How to give names in Portugal. Portuguese surnames Portuguese female names and surnames

In Russia now there is complete liberality for parents: register your child under any name that comes to mind. Call him Vanya if you want, or Sigismund if you want. Last year, for example, boys were born in Russia with the names Air Traffic Controller and Lettuce, and in 2011 one girl was named Medmia in honor of President Medvedev.

In Portugal, on the contrary, everything is very strict with names for children. There is a special list of names that can or cannot be given to young Portuguese. It is published on the website of the Ministry of Justice and is mandatory for all registering organizations.

It should be noted that although there are restrictions, the choice is still rich: hundreds of names fit on several dozen pages. For example, you can’t call a boy Adriane, but you can call him Adriano. There may not be an Agatha girl, but Ágata is quite appropriate. Instead of the name Alexei, the choice will fall on the pleasant Portuguese Aléxio, and instead of the pseudo-Greek Ulice, the proud and noble Ulisses will sound. By the way, according to one version, the origin of the name of the capital Lisbon is associated with the name of the cunning king of Ithaca, Ulysses-Odysseus.

Analyzing the list, we can assume that the undesirable names included foreign origin, and the permitted ones are mainly the names of saints of the Catholic calendar, brought into full compliance with the rules of Portuguese spelling.

By the way, the restriction on the use of names only applies if both parents are Portuguese: immigrants are free to name their children as they please.

Do you want to know which names are the most popular in Portugal? If you are expecting analogues of the Russian Lettuce Salad, then you will be greatly disappointed, but if you are a supporter of beautiful classic names, good news for you. Among female names, the most popular in Portugal is Maria. And this is not surprising, given the religiosity of the Portuguese. The following places in descending order are occupied by Beatriz, Ana, Leonor, Mariana and Matilde.

Among male names, João is the leader. This is an analogue of the Russian name Ivan, usually read in Russian as Joao, although in fact the transcription Zhuan is more correct: the letter combination -ão has a complex pronunciation, something between “a”, “o” and “u”, pronounced through the nose, but with his mouth slightly open. To understand, try saying something between “Joao” and “Juan” - it will be the best option. I hope I confused you properly, so just believe that “Juan” is a slightly more correct Russian translation. In addition, connotations immediately arise with Don Juan, “The Stone Guest” and other examples of literature familiar from childhood.

In conclusion - a small lyrical digression in the style of Rudgyar Kipling's fairy tales, which can be called “Why do the Portuguese have such long names.”

The fact is that at birth a child is given two names, and from his parents he receives two surnames: both from the mother and from the father. The order of first and last names is standardized: first comes first first name, then the second, then the mother’s last name, and then the father’s last name. As a result, the newborn becomes not just Diogo, but, for example, Diogo Carlos Socrates Santos. Do you agree, it sounds? With such a name you can conquer the world, and everyone will say that you really have the right to do so.

They are closely related to Spanish ones. They are even combined into one group - Iberian. As a rule, they originate from Brazilian, Provençal, Greek, Hebrew or Germanic languages. Their sound changed under the influence of the peculiarities of Portuguese pronunciation.

Names that are derived from epithets dedicated to saints are popular. For example, Dorish means “mourning”, Remedios means “healing”.

These names are common not only in Portugal, but also in countries that were its colonies, where Portuguese is still spoken. These are Brazil and some African countries. However, most of the people who speak Portuguese live in Brazil.

Some female Portuguese names differ from male ones only in the ending Branco - masculine, Branca - feminine.

How to choose an option for a girl?

In Portugal, parents only choose names from a government-approved list. This list is quite large (more than 80 pages), so parents are not constrained in their choice. It includes Catholic names that follow Portuguese spelling rules. The government also published a list of banned names.

However, if one of the parents is an emigrant, then he has the right to name the baby, not taking into account the national list.

The situation is different in Brazil, a former colony of Portugal. There they do not strictly monitor what parents call their children, so there are many more options to choose from. Moreover, the same name sounds differently in these countries.

Parents choose a name for the newborn from the names of their closest relatives, for example, grandmothers. The name chosen by the priest at baptism is added to it, which is why the Portuguese most often have compound names, including up to five parts.

The Portuguese attach great importance to the sound of names being combined with surnames, of which there are usually two - father and mother.

The most common in Portugal are:

List in Russian alphabetically from A to Z, their meaning, brief interpretation

• Alicinha (Portuguese)– true. Active and mobile, cannot sit still.
• Andina (Portuguese)– from Undine “mermaid wave”. Sociable and cheerful.
• Aninha (Portuguese)- from Anisya - beneficial. Constantly on the move, loves change.
• Azucena (Spanish)– lily. She is inquisitive and will not tolerate control over herself.
• Bere (German) – short form Berenice (Veronica). Responsible and reliable.
• Branca (Portuguese)– white. Does not tolerate mediocrity, is demanding of others.
• Bella (lat.)- “beautiful.” Easy to communicate, sincere and simple-minded.
• Vinturinha (Portuguese)- happy. She will never break her promise, prudent.
• Guillermina (Portuguese)– form from Wilheim. Active, purposeful, reliable.
• Gordinha (Portuguese)- from Gardenia - Gardenia flower. Mobile and fickle, looking for adventure.
• Graziela (lat.)– graceful. She strives to be a leader in everything, she is brave.
• Graça (Portuguese)- “grace”. Strives for solitude and quiet time.
• Dalva (Portuguese)- "sunset". Alone she feels free.
• Delzuite (Portuguese)– derived form of the name Louise-battle. He will defend his ideals.
• Deuza (Portuguese)- goddess. Predisposed to asceticism, distinguished by kindness.
• Gia (Portuguese)- day. He is sociable and has the ability to analyze a situation.
• Dorish (lat.)– grief. She is so charming that sometimes she becomes self-confident.
• Jasi (Portuguese)– hyacinth. She is very sociable, but will always be faithful to her best friend.
• Jasminha (Portuguese)– form of the name Jasmine “jasmine flower”. She is valued for her modesty and reliability.
• Gentileza (Portuguese)- generous. He will quietly and quietly do his job better than anyone else.
• Gigi (Portuguese)– affectionate form of the name Giselle. He invents ideals for himself and follows them.
• João (Portuguese)– from Jane “given by God.” Vulnerable, but knows how to protect herself.
• Juliana (Portuguese)– variation from Julia – July. Happy to make acquaintances, but touchy.
• Jura (Portuguese)- oath. Possessor of numerous talents.
• Jurema (Portuguese) – female uniform the name of Jeremiah - God will magnify. The desire for something new prevents you from establishing strong relationships.
• Jurinha (Portuguese)– female form of the name Georgiy. Amorous and adamant.
• Zilda (German)- derived from Griselda - gray-haired. Prefers long-term relationships.
• Ivanilda (Heb.)- happened Ivana - gifted by God. Enjoys authority in any company.
• Ivoni (Portuguese)– form of the name Yvonne. Purposeful and constant, it is impossible to argue with her.
• Idinya (Greek)– from Ida – fertile. Has a reputation as a person who knows everything.
• Isaurinha (Portuguese)- a variety from Isaur. Bright, creative person, succeeds in everything he undertakes.
• Capitu (lat.)– big head, that is, smart. A man of high standards.
• Carminha (lat.)– form of the name Carmen – song. Closed, calm, but capable of a lot.
• Clarelis (lat.)– Portuguese uniform from Clara – light, bright. Cheerful and laughing, cannot stand loneliness.
• Laurinda (Portuguese)– from Laura – crowned with laurel. Constantly in creative search.
• Leinha (Spanish)- force. Bossy, the last word must be behind her.
• Louis (Hebrew)- God helped. Unpretentious, easily adaptable, distinguished by cunning.
• Lucelia (Spanish)- light, radiant. Behind the external calm and detachment is a bright, kind personality.
• Magdalena (Hebrew)– curly. Independent and talented, she often becomes a leader.
• Manuella (Hebrew)- God is with us. She is inquisitive and does everything her own way.
• Marisa (Spanish)– sea. She becomes attached to a person for life, an idealist.
• Maelen (Portuguese)– form of the name Mylene. Strives to be the best, stubborn.
• Melissinha (Greek)– form from Melissa – bee. Becomes a master in his field.
• Milagres (Spanish)- miracle. Restless and unpredictable, loves novelty.
• Murisi (Portuguese)- sea shine. She is cheerful and makes friends easily.
• Nalva (German)– combat. He gives all of himself to the world, fights for justice.
• Neuza (Greek)– new. Quiet, modest, prefers solitude.
• Niseti (Portuguese)– comes from Anastasia – resurrector. Trusting and hardworking.
• Odetti (German)- rich. He cannot sit idle, he is an excellent organizer.
• Paula (lat.)– small, modest. Needs love enormous strength will and rich imagination.
• Pitanga (Portuguese)– red cayenne cherry. Active and independent, disadvantage is ingratitude.
• Raulina (German)- the female form of the name Raoul, from Ralph - red wolf. Passionate about her work, modest.
• Regininha (English)- uniform from Regina - queen. Adherence to ideals prevents you from seeing your own mistakes.
• Rio (Spanish)– river. Tends to dominate, but can be indecisive.
• Ritinya (Greek)– comes from Margarita – pearl. Obsessed with cleanliness, the opinions of others are important.
• Rosario (Spanish)- garden with roses. Always busy with something, lacks the ability to understand people.
• Sirleya (Hebrew)– a form of the name Shirley – I have a song. Intuitive and idealistic.
• Soninha (lat.)– the form of the name Sophia is prudent. It is important to be in the center of attention, does not tolerate criticism.
• Suelena (Hebrew)– form from Susanna – water lily. Slow, despite her kindness, too stubborn.
• Sueli (Spanish)– comfort. he works happily, but does not take orders.
• Tadinha (Greek)- a gift from God. Dependent on the opinions of others.
• Telminha (Portuguese)– form of the name Thelma – desired. Thirsts for love and cannot stand ingratitude.
• Terezinha (Greek)– comes from Teresa – protecting. Knows how to charm, affectionate.
• Tete (Portuguese)– temperamental. Talented, good friend, but doesn't like change.
• Ursuline (lat.)– the form of the name Ursula is a bear. Has strength of character and wisdom.
• Florinda (Portuguese)- blooming. Wonderful feeling humor and taste, behaves with dignity.
• Fominha (Portuguese)– the feminine form of the name Thomas is Gemini. Unusually sociable and emotional.
• Edwald (English)– female form from Eduard – guardian of the domain. Routine quickly gets boring, loves to criticize.
• Edeminya (Hebrew)– female form from Eden – heavenly. She can be generous and tough at the same time.
• Elisetti (Hebrew)– a variation of the name Elizabeth – God-worshipper. Selflessly helps people, does not tolerate rudeness or rudeness.
• Emberatriz (Portuguese)- Empress. Sensitive to criticism, hospitable and friendly.
• Eugenia (Greek)– option from Evgeniy – noble, noble. He admires those around him with his kindness and wit, but suffers from poor health.
• Esperanza (Spanish)- hope. Values ​​cleanliness and neatness, avoids the vulgar and unscrupulous, and is pleasant to talk to.
• Eugeninha (Greek)– form of the name Eugene – noble, noble. Happiness requires an active life filled with impressions; the habit of criticizing repels people.

As you can see, many Portuguese names come from well-known Latin, Hebrew, and European ones, but the original Portuguese language turned them into completely unusual and unique ones.

There are several groups of names based on origin, including:

• traditional;
• ancient Germanic;
• Roman;
• church.

Traditional ones previously pointed out as the main meaning the attribute of a certain person, his characteristic feature, on what made him stand out. Take a look: Cândido (from the Portuguese "cândido", i.e. "white, light"), Celestino (from the Portuguese "celestino" or "azure, sky blue"), Patrício (from the Portuguese "patrício" - "aristocrat") .

In the list of Portuguese male names, there was also room for ancient Germanic borrowings. Everything is explained by the common area of ​​residence of the Germanic tribes and the then unformed Portuguese nation (IV century AD). Examples include Manfredo (from the ancient German “Manifred (Manfred)” - “man of the world”), Ramão (from the ancient German “Reginmund”: “protection of the law”).

The language also shows Roman influence. During the Middle Ages, the fashion for antiquity captured the whole of Europe. No country was left behind. Everywhere they tried to build buildings with elements of the architecture of those times, productions based on the works of ancient authors were created in the theater, and interest in the life of the deities glorified in books increased. This is how Roman names came into the anthroponymic system of names. For example, “Paulo” (from the Roman personal name “Paulus” - “modest, small”), Renato (from the Roman cognomen “Renatus”, which means “born again, reborn”).

The most extensive group of names are borrowings from church books and reference books. This situation is typical for the Portuguese, as one of the European nationalities. However, there is one “but” here: Christianization occurred gradually. In the 2nd century, religion appeared in these lands, and Catholic Church took shape from the 8th to the 15th centuries (the period is called the “Reconquista”, which is a period of time when the Iberian Christians tried to conquer lands on the Iberian Peninsula from the Moorish emirates).

Thanks to religion, the following names appeared in the language: Rafael (derived from the Hebrew name, translated meaning “God healed”, the Russian equivalent in the text of the Holy Scriptures is Raphael), Raquel (from the Hebrew “Rachel” - “lamb”).

Popular male Portuguese names and naming

In Portugal and Brazil, the approach to choosing a name is different. In the first of these countries, acceptable and unacceptable name options are fixed at the legislative level, even down to the correct spelling option. Probably, in this way the government is fighting for the purity of the language. By the way, the names of biblical characters and canonized saints appear on the list of popular ones today. Look: João (from the Hebrew "Yochanan", which translates as "Yahweh is merciful"), Tomás (Hebrew origin, meaning "twin", analogous to our "Thomas").

In Brazil, everything is different with naming. There are many emigrants living in the country, and they all bring something to the language. Therefore, a name of any origin can be chosen as a name for a child. Moreover, parents usually do not think (as the Portuguese do) about the spelling of a word. As a result, one name appears in several variations in writing.

Conclusion

So we've looked at the key types of Portuguese boy names. It was possible to find out that there is a connection between historical events, political and social changes. And any occurring phenomenon can affect the anthroponymy of a particular language.

Below is a list of male Portuguese given names and surnames. If you have difficulty choosing, we recommend using it.

Portuguese names originated in the distant past and mixed with the traditions of Spain. Names can consist of several variants and surnames at the same time. Moreover, they are selected only from a list approved by the government. This list contains only saints and those who passed the spelling test. Portugal has a separate list of prohibited substances, and it is updated every year. The rules for constructing names are also interesting. If a Portuguese had only one surname, it would cause great confusion.

Composition of a Portuguese name

Portuguese names consist of a personal name and two surnames - mother and father (Maria Gomes Silva). Moreover, the maternal one always goes first (although vice versa is not prohibited). But in life, a person is most often called only by his father’s (last) surname. In our case - Silva. Or the name (Maria) is added to it in front.

How to choose a personal name

As with everything in Portugal, the personal name is chosen from a list of relatives. Usually grandparents. In addition to the name given by the parents, the child receives a second one at baptism. It can be given by a priest or godparents. Subsequently, only one name is used. More often - given by parents. However, the Portuguese may even have five personal names.

Surnames

Portuguese contain two at once - paternal and maternal. But it is not uncommon for there to be more options. This is usually practiced by the Basques and nobility. Some may even have four surnames in their own. If desired, they are separated by the preposition “and”. But in modern times it has come to be considered old-fashioned. Therefore, it is mainly the Portuguese of noble origin who use separation with the pretext. Sometimes the particle “de” is placed between surnames. Or they combine it with the article “los”, “la” or “las”. The second surname can be taken from the name of the place of birth or residence.

Female names

Portuguese female names have been carefully selected. According to tradition, they are based only on names from the Catholic calendar (saints) or traditional ones that are not on the prohibited list. Many Portuguese babies are called by their parents with names that have ancient Brazilian, Greek, Provençal, Jewish or Germanic roots. A large number come not from saints, but from their epithets. For example, Maria Dolores (Mourner) or Remedios (Healing).

Over many centuries they have changed a lot, but they have not lost their beauty and melody. Girls in Portugal are given two names. After them come that in their sound they resemble names. For complete completion, one or a couple of husband's surnames are added (if the woman is married).

Since the main source of personal names is the Bible, many have Semitic roots (Aramaic and Hebrew). The most popular Portuguese names:

Having Greek roots:

• Catalina.
• Elena.
• Barbara.
• Veronica.
• Paula.

• Erika.
• Caroline.
• Frida.
• Matilda.
• Louis.

Male names

Portuguese male names are chosen on the basis of female ones. Since the Portuguese are very religious, the names of saints from the Catholic calendar are preferred. And those that have passed government censorship and spelling. For example, the King of Spain has five personal names, but in life he uses one - Juan Carlos.

Boys traditionally receive double name, to which the surnames of the father and mother are added. The paternal one is placed ahead of the maternal one. Multi-step names are the norm in Portugal, but it is not always clear how they were formed. Sometimes a diminutive form is used - variants of both names are “compressed” into one.

The most common names with Semitic roots:

• Miguel.
• Daniel.
• Jose.
• Juan.
• Adan.
• David.
• Thomas.
• Jaime.
• Elias.

The most common Portuguese names (male) with Greek roots:

• Pedro.
• Jorge.
• Alejandro.
• Nicholas.
• Ector.
• Pablo.
• Sergio.
• Andres.

The most common names of Germanic origin:

• Alberto.
• Alfonso.
• Carlos.
• Gonzalo.
• Roberto.
• Louis.
• Rodrigo.
• Fernando.
• Federico.
• Enrique.
• Ernesto and some others.

Common Portuguese names

The list of Portuguese names is very long. It is published on the website of the country's Ministry of Justice. All organizations that register a newborn are required to follow this list. It also has a separate column - prohibited names.

The most popular name in Portugal is Maria. Its greatest distribution is motivated by euphony and religiosity. Moreover, most often this name is combined with the male Jose or other female ones (Magdalena, Antonia, Carolina, etc.). A domestic metamorphosis also occurs with the personal name “Anu”. After them come the Portuguese names Matilda, Beatrice, Ana and some others.

Among male names, the most common name is Juan (“Ivan” translated into Russian). Then follow Rodrigo, Martin, Thomas and some others. The procedure for converting one name into a double or triple name is similar female version. Only female name always comes second. Such options are also not uncommon in Portugal. This custom is considered quite fashionable among the upper classes and nobility.

How Portuguese names change after marriage

Women's first and last names do not change upon marriage. When a Portuguese woman gets married, her surname does not change. She simply adds one more - her spouse. Occasionally - two of his surnames. Children born in this marriage receive one mother's and father's surnames, or all four parental surnames.

Interesting facts about Portuguese names

The restriction on what a newborn can be named in Portugal applies only to indigenous residents of the country. If one of the parents is an immigrant, then the baby can be given any name not included in the special list.

Despite the fact that Portuguese names can consist of several surnames or various combinations with the addition of suffixes, prefixes, etc., in everyday life only one of the given names is used. But in official documents only the full one should be used, even if it consists of four parental surnames, or other numerous combinations.

But there are some exceptions. For example, long Portuguese surnames are rarely written in telephone directories. Usually only the latter is used. Moreover, previous affixes to it are skipped. There are also nicknames in Portugal. When they are formed, a small suffix inh is placed before the last vowel. And, for example, Teresa (with the suffix - Teresinha (Terezinka)) turns into “little Teresa”.

Sometimes the opposite is used, increasing suffixes. And the name becomes more “weighty”, “heavy”. Abbreviations are sometimes used. But for the most part, Portuguese names are converted into diminutives.

PORTUGUESE NAMES AND TITLES IN RUSSIAN TEXT: HISTORY AND PROSPECTS

In the pre-Petrine era, our country had practically no contacts with Portugal; few, apparently, both knew and knew about the existence of this distant land. The situation changed thanks to the sovereign transformer of Russia, which became an open country. Suffice it to say that the first St. Petersburg police chief general and one of the first holders of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky was the son-in-law of A.D. Menshikov, a native of Portugal, Anton Manuilovich Devier or Diviere, also known as Antonio Manuel de Vieira, and during the reign of Anna Ioannovna, the largest physician of his time, Ribeiro Sanches (or Ribeiro Sanches), lived and worked in Russia, whose name one of the central Lisbon streets is named.
There is a need to develop a transliteration of Portuguese names and titles. Over the course of three centuries, it has undergone some changes, and many problems associated with it still remain unresolved.
To the name Portugal - one of the few European countries, in which the name is masculine, the ending –ia was immediately added. Somewhat later, when the Russian public became acquainted with Brazil, a similar transformation took place with its name. The name of the Portuguese capital, Lisboa, on the contrary, is feminine (goes back to the Latin Olisipona or Ulisipona, which was associated with the name of the legendary Ulysses, or Odysseus). Once on French soil, this name took the form of Lisbonne. From the French name came the English Lisbon, and from the English the German and Russian Lisbon. Due to the loss of the final vowel –a, a characteristic indicator of the feminine gender in the Russian language, the name became masculine. Parallel to the Lisbon option for a long time Lisbon practiced (with one s) - for example, in the novel by K. M. Stanyukovich “Around the World on the Kite” and in the latest, 3rd edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. But recently this transliteration option has fallen out of use.
The name of the second largest and most important city in Portugal, Porto (Porto), until about the middle of the last century, was usually transliterated as Oporto, from the English Oporto. The fact is that the British took the one in front of it as the first letter of the name definite article O. From this name the possessive adjective Oportsky is derived, which is found, for example, in published periodicals of the early twentieth century. articles by A. A. Derental. However, in the published mid-19th century of the “History of the Russian Church”, written by Metropolitan Macarius (Bulgakov), there is an adjective Portuen, going back to the Latin portuensis, from which the Portuguese portuense is derived. The first adjective is as hopelessly outdated as the variant of the name from which it is derived, but the second, it seems to us, can and should be resurrected.
The name of the island of Madeira in the 18th-19th centuries. Madera was written in Russian, coinciding graphically with the name of the famous fortified wine produced there (vinho da Madeira). This spelling option is found, in particular, in the mentioned novel by K. M. Stanyukovich, as well as in the travel essays of I. A. Goncharov “Frigate Pallada”. During the same period, the name of the main city of Madeira, Funchal, was transmitted in Russian to Spanish mode: either Funchal (from Stanyukovich) or Funchal (from Goncharov), due to the fact that few people then felt the difference between Spanish and Portuguese phonetics.
The former capital of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, has been written in Russian with two hyphens from the very beginning to this day. This is explained by the fact that in the 19th century. There has been a strong tendency, when transliterating from Romance languages, to attach, using a hyphen, the preposition de to the name or title that follows and sometimes precedes it.
Let us now move on to the personal names of the Portuguese and Brazilians.
In the XIX-early In the 20th century, when the Portuguese language was not taught in any of the Russian universities, even as an elective, Portuguese names were usually transcribed into French and German, since almost the entire intelligentsia spoke these languages. First of all, it is striking that the letter l was rendered not by a hard l (as in modern texts), but by a soft l, as in French and German words: Marquis de Pombal, Antero de Quental ). The combination ou was transliterated in French as y: Luis de Sousa, not Sousa (Lu;s de Sousa). The letter h, as well as the combination ch, which now always corresponds to the Russian sh, was often rendered as x, by analogy with German language: King Dom-Sancho, not Don Sancho or Don Sancho (El-Rei D. Sancho), Duke de Saldanha, not Saldanha (Duque de Saldanha). The diphthong eu, for the same reason, corresponded to the Russian it - for example, in the name of the city of Ceuta, in the then transliteration - Tseita. The letter z was rendered, also in the German manner, as t - for example, Henriques, Ortiz.
Particularly glaring examples are from the dramatic poem “Camoens” by V. A. Zhukovsky, which is a free translation or arrangement of the work of the same name by the German romantic F. Halm (or Halm), where the young poet is named Vasco Mouzinho de Quevedo of Castel Branca. Castelo Branco), and the title character is Don Ludwig Camões (indeed, the German name Ludwig corresponds to the Portuguese Lu;s, since both go back to the Latin Ludovicus), and the emphasis in the word Camões, judging by the location in the verse, falls not on the penultimate, but on the last syllable, as in French.
Another tendency that attracts attention is the focus more on the graphic design of the word rather than on its pronunciation (of which, as already noted, they then had a very vague idea). Therefore, the letter s was rendered as z in the intervocalic position and as s in other cases, but never as sh. The vowels o and e, subject to strong reduction in Portuguese, were rendered in all positions as o and e (at the beginning of a word and after a vowel, as e, to avoid iotation), but never as u and i. The letter y was often written and pronounced where there was an unpronounceable u after g and q in the Portuguese text. For example, V.K. Piskorsky in his “History of Spain and Portugal” calls the infanta-usurper Don Miguel (D. Miguel) the House of Miguel, just as A.N. Ostrovsky calls Cervantes Miguel, and Guy de Maupassant in the pre-revolutionary years was called Guy de Maupassant.
A more accurate, although also far from perfect, transliteration was proposed in the first post-revolutionary years by G. L. Lozinsky, a private associate professor at Petrograd University, who taught Portuguese language and literature there, and the brother of the famous poet-translator M. L. Lozinsky, who was awarded the Stalin Prize 1- 1st degree for a brilliant translation of Dante's " Divine Comedy". G. L. Lozinsky was closely acquainted with the Portuguese envoy to Russia, with the help of whom he decently mastered the language. In his works, for example, in the prefaces to the works of Herculan and Esa de Queiroz, published by the World Literature publishing house, he tries to bring closer Russian spelling names to their pronunciation in the original language. To do this, he suggests rendering the letter s as sh before a consonant or at the end of a word, however, the unstressed unnasal o is usually transliterated as o, and not as y. For example, he translates the title of Esa de Queiroz's book A Ilustre Casa de Ramires as "The Noble Family of Ramires", the name Castilho as Castillo, Alberto Teles as Alberto Teles. Against this background, the transfer of the names Joaquim as Zhuaquin and Coelho as Cuello looks strange (modern adherents of phonetic transliteration prefer the variants Joaquin and Coelho). Even more strange is the unjustifiably widespread use of the reverse e (José, Almeida, Reis, Aleixo), although the letter e in foreign words has long been customary to pronounce as e (unless it is iotized). G.L. Lozinsky leaves the clearly outdated rule intact, stubbornly maintaining a hyphen between the preposition de and the subsequent name (Esa de Queiroz, Antero de Quental) and even between elements of names and surnames (Batalha-Reis, Almeida-Garrett, Jose Maria de Almeida Teixeira de Queiroz, Francisco de Melo Franco). For some reason, the surname of one of the founders of Portuguese romanticism was Herculano or Herculano as Irkulano. However, his older contemporary M.W. Watson transcribes it to Herculaneus in the Latin manner. It must be said that Maria's maiden name was Watson de Roberti de Castro de la Cerda, her father was Spanish, and she mastered the Spanish language well from an early age. The researcher hardly succeeded in mastering Portuguese phonetics well, and therefore she distorted Portuguese names in the article “Portugal and Its Literature” into the Spanish way. For example: Don Juan IV, Leal, Manuel, Jose, Almeida, Araujo, Joao de Deus (the Brockhaus-Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary renders this poet as John de Deus in Russian or, more precisely, in the Church Slavonic manner).
By the middle of the last century, two stable methods of transliterating Portuguese names and titles had emerged: graphic, focused on the spelling of the word, and phonetic, striving to reproduce the sound as accurately as possible. The first is more typical for fiction, the second for scientific and reference literature, as well as periodicals and journalism. However, cases of their interpenetration are not uncommon.
In graphic transliteration, the vowel o in all cases is rendered as o, e-always as e (after the main ones and at the beginning of the word-e). The consonant s in the intervocalic position is rendered as z, in other cases as s and never as sh: this sound corresponds only to the combination ch and, in most cases, the letter x (exception: E;a de Queir;s-Esa de Queiroz) . Nasal; transmitted by an or yang (Me;-Mean, Covilh;-Covilhão), nasal diphthong;o-by an or yang (Jo;o -Joan, Trist;o-Tristan, Maranh;o-Maranhão), combination;es- by means of aens or yaens (Guimar;es-Guimaraens, Magalh;es-Magalhães), combination;es-by means of oens (Cam;es-Camoes, Sim;es-Simoes). The final im is usually rendered as in, not as im: Joaquim-Joaquin, Patraquim-Patrakin. The combinations lho and nho are rendered as lho and nyo, but they have to be pronounced as lyo, or lyo and nyo, or nyo: Botelho, pronounced “Botelho”, Agostinho, pronounced “Agostinho”, and lha and nha- like Lya and Nya: Folha, Saldanha.
The principles of phonetic transliteration are set out in the reference book by R. S. Gilyarevsky and B. A. Starostin “ Foreign names and names in the Russian text" (Moscow, 1985, pp. 195-208). With this method of transliteration, incomparably more discrepancies and intractable questions arise than with the graphic one. According to this principle, in particular, Portuguese names and titles are conveyed in the latest, 3rd edition of the Great Soviet encyclopedia. The combination;es is conveyed there by means of ainsh (Guimar;es-Guimarães), and;es by means of oinsh (Sim;es-Simões). The unstressed unnasal o is conveyed by y, but only at the end of the word, and in other positions as o: Nicolau Tolentino, Amorin. The exception is the name Jo;o, rendered as Juan. The combinations lho and nho are rendered as liu and new: Botelho, Agostinho, and lha and nha as liu and nya: Folha, Saldanha. The final unstressed e is conveyed, as a rule, by means of and: Andrade, Bocage, Vicente, Verdi, and the ending es by means of ish: Gomes, Pires, Eanish ( Eanes). However, not everyone agrees with this principle. For example, Moscow researcher O. A. Ovcharenko, a consistent supporter of phonetic transliteration, writes Nunes, Alvares, Lopes and Mendes. She also suggests transliterating Correia as Curreia, and not as Correia, and Namorado as Namurada, and not Namorada.
“In addition,” the authors of the reference book state, “Brazilian pronunciation is somewhat different from Portuguese, which creates additional difficulties.” The main difference is that the letter s at the end of a word and before consonants is pronounced sh in Portugal, but in most states in Brazil it is pronounced s. With graphic transliteration, this difference disappears, but with phonetic transliteration, names are transmitted differently, depending on who bears them - Portuguese or Brazilians. Therefore, the names Lu;s, Carlos, Tom;s, Castro, Costa, Dias are transmitted as Luis, Carlos, Tomas, Castro, Costa, Dias, if their speakers are Portuguese, and Luis, Carlos, Tomas, Castro, Costa, Dias, if they are Brazilians. Note that if graphically transliterated, these names would in both cases be written as Luis, Carlos, Tomas, Castro, Costa, Diaz.
Unfortunately, the reference book by R. S. Gilyarevsky and B. A. Starostin—at least the section “Portuguese”—is replete with errors and inaccuracies. It is hardly possible to adopt the thesis that “in the middle of words, ia after a consonant is transmitted through ya, and after a vowel through ya, for example: Maxial-Mashyal” is better than Masial. We also cannot agree with the fact that “;e is transmitted through ain or yayn” - better than ain and yayin: Ruiv;es-Ruivainsh, Magalh;es-Magalhainsh). It is not clear why Queir;s is rendered as Queiroz and not as Queiroz (for some reason this mistake was also made in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia). It is more than controversial that “unstressed i in the middle of a word between a consonant (except r) and a vowel is rendered differently in Portuguese and Brazilian names: in Portuguese - through ь<…>, in Brazilian-through and, for example: Maxial-Mashial-Mashial". Finally, the name Alo;sio in Russian should be written Aloiziu, and not Aloyziu and not Aloyzyu, Ant;nio-Antoniu, and not Anthony, Apol;nio-Apoloniu, and not Apolonya, ;rio-Ariu, and not Arya, Caetano -Caetano, not Cajetan, Diogo-Diogo, not Diogo, Eug;nio-Eugenio, not Eugenio, Fialho-Fialho, not Fialho, Hon;rio-Onoriu, not Honoryu, L;cia-Lucia, but not Lusya, etc. Note that phonetic transliteration of Portuguese names and titles is found not only in Russian, but also in Latvian text, although the Latvian language, like Portuguese, uses writing based on Latin graphics and their graphic transmission would be possible without any changes - just as the German poet of French origin Chamisso is written in German while maintaining the rules of French spelling - Chamisso - but pronounced in the German way and even with an emphasis on the penultimate, and not on the last syllable. In the recently published Riga edition of “Anthology of Contemporary Portuguese Poetry” (“Portug;;u M;sdienu Dzejas Antolo;ija.” R;ga: Minerva, 2001) the name Jos; Gomes Ferreira (José Gomes Ferreira) rendered as;oz; Gomi;s Ferreira, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen (Sofia de Mello Breyner Andresen)-as Sofia de Mello Breinera Andresena, Jorge de Sena (Jorge de Sena)-as;or;i de Sena, Carlos de Oliveira ( Carlos de Oliveira) - as Karlu;s de Oliveira, etc.
Despite the irreconcilable differences between graphic and phonetic transliterations, there are traditional names and names that are spelled the same in both transliterations. Thus, the name Camões (Cam;es) and the name Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro) are also used in phonetic transliteration, and the name Jorge Amado (Jorge Amado) and the name Sao Paulo (S;o Paulo) are also used in graphic transliteration. .
Both strengths and weaknesses of both transcriptions are obvious. Not without some oddities. Adherents of graphic transliteration accuse their opponents of the fact that it is by their grace that most Russian readers pronounce the name of the recently deceased writer Jorge Amado with the emphasis on the last syllable (apparently, by analogy with the word cockatoo). To this they receive the answer that if his last name was written in Russian as Amado, then, most likely, they would begin to pronounce it “Am;da”, since the unstressed o in Portuguese is pronounced as u, and in Russian as a. Moreover: the name of the recent laureate Nobel Prize according to literature, Jose Saramago (Jos; Saramago, in phonetic transliteration - Jose Saramagu) in our country is usually pronounced Saram; ha, and the name of the Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho, who has gained unprecedented popularity, is pronounced as Paula Caella. The latter seems especially comical: after all, when during meetings with the Portuguese and Brazilians their names are pronounced by those who do not know Portuguese Russian people, then their names seem to change from masculine to feminine: male name Augusto sounds like the feminine Augusta, Eduardo like Edward, Fernando like Fernanda, Francisco like Francis, L;cio like Lucia, etc. The reaction of the bearers of such names has been personally observed by the writer of these lines on many occasions.
Serious discrepancies also arise in the transfer of the names of the Portuguese kings and the Brazilian emperors. These discrepancies were aggravated by the fact that in Soviet period they tried to talk as little as possible about crowned heads, both Russian and foreign.
Perhaps, only the spelling of the names of the two Portuguese queens, Maria I and Maria II (D. Maria I, D. Maria II), does not cause discrepancies, since the Portuguese female name Maria, no matter who it belongs to, is unambiguously transferred to the Russians Maria. The capital letter D with a dot placed in front of it is an abbreviation of the word Dona. In Portuguese texts it is always placed before the names of Portuguese queens, Brazilian empresses, as well as the most noble ladies of these countries. In Russian texts it is not necessary, but possible. You just need to write it with a lowercase letter and in full, and not in abbreviation. The spellings Maria II and Don Maria II are possible, but not D. Maria II.
When transferring the name of monarchs, two trends also developed. One of them involves the usual transliteration of a personal name, as if it were borne not by a monarch, but by any Portuguese or Brazilian. So, D. Jos; I proposes to render as José I or Don José I, D. Jo;o VI as Joan VI, Don Joan VI or Juan VI, Don Juan VI, etc. (the word Dom should be rendered as Don, and not as Dom - this heritage of the 19th - early 20th centuries should be resolutely abandoned - and also with a lowercase letter). One can object to this: after all, if you follow this principle, you also need to call the French kings François I, and not Francis I, Henri IV, and not Henry IV, Louis XIV, and not Louis XIV, etc. Experience has shown that such a transcription Only suitable for humorous songs. There has long been a tradition to unify the names of European monarchs - that is why the English king is called not Charles, but Charles I, the Spanish king is not Fernando, but Ferdinand VI, and the list goes on. In this case, the mentioned Portuguese kings should be called Joseph I and John VI - in this case the word don is not placed in front of them. This option is used in the mentioned monograph by V.K. Piskorsky, in the reference book “Spain and Portugal” (M., 1946) and other publications of the 19th-1st half. XX century however, in these and similar publications, the unified rendering of royal names coexists with the usual transliteration. For example, the name of the Portuguese king, who later became the Brazilian emperor, is rendered as Dom Pedro or Don Pedro. Based on this, we find it advisable to propose a compromise: unify the names of monarchs if there are precedents, but if there are none, resort to simple transliteration.
As you know, Portuguese personal names consist of several elements. As a rule, this is the baptismal name (nome de batismo, nome crist;o), and sometimes several baptismal names, the father's name, the mother's maiden name and the hereditary surname passed down from the father. For example, full name poet F. Pessoa-Fernando Ant;nio Nogueira Pessoa. His father's name was Ant;nio Joaquim de Seabra Pessoa, and his mother's name was Maria Madalena Nogueira. Married woman usually adds her husband’s surname to her full name (nome completo), while leaving her maiden name. Thus, Almeida Garrett theater specialist Andr;e Crabbe, having married outstanding writer Miguel Torga, whose real name was Adolfo Correia da Rocha, took the name Andr;e Crabbe Rocha. In the old days, the nobility included in their name the names of all their fiefs (the full name of the Marquis of Pombal is D. Sebasti;o Jos; de Carvalho e Melo, conde de Oeiras, marqu;s de Pombal), and even in the twentieth century in certain circles the long name was considered a sign of aristocratic origin. Brazilian writer José Ortiz Monteiro ironically says of one of the characters in his story “The Last Serenade” that he “had such a long name that it would have been more than enough for four important people.”
There is one subtlety here. As a rule, we call outstanding cultural figures by their last name, leaving the first name in front of it or omitting it. However, following the example of the Italians, it is customary to call some geniuses of the Italian Renaissance by their first names, not their surnames: Dante, not Alighieri, Raphael, not Santi, Michelangelo, not Buonarotti. This seemed unusual even to Pushkin: Salieri in his little tragedy “Mozart and Salieri” is spoken by Raphael, but by Alighieri and Bonarotti (as in Pushkin). Following a similar principle, the Portuguese call some of their illustrious compatriots by their personal name, omitting the surname. They speak and write Camilo, not Castelo Branco, Antero, and not Quental, Jo;o de Deus, and not Ramos, Columbano, and not Bordalo Pinheiro - especially since their personal names are not widespread. Can we follow their example and speak and write to Camila, and not Castelo Branco, Anter, and not Quental, Joao de Deus, and not Ramos, Colubman, and not Bordal Pinheiro? We believe that it is possible, although, as far as we know, there are no precedents in Russian literature, except for Joao de Deus.
Semantic proper names should be included in a special group, i.e., according to V.S. Vinogradov’s definition, “meaningful, significant, “speaking”, nominatively characteristic” names, surnames, nicknames and nicknames. “A significant name,” continues V. S. Vinogradov, “requires from the reader both the original and the translation an understanding of the meaning of the internal form, perception and imagery. Being transcribed, it in itself cannot have an emotional impact on the receptor, while in the original it is designed for such an impact. Therefore, the translator strives to preserve the emotional power of the translation. In modern translation practice, the tendency to translate semantic names is very noticeable."
N. M. Lyubimov showed himself to be an unsurpassed master of such translation of semantic names and nicknames in his translation of Rabelais’ novel “Gargantua and Pantagruel”, as well as in naming minor characters“Don Quixote” (for example, guitarist Trenbreño). The same N. M. Lyubimov, however, leaves without translation and simply transliterates the semantic names of the main characters of Cervantes’s immortal novel: Don Quixote of La Mancha (quijote in Spanish means blanket, as well as horse croup, la mancha-spot) and Sancho Panza ( Panza - belly, belly, metonymically - fat-bellied). The translator does this, I think, for two reasons. Firstly, none of the previous translators of Don Quixote, starting with V. A. Zhukovsky, began to translate or Russify the names of the main characters, and the presence or absence of precedents in the art of translation, as in many other things, is a very important thing . Secondly, Russification, the semantic translation of their names would have reduced their images too much - much more than those of Cervantes, who, as we know, conceived his work as a parody of a chivalric romance.
“The higher the degree of artistic expressiveness and typification of a character,” emphasizes V. S. Vinogradov, “the more important his role in Russian literature, than more degree the common noun of a name, the more problematic the translation and the more expedient the transcription of a given name." For these reasons, translator T. Ivanova conveyed the title of the novel by the classic of Brazilian literature Machado de Assisa Dom Casmurro (and, accordingly, the name, or rather the nickname of the main character) as “Don Casmurro”, although it was suggested that the translation could also be titled “Don Killjoy".
Most animal names are also semantic proper names that should be translated rather than transliterated. Thus, the translator of J. M. Ferreira de Castro’s novel “Wool and Snow” G. Kalugin quite rightly renders the dog’s nickname Piloto as Pilot (this word can also be translated as pilot, but let’s not forget that in the first half of the 1940s. , when the novel takes place, there was a craze for aviation). N. Polyak acted incorrectly, who in the story by J. Soeiro Pereira Gomes “An Incident on the Road” simply transcribes the name of the dog Moiro (i.e. Moor) as Moiro, not to mention the title of the story in the original Um Caso Sem Import ;ncia, i.e. “Minor case.”
Let's summarize. The situation related to the transliteration of Portuguese names and titles can hardly be called anything other than paradoxical. Having gone through a rather long and complex evolution, it was divided into two parallel streams that cannot merge to this day. There is no way out of this situation, since it is unlikely that anyone will be able to offer a more perfect way of writing Portuguese names in Russian. Perhaps in the fairly distant future, either graphic transliteration will replace phonetic transliteration, or vice versa. But most likely, they are doomed to long-term coexistence with possible mutual influence and interpenetration.