atmosphere are rarely perfectly transparent. Smoke, dust, and water vapor often create haze. Even on clear days, this haze is clearly visible, the horizon is foggy, and gray and gray-blue tones predominate in the distance. Naturally, main role the weather is playing. This effect is called aerial perspective.

In the foreground, objects seem more contrasting and clear, but with distance they become less clear and completely disappear on the horizon, dissolving in solid blue or gray tones. ( 2 slide)

The shades of colors lose their brightness and turn pale with increasing distance. ( 3 slide)

Warm colors in the foreground are replaced by cool colors in the background. (4 slide)

Look at color scheme paintings " Golden autumn" by artist Levitan. Who remembered a poem that can describe the mood of this picture (5 slide)

In the last lesson, you painted a sunset, where you learned to convey the transitions of color and tone to convey the character of the picture by mixing paints.

Today I propose to depict a sunrise, and at sunrise a flock of cranes. (8 slide)

Cranes are migratory birds. (9 slide)

Look what beautiful, graceful birds they are. (10 slide)

Look carefully and describe the painting “Crane Song” by Jean-Marc Janjaczyk in words.

4. PHYSICAL MINUTE

Are you probably tired? One two three four five,

IV Practical part lesson.

Before execution practical task Let's remember the rules of work:

Where does paint work begin?

What color do we start working with? Why?

Place the album horizontally or vertically (13 slide)

Where does work in landscape begin?

(The teacher performs the task step by step, explaining all the actions out loud.)

The sky is light horizontal strokes. In the morning, the colors of the sunrise are cooler than in the evening.

The surface of the ground - here and there, with vertical strokes, show the delicate grass from under the ground. (14 slide)

Use brown to show the trunks and skeletal branches of the trees. In the distance light color, nearer more saturated.

(15 slide)

At sunrise, a school of cranes flies in the distance or in the foreground. In the foreground you will not be able to see the entire flock, but only a few birds; you depict them close-up. And in the background you can see a flock of birds, depict it smaller.

Using light, quick movements, add soft pink flowers to the tree branches.

What else can be shown in the picture?

Complete your composition yourself

(During practical work the teacher makes targeted rounds):

1) control of workplace organization;

2) monitoring the correct execution of work methods;

3) providing assistance to students experiencing difficulties;

Use color as the main one means of expression in your work.

4) quality control of the work performed.
V. Lesson summary.

1. Exhibition of student works.

2. Final word teachers.

Guys, guess the riddle:

Long-legged, long-necked

Long-billed, gray body.

And the back of the head is bare, red,

Wanders through the dirty swamps.

Catches frogs in them,

Clueless jumpers.

You probably guessed who we will draw today?

Yes, that's right, today we will draw cranes, or rather a flock of cranes.

Look at the screen. (Images of cranes on the screen).

Guys, what can you say about cranes?

Cranes are long-legged, long-necked birds. They settle near wetlands or near bodies of water. They feed mainly on plant foods.

Guys, now let's look carefully at the screen.

Shows images of a flock of cranes at sunrise (perspective).

What do you think all these drawings have in common? What do they have in common?

Well done guys, that's right. And what else?

And also, if you noticed, in these paintings the objects are distant from us. Talented artists They convey the features of natural space with such skill in their works that the viewer seems to be in this space. One of the techniques that allows you to achieve this effect on a plane is called perspective. (Hangs out the word “Perspective” on the board.)

Guys, let's get acquainted with the definition of the word “perspective” in textbooks. Read the definition on page 72 to yourself.

Let's look at a reproduction of a painting by N.K. Roerich “Rostov the Great” on page 73.

How is space conveyed in the reproduction of this painting?

Why are objects, i.e. the towers in the foreground are depicted larger than in the middle and in in the background?

What means of expression did the artist use?

What colors did the artist use?

Consider a reproduction of Alfred Sisley’s painting “Rue de Sèvres at Louveciennes.”

How does this picture make you feel?

How is perspective conveyed in reproductions of this painting?

Here you can clearly see the horizon lines, the vanishing point, the street in perspective, trees, houses in perspective.

Based on everything we have said, I want to tell you the rules of linear perspective (displayed on the slide, the teacher hangs up the “linear perspective” card):

2. All horizontal parallel lines, going into the distance, converge at the vanishing point belonging to the horizon line.

Let's also look at reproductions of perspective paintings.

Shows reproductions of paintings.

In the last lesson, you painted a sunset, where you learned to convey transitions of color and tone, and convey the character of the picture, by mixing paints. Today I propose to depict a sunrise, and at sunrise a flock of cranes.

Are you probably tired?

One two three four five,

Let's start relaxing! (stretched)

The back was cheerfully straightened,

Hands up!

One and two, sit down and stand up,

To rest again.

Bend forward once and twice,

Bend back once and twice.

So we have become stronger, (show strength)

Healthier and more fun!