Ministry of Education and Science of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

KSAOU SPO "Kan Pedagogical College"

Local history.

Decembrists in Siberia

Toolkit

Specialty 050146 – “Teaching in primary school”

Specialty 050144 – “ Preschool education»

Reviewer:, teacher of the highest qualification category, winner of the Federal competition for monetary incentives for the best teachers

Local history. Decembrists in Siberia: methodological manual / author-comp. ; rec. ; KSAOU SPO "Kan Pedagogical College". Kansk, 2012. – 36 p.

This manual presents materials about the activities of the Decembrists in Siberia, in the Kansk district: economic activity, life, features of the material and spiritual culture of the Decembrists. The materials will help college students prepare for lessons, extracurricular activities, extracurricular activities and local history classes.

The methodological manual is intended for specialties 050144 “Preschool education”, 050146 “Teaching in primary grades” in the discipline OGSE. 06 "Local history".

© KSAOU SPO "Kan Pedagogical College"

1. Explanatory note. 4

2. Uprising Road to Siberia. 5

4.1. Dmitry Alexandrovich Shchepin-Rostovsky. 16

4.2. Konstantin Gustavovich Igelstrom.. 18

4.3 Veniamin Nikolaevich Solovyov and Alexander Evtikheevich Mozalevsky 20

4.4. Petr Ivanovich Falenberg. 24

5. Right to memory. 26

6. Questions and assignments on the topic “The Decembrist Uprising”……………………………………………..28

7. Bibliography. thirty

Application. 32

1. Explanatory note

A modern school faces a difficult task - to educate a young person with an active civic position, inextricably linked with the education of love for the Motherland, which includes love for your small homeland, for the place where you live, for the history of your region, for its culture.

Local history, one of the promising areas of teacher work and a need of the time, will help accomplish this task. Addressing this topic is dictated by the changes that are taking place in society. Local history is part of the national-regional component and helps in expanding and updating the content of education.

Local history has long-standing traditions, which are associated primarily with the patriotic desire for a deep, comprehensive knowledge of the material and spiritual riches of the native country.

Gives a lot in the area aesthetic education, is an effective means of introducing students to scientific research, scientific research, bibliographic and textual research, and working with archival documents.

The teacher should strive to ensure that students develop a certain system of knowledge about their native land: about the main stages of its development, distinctive features, about the place and significance in the historical development of our Motherland.

It is impossible to love a country without knowing your small Motherland. It is difficult to protect the present without knowing what price our ancestors paid for it.

The purpose of this teaching aid is to provide information about the Decembrists who served exile in the Yenisei province, to expand ideas about their activities, and to promote the development of interest in studying native land. The Decembrists had a huge influence on public opinion in Siberia and left a deep imprint in the memory of the people.

IN methodological manual The following questions are considered:

Insurrection. Road to Siberia.

Decembrists in the Yenisei province.

Decembrists in Kansky district.

The manual ends with self-test questions that will contribute to a stronger and deeper assimilation of the educational material.

To answer some of them, it is necessary not only to think about what you have read, proposed in the methodological manual, but also to turn to the literature recommended for independent work, go to a museum, look at reproductions in art albums, reread familiar pages of Russian classics, read something for the first time.

The Decembrist Nikolai Basargin said very correctly: “I am sure that the good reputation of us will remain forever throughout Siberia, that many will say heartfelt thanks for the benefit that our stay brought them.”

2.Uprising. Road to Siberia

In the group of Minusinsk district settlements there were Decembrists 3 member of the Northern secret society: naval officers brothers Belyaev, Krivtsov, 4 members of the Southern secret society: brothers Kryukov, Falenberg, Krasnokutsky, 4 members of the secret society of the United Slavs, exiled to Siberia for promoting the ideas of the Decembrists among soldiers and junior officers - Mozalevsky, Frolov, Tyutcheva A., Kireeva.

It is difficult to even list all the scientific and research work in the field of culture and education carried out by these people. For example, the Belyaev brothers, at the request of the residents of Minusinsk, the peasants of nearby villages and some officials, organized the first school in Minusinsk, engaged in farming, and improved the breed of sheep. Based on the drawings of the Decembrist, a participant in a round-the-world expedition led by Bellingshausen, they assembled a mechanical thresher, which was the first experience of agricultural mechanization in the Minusinsk district.

The exiled Decembrists were the first to become seriously interested in the history, geography, ethnography of this region, its folklore, and contributed a significant amount of work to the study of petroglyphs on the banks of the Yenisei.

Admiring the amazing beauty of Siberia and its incalculable riches, they considered this remote outskirts a country of enormous opportunities and predicted grandiose prospects for its development. “Siberia... with an increase in population, with the seeds sown in it, promises... a happy and glorious future,” wrote the Decembrist Rosen.

They all contributed to this. The life and work of the most educated people on the outskirts of the Russian Empire left a deep imprint on public life these places.

Scattered throughout villages and hamlets, the Decembrists did not lose contact with each other and formed settlement colonies or commonwealths, such as Irkutsk, Kurgan, and Tobolsk. Detailed commonwealths allowed the Decembrists not only to provide each other with material support, but at the same time to successfully resist the bureaucracy, create greater opportunities for cultural and political influence on the local population, and gave rise to confidence in the Decembrists themselves in the rightness of their cause, moral and moral fortitude.

The Irkutsk colony was very united. In letters they provided their comrades with information about their friends, their affairs, mood, and health. News received from Siberia or Transbaikalia became the property of everyone... “Letters from you are a common joy here and wherever you send your letter... it is sent, everyone is in a hurry to read it...”

“We communicate your letters to each other, or at least the news conveyed in them,” Volkonsky writes in another letter to his regular addressee.

Family holidays - name days, births of children, engagements, weddings - became common. Grief was also common when death claimed one of the members of the colony. “Every letter is a report on new logic. The memory of the deceased is sacred to us,” Volkonsky writes to Pushchin at the end of 1855.

Speaking about the joys that entered the lives of the exiled Decembrists, it is impossible not to talk about their women.

They, educated, loving art, noble, rich, followed their husbands to Siberia to support their spirit, to share their fate difficult life Siberian penal servitude.

They were the first to go to the distant Siberian wilderness. The third to leave is Alexandra Muravyova, Nikita Muravyov’s wife. She went to Siberia, taking with her Pushkin’s message to the Decembrists, like a life-giving stream into a snowy desert.

A little later, feeling their duty and responsibility, the following people leave the noisy capital cities to join their husbands: Kamilla Ivasheva, Alexandra Davydova, Anna Rosen, Elizaveta Naryshkina, Praskovya Annenkova, Maria Yushnevskaya.

We still bow to the courage of the wives and brides of the Decembrists. Over the course of a century and a half, a lot has been written about them - and not only by ours, but also by foreign writers and scientists.

Most of the Decembrists were still very young, some were only listed as wives. But instead of wedding bells, their life was invaded by the shackled ringing of Siberian mines and casemates. However, crippled life continued to remain life. Time passed and the Decembrists, one after another, began to marry Siberian girls.

We know almost nothing about these women. And in pre-revolutionary literature there would be no need to look for special publications, because even in fragmentary information one can feel the authors’ lordly disdain for “common people.” Such marriages were regarded as a forced necessity, tantamount to hiring a servant or maid.

“In Siberia he married a peasant woman. And neither first nor last name.”

“He had a son from a Buryat woman...” Everything is faceless, decorous, cold. The search continued: archives, manuscripts, meetings with descendants of the Decembrists...

And gradually the images of beautiful women began to emerge, who managed not only to create strong families, but also to bring true happiness to their husbands in a life so different from the previous one.

Mozalevsky and Spiridov plowed and sowed grain themselves. Tyutchev, Kireev, Falenberg and Kryukov married local village girls.

Ideologically convinced, possessing high human qualities, the Decembrists, with their activities, excited the patriarchal life of the then city and village, encouraged everyone honest people to think about social issues, to condemn and even to oppose the essential order. Thus, the Decembrists gave a qualitatively new quality to the simple, eternal moral sympathy for sufferers. social basis. Tirelessly promoting progressive ideals, they did a lot to educate the emerging local intelligentsia of the liberal system.

The Decembrists published one of the first literary magazines in Siberia.

A real cultural center, where for 16 years all the best in the city was drawn, was the house of the Decembrist Vasily Lvovich Davydov.

For his extensive knowledge, he was nicknamed the “box of enlightenment.” Davydov and his wife created a home school, where the children of close friends also went. Her program was distinguished by civic morality and interest in domestic sciences. Later it formed the basis of the program of the first Krasnoyarsk men's gymnasium. Davydov's rich home library essentially became a public city library.

The Decembrists were among the first to study the life of Siberians and local folklore. Popular signs and proverbs of the Yenisei province, collected by G. Peyzin, are known.

The Decembrists played a huge role not only in the history of the development of Siberia, but in all spheres of its life.

6. Questions and assignments on the topic

"Decembrist revolt"

Task No. 1

What do you know about Emperor Alexander I? What reviews of his contemporaries do you know about him? How did you feel about him?

What social forces prevented the liberation of the peasants?

What position did Alexander I take on this issue?

Do you think that Emperor Alexander I could have become an ally of the Decembrists?

Task No. 2

What does the Apostle mean when speaking about the “spirit of the times”, what sources of “revolutionary opinions” in Russia does he consider the most important?

How did the Patriotic War of 1812 and the foreign approach influence the views of the Apostle and his comrades?

Task No. 3

What famous battles of the Patriotic War did you participate in? Which European cities have you visited? What character traits do his awards indicate? How did the Patriotic War and the foreign approach influence his views? What do you think could be the reason for his transfer from the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment to the army? What events took place in St. Petersburg at this time?

Task No. 4

What famous battles of the Patriotic War did you participate in? Which European cities have you visited? What character traits do his awards indicate? How did the command evaluate him? Could Pestel successfully continue his military career?

Task No. 5

What do the biographies of the Apostle and?

Task No. 6

What tactics did the first charter of the secret society provide for? What situation did members of the secret society hope to use to limit autocracy?

Whose experience did the creators of secret societies use? What was the purpose of the Military Society? Why, according to Yakushkin, were secret societies so attractive to the noble youth of that time?

Task No. 7

How was Southern Society formed? What was the original purpose of the Southern Society?

What program document was developed by the “southerners”? When?

Task No. 8

There is information that Pestel was going to present the manuscript of “Russian Truth” to Alexander I and invite him to carry out reforms. Do you think the emperor could accept such an offer?

Task No. 9

Why did some members of the secret society hesitate and doubt the need to speak out?

Task No. 10

After the suppression of the Decembrist uprising, Prince Eugene of Württemberg, nephew of Nicholas 1, listing the mistakes of the rebels, wrote: “But nevertheless, it cannot be admitted that the possibility of carrying out a complete revolution in Russia, thanks to completely exceptional circumstances, depended on one serendipity" What are these exceptional circumstances? What opportunity was missed by the Decembrists in his memoirs?

Nicholas I?

Task No. 11

Wilhelm Karlovich Kuchelbecker, poet, friend from the lyceum, is mentioned in many documents among the participants in the uprising on December 14 . Briefly tell us about it.

Task No. 12

What is called in the manifesto of Nicholas I “the main subject and first goal of the intentions” of the Decembrists? Is this statement true? If yes, to what extent?

In the manifesto, Nicholas I expresses the hope that the sad events that disturbed the peace of Russia have passed, and as WE hope with God’s help, they have passed forever and irrevocably.” We know that despite the suppression of the Decembrist uprising, the revolutionary movement in Russia continued to develop. Why do you think?

Task No. 13

Using the program documents of the Decembrists, try to show whether members of secret societies could solve the main problems of Russia.

7. Bibliography

1. Decembrists in the region // History Krasnoyarsk Territory: Textbook. manual on local history for history teachers - Krasnoyarsk, 1967 - p. 51-52, 57.

2. History of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: Textbook. manual on local history for students in grades 7-8. - Krasnoyarsk, 1981. P. 89-90 ill.

3. History of the Yenisei region: Textbook. manual and materials for extracurricular reading for the course “History of the Native Land” for students secondary school- Krasnoyarsk “Gornitsa”, 1997 - p. 91-94.

4. Kudryavtsev - employees of Siberian newspapers - / In the book. In memory of the Decembrists. (To the 150th anniversary of the uprising) - Irkutsk, 1975 - p. 145-155.

5. Polunina in Irkutsk / In the book. In memory of the Decembrists (to the 150th anniversary of their birth) - Irkutsk, 1975. P. 2-7).

6. Groshev Zh. In word and example: Decembrists in the Yenisei province - Krasnoyarsk: Book. from-in, 1s.

7. Groshev Zh. The right to memory: (Pages of the Siberian life of the Decembrists) // Krasnoyarsk Komsomolets - March 1, 18, 25, 22, 27, 29.

8. Soldiers of Freedom (to the 165th anniversary of the Decembrist uprising) // Power of the Soviets - 1990 No. 000 - December.

9. Kozhevnikov G. Decembrists in our region: (To the 150th anniversary of the Decembrist uprising // Power of the Soviets - December 1, 16, 18.

10. Prokushev. The soul has a high aspiration. Kansk - Krasnoyarsk, 1986. pp. 31-35.

I. Pavlov Yu. Messenger of the rebel regiment // Yenisei - 1985 No. 5 p. 67-72.

12. Pasetsky V. To the benefit of science and the glory of the Fatherland // Science and Life - 1975 - . 72-75: ill.

15. Chesmochakov G. Siberian album of the Davydovs: Notes of a local historian //

Krasnoyarsk worker - March 1. 16. Chesmochakov G. “In the depths of Siberian ores...” // Krasnoyarsk Komsomolets November 1.

DECEMBRISTS IN THE YENISEI PROVINCE

"I am sure that good rumors about us
will remain forever throughout Siberia
that many will say a heartfelt thank you
for the benefit that our stay
delivered to them"
(N. Basargin)

Despite ordeals in Siberia, the Decembrists did not change their ideals and continued to serve the people. Their activities were mainly educational in nature. In the Yenisei province there were 31 people in the settlement. F.P. Shakhovsky, brothers N.S. lived in Krasnoyarsk and surrounding villages. and P.S. Bobrishchevs - Pushkins, S.G. Krasnokutsky, A.N. Ludsky, M.A. Fonvizin, M.F. Mitkov, V.L. Davydov and M.M. Spiridov.
In 1839, Fonvizin and Krasnokutsky were transferred from Krasnoyarsk to Tobolsk. And as if to fill the “vacancy”, the Decembrists Davydov and Spiridov immediately arrived. Colonel, "southerner" V.L. Davydov and the “Slav” - Mayer Mikhail Matveevich Spiridov were initially sentenced to death, then replaced by lifelong hard labor, and after serving 10 years - lifelong exile. This was, out of a “feeling of mercy,” a general amnesty on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the “accession to the throne.” Davydov came to Krasnoyarsk with his wife, his faithful assistant, Alexandra Ivanovna, and their children, born in Siberia. He settled in the house of the merchant Myasnikov and lived there for 10 years until he built himself a mansion on Batalionny Lane. The Decembrists, especially Davydov, managed to stir up Krasnoyarsk. All advanced, progressive thinking people were drawn to the bright light of the Davydovs’ house. Here they found respite from bourgeois gossip and dirty bureaucratic intrigues. Crossing the threshold of this house, people seemed to be entering another world. They were attracted by the surprisingly friendly, comradely atmosphere that reigned in the Davydov family, complete sincerity and mutual understanding. The richest library of the Davydovs became essentially the first public library in Krasnoyarsk. Krasnoyarsk residents called Davydov “the ruler of thoughts,” and the comrade who arrived with him, seemingly quiet and taciturn, but possessing amazing tenacity and extraordinary knowledge, M.M. Spiridov was soon called “the protector and friend of the peasants.” Spiridov fell in love with the small village of Drokino, near the red-headed hill, on the bank of a quiet, bright river - Kaga. To begin with, he took 15 acres. MM. subscribed to new items in agronomy and botany; Based on the drawings received, he made new agricultural implements in local forges and ordered agricultural machines. But the peasants were not vitally interested in raising or developing their economy. The fear of increasing taxes shackled the Siberian free cultivators. Meanwhile, rumors about the unusual Drokino farm spread far beyond the Krasnoyarsk district. More and more often, peasants came from far away to consult, to look at the outlandish mechanisms, about which Spiridov himself said: “unusable here but necessary for loosening and smoothing arable land.” A potato variety bred by the Decembrists, called Spiridovka by the peasants, was widely popular.
M.M. died Spiridov December 26, 1854. According to his will, he was buried in a peasant cemetery in the village of Emelyanovo. V.L. Davydov died on October 25, 1855. The Decembrists who arrived in Krasnoyarsk made a huge contribution to the development of not only Krasnoyarsk, but all of Siberia.

Your path lay into the depths of Siberia...
“The casemate gradually emptied; the prisoners were taken away, at the end of each term, and resettled throughout the vast Siberia. This life without family, without friends, without any society was harder than their initial imprisonment.”
M.N.Volkonskaya
“The Decembrists, despite the most miserable living conditions, often completely terrible, vile, did so much good for Siberia that it itself would not have done in a whole hundred years or more... they explored Siberia in the anthropological, natural, economic, social and ethnographic situation, in a word, they did incomparably more than everything done during this time for people from another Russian region. These people were true benefactors of Siberia both in moral, social, and material terms."
I.G. Pryzhov.
The life path of these people was connected with the Yenisei province (let us recall that in 1822 the West Siberian (center of Tobolsk) and East Siberian (center of Irkutsk) general governorships were created. At the same time, at the suggestion of M. M. Speransky, who carried out audit of Siberian possessions, Emperor Alexander I signed a decree on the formation Yenisei province consisting of five districts: Krasnoyarsk, Yenisei (with the Turukhansk Territory), Achinsk, Minusinsk and Kansk. The city of Krasnoyarsk was approved as the administrative center of the newly formed province).

Baryatinsky A.P. (7.1.1799 - 19.8.1844). He died in the Tobolsk hospital and was buried in the Zavalnoye cemetery.
Belyaev A.P. (1803 - 12/28/1887). He spent the last years of his life in Moscow (he lost his sight) and was buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery. Memoirist.
Belyaev P.P. (1805 - 1864). In 1856 he was released from supervision; subsequently he was the manager of the office of the Caucasus and Mercury shipping company in Saratov, where he died.
Bobrishchev - Pushkin N.S. (21.8.1800 - 13.5.1871). Buried in the village. Pokrovsky-Korostin, Aleksinsky district, Tula province, the grave has not survived.
Bobrishchev - Pushkin P.S. (15.7.1802 - 13.2.1865). He died in Moscow in the house of N.D. Fonvizina - Pushchina. He was buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery.
Igelstrom K.G. (8.5.1799 - 13.11.1851). He died in the military settlement of Kremensky near Taganrog.
Kireev I.V. (31.1.1803 - 20.6.1866). He died in Tula and was buried in the village of Dementeevo.
Krasnokutsky S.G. (1787 or 1788-3.2.1840). He died in Tobolsk and was buried at the Zavalnoye cemetery.
Krivtsov S.I. (1802 - 5.5.1864). He died on his estate. Timofeevsky, Bolkhov district, Oryol province.
Kryukov A.A. (14.1.1793 - 3.8.1866). He spent the last years of his life in Brussels, where he died of cholera.
Mozgan (Mazgana (Mazgan) P.D. (1802 - 11/8/1843). Killed during the capture of the Gergebil fort near Tiflis by the mountaineers.
Petin V.N. (approx. 1801 - 29.6.1852). He died in the village of Petrovka, Kozlovsky district, Tambov province. Soloviev V.N. baron (c. 1798 - 1866 or 1871). Died in Ryazan.
Falenberg P.I. (29.5.1791 - 13.2.1873). He died in Belgorod and was buried in Kharkov. Memoirist.
Fonvizin M.A. (20.8.1787-30.4.1854). Arrived in Moscow - May 11, 1853, sent with the gendarme to Maryino. He died in Maryino and was buried in Bronnitsy near the city cathedral. Memoirist and publicist. Scientific works of M.A. Fonvizin: “On the serfdom of farmers in Russia”, “Review on the history of philosophical systems”, etc.
Frolov A.F. (24.8.1804-6.5.1885). In 1879 he moved to Moscow, where he died, three years before his death, struck by a nervous attack. He was buried at the Vagankovskoye cemetery. Memoirist.
Shakhovskoy Fedor Petrovich (12.3.1796-22.5.1829). He died in a monastery in Suzdal. Author of notes about the Turukhansk region.
Shchepin-Rostovsky D.A. (1798-22.10.1858) / Died in the city of Shuya, Vladimir province.

They remained forever in the Yenisei province.

Avramov Ivan Borisovich(1802 - 17.9.1840) - in 1828 it was turned into a settlement in the city of Turukhansk, Yenisei province. According to a petition submitted together with N.F. Lisovsky on October 24, 1831, they were given the highest permission to engage in trade in the Turukhansk region and travel to buy bread and other supplies to Yeniseisk. He died in the village of Osinovo, Antsyferova volost, while traveling from Turukhansk to Yeniseisk on a ship with fish and various goods.

Arbuzov Anton Petrovich(1797 or 1798 - January 1843) - At the end of his term of hard labor, he was in a settlement in the remote village of Nazarovskoye, formerly. Achinsk district of the Yenisei province. Trained in the casemate by N. A. Bestuzhev in metalworking skills, he could not apply it to anything. Settled far from his comrades, he did not have the opportunity to receive from them the help that was usual in prison. Forgotten by his brother, the Tikhvin landowner E.P. Arbuzov, he was forced to support his existence by catching and selling fish. His plight was the cause of his death.

Davydov Vasily Lvovich(28.3.1793 - 25.10.1855) - At the end of his term, by decree of 10.7.1839 he was sent to settle in Krasnoyarsk, where he died.

Kryukov Nikolay Alexandrovich(1800 - 30.5.1854) - Died in Minusinsk, the grave has not survived. Wife (civilian since 1842, married 11/9/1853) - Marfa Dmitrievna Sailotova (née Chotushkina, ca. 1811 - 2/15/1868), daughter of a Khakass and a Russian peasant woman (before that she was a cook for the Decembrists Belyaev brothers). Sons (carried the surname Sailotov and were assigned to the Sagai Steppe Duma): Ivan (1843 - 1865), a student at Moscow University, and Timofey (4.5.1845 - 31.3.1918), teacher, honorary citizen of Minusinsk, at the end of the 19th century. unsuccessfully petitioned to restore his father's surname. N.A. Kryukov was also raising two sons of his wife from his first marriage - Mikhail (b. 1831) and Vasily Alekseevich Sailotov.

Lisovsky Nikolai Fedorovich(May 1802 - January 6, 1844) - At the end of his term in April 1828 he was sent to settle in the city of Turukhansk. He and I.B. Avramov were given the highest permission to engage in trade in the Turukhansk region and travel to Yeniseisk to buy bread and other supplies - 10/24/1831. In the 1840s, he was in Turukhansk the attorney for drinking taxes of the tax farmer N. Myasoedov. Died suddenly for an unknown reason, being trade affairs on Tolstoy Nos on the Yenisei (downstream about 1 thousand versts from Turukhansk). To his property to compensate for the alleged shortage of government wine in the amount of 10 thousand rubles. sequestration was imposed. Wife (from March 1833) - daughter of Turukhansk archpriest Platonida Alekseevna Petrova; children: Nadezhda (in 1847 enrolled in a syrup institution in Irkutsk), Vladimir and Alexey (in 1847 placed in a boarding school at the Irkutsk provincial gymnasium).

Mitkov Mikhail Fotievich(1791 - 10/23/1849) - 1835 appointed to settle in the village. Olkhinskoye, Irkutsk district, but due to consumption he was temporarily left in Irkutsk; on the proposal of the Governor General of Eastern Siberia S.B. Bronevsky, he was allowed to be sent to Krasnoyarsk - 11/17/1836, where he died. He was buried in the former Trinity Cemetery, the grave was lost, and in 1980 a monument was erected at the supposed burial site.
Siberian letters of the Decembrist M.F. Mitkov
There is not yet a single serious work about Mikhail Fotievich Mitkov; memoirs and epistolary literature are not replete with mentions of him. Meanwhile, Mitkov’s conviction under the second category, almost a year and a half of detention in the fortresses of Sveaborg, Svardgol, Kexgolm indicate that he was not an ordinary Decembrist. Totally agree Lately New materials about him began to be found in the literature. The greater the value for the future researcher of the thoughts, views, life of this person - the person great culture, deep honesty, strict rules and immense courage - his letters from Siberia deserve.
Mikhail Fotievich Mitkov, colonel of the Life Guards of the Finnish Regiment, a prominent member of the Northern Society of Decembrists, was born in 1791 in the family of a major and court councilor.
In 1806, Mitkov was released as an ensign from the second cadet corps and assigned to the Finnish regiment, in which he served until the day of his arrest in December 1825. Mitkov was a brave officer, a participant in many battles, had three military orders and medals, and for the Battle of Borodino - a golden weapon with the inscription “For Bravery.” With the regiment he reached Paris. At the age of 27 he is promoted to colonel. The regiment returned from a foreign campaign in June 1814. Mitkov was one of the leading, highly educated and well-read officers, he knew languages, and during his stay abroad he studied advanced social teachings and political systems of a number of countries. His judgments were consistent and bold. He is a supporter of the establishment of a republic, the abolition of serfdom and the reduction of the length of military service. And it was quite natural that Mitkov took the path liberation movement. IN secret society he joined in 1821: “It was during Lent. As much as I can remember as follows. He (N. Turgenev) came to me (Mitkov lived on Vasilyevsky Island) and made me an offer to join the society, saying that I would find good people. When I gave him my consent, he demanded that I first give him a receipt..."
Mitkov was not only prepared for the Society with a “free way of thinking,” but also became an active member of it, being a participant in many meetings of the Society in 1821, 1823, 1824. In 1824, in Ryleev’s apartment, he met Postel, who had arrived from the south. Mitkov belonged to the most radical wing of the Northern Society. In October 1823, he was introduced to the Supreme Duma of the Society and called for agitation among the peasants, citing his experience of conversations with them in the village. In the same year, the Charter of the Society, “rules for all members of the Society,” was adopted at Mitkov’s apartment, which became a big event in the history of the Northern Society. Mitkov took an active part in the discussion of the Charter.
In the summer of 1824 he went abroad for treatment and stayed there for almost a year. He spent the second half of 1825 in Moscow, actively working in the Moscow Council of the Society and in developing a plan to help his St. Petersburg comrades, when news arrived of the failure of the uprising on Senate Square.
By the Supreme Criminal Court, Mitkov, among 31 Decembrists, was sentenced to death by “cutting off the head,” which was replaced by Nicholas I with twenty-five years of hard labor, later reduced to 10 years. After a long period of detention in the northern fortresses, he was taken to Chita in 1828, and in 1835 he was taken out to settlement.
Mitkov's letters are kept in the State historical museum named after V.I. Lenin in Moscow. For the first time, the senior researcher of this museum, candidate of historical sciences M. Yu. Baranovskaya, worked with them. She wrote a short article dedicated to Mitkov's letters, but, unfortunately, the death of the author prevented its publication. The article came to me from a close friend of Baranovskaya, a famous Decembrist scholar, great-granddaughter of the Decembrist N. O. Mozgalevsky - Maria Mikhailovna Bogdanova, who now lives in Moscow.
There are few letters, and the more valuable they are to the modern reader.
The first was received from Petrovsk on September 10, 1831, written in French by Trubetskoy’s hand and signed: “E. Trubetskaya, devoted to you.” It was addressed to A. N. Soimonov in Moscow, sent to the addressee through the III department with the accompanying letter:
“The III Department of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery has the honor to forward to His Highness Alexander Nikolaevich a letter from Ekaterina Ivanovna Trubetskoy.
Branch manager A. Mordvinov.
№5638
November 11, 1831
His Highness A.N. Soimonov."
This letter dates back to that period. when the Decembrists imprisoned in Siberian prisons were not allowed to correspond with their relatives, close and friends, therefore E. I. Trubetskaya, having assumed the role of a correspondent for many Decembrists, including M. F. Mitkov, resorted to some veiling of his text, avoids calling specific individuals by name. Here is the text of the letter:
“I have received, dear sir, your letter dated July 11 and the money that you sent me for your nephew, who in turn received letters from you and his cousins.
I cannot tell you how happy he is that you remember him and for the friendship you show him. He is very sincerely attached to you and is imbued with great interest in your whole family and sees great consolation in the fact that he can receive news about you: and he asked me to convey to you his great joy and gratitude.
He thanks his cousins ​​a thousand times for their sincere letters and for the details they describe. He values ​​these letters very much and asks them to continue writing about everything whenever they have a free minute. Your nephew asks you to convey his gratitude for the money you sent him. He asks you to write all the news about his cousin Sergei and convey his deep regards to his aunt. My husband spoke of you very often as a friend of his brother, and he was touched by your attitude towards him. Convey my respects to Mlle Soymanova and your young ladies’ daughters and believe me that I will be happy to give you news about your nephew every time you want.
Please accept, I ask you, dear sir, the assurance of a very sincere feeling of reverence and respect."
In this letter, Trubetskoy writes about Soimonov’s nephew. Who is he? M.Yu. Baranovskaya, examining letters from M.F. Mitkov to his brother Platon and the Soymonovs in Moscow, came to the conclusion that the “nephew” was the Decembrist himself, Mikhail Fotievich Mitkov. The Decembrist’s mother, whom he lost early, was born Soymonova, apparently the sister of Alexander Nikolaevich, whom Mitkov in his letters calls “his most respected uncle.”
The Decembrist's father remarried. It is known that his wife’s name was Praskovya Lukinichna. She was a good, noble person and replaced the Decembrist’s mother, trying in every possible way to alleviate his situation during his imprisonment in the Peter and Paul fortresses and other fortresses.
The ten-year hard labor sentence ended in 1835, and Mitkov was first taken to settle in the village of Olkhinskoye, Irkutsk District, but due to his painful condition (tuberculosis) he was temporarily left for treatment in Irkutsk. And then, on the recommendation of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia S.B. Bronevsky, he was allowed permanent settlement in Krasnoyarsk. From that time on, all of Mitkov’s correspondence was connected with Krasnoyarsk.
Mitkov built himself a house, about which he wrote to his brother Platon Fotievich: “... I love my home shelter.” “... my house is warm, it is not afraid of any frost, it has the necessary amenities for the patient.” Mitkov liked Krasnoyarsk: “It’s good for me to live here,” “just the climate is very harsh, but with all that, it is considered the best of all the provincial cities of Siberia.”
In another letter, he wrote: “...We have an extraordinary winter: at the beginning of November, there were 12 (days) of decent frosts in a row, from 20 to 28 degrees, and since then the weather has been moderate, which has never happened to me: it rarely happens during the day up to 10 degrees, and there is also a slight thaw.
This is good for me, I can use the air, otherwise I would have to sit locked in a room: shortness of breath in the extreme cold does not allow me to go out into the air. It’s a pity that there is still no snow, we have to ride on wheels... I was very sick when I received your letter..."
On July 12, 1845, Mitkov wrote to his brother: “We have a wonderful summer this year, the weather the other month is always wonderful, it rains as much as is needed to freshen the air. The harvest, they say, is quite extraordinary. It’s my pleasure to spend most of the day in my flower garden... If it weren’t for the painful illness, I could call myself happy and satisfied with the situation in which I find myself.”
From the very first days of his settlement in the provincial town, Mitkov gained the respect of the residents, who could not help but appreciate his nobility and integrity.
Decembrist A.E. Rosen mentions in his “notes”: when Mitkov in the Peter and Paul Fortress received a bundle of linen and an English flannel blanket from his house, he asked if all his comrades received books, things, and tobacco from their relatives. “Having heard a negative answer, he tied the knot again and asked to return it, said that he could do without these things. His health was generally upset. This act of him within the fortress walls was consistent with his character, with his rules. I remember when and Previously, at parades and maneuvers, he commanded our battalion, and during a rest or halt they brought large baskets of breakfast to Baron Sarger, then Mitkov refused the treat each time, asking him to excuse him due to ill health, but in reality the reason was that he was not I could share this snack with the whole battalion."
Other contemporaries say about Mitkov that he shared the latter with the poor. All these qualities of the Decembrist earned him universal respect in the settlement.
In Krasnoyarsk, Mitkov laid out a garden at his house and started greenhouses and a vegetable garden, about which he wrote to his brother: “It is my pleasure to spend most of the day in my flower garden, which occupies a space of up to 5 square fathoms.”
In one of the letters, he asked his brother to send flower seeds: “a package of double poppies, double asters.” In another: “Do me a favor, send me some garden seeds: including watermelons, melons, pumpkins, cucumbers, rutabaga, carrots... beans, sugar snap peas, parsley, celery, extragone, zori, dill.”
Mitkov Garden, as well as sundial in the same garden, built by the Decembrist P. S. Bobrishev-Pushkin, who lived in a settlement (in 1832-1839) in Krasnoyarsk, delighted the residents of nearby streets.
Platon Fotievich Mimov, the Decembrist’s brother on his father’s side, loved his older brother very much and sent the exile everything he needed at home for a comfortable existence, as well as clothes and books. At the request of the Decembrist, who treated the entire district. P.F. Mitkov sent medicines and medical supplies from Moscow requested by the settler.
“Do me a favor,” M. F. Mitkov wrote to his brother, “send me the following books. Complete information on the treatment of all diseases of Dr. Lomovsky, second edition. Rural clinic, or “Medical instructions for state peasants.”
The Decembrists passing through Krasnoyarsk visited Mitkov, as A. L. Belyaev mentions in his “Notes”:
“Mikhail Fotievich Mitkov, a most wonderful and at the same time very original person, lived as a perfect philosopher. He had a nice small apartment, which was kept in the most pedantic cleanliness... It was literally impossible to find a speck of dust here. He had a large library. Reading was his passion..."
Mitkov read a lot. In his letters to his brother, he kept asking for books to be sent to him. From him M.F. Mitkov received all Moscow newspapers and magazines. Mitkov followed the cultural life of Moscow, the new trend in literature, which bookstores sold this or that book. My brother always sent the books he asked for.
“Do me a favor,” writes Mitkov, “subscribe for me to the History of the Russian State (attack) N. M. Karamzin.”
“Pushkin’s stories have come out,” Mitkov asks his brother, “you won’t find a superfluous word in them, conciseness, simplicity in everything, elegance. There was a time when our critics reproached Pushkin for his simplicity of style, and G. Thiers, the famous historian, boasts of this.” .
Expressing gratitude to his brother for the books and glasses he sent, Mitkov asks to send him newly published works by Lermontov.
Having learned from Moscow newspapers about the publication of new poems by V. A. Zhukovsky, Myatkov asks his brother to send them to him and indicates; "On sale at the Moskvityanina bookstore, 10, on Tverskaya."
In one of his letters to Platon Fotievich, Mitkov asks him to send Gogol’s “Selected Passages from Correspondence with Friends.”
It is known that all of advanced reading Russia greeted this book by Gogol with anger and reproach towards the great writer.
Did Mitkov familiarize himself with the statements of the great democrat V. G. Belinsky regarding “Correspondence with Friends” in his famous letter to Gogol? No answer has yet been found to these questions.
A person like the Decembrist M. F. Mitkov could not have approved of Gogol’s “Correspondence,” but it is very likely that, out of caution, he did not trust his thoughts to letters.
“I live here peacefully,” Mitkov writes in another letter to his brother, “and despite my painful attacks that force me to do housework, I don’t get bored. Reading and housekeeping classes are interrupted by a pleasant conversation with my comrades (Decembrists V.L. Davydov and M . M. Spiridonov - M. B.) and others educated people, who are here."
In the first time after his settlement, Mitkov wrote to his brother about worthy people of Krasnoyarsk who became close to him and visited his house.
In another letter he wrote: “The gold industry has attracted several people to this region, educated and learned people with whom one can have a pleasant conversation, so in winter time When health allows, you can have pleasant entertainment..."
However, soon the predatory gold miners from local residents and those visiting the Yenisei province arouse Mitkov’s indignation, about which he writes to his brother: “Gold mines have changed life here a lot. Five years ago, not only was there not a single rich person in Krasnoyarsk, but even moderate fortune, and now several millionaires who have several hundred thousand, up to a million or more annual income, and all the people themselves are mostly meaningless, rude, without any education, waste money, drink champagne like water - in they don’t know all the luxury, the conveniences of life; and nothing has been done for the public good: a hospital, an almshouse, a mental hospital, everything is in the most pitiful state. Some of these rich people were unknown to anyone when they had almost no wealth. the increasing demand of workers for gold mines, which is disproportionate to the population of the region, is becoming more expensive every year.”
He was outraged by this rude, predatory company of gold miners, who indulged in revelry and debauchery, and did nothing for the public and the improvement of the city. Undoubtedly, some of those whom Mitkov had previously hosted became involved in revelry with unworthy people, lost their moral character and were chasing only profit. Of course, such a principled person as Mitkov could no longer have anything in common with them. He wrote to his brother: “Before, it used to be that once a week in the evening my friends (whom you can imagine, the number is very limited), I can’t receive now?”
The disease gradually did its destructive work. Mitkov often wrote to his brother about this: “I was already thin, and now I’ve lost even more weight and become so weak that when I sit for a while doing something and suddenly get up, I feel dizzy... My health is almost in the same situation, as it was, I was treated a lot, patiently, did not allow myself the slightest deviation from the doctor’s instructions, but there was not a single good doctor here. The severity of the climate also has an effect on me, but there is nothing to do - you won’t find a better one in Siberia.. "
In the last years of his life, complaints about his suffering are increasingly found in Mitkov’s letters to his brother. Mitkov was treated by Krasnoyarsk doctor Egor Ivanovich Betiger. Mitkov wrote to his brother: “It seems to me that I have become even more sensitive to the participation, affection and love that they show me. It has now been more than a year that I have been constantly ill and have no rest.”
At the same time as Mitkov, the Decembrist Vasily Lvovich Davydov lived in a settlement in Krasnoyarsk. Mitkov was very close to him and his family, about which he wrote to his brother: ... it is known from my letters what friendly relations I have with the family of Vasily Lvovich Davydov... I am like family to them... except for sincere affection, We became spiritually related, one of his daughters is my goddaughter, a dear child. I love her very much, and she loves me, as soon as she sees that I have arrived, she shouts: “Dad, my godfather has arrived,” and runs to meet me.”
This girl, the daughter of V.L. Davydov, was called Sophia, and Mitkov took care of her, which was a joy in his lonely life.
“I’ll tell you about my life, my dear friend,” Mitkov wrote in one of his last letters to his brother, “that, despite my painful condition, my reclusive life is not a burden to me. With the exception of my good comrade Vasily Lvovich Davydov , who visits me almost every day, when there are no sick people in his family, my acquaintances rarely visit me, and besides, painful attacks often prevent me from receiving even such people who, you know, really take part. Being always busy, I don’t know about boredom. , and when the pain subsides, I don’t see how time passes. If sometimes it’s sad, it’s due to a serious illness..."
During the nine years of graying in Krasnoyarsk, from January 1, 1838, Mitkov regularly, day after day, kept careful meteorological observations and records.
"Observations included measurements of temperature and air pressure (in inches), air temperature in the room where the barometer was installed, characteristics of the sky, for which 35 symbols. First of all, it was marked with signs: clear, cloudy, cloudy. Particular attention is paid to records of the nature of clouds (scattered clouds, clouds on the horizon, thin clouds thin clouds near the horizon, local clouds, cirrus, cumulus, cirrocumulus, stratus, stratocumulus, cirrostratus, nimbus). There was fog and thick fog, rain, heavy rain, torrential rain, drizzling rain and hail, snow, snow, small and large, blizzard, lightning and lightning, thunder, thunder and lightning, blizzard (quiet) and wind...
The notes for each month provided additional visual characteristics of the weather for individual days, which included data on the opening and freezing of the Yenisei, as well as details on precipitation and frost.
His observations became the property of world geophysics. Apparently, they were started by Mitkov at the request of Academician Kupfer (director of the Main Physical Observatory), who did a lot for their publication and use by science. Mitkov was equipped with the best meteorological instruments, verified with the exemplary instruments of the Normal Observatory.
Two years before his death, Mitkov abandoned his observations, since illness did not give him the opportunity to continue these studies.
In 1843, Ernest Karlovich Hoffman (1801-1871), a professor at St. Petersburg University, visited Krasnoyarsk, as Mitkov wrote to his brother, for geological observations. “And he, leaving here, was so kind that he undertook to personally deliver my letter to you. You can ask him about me, he, in his good nature and straightforwardness, will tell you what he knows. Science did not suppress his love for humanity, but developed and strengthened It's a sublime feeling."
Undoubtedly, E.K. Hoffman, upon returning to St. Petersburg, handed over Mitkov’s meteorological records to the scientists of the Main Physical Observatory, and they were included, like the works of other Decembrists, in the climatological atlas published by the director of the Main Physical Observatory, Wild, in 1881.
While settling in Krasnoyarsk, Mitkov lived with memories of Moscow. “We believe,” writes M.Yu. Baranovskaya, “that the Soymonovs’ house was his home, as well as his uncle’s estate near Moscow - the village of Teploye, Serpukhov district - now a district. Soymonov’s daughter, Susanna Alexandrovna, in her marriage to Mertvago, left sketches of this a beautiful area where artists and musicians visited in the summer and where the future Decembrist lived."
Mitkov's letters to his brother are permeated with thoughts about Moscow. He writes about his brothers, Soimonov and his family: “All my relatives are in Moscow and its environs... I would really like to have your portraits. On my bureau, where I always sit, there are 4 portraits of the family of my venerable uncle Al (exander) N (ikolaevich). Yours are missing for my heartfelt memories."
Having received daguerreotype portraits from his brother - his brother, his wife and children - and adding them to Soimonov’s, Mitkov writes: “They gave me inexplicable pleasure.
The last two years of Mitkov's life were painfully difficult. The remarkable Moscow doctor F.I. Inozemtsev, shortly before the Decembrist’s death, began treating him in absentia. “The instruction you sent from Dr. Inozemtsev,” Mitkov wrote to his brother about my illness, pleased me with the hope that perhaps the proposed treatment would ease my painful attacks.” But it was already too late. Warmed the whole being of his dying brother's letters from his dear Moscow.
Letters from Platon Fotievich to his brother, correspondence between Mitkov and Soimonov and his family are unknown. In their letters we could meet interesting information about Moscow and Siberia of that time. In Krasnoyarsk, Mitkov lived with memories of Moscow, which he loved so much. Platon Fotievich, when his wife, Maria Klavdievna, died, sent his brother the “Panorama of Moscow” that belonged to her, which evoked grateful lines from the exiles: “Thank you, dear brother, Platon Fotievich, for the “Panorama of Moscow” that belonged to your unforgettable friend.”
On October 23, 1849, Mitkov died. He was buried in the city cemetery. A monument was erected at the grave - a column on a stylobate, crossed with rustication, topped with an urn with a cross. Exactly 6 years later, his former prisoner and comrade V.L. Davydov was buried next to Mitkov. The monument at the latter’s grave has been preserved, but Mitkov’s monument was stolen. In 1937, a photograph was sent from Siberia to the Literary Museum (Moscow) depicting monuments on the graves of M. F. Mitkov and V. L. Davydov in Krasnoyarsk.

A committee consisting of I. I. Pushchin, V. L. Davydov and M. I. Spiridonov, having received permission from the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia N. N. Muravyov-Amursky, sold M. F. Mitkov’s house and other property, drew up a statement of the proceeds and distributed them to poor Decembrists living in various places in Siberia. Appearance Mitkov's house in Krasnoyarsk is unknown.
Georgy Chernov
Research activities of M.F. Mitkov in Krasnoyarsk.
An important contribution to meteorology was ten years of observations carried out by a prominent member of the Northern Society, Mikhail Fotievich Mitkov, who was in a settlement in Krasnoyarsk.
He was one of the most educated Decembrists. His interests were varied: he was interested in languages, mathematics, history, geography, and drawing. Arriving in Krasnoyarsk in 1836 after serving hard labor, the Decembrist took up floriculture and read a lot. His distinctive qualities were discipline, precision, and strict adherence to principles. According to I. I. Pushchin, who visited Mitkov in Krasnoyarsk, he had “everything on time and everything was in order.” He did not deviate from his rules even then, then serious illness- a consequence of ten years in prison and hard labor - chained him to bed.
Despite his progressive consumption, he found the strength and determination to once again serve his fatherland, now in the field of science. For ten years, continuously, with exceptional accuracy, he conducted meteorological observations. According to experts, during this period Mitkov completed the same amount of measurements as a station consisting of four people carries out today.
It is difficult to say with certainty what prompted the sick Decembrist to take on this painstaking and difficult work, but many facts indicate that it was started by Mitkov at the request of Academician Kupfer. At least, the measurements were carried out according to Kupffer’s “Guide to Making Meteorological Observations.” It is also known that the scientist received Mitkov’s notes, processed them and prepared them for publication.
The records of M. F. Mntkov were transferred from the archives of the Main Geophysical Observatory of the country to the Krasnoyarsk Koshevoe Directorate of the Hydrometeorological Service, and in 1986 they became the property of our local history museum.
The Decembrist's entries were made in a lined journal measuring 22x36.5 cm and containing 150 sheets. Each sheet is divided into vertical columns corresponding to the time and type of observation, from January 1, 1838 to December 31, 1847.
Observations included measurements of air temperature, atmospheric pressure (in inches), temperature in the room where the barometer was installed, and characteristics of the sky. At the beginning (until February 6, 1838). observations were carried out 3 times a day: at 9 o'clock in the morning, 4 o'clock in the afternoon and at 9 o'clock in the evening, then another period was added - 7 o'clock in the morning. In certain periods, the dates were shifted by 1 hour forward or backward: 6 o'clock and 10 o'clock in the morning and 10 o'clock in the evening. Dates were given in the new style, column headings were given in German, and individual verbal entries were in two languages: Russian and French, which corresponded to the norms of scientific records of that time.
Analysis of observations made it possible to establish that the air temperature outside was measured using a Reaumur thermometer, that the thermometer was alcohol (Kupfer in his “Manual” recommended using alcohol thermometers at temperatures below 30 degrees, when mercury freezes). The tables also show that Mitkov measured atmospheric pressure and temperature in the room with a mercury barometer equipped with a thermometer (observatories of that time used Kupffer siphon mercury barometers). Mitkov's records also indicate that he used precision instruments, verified with exemplary instruments of the main Russian (normal) observatory.
The state of the sky was marked with the letters: I, P, O, S, D, etc. (clear, cloudy, cloudy, snow, rain...). After 1842, cloud forms are sometimes given: scattered clouds, clouds on the horizon, thin clouds, porous clouds, stratocumulus, etc. Mitkov sometimes pointed out the intensity of the phenomenon: dense fog, pouring rain, light snow. A combination of phenomena was also recorded: thunder with lightning, thunder without rain, storm with rain.
It can be stated that Mitkov noted basically all the phenomena that are observed according to modern manuals. Some of these phenomena were not indicated even in Kupfer’s “Manual”: lightning, frost, hail, blizzard, blizzard.
In addition to the columns in which these observations were recorded, the journal has one more, last, column for notes. In it, Mitkov placed data on observations between the main periods, most often at night. For example: “It rained at night.”
The notes for each month provided additional visual characteristics of the weather for individual days. There is, for example, data on the opening and freezing of the Yenisei. This was also provided for by the “Guide”: “In cities washed by large rivers, the day the river breaks up and freezes is noticed.”
The observations of M.F. Mitkov were of great value for the science of the last century. At a time when the vast expanses of Russia, especially its eastern regions, were blank spots, when a network of geophysical observatories had not yet been created, each long-term series of observations had the price of discovery.
That is why the works of three Siberian Decembrist meteorologists (L.I. Borisov, M.F. Mntkov and A.I. Yakubovich) were transferred to the Main Physical Observatory and preserved for posterity.
Mntkov's observations were given special honor. In 1866, they saw the light of day in the appendix (“addendum”) to the “Code of observations made at the Main Physical Observatories and its subordinate observatories for 1861.” On title page Application inscription in Russian and French:
Additions
Meteorological observations,
produced in
Krasnoyarsk
from 1838 to 1847 inclusive according to the new style
(Latitude 56°1", longitude 90°34" from Paris)
The observations were made by Mr. MITKOV.
It should be noted that only particularly valuable meteorological observational data, subjected to careful selection, were published in the “Appendices” to the “Code”. Thus, out of 263 stations that existed in Russia, only 47 stations made observations suitable for publication; in 1864, the number of such stations was reduced to 24. Mitkov’s observations were also placed next to the data from these stations.
The Decembrist's measurements were used in the works of outstanding climate scientists and meteorologists. The founder of Russian climatology A.I. Voeikov, more than any other Russian scientist, used the observations of the Decembrists, including Mitkov. These observations were included in his most famous works. For example, in the famous study "Climates globe and especially Russia." Thus, the conclusion that in winter there is usually no snow in Krasnoyarsk and its environs was made mainly based on Mntkov’s observations.
The data from the Decembrist's observations were analyzed in the major work of Academician G.I. Wild "On Air Temperature in the Russian Empire", and they were ranked among the best meteorological measurements in Russia in terms of quality and completeness.
Mitkov’s measurements were also included in the work of academician M. A. Rykachev “The opening and freezing of waters in the Russian Empire”; they were used in the “Climatological Atlas of the Russian Empire”, published in 1899, and in the multi-volume work “Climate of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics” ( Leningrad, 1931), which, in particular, shows the average monthly temperatures in Krasnoyarsk for the years when Mitkov lived here.
Thus, the observations of the Decembrist were included in the works that make up the golden fund of meteorological science.
The meteorological journal of M. F. Mitkov will provide the staff of the local history museum with significant assistance in creating a museum of the Decembrists. Firstly, he himself will be among the most significant exhibits of the museum, and secondly, with his help it will be possible to find and purchase meteorological instruments for the museum’s collection, similar to those used by the Decembrist researcher Mikhail Fotievich Mitkov.
V. S. PLEKHOV

Tsaregorodtsev Ivan,

Kansk Technological College

The flower of everything that was educated and truly noble in Russia was sent in chains to hard labor in an almost uninhabited part of Siberia. As A.S. Pushkin wrote, “the hanged are hanged, but the hard labor of 120 friends, brothers, comrades is terrible.”

The history of Siberia in the first half of the 19th century is closely connected with the history of Decembrism. The Decembrists were the founders of an open revolutionary struggle against the feudal-serf system; Grigory Batenkov in his testimony called December 14 “the first experience of a political revolution in Russia, an experience venerable in everyday life and in the eyes of other enlightened peoples.” The experience was...: 5 were hanged, 120 were sentenced to exile to hard labor for a period of 2 to 20 years, followed by settlement in Siberia, or to indefinite exile to a settlement, to demotion to the ranks of soldiers.

Many thought that they were not taking them to Siberia, but to prison fortresses. Siberia is remote and scary, but still no more terrible than the stone casemates of Petropavlovsk or Shlisselburg.

On the night of July 21 and 23, 1826, the first two parties (8 people) were sentenced to be sent to Siberia, they were taken from the Peter and Paul Fortress to Siberia. They made their way to Irkutsk in the “leg glands”. A gendarme was sitting in the cart. “We galloped day and night,” recalls Baron Andrei Rosen, “it was awkward to doze off in the sleigh; it was uneasy to spend the night in shackles and clothes. Therefore, we dozed at the stations for several minutes during re-harness: Kostroma, Vyatka, Perm, Yekaterinburg, Tyumen, Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kansk, Irkutsk... 9 cities at a distance of 3000 miles.” The road to Siberia showed the Decembrists the deep sympathy of the population. And not only simple people, but even many Siberian governors and officials tried to show them signs of attention in any way, Nikolai Basargin long years he was saving a coin given to him on the road by a poor old woman.

“The further we moved into Siberia, the more she won in my eyes. The common people seemed to me much freer, smarter, and even more educated than our Russian peasants, especially the landowners. He understood human dignity more, we value our rights more..."

At first they wanted to scatter the Decembrists throughout Siberia, but then, in order to have complete control over everyone, place them nearby: Nerchinsk, Blagodatsky mine, Petrovsky plant... All the years they lived in a prison “dark and dirty, stinking hard labor, eaten by all types of insects” - This is what Princess Maria Volkonskaya wrote. They worked in the mines from 5 a.m. to 11 p.m. The norm is at least 3 pounds of ore, carried on a stretcher. The head of the Nerchinsky mine, Burnashev, was very sorry that the instructions for keeping convicts mentioned caring for the health of the Decembrists. “Without this squiggle, I would have put everyone out of business in 2 months.” They worked in leg and hand shackles. Convicts were paid 6 kopecks. per day and 2 pounds of flour per month. The most prominent participants in the uprising were sentenced to hard labor. The remaining convicts of categories 6-8 were sentenced to settlement in sparsely populated areas of Western and Eastern Siberia. There were 11 categories in total. They lived very poorly, not everyone had rich relatives. Later they were given a salary for the maintenance of a soldier - 4 rubles 35 kopecks. silver per month, and even later they allocated 15 acres of land. It was not for nothing that there were those who went crazy (that’s 5 people) and died in the prime of life at the age of 29-35 years (12 people).

While still in prison and the mines, they outlined a number of programmatic demands in the struggle for the rise of culture and education in Siberia:

creating a wide network primary schools through voluntary donations from the local population;

officially granting exiles the right to educate their children;

increasing the number of secondary educational institutions;

provision of government support in universities of the capital for graduates of Siberian gymnasiums;

the creation of a special class at the Irkutsk gymnasium to train people for service in Siberia;

opening of the Siberian University;

The Decembrists believed that agriculture was the main source of prosperity and national wealth, foreign trade. Therefore, we developed the following software requirements:

shift the burden of taxes from poor peasants to wealthy ones;

sell state-owned lands into private hands;

organize model farms;

open agricultural schools and generalize best practices in agricultural technology;

provide economic assistance to peasants in starting a farm through the opening of peasant banks in each volost.

Industry Development Program:

meet Russian society and Siberians with the enormous natural wealth of the region, attract capital from Russian and Siberian merchants to develop the wealth;

allow and encourage the formation of commercial and industrial companies;

prepare and attract educated people capable of applying and disseminating the achievements of science and technology to the development of the region’s wealth.

The proposals of the Decembrists to promote the development of trade in Siberia are interesting:

start a merchant fleet Pacific Ocean, open new routes of communication along the system of Siberian and Russian rivers;

build railway from Perm to Tyumen and country roads connecting the cities of Western and Eastern Siberia;

open commercial schools.

Political demands of the Decembrists:

the destruction of serfdom and colonial oppression in Siberia;

providing Siberia with freedom and self-government;

transformation of the administrative apparatus of management;

reorganization of the court.

Over the years, the life of the prisoners acquired a certain stability: the Decembrists, educated and extraordinary people, began to share knowledge with each other, began to study languages, created small instrumental ensembles, and took up gardening, which greatly diversified their meager table. “The real field of life began with our entry into Siberia, where we are called to serve by word and example the cause to which we have dedicated ourselves,” wrote Mikhail Lunin.

“In the prison, everything was common - things, books, but it was very crowded: there was no more than an arshin distance between the beds: the clanking of chains, the noise of conversations and songs... The prison was dark, with windows near the ceiling, like in a stable,” wrote Maria Volkonskaya. “In the summer we dig the ground, level the roads, fill up the ravines, and in the winter we grind flour by hand using millstones. We live among ourselves like brothers. Everything is common, nothing is our own,” wrote Kornilovich. “We all wore our own clothes and underwear; the haves bought them and shared them with the have-nots. They did everything decisively among themselves: both grief and penny. We sewed everything ourselves: shoes, clothes, caps.” (A. Rosen.)

The Decembrists created an artel, where they contributed money for common food, and this equalized those who received financial assistance from relatives with those who had nothing. Those who completed their term of hard labor and began exile were given an allowance from the artel sums, which alleviated difficulties on the way and made it possible at first to settle down and acquire the most necessary things.

In 1832, the Decembrists, convicted of category 8, were given the opportunity to leave prison; they were now sent to a settlement. Then those who were convicted of categories 7, 6, and 5 set off. The prison casemates gradually emptied, the prisoners were resettled throughout the vast Siberia. They now faced lifelong exile in the remote outskirts of the country. In July 1839, the last Decembrists, those who were convicted under the first category, left prison. Three dozen carts, carts, wagons set off through forests, mountains, rivers - each had their own lot, their own destiny. Began new stage lives of heroes of Russia - settlement. It became quiet in the cells, the dust settled on the road. The Decembrists set off on a journey towards the unknown, towards new trials prepared for them.

Decembrist Nikolai Basargin wrote: “We can positively say that our long-term stay in different places in Siberia brought several new and useful ideas into the public eye regarding the moral education of Siberian residents.”

“The last act of our drama has already begun and is being torn apart…”, this is how the Decembrists wrote about the beginning of the move to the settlement. In the Yenisei province there were 31 people in exile. 5 Decembrists were assigned to the Kansky district of the Yenisei province:

In the village of Taseevskoye - Igelstrom Konstantinovich Gustavovich (Evstafievich) (1799-1851), captain, commander of the 1st company of the Lithuanian Pioneer Battalion stationed in the city of Bialystok. Born May 6, 1799 in Shumsk, Volyn province, on the Victorino estate, which belonged to father Gustav Gustavovich. The Decembrist graduated from the 2nd Cadet Corps. A very educated person: he knew German, French, Polish languages. He was interested in history, geography, algebra, geometry. 10 days after the uprising in St. Petersburg, his soldiers refused to swear allegiance to the new Emperor Nicholas I, Captain Igelstrom led his company away shouting “Hurray,” breaking the whole ceremony. Nicholas I wrote on his deed: “To be hanged.” The death penalty was replaced by hard labor. He was not a member of the Decembrist society, but shared their views, therefore, when he was arrested, he was sentenced to hanging, then the sentence was replaced by hard labor and exile for 10 years, followed by settlement in Siberia. They were transported to Tobolsk on horseback and then on foot. He walked from Tobolsk to Irkutsk together with a party of convicts, and was in the Nerchinsk penal servitude (1827-1832) for exactly 5 years. At hard labor he practiced practical medicine. He played the flute beautifully. Forgotten by his relatives, he was in great need of a settlement, so he wrote a request to be sent to the active army in the Caucasus and his request was finally granted: after spending 4 years in Taseevsky, in 1836 he became a private in the Caucasian separate corps. For his bravery he was even promoted to ensign, but due to injury he retired in 1843. He lives on a pension in Ukraine - in the city of Taganrog (military settlement Kamenskoye), works at customs. He was a wonderful musician. After hard labor and exile, he married in the Caucasus in 1842. in polka Bertha Borisovna Elzingek. In 1843 retired.

From Igelstrom’s letter to the Decembrist Kryukov:

“Now I’ll say something about my place of residence. Taseevskoye lies 179 versts directly north of Kansk on the Usolka River. It is surrounded on all sides by forest. It has 250 houses, a volost administration, a stone church, two shops, a salt exhibition, and two taverns. The main industry of the local residents is arable farming and squirrel hunting, which is bought locally by Yenisei merchants. Women weave linen and peasant cloth. Their main characteristic feature is drunkenness and laziness, this latter is so deeply rooted that some of the residents buy fathoms of firewood for a ruble, whereas no more than a mile from their houses they could chop several thousand fathoms of firewood. Think about the climate: yesterday everyone was riding sleighs here. In the summer there are so many midges that you can’t go outside without a net, but the location is unusually beautiful. The prices of food supplies are incomparable. Imagine that while bread is sold at 25 kopecks per pound, for 100 potatoes they pay 60 kopecks, for a pound of beef they pay 3.5 and 4 rubles, and a calf, which contains more than 1 pound, can be bought for 2 rubles with skin. They demand from me that I plow the land. I spent 10 years in the cadet corps, 10 years in military service, 7 years in different prisons. The question is, where could I learn farming? Throughout Lent I was fed porridge with water, boiled potatoes, beets, and sometimes barley jelly, all of which was served with horseradish diluted in beer vinegar. And for such a “dainty table” they charged me only 15 rubles a month. And best of all, yesterday the landlady told me that if I didn’t increase the rent, I could move to another apartment, so I decided to buy myself some kind of house and had already asked, but had not yet received permission.”

The father treated his criminal son unfriendly, wrote him little, did not help him during difficult years, as evidenced in the letters of M. N. Volkonsky. But my heart trembled when my son in 1834. returned home, he gathered his entire large family in Novogruduk. Igelstrom's brothers and sisters arrived with their wives, husbands, and children. The meeting was joyful and sad; they had not seen each other for 20 years. November 13, 1851 died visiting his sister (Lapteva) in Kremenskoye. Life has passed.

Coming from an old princely family, staff captain of the Life Guards of the Moscow Regiment. Father - captain Alexander Ivanovich, mother - Olga Mironova (nee Varentsova). He was educated in the Naval Cadet Corps and went from midshipman to lieutenant commander. He sailed from Kronstadt to Spain on the ship Neptunus. When he left the navy, he was assigned to serve in the Life Guards Moscow Regiment, carrying out security duties Winter Palace. The investigation later established that he was not a member of the secret societies of the Decembrists, but he was present at the last meeting of the secret society (on the eve of the uprising); it was the Moscow regiment that arrived first on Senate Square on December 14, 1825. by 11 o'clock in the morning. The regiment lined up in a combat quadrangle (square) near the monument to Peter I, i.e. Dmitry Alexandrovich was an active participant in the uprising on December 14. He was arrested on the same day and on July 10, 1826 he was sentenced to category I - “sentenced to hard labor forever.” Then the period was reduced to 20 years. In his arrest file, his characteristics were preserved: “height 2 arshins 6 vershoks, white complexion, thin, brown eyes, long, straight nose, dark brown hair on the head and eyebrows.” He was in the Chita prison and the Petropavlovsk Plant, his sentence was reduced twice more: to 15 years, to 13 years. After serving hard labor (from 1827 to 1839), i.e. 12 years, he was sent to settle in the village of Taseevskoye, Yenisei province, Kansk district and stayed here for 3 years. At the request of his mother, he was transferred to the city of Kurgan, but the Kurgan mayor Tarasovich disliked Prince Shchepin-Rostovsky, constantly denounced him that “the prince was conducting propaganda, his speeches breathed the republican spirit,” there was even an investigation into this conflict by specially sent officials. After the amnesty of 1856, having lived in Siberia for 33 years, he left for Russia, but with a ban on living in the capitals, he lived in the Yaroslavl province (the village of Ivankovo) in the Rostov district. He was in great need financially, and therefore he was ordered by the highest order to pay an allowance of 114 rubles annually. 28kop. silver According to one version, he died in the city of Shuya, Vladimir province, according to another - in Rostov-Yaroslavl. He was 60 years old.

Bibliography:

1. Memoirs of the Bestuzhevs. M.-L., 1951.

2. Memoirs and stories of secret society figures. 1820s. M. 1974, vol. 1-3.

3. The Decembrist uprising. Documentation. M.-L., 1980, vol. 1-17.

4. Gorbachevsky I. I. Notes, letters. M., 163.

5. Notes, articles, letters of the Decembrist I. D. Yakushkin. M., 1951.

6. Decembrist movement. Bibliography, 1959/ Comp. R. G. Eymontova. Under general Ed. M. V. Nechkina. M., 1960.

7. Druzhinin N. M. Decembrist Nikita Muravyov. M., 1980.

8. Landa S. M. The spirit of revolutionary transformations., 1816-1825. M., 1975.

9. Nechkina M. V. Decembrist Movement. M., 1955, vol. 1-2.

11. Semevsky V.I. political and social ideas of the Decembrists. St. Petersburg, 1990.

12. Shatrova G.P. Essays on the history of Decembrism. Krasnoyarsk, 1982.

13. Newspaper: “Taseevo - Sibirskoe village”, No. 5,6. TO THE 65TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE TASEEVSKY GARTISA REPUBLIC.

The rebels on Senate Square. Grapeshot volleys. Blood. The uprising was suppressed, and its organizers and active participants were in the casemates of the Peter and Paul Fortress. Consequence. Court. A sentence according to which more than a hundred participants in the uprising were sentenced to hard labor in Siberia, and then to a settlement.

Participants in the December uprising were scattered throughout Siberia. Of the 25 Decembrists settled after serving hard labor within the Yenisei province, 12 lived in different time in Krasnoyarsk. As a memory of them - the names of the streets. For example, Dekabristov Street. On the corner of this street, formerly called Battalionny Lane, and Voskresenskaya Street (Mira Avenue), the Decembrist Vasily Lvovich Davydov, a friend of A.S., settled in 1840. Pushkin.

Davydov's house was the center cultural life Krasnoyarsk. Exiles, friends, and the progressive part of the local intelligentsia often gathered here. Davydov V.L. died. in exile in 1855 and buried in the Krasnoyarsk city cemetery.

It was with the Decembrists that the beneficial influence of political exiles on the cultural and political development of Siberia began.

Decembrist Pavel Sergeevich Bobrishchev-Pushkin, who temporarily lived in Krasnoyarsk with his brother Nikolai Sergeevich, also a Decembrist, enjoyed a reputation among Krasnoyarsk residents as a knowledgeable and disinterested doctor. His name was especially popular among the urban poor. The Bobrishchev-Pushkin brothers lived on Blagoveshchenskaya Street (Lenin Street 17). The house is still standing. They worked in the Krasnoyarsk State Chamber. The house where the state chamber was located has also been preserved (Mira, 6).

Decembrist Mikhail Fedorovich Mitkov, who lived in our city from 1836 to 1849 (died in Krasnoyarsk and was buried in the city cemetery, his grave is next to the grave of V.L. Davydov) conducted detailed meteorological observations for ten years. His data was subsequently used by many scientists and researchers of Siberia, noting their great scientific value.

As a diligent assistant to M.F. Mitkov's role in carrying out meteorological observations was the Decembrist Alexander Ivanovich Yakubovich, who lived for some time in Krasnoyarsk.

Wife of V.L. Davydova, Alexandra Ivanovna, following the example of many friends of the Decembrists, followed her husband into exile. She organized an entire classroom for her children and the children of some Krasnoyarsk residents. Her teaching abilities were put to excellent use here. Her closest assistants and teachers were V.L. Davydov and lyceum friend A.S. Pushkin Ivan Ivanovich Pushchin, who lived for some time in Krasnoyarsk.

Decembrist Sergei Grigorievich Krasnokutsky, while in Krasnoyarsk, bedridden with paralysis, still found the opportunity to communicate with city residents and study economic statistics. All his friends helped him diligently. Krasnoyarsk residents often turned to him for advice on various complicated legal and purely everyday issues.

Mikhail Matveevich Spiridov became an exemplary gardener in Siberia. He generously supplied the Decembrists with fresh vegetables from his plantations located in the suburban village of Areiskoye (now the village of Yemelyanovo), for which he received the playful nickname “supplier to the court of state criminals.” This nickname was awarded to him by the lively, sociable and witty Mikhail Aleksandrovich Fonvizin, who after for long years exile spent in Yeniseisk, lived for some time in Krasnoyarsk. But the most important thing in the agricultural activity of M.M. Spiridov was that he began to introduce potatoes in our region (potatoes in the Yenisei province were called “spiridovka” for a long time), and tirelessly promoted new cultural methods of farming.

Alexander Petrovich Baryatinsky, P.I.’s closest friend, did not stay long in Krasnoyarsk (travelling from Nerchinsk to Tobolsk). Pestel. He stayed at the Davydovs' house. Krasnoyarsk residents remembered his short stay: he was an excellent musician, a charming, well-educated person, he was the initiator of home concerts.

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