Finno-Ugric languages are related to modern Finnish and Hungarian. The peoples who speak them make up the Finno-Ugric ethnolinguistic group. Their origin, territory of settlement, commonality and differences in external features, culture, religion and traditions are the subjects of global research in the field of history, anthropology, geography, linguistics and a number of other sciences. This review article will try to briefly cover this topic.
Peoples included in the Finno-Ugric ethnolinguistic group
Based on the degree of similarity of languages, researchers divide the Finno-Ugric peoples into five subgroups.
The basis of the first, Baltic-Finnish, are Finns and Estonians - peoples with their own states. They also live in Russia. Setu - a small group of Estonians - settled in the Pskov region. The most numerous of the Baltic-Finnish peoples of Russia are the Karelians. In everyday life they use three autochthonous dialects, while Finnish is considered their literary language. In addition, the same subgroup includes the Vepsians and Izhorians - small peoples who have preserved their languages, as well as the Vod (there are less than a hundred people left, their own language has been lost) and the Livs.
The second is the Sami (or Lapp) subgroup. The main part of the peoples who gave it its name are settled in Scandinavia. In Russia, the Sami live on the Kola Peninsula. Researchers suggest that in ancient times these peoples occupied a larger territory, but were subsequently pushed further north. At the same time, their own language was replaced by one of the Finnish dialects.
The third subgroup that makes up the Finno-Ugric peoples - the Volga-Finnish - includes the Mari and Mordovians. The Mari are the main part of Mari El, they also live in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia and a number of others Russian regions. They have two literary languages (with which, however, not all researchers agree). Mordva - autochthonous population of the Republic of Mordovia; at the same time, a significant part of the Mordvins are settled throughout Russia. This people consists of two ethnographic groups, each with its own literary written language.
The fourth subgroup is called Permian. It also includes the Udmurts. Even before October 1917, in terms of literacy (though in Russian), the Komi were approaching the most educated peoples of Russia - Jews and Russian Germans. As for the Udmurts, their dialect has been preserved for the most part in the villages of the Udmurt Republic. Residents of cities, as a rule, forget both the indigenous language and customs.
The fifth, Ugric, subgroup includes the Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi. Although the lower reaches of the Ob and the northern Urals are separated by many kilometers from the Hungarian state on the Danube, these peoples are actually the closest relatives. The Khanty and Mansi belong to the small peoples of the North.
Disappeared Finno-Ugric tribes
The Finno-Ugric peoples also included tribes, mentions of which are currently preserved only in chronicles. Thus, the Merya people lived between the Volga and Oka rivers in the first millennium AD - there is a theory that they subsequently merged with Eastern Slavs.
The same thing happened with Muroma. This is even more ancient people Finno-Ugric ethno-linguistic group, which once inhabited the Oka basin.
The long-vanished Finnish tribes that lived along the Northern Dvina are called Chudya by researchers (according to one hypothesis, they were the ancestors of modern Estonians).
Commonality of languages and culture
Having declared the Finno-Ugric languages as a single group, researchers emphasize this commonality as the main factor uniting the peoples who speak them. However, the Ural ethnic groups, despite the similarity in the structure of their languages, still do not always understand each other. Thus, a Finn will certainly be able to communicate with an Estonian, an Erzyan with a Moksha, and an Udmurt with a Komi. However, the peoples of this group, geographically distant from each other, must make quite a lot of effort to identify in their languages common features that would help them carry on the conversation.
The linguistic kinship of the Finno-Ugric peoples is primarily traced in the similarity of linguistic constructions. This significantly influences the formation of the thinking and worldview of peoples. Despite the differences in cultures, this circumstance contributes to the emergence of mutual understanding between these ethnic groups.
At the same time, the unique psychology determined by the thought process in these languages enriches universal human culture with their unique vision of the world. Thus, unlike the Indo-Europeans, the representative of the Finno-Ugric people is inclined to treat nature with exceptional respect. Finno-Ugric culture also largely contributed to the desire of these peoples to peacefully adapt to their neighbors - as a rule, they preferred not to fight, but to migrate, preserving their identity.
Also, a characteristic feature of the peoples of this group is openness to ethnocultural exchange. In search of ways to strengthen relationships with related peoples, they maintain cultural contacts with all those who surround them. Basically, the Finno-Ugric people managed to preserve their languages and basic cultural elements. The connection with ethnic traditions in this area can be seen in their national songs, dances, music, traditional dishes, and clothing. Also, many elements of their ancient rituals have survived to this day: wedding, funeral, memorial.
Brief history of the Finno-Ugric peoples
Origin and early history Finno-Ugric peoples remain the subject of scientific debate to this day. The most common opinion among researchers is that in ancient times there was a single group of people who spoke a common Finno-Ugric proto-language. The ancestors of the current Finno-Ugrians until the end of the third millennium BC. e. maintained relative unity. They were settled in the Urals and the western Urals, and possibly also in some adjacent areas.
In that era, called Finno-Ugric, their tribes came into contact with the Indo-Iranians, which was reflected in myths and languages. Between the third and second millennia BC. e. The Ugric and Finno-Permian branches separated from each other. Among the peoples of the latter, who settled in a western direction, independent subgroups of languages gradually emerged and became distinct (Baltic-Finnish, Volga-Finnish, Permian). As a result of the transition of the autochthonous population of the Far North to one of the Finno-Ugric dialects, the Sami were formed.
The Ugric group of languages disintegrated by the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. The Baltic-Finnish division occurred at the beginning of our era. Perm lasted a little longer - until the eighth century. Big role During the separate development of these languages, contacts between Finno-Ugric tribes and Baltic, Iranian, Slavic, Turkic, and Germanic peoples played a role.
Settlement area
Finno-Ugric peoples today mainly live in Northwestern Europe. Geographically, they are settled over a vast territory from Scandinavia to the Urals, Volga-Kama, lower and middle Tobol region. Hungarians - the only people Finno-Ugric ethno-linguistic group, who formed their own state away from other related tribes - in the Carpathian-Danube region.
Number of Finno-Ugric peoples
The total number of peoples speaking Uralic languages (these include Finno-Ugric and Samoyed) is 23-24 million people. The most numerous representatives are Hungarians. There are more than 15 million of them in the world. They are followed by Finns and Estonians (5 and 1 million people, respectively). Most other Finno-Ugric ethnic groups live in modern Russia.
Finno-Ugric ethnic groups in Russia
Russian settlers flocked en masse to the lands of the Finno-Ugrians in the 16th-18th centuries. Most often, the process of their settlement in these areas occurred peacefully, but some indigenous peoples (for example, the Mari) for a long time and fiercely resisted the annexation of their region to the Russian state.
The Christian religion, writing, and urban culture, introduced by the Russians, over time began to displace local beliefs and dialects. People moved to cities, moved to Siberian and Altai lands - where Russian was the main and common language. However, he (especially his northern dialect) absorbed many Finno-Ugric words - this is most noticeable in the field of toponyms and names of natural phenomena.
In some places, the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia mixed with the Turks, converting to Islam. However, a significant part of them were still assimilated by the Russians. Therefore, these peoples do not constitute a majority anywhere - even in those republics that bear their name.
However, according to the 2002 population census, there are very significant Finno-Ugric groups in Russia. These are the Mordovians (843 thousand people), Udmurts (almost 637 thousand), Mari (604 thousand), Komi-Zyryans (293 thousand), Komi-Permyaks (125 thousand), Karelians (93 thousand). The number of some peoples does not exceed thirty thousand people: Khanty, Mansi, Vepsians. The Izhorians number 327 people, and the Vod people number only 73 people. Hungarians, Finns, Estonians, and Sami also live in Russia.
Development of Finno-Ugric culture in Russia
In total, sixteen Finno-Ugric peoples live in Russia. Five of them have their own national-state entities, and two have national-territorial ones. Others are dispersed throughout the country.
In Russia, considerable attention is paid to the preservation of the original cultural traditions of those inhabiting it. At the national and local level, programs are being developed with the support of which the culture of the Finno-Ugric peoples, their customs and dialects is being studied.
Thus, Sami, Khanty, Mansi are taught in primary schools, and Komi, Mari, Udmurt, Mordovian languages are taught in secondary schools in the regions where they live large groups corresponding ethnic groups. There are special laws on culture and languages (Mari El, Komi). Thus, in the Republic of Karelia there is a law on education that enshrines the right of Vepsians and Karelians to study in their native language. The priority for the development of the cultural traditions of these peoples is determined by the Law on Culture.
Also, the republics of Mari El, Udmurtia, Komi, Mordovia, and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug have their own concepts and programs national development. The Foundation for the Development of Cultures of the Finno-Ugric Peoples has been created and operates (on the territory of the Mari El Republic).
Finno-Ugric peoples: appearance
The ancestors of the current Finno-Ugrians were the result of a mixture of Paleo-European and Paleo-Asian tribes. Therefore, the appearance of all the peoples of this group contains both Caucasoid and Mongoloid features. Some scientists even put forward a theory about the existence of an independent race - the Ural, which is “intermediate” between Europeans and Asians, but this version has few supporters.
Finno-Ugrians are heterogeneous in anthropological terms. However, any representative of the Finno-Ugric people possesses characteristic “Ural” features to one degree or another. This is usually average height, Very light color hair, wide face, thin beard. But these features manifest themselves in different ways. Thus, the Erzya Mordvins are tall, have blond hair and blue eyes. Mordvins-Moksha - on the contrary, are shorter, with wide cheekbones, and darker hair. The Udmurts and Mari often have characteristic “Mongolian” eyes with a special fold internal corner eyes - epicanthus, very wide faces, thin beard. But at the same time, their hair, as a rule, is blond and red, and their eyes are blue or gray, which is typical for Europeans, but not Mongoloids. The “Mongolian fold” is also found among the Izhorians, Vodians, Karelians and even Estonians. Komi people look different. Where they are mixed marriages with the Nenets, representatives of this people have braids and black hair. Other Komi, on the contrary, are more like Scandinavians, but have wider faces.
Finno-Ugric traditional cuisine in Russia
Most of the dishes of traditional Finno-Ugric and Trans-Ural cuisines, in fact, have not been preserved or have been significantly distorted. However, ethnographers manage to trace some general patterns.
The main food product of the Finno-Ugrians was fish. It was not only processed in different ways (fried, dried, boiled, fermented, dried, eaten raw), but each type was also prepared in its own way, which would better convey the taste.
Before the advent of firearms, the main method of hunting in the forest was snares. They caught mainly forest birds (grouse, wood grouse) and small animals, mainly hares. Meat and poultry were stewed, boiled and baked, and much less often, fried.
For vegetables they used turnips and radishes, and for herbs - watercress, hogweed, horseradish, onions, and young mushrooms growing in the forest. Western Finno-Ugric peoples practically did not consume mushrooms; at the same time, for the eastern ones they constituted a significant part of the diet. Oldest species grains known to these peoples are barley and wheat (spelt). They were used to prepare porridges, hot jelly, and also as a filling for homemade sausages.
The modern culinary repertoire of the Finno-Ugric peoples contains very little national traits, because it was strongly influenced by Russian, Bashkir, Tatar, Chuvash and other cuisines. However, almost every nation has preserved one or two traditional, ritual or festive dishes that have survived to this day. In total they allow us to make general idea about Finno-Ugric cooking.
Finno-Ugric peoples: religion
Most Finno-Ugrians profess Christian faith. Finns, Estonians and Western Sami are Lutherans. Catholics predominate among Hungarians, although you can also meet Calvinists and Lutherans.
Finno-Ugrians living in are predominantly Orthodox Christians. However, the Udmurts and Mari in some places managed to preserve the ancient (animistic) religion, and the Samoyed peoples and inhabitants of Siberia - shamanism.
Finno-Ugric languages. Finno-Ugric languages are divided into the following groups: Baltic-Finnish, Finnish, Izhorian, Karelian, Vepsian, Estonian, Votic, Livonian languages; Volga Mordovian languages (Moksha and Erzya), also the Mari language with meadow, eastern, northwestern and mountain dialects; Perm Udmurt, Komi-Zyryan, Komi-Permyak and Komi-Yazva languages; Ugric, Khanty and Mansi, as well as Hungarian languages; Sami group of languages spoken by the Sami.
A) having their own states: Hungarians (Hungary), Estonians (Estonia), Finns (Finland); b) having their own subjects within the Russian Federation: Mari (RME), Mordovians (Republic of Mordovia), Udmurts (Republic of Udmurtia), Komi (Komi Republic), Karelians (Republic of Karelia), Khanty and Mansi (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug). c) those who do not have their own statehood: Vepsians in Russia (2002); Izhorians 700 people: 327 people in Russia (2002); Liv people in Latvia (2000); Leading 100 people: 73 in Russia (2002). Finno-Ugric peoples:
Nationality money to ӧ ulat? – Who is the Nationality of the money to ӧ ulat? - What is your nationality? My nationality Dene Mari My nationality Dene Mari Ulam. – I am Mari by nationality. My nationality is Dene Eston My nationality is Dene Eston Ulam. – I am Estonian by nationality. My nationality is Dene Finn My nationality is Dene Finn Ulam. – I am Finnish by nationality. My nationality Dene Rush My nationality Dene Rush Ulam. – I am Russian by nationality.
To ӧ kushto ila? - Who lives where? Mari-vlak Mari Elyshte ilat Mari-vlak Mari Elyshte ilat. – Mari live in Mari El. Udmurt-vlak Udmurtiyyshte ilat. Udmurt-vlak Udmurtiyyshte ilat. – Udmurts live in Udmurtia. Karel-vlak Kareliyyshte ilat. Karel-vlak Kareliyyshte ilat. – Karelians live in Karelia. Mordva, Udmurt, Komi, Karelian, Mari-Vlak Rossiyshte Ilat. Mordva, Udmurt, Komi, Karelian, Mari-Vlak Rossiyshte Ilat. – Mordovians, Udmurts, Komi, Karelians, Mari live in Russia.
To ӧ kushto ila? - Who lives where? Finn-vlak Suomiyshte ilat. – Finns live in Suomi (Finland). Finn-vlak Suomiyshte ilat. – Finns live in Suomi (Finland). Eston-vlak Estoniyshte ilat. – Estonians live in Estonia. Eston-vlak Estoniyshte ilat. – Estonians live in Estonia. Hungarian-vlak Hungryishte ilat. – Hungarians live in Hungary. Hungarian-vlak Hungryishte ilat. – Hungarians live in Hungary. Finn, Estonian, Hungarian-vlak Russian dech ӧ rdyzht ӧ ilat. – Finns, Estonians, and Hungarians live outside Russia. Finn, Estonian, Hungarian-vlak Russian dech ӧ rdyzht ӧ ilat. – Finns, Estonians, and Hungarians live outside Russia. ӧ rdyzht ӧ – beyond ӧ rdyzht ӧ – beyond
The capitals of the Finno-Ugric peoples are Rÿdola – the capital of Rÿdola – the capital of Hungarian Rÿdolaže – Budapest. – The capital of Hungary is Budapest. Hungarian Rÿdolaže – Budapest. – The capital of Hungary is Budapest. Estonia rÿdolaže – Tallinn. – The capital of Estonia is Tallinn. Estonia rÿdolaže – Tallinn. – The capital of Estonia is Tallinn. Finlandiin rÿdolaže – Helsinki. – The capital of Finland is Helsinki. Finlandiin rÿdolaže – Helsinki. – The capital of Finland is Helsinki. Mari Elyn rodolage – Yoshkar-Ola. – The capital of Mari El is Yoshkar-Ola. Mari Elyn rodolage – Yoshkar-Ola. – The capital of Mari El is Yoshkar-Ola.
Word formation Remember: in the Mari language, derived adverbs are formed by adding suffixes to the base of nouns and adjectives. Remember: in the Mari language, derived adverbs are formed by adding suffixes to the base of nouns and adjectives. Mari – marla (mari – in Mari). Mari – marla (mari – in Mari). Saam – saamla (Saam – in Sami). Saam – saamla (Saam – in Sami). Rush - rushla (Russian - in Russian). Rush - rushla (Russian - in Russian). Udmurt - udmurtla (udmurt - in Udmurt). Udmurt - udmurtla (udmurt - in Udmurt).
I speak by... Wash gauze with oil. – I speak Mari. Wash with gauze oil. – I speak Mari. My rushla oil. - I speak Russian. My rushla oil. - I speak Russian. Wash with Finnla oil. – I speak Finnish. Wash with Finnla oil. – I speak Finnish. My Hungarian oil. – I speak Hungarian. My Hungarian oil. – I speak Hungarian. My Rushla, Marla, Tatarla Englishla, Nemychla Oilem. – I speak Russian, Mari, Tatar, English, German. My Rushla, Marla, Tatarla Englishla, Nemychla Oilem. – I speak Russian, Mari, Tatar, English, German.
Task: 1. Write in your notebook and translate into Russian: Tudo Estonian. Tudo Estoniyshte ila, estonla oila. Estonia rÿdolaže – Tallinn. 1. Write in a notebook and translate into Russian: Tudo Eston. Tudo Estoniyshte ila, estonla oila. Estonia rÿdolaže – Tallinn. 2. Using the example, write about other Finno-Ugric peoples: Mari, Udmurt, Hungarian, Mordovian. Translate into Russian. 2. Using the example, write about other Finno-Ugric peoples: Mari, Udmurt, Hungarian, Mordovian. Translate into Russian.
Looking at the geographical map of Russia, you can see that in the basins of the Middle Volga and Kama river names ending in “va” and “ha” are common: Sosva, Izva, Kokshaga, Vetluga, etc. Finno-Ugrians live in those places, and translated from their languages "va" And "ha" mean "river", "moisture", "wet place", "water". However, Finno-Ugric toponyms{1 ) are found not only where these peoples make up a significant part of the population, form republics and national districts. Their distribution area is much wider: it covers the European north of Russia and part of the central regions. There are many examples: the ancient Russian cities of Kostroma and Murom; the Yakhroma and Iksha rivers in the Moscow region; Verkola village in Arkhangelsk, etc.
Some researchers consider even such familiar words as “Moscow” and “Ryazan” to be Finno-Ugric in origin. Scientists believe that Finno-Ugric tribes once lived in these places, and now the memory of them is preserved by ancient names.
{1 } Toponym (from the Greek “topos” - “place” and “onima” - “name”) is a geographical name.
WHO ARE THE FINNO-UGRICS
Finns called people inhabiting Finland, neighboring Russia(in Finnish " Suomi "), A Ugrians in ancient Russian chronicles they were called Hungarians. But in Russia there are no Hungarians and very few Finns, but there are peoples speaking languages related to Finnish or Hungarian . These peoples are called Finno-Ugric . Depending on the degree of similarity of languages, scientists divide Finno-Ugric peoples into five subgroups . Firstly, Baltic-Finnish , included Finns, Izhorians, Vodians, Vepsians, Karelians, Estonians and Livonians. The two most numerous people this subgroup - Finns and Estonians- live mainly outside our country. In Russia Finns can be found in Karelia, Leningrad region and St. Petersburg;Estonians - V Siberia, Volga region and Leningrad region. A small group of Estonians - setu - lives in Pechora district of Pskov region. By religion, many Finns and Estonians - Protestants (usually, Lutherans), setu - Orthodox . Little people Vepsians lives in small groups in Karelia, Leningrad region and in the north-west of Vologda, A water (there are less than 100 people left!) - in Leningradskaya. AND Veps and Vod - Orthodox . Orthodoxy is professed and Izhorians . There are 449 of them in Russia (in the Leningrad region), and about the same number in Estonia. Vepsians and Izhorians have preserved their languages (they even have dialects) and use them in everyday communication. The Votic language has disappeared.
The biggest Baltic-Finnish people of Russia - Karelians . They live in Republic of Karelia, as well as in the Tver, Leningrad, Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions. In everyday life, Karelians speak three dialects: Karelian, Lyudikovsky and Livvikovsky, and their literary language is Finnish. Newspapers and magazines are published on it, and a department operates at the Faculty of Philology of Petrozavodsk University Finnish language and literature. Karelians also speak Russian.
The second subgroup consists Sami , or Lapps . Most of them are settled in Northern Scandinavia, but in Russia Sami- inhabitants Kola Peninsula. According to most experts, the ancestors of this people once occupied a much larger territory, but over time they were pushed to the north. Then they lost their language and adopted one of the Finnish dialects. The Sami are good reindeer herders (in the recent past they were nomads), fishermen and hunters. In Russia they profess Orthodoxy .
In the third, Volga-Finnish , subgroup includes Mari and Mordovians . Mordva - indigenous people Republic of Mordovia, but a significant part of this people live throughout Russia - in Samara, Penza, Nizhny Novgorod, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions, in the republics of Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, in Chuvashia etc. Even before the annexation in the 16th century. Mordovian lands to Russia, the Mordovians had their own nobility - "inyazory", "otsyazory"", i.e. "owners of the land." Inyazory They were the first to be baptized, quickly became Russified, and later their descendants formed an element in the Russian nobility that was slightly smaller than those from the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate. Mordva is divided into Erzya and Moksha ; each of the ethnographic groups has a written literary language - Erzya and Moksha . By religion Mordovians Orthodox ; they have always been considered the most Christianized people of the Volga region.
Mari live mainly in Republic of Mari El, as well as in Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Nizhny Novgorod, Kirov, Sverdlovsk and Perm regions. It is generally accepted that this people has two literary languages - Meadow-Eastern and Mountain Mari. However, not all philologists share this opinion.
Even ethnographers of the 19th century. celebrated unusually high level national identity Mari They stubbornly resisted joining Russia and baptism, and until 1917 the authorities forbade them to live in cities and engage in crafts and trade.
In the fourth, Permian , the subgroup itself includes Komi , Komi-Permyaks and Udmurts .Komi(in the past they were called Zyryans) form the indigenous population of the Komi Republic, but also live in Sverdlovsk, Murmansk, Omsk regions, in the Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs. Their original occupations are farming and hunting. But, unlike most other Finno-Ugric peoples, there have long been many merchants and entrepreneurs among them. Even before October 1917 Komi in terms of literacy (in Russian) approached the most educated peoples of Russia - Russian Germans and Jews. Today, 16.7% of Komi work in agriculture, but 44.5% work in industry, and 15% work in education, science, and culture. Part of the Komi - the Izhemtsy - mastered reindeer husbandry and became the largest reindeer herders in the European north. Komi Orthodox (partly Old Believers).
Very close in language to the Zyryans Komi-Permyaks . More than half of this people live in Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, and the rest - in the Perm region. Permians are mainly peasants and hunters, but throughout their history they were also factory serfs in the Ural factories, and barge haulers on the Kama and Volga. By religion Komi-Permyaks Orthodox .
Udmurts{ 2 } concentrated mostly in Udmurt Republic , where they make up about 1/3 of the population. Small groups of Udmurts live in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, the Republic of Mari El, in Perm, Kirov, Tyumen, Sverdlovsk regions . The traditional occupation is agriculture. In cities they are most often forgotten native language and customs. Maybe that's why Udmurt language Only 70% of Udmurts, mostly residents of rural areas, consider them family. Udmurts Orthodox , but many of them (including baptized ones) adhere to traditional beliefs - they worship pagan gods, deities, spirits.
In the fifth, Ugric , subgroup includes Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi . "Ugrimi "in Russian chronicles they called Hungarians, A " Ugra " - Ob Ugrians, i.e. Khanty and Mansi. Although Northern Urals and lower reaches of the Ob, where the Khanty and Mansi live, are located thousands of kilometers from the Danube, on the banks of which the Hungarians created their state; these peoples are their closest relatives. Khanty and Mansi belong to the small peoples of the North. Muncie live mainly in X Anti-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, A Khanty - V Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, Tomsk Region. The Mansi are primarily hunters, then fishermen and reindeer herders. The Khanty, on the contrary, are first fishermen, and then hunters and reindeer herders. Both of them confess Orthodoxy, however, they did not forget the ancient faith. High damage traditional culture The Ob Ugrians were damaged by the industrial development of their region: many hunting grounds disappeared, the rivers were polluted.
Old Russian chronicles preserved the names of Finno-Ugric tribes that have now disappeared - Chud, Merya, Muroma . Merya in the 1st millennium AD e. lived in the area between the Volga and Oka rivers, and at the turn of the 1st and 2nd millennia merged with the Eastern Slavs. There is an assumption that modern Mari are descendants of this tribe. Murom in the 1st millennium BC. e. lived in the Oka basin, and by the 12th century. n. e. mixed with the Eastern Slavs. Chudyu modern researchers consider the Finnish tribes that lived in ancient times along the banks of the Onega and Northern Dvina. It is possible that they are the ancestors of the Estonians.
{ 2 )Russian historian of the 18th century. V.N. Tatishchev wrote that the Udmurts (formerly called Votyaks) perform their prayers “at any good tree, however, not with the pine and spruce, which have no leaves or fruit, but the aspen is revered as a cursed tree..."
WHERE DID THE FINNO-UGRICS LIVE AND WHERE DID THE FINNO-UGRICS LIVE?
Most researchers agree that the ancestral home Finno-Ugrians
was on the border of Europe and Asia, in the areas between the Volga and Kama and in the Urals. It was there in the IV-III millennia BC. e. A community of tribes arose, related in language and similar in origin. By the 1st millennium AD. e. the ancient Finno-Ugrians settled as far as the Baltic states and Northern Scandinavia. They occupied a vast territory covered with forests - almost the entire northern part of what is now European Russia to the Kama River in the south.
Excavations show that the ancient Finno-Ugrians belonged to Ural race: their appearance is a mixture of Caucasian and Mongoloid features (wide cheekbones, often Mongolian eye shape). Moving west, they mixed with Caucasians. As a result, among some peoples descended from the ancient Finno-Ugrians, Mongoloid features began to smooth out and disappear. Nowadays, “Ural” features are characteristic to one degree or another of everyone to the Finnish peoples of Russia: average height, wide face, nose, called “snub”, very light hair, sparse beard. But in different peoples these features manifest themselves in different ways. For example, 
Mordovian-Erzya tall, fair-haired, blue-eyed, and Mordovian-Moksha and shorter in stature, with a wider face, and their hair is darker. U Mari and Udmurts Often there are eyes with the so-called Mongolian fold - epicanthus, very wide cheekbones, and a thin beard. But at the same time (the Ural race!) has blond and red hair, blue and gray eyes. The Mongolian fold is sometimes found among Estonians, Vodians, Izhorians, and Karelians. Komi they are different: in those places where there are mixed marriages with the Nenets, they have black hair and braids; others are more Scandinavian-like, with a slightly wider face.
Finno-Ugrians were engaged in agriculture (in order to fertilize the soil with ash, they burned areas of the forest), hunting and fishing . Their settlements were far from each other. Perhaps for this reason they did not create states anywhere and began to be part of neighboring organized and constantly expanding powers. Some of the first mentions of the Finno-Ugrians contain Khazar documents written in Hebrew - state language Khazar Khaganate. Alas, there are almost no vowels in it, so one can only guess that “tsrms” means “Cheremis-Mari”, and “mkshkh” means “moksha”. Later, the Finno-Ugrians also paid tribute to the Bulgars and were part of the Kazan Khanate and the Russian state.
RUSSIANS AND FINNO-UGRICS
In the XVI-XVIII centuries. Russian settlers rushed to the lands of the Finno-Ugric peoples. Most often, settlement was peaceful, but sometimes indigenous peoples resisted the entry of their region into the Russian state. The Mari showed the most fierce resistance.
Over time, baptism, writing, and urban culture brought by the Russians began to displace local languages and beliefs. Many began to feel like Russians - and actually became them. Sometimes it was enough to be baptized for this. The peasants of one Mordovian village wrote in a petition: “Our ancestors, the former Mordovians,” sincerely believing that only their ancestors, pagans, were Mordovians, and their Orthodox descendants are in no way related to the Mordovians.
People moved to cities, went far away - to Siberia, to Altai, where everyone had one language in common - Russian. The names after baptism were no different from ordinary Russian ones. Or almost nothing: not everyone notices that there is nothing Slavic in surnames like Shukshin, Vedenyapin, Piyasheva, but they go back to the name of the Shuksha tribe, the name of the goddess of war Veden Ala, the pre-Christian name Piyash. Thus, a significant part of the Finno-Ugrians was assimilated by the Russians, and some, having converted to Islam, mixed with the Turks. That is why the Finno-Ugric people do not constitute a majority anywhere - even in the republics to which they gave their name.
But, having dissolved in the mass of Russians, the Finno-Ugrians retained their anthropological type: very blond hair, blue eyes, a “bubble” nose, and a wide, high-cheekboned face. The type that writers of the 19th century. called the “Penza peasant”, is now perceived as typically Russian.
Many Finno-Ugric words have entered the Russian language: “tundra”, “sprat”, “herring”, etc. Is there a more Russian and by all favorite dish what dumplings? Meanwhile, this word is borrowed from the Komi language and means “bread ear”: “pel” is “ear”, and “nyan” is “bread”. There are especially many borrowings in northern dialects, mainly among the names of natural phenomena or landscape elements. They add a unique beauty to local speech and regional literature. Take for example the word "taibola", which is used in Arkhangelsk region is called a dense forest, and in the Mezen River basin - a road running along the seashore next to the taiga. It is taken from the Karelian "taibale" - "isthmus". For centuries, peoples living nearby have always enriched each other's language and culture.
Patriarch Nikon and Archpriest Avvakum were Finno-Ugrians by origin - both Mordvins, but irreconcilable enemies; Udmurt - physiologist V.M. Bekhterev, Komi - sociologist Pitirim Sorokin, Mordvin - sculptor S. Nefedov-Erzya, who took the name of the people as his pseudonym; Mari composer A. Ya. Eshpai.
ANCIENT CLOTHING V O D I I ZH O R T E V
The main part of the traditional women's costume of the Vodi and Izhorians is shirt
. Ancient shirts were sewn very long, with wide, also long sleeves. In the warm season, a shirt was the only clothing a woman could wear. Back in the 60s. XIX century After the wedding, the young woman was supposed to wear only a shirt until her father-in-law gave her a fur coat or caftan.
Votic women retained for a long time the ancient form of unstitched waist clothing - hursgukset , which was worn over a shirt. Hursgukset is similar to Russian poneva. It was richly decorated copper coins, shells, fringe, bells. Later, when he came into everyday life sundress , the bride wore a hursgukset under a sundress to the wedding.
A kind of unstitched clothing - annua - worn in the central part Ingria(part of the territory of modern Leningrad region). It was a wide cloth that reached to the armpits; a strap was sewn to its upper ends and thrown over the left shoulder. The annua parted on the left side, and therefore a second cloth was put on under it - Khurstut . It was wrapped around the waist and also worn on a strap. The Russian sarafan gradually replaced the ancient loincloth among the Vodians and Izhorians. The clothes were belted leather belt, cords, woven belts and narrow towels.
In ancient times, Votic women shaved my head.
TRADITIONAL CLOTHING KH A N T O V I M A N S I
Khanty and Mansi clothes were made from skins, fur, fish skin, cloth, nettle and linen canvas. In the manufacture of children's clothing, they used the most archaic material - bird skins.
Men wore in winter swing fur coats made of deer and hare fur, squirrel and fox paws, and in summer a short robe made of coarse cloth; the collar, sleeves and right hem were trimmed with fur.Winter shoes It was made of fur and was worn with fur stockings. Summer made of rovduga (suede made from deer or elk skin), and the sole was made of elk skin.
Men's shirts they were sewn from nettle canvas, and the trousers were made from rovduga, fish skin, canvas, and cotton fabrics. Must be worn over a shirt woven belt , to which hung beaded bags(they held a knife in a wooden sheath and a flint).
Women wore in winter fur coat from deer skin; the lining was also fur. Where there were few deer, the lining was made from hare and squirrel skins, and sometimes from duck or swan down. In summer wore cloth or cotton robe ,decorated with stripes made of beads, colored fabric and tin plaques. The women cast these plaques themselves in special molds made of soft stone or pine bark. The belts were already men's and more elegant.
Women covered their heads both in winter and summer scarves with wide borders and fringes . In the presence of men, especially older relatives of the husband, according to tradition, the end of the scarf was supposed to be cover your face. They lived among the Khanty and beaded headbands .
Hair Previously, it was not customary to cut hair. Men parted their hair in the middle, gathered it into two ponytails and tied it with a colored cord. .Women braided two braids, decorated them with colored cord and copper pendants . At the bottom, the braids were connected with a thick copper chain so as not to interfere with work. Rings, bells, beads and other decorations were hung from the chain. Khanty women, according to custom, wore a lot copper and silver rings . Jewelry made from beads, which were imported by Russian merchants, were also widespread.
HOW THE MARIES DRESSED
In the past, Mari clothing was exclusively homemade. Upper(it was worn in winter and autumn) was sewn from homemade cloth and sheepskin, and shirts and summer caftans- made of white linen canvas.
Women wore shirt, caftan, pants, headdress and bast shoes . Shirts were embroidered with silk, wool, and cotton threads. They were worn with belts woven from wool and silk and decorated with beads, tassels and metal chains. One of the types headdresses of married Maries , similar to a cap, was called shymaksh . It was made from thin canvas and placed on a birch bark frame. An obligatory part of the traditional costume of the Maries was considered jewelry made of beads, coins, tin plaques.
Men's suit consisted of canvas embroidered shirt, pants, canvas caftan and bast shoes . The shirt was shorter than a woman's and was worn with a narrow belt made of wool and leather. On head put on felt HATS and sheepskin caps .
WHAT IS FINNO-UGRIAN LINGUISTIC RELATIONSHIP
Finno-Ugric peoples by way of life, religion, historical destinies and even appearance differ from each other. They are combined into one group based on the relationship of languages. However, linguistic proximity varies. The Slavs, for example, can easily come to an agreement, each speaking in his own dialect. But the Finno-Ugric people will not be able to communicate as easily with their brothers in the language group.
In ancient times, the ancestors of modern Finno-Ugrians spoke in one language. Then its speakers began to move, mixed with other tribes, and the once single language split into several independent ones. The Finno-Ugric languages diverged so long ago that they have few common words - about a thousand. For example, “house” in Finnish is “koti”, in Estonian – “kodu”, in Mordovian – “kudu”, in Mari – “kudo”. The word "butter" is similar: Finnish "voi", Estonian "vdi", Udmurt and Komi "vy", Hungarian "vaj". But the sound of the languages - phonetics - remains so close that any Finno-Ugric, listening to another and not even understanding what he is talking about, feels: this is a related language.
NAMES OF FINNO-UGRICS
Finno-Ugric peoples long time profess (at least officially) Orthodoxy , therefore their first and last names, as a rule, do not differ from Russians. However, in the village, in accordance with the sound of local languages, they change. So, Akulina becomes Oculus, Nikolai - Nikul or Mikul, Kirill - Kirlya, Ivan - Yivan. U Komi , for example, the patronymic is often placed before the given name: Mikhail Anatolyevich sounds like Tol Mish, i.e. Anatolyev's son Mishka, and Rosa Stepanovna turns into Stepan Rosa - Stepan's daughter Rosa. In the documents, of course, everyone has ordinary Russian names. Only writers, artists and performers choose the traditionally rural form: Yyvan Kyrlya, Nikul Erkay, Illya Vas, Ortjo Stepanov.
U Komi often found surnames Durkin, Rochev, Kanev; among the Udmurts - Korepanov and Vladykin; at Mordovians - Vedenyapin, Pi-yashev, Kechin, Mokshin. Surnames with a diminutive suffix are especially common among Mordovians - Kirdyaykin, Vidyaykin, Popsuykin, Alyoshkin, Varlashkin.
Some Mari , especially unbaptized chi-mari in Bashkiria, at one time they accepted turkic names. Therefore, the Chi-Mari often have surnames similar to Tatar ones: Anduga-nov, Baitemirov, Yashpatrov, but their names and patronymics are Russian. U Karelian There are both Russian and Finnish surnames, but always with a Russian ending: Perttuev, Lampiev. Usually in Karelia you can distinguish by surname Karelian, Finnish and St. Petersburg Finn. So, Perttuev - Karelian, Perttu - St. Petersburg Finn, A Pertgunen - Finn. But each of them can have a first and patronymic Stepan Ivanovich.
WHAT DO THE FINNO-UGRICS BELIEVE?
In Russia, many Finno-Ugrians profess Orthodoxy . In the 12th century. Vepsians were baptized in the 13th century. - Karelians, at the end of the 14th century. - Komi At the same time, to translate the Holy Scriptures into the Komi language, it was created Perm writing - the only original Finno-Ugric alphabet. During the XVIII-XIX centuries. Mordovians, Udmurts and Maris were baptized. However, the Mari never fully accepted Christianity. To avoid conversion to the new faith, some of them (they called themselves “chi-mari” - “true Mari”) went to the territory of Bashkiria, and those who stayed and were baptized often continued to worship the old gods. Among among the Mari, Udmurts, Sami and some other peoples, the so-called double faith . People revere the old gods, but recognize the “Russian God” and his saints, especially Nicholas the Pleasant. In Yoshkar-Ola, the capital of the Mari El Republic, the state took under protection a sacred grove - " kyusoto", and now pagan prayers take place here. The names of the supreme gods and mythological heroes of these peoples are similar and probably go back to the ancient Finnish name for the sky and air - " ilma ": Ilmarinen - among the Finns, Ilmayline - among the Karelians,Inmar - among the Udmurts, Yong -Komi.
CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE FINNO-UGRICS
Writing many Finno-Ugric languages of Russia were created on the basis Cyrillic alphabet, with the addition of letters and superscripts that convey sound features.Karelians , whose literary language is Finnish, are written in Latin letters.
Literature of the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia very young, but oral folk art has a centuries-old history. Finnish poet and folklorist Elias Lönrö t (1802-1884) collected the tales of the epic " Kalevala "among the Karelians of the Olonets province of the Russian Empire. The final edition of the book was published in 1849. "Kalevala", which means "the country of Kalev", in its rune songs tells about the exploits of the Finnish heroes Väinämöinen, Ilmarinen and Lemminkäinen, about their struggle with the evil Louhi , the mistress of Pohjola (the northern country of darkness). In a magnificent poetic form, the epic tells about the life, beliefs, and customs of the ancestors of the Finns, Karelians, Vepsians, Vodians, and Izhorians. This information is extremely rich, it reveals. spiritual world farmers and hunters of the North. "Kalevala" stands on a par with the greatest epics of mankind. Some other Finno-Ugric peoples also have epics: "Kalevipoeg"("Son of Caleb") - at Estonians , "Pera the hero" - y Komi-Permyaks , preserved epic tales among the Mordovians and Mansi .
Peoples speaking Finno-Ugric (Finnish Ugric) languages. Finno-Ugric languages. constitute one of the two branches (along with the Samoyed) level. language families. According to the linguistic principle of F.U.N. are divided into groups: Baltic Finnish (Finns, Karelians, Estonians... Ural Historical Encyclopedia
Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia Ethnopsychological Dictionary
FINNO-UGRIAN PEOPLES OF RUSSIA- the peoples of our country (Mordovians, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Khanty, Mansi, Sami, Karelians), living in the north of the European part, in the northern, central and southern parts of the Urals and descending from the Ananyin archaeological culture (VII III... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy
Finno-Ugric Taxon: branch Area: Hungary, Norway, Russia, Finland, Sweden, Estonia, etc. Classification ... Wikipedia
Finno-Hungarian peoples (Finno-Ugrians) are a group of peoples speaking Finno-Hungarian languages, living in stripes in Western Siberia, Central and Eastern Europe. Contents 1 Representatives of the Finno-Ugric peoples 2 History 3 Links ... Wikipedia
Finno-Ugric languages- Finno-Ugric languages are a family of languages that are part of a larger genetic group of languages called the Uralic languages. Before the genetic relationship of the Samoyed languages with the Finno-Ugric languages was proven, the F.-u. I. was considered... ... Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary
Finno-Ugric (or Finno-Ugric) peoples- population speaking Finno-Ugric languages. A group of Finno-Ugric languages, one of two branches of the Uralic language family. Divided into language groups (ethnic groups corresponding to them): Baltic Finnish (Finnish, Izhorian, Karelian, Ludyk, ... ... Physical Anthropology. Illustrated explanatory dictionary.
Books
- Leningrad region. Did you know? , . Leningrad region - region with rich history. Did you know that its territory has long been inhabited by the Slavs and Finno-Ugric peoples, who together created Northern Rus'? The great…
- Monuments of the Fatherland. Almanac, No. 33 (1-2/1995). Complete description of Russia. Udmurtia, . Different peoples have lived on our land as good neighbors for centuries. Ancient Finno-Ugric tribes left traces of their high culture and art. Their descendants, the Udmurts, preserved the marching...
The names of the peoples included in the Finno-Ugric language group will occupy almost all the letters of the alphabet. Residents of Mari El, Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug, Karelia, Udmurtia and other regions of Russia are very different and yet have something in common. Let's talk.
The Finno-Ugrians are not the largest language group in terms of numbers, but they are quite large in terms of the number of peoples. Most peoples live partially or completely on the territory of Russia. Some number hundreds of thousands (Mordvins, Mari, Udmurts), while others can be counted on one hand (as of 2002, only 73 people calling themselves Vods were registered in Russia). However, most of the speakers of Finno-Ugric languages live outside of Russia. First of all, these are Hungarians (about 14.5 million people), Finns (about 6 million) and Estonians (about a million).
Who are the Finno-Ugrians
Our country represents the largest diversity of Finno-Ugric peoples. These are primarily the Volga-Finnish subgroup (Mordovians and Mari), the Perm subgroup (Udmurts, Komi-Permyaks and Komi-Zyrians) and the Ob subgroup (Khanty and Mansi). Also in Russia there are almost all representatives of the Baltic-Finnish subgroup (Ingrians, Setos, Karelians, Vepsians, Izhorians, Vodians and Sami).
Old Russian chronicles preserved the names of three more peoples that have not reached our time and, apparently, were completely assimilated by the Russian population: the Chud, who lived along the banks of the Onega and Northern Dvina, the Merya, in the area between the Volga and Oka rivers, and the Murom, in the Oka basin.
Also, the archaeological and ethnographic expedition of the Dalnekonstantinovsky Museum of the Nizhny Novgorod Region and the Nizhny Novgorod University is now studying in detail another ethnic subgroup of the Mordovians that disappeared quite recently - the Teryukhans, who lived in the south of the Nizhny Novgorod region.
The most numerous Finno-Ugric peoples have their own republics and autonomous okrugs within Russia are the republics of Mordovia, Mari El, Udmurtia, Karelia, Komi and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug).
Where live
Originally living in the Urals and Western Siberia, the Finno-Ugrians eventually settled west and north of their ancestral lands - all the way to modern Estonia and Hungary. On this moment There are four main areas of their settlement:
- Scandinavian, Kola Peninsula and the Baltic states;
- the middle reaches of the Volga and the lower reaches of the Kama;
- Northern Urals and Northern Ob region;
- Hungary.
However, over time, the boundaries of Finno-Ugric settlement become less and less clear. This is especially evident in the last 50 years, and this process is associated with labor migration both within the country (from villages to cities) and interstate (especially after the creation of the European Union).
Languages and Anbur
Language is actually one of the main characteristics of this community, otherwise it is hardly possible to say simply by appearance that Hungarians, Estonians and Mansi are relatives. There are about 35 Finno-Ugric languages in total, divided into just two subbranches:
- Ugric - Hungarians, Khanty and Mansi;
- Finno-Permian - all the rest, including the dead Murom, Meryan, Meshchera, Kemi-Sami and Akkala languages.
According to researchers and linguists, all current Finno-Ugric languages had common ancestor, called Proto-Finno-Ugric language for linguistic classification. The oldest known written monuments(late 12th century) is the so-called “Funeral Oration and Prayer,” which is written in Latin in Old Hungarian.
We will be more interested in the so-called Anbur - ancient Permian writing, which was used on the territory of Perm the Great in the 14th-17th centuries by the peoples inhabiting it: Komi-Permyaks, Komi-Zyryans and Russians. It was created by the Russian Orthodox missionary, Ustyug resident Stefan of Perm in 1372 on the basis of the Russian, Greek alphabets and tamga - runic Perm symbols.
Anbur was necessary for the Muscovites to communicate with their new neighbors in the east and northeast, since the Moscow state systematically and quite quickly expanded in the direction, as usual, baptizing new citizens
Anbur was necessary for the Muscovites to communicate with their new neighbors in the east and northeast, since the Moscow state systematically and quite quickly expanded in the direction, as usual, baptizing new citizens. The latter, by the way, were not particularly against it (if we are talking about Permians and Zyryans). However, with the gradual expansion of the Moscow principality and the inclusion of all of Perm the Great, Anbur is completely replaced by the Russian alphabet, since, in general, all literate people in those places already speak Russian. In the 15th-16th centuries, this writing is still used in some places, but as secret writing - it is a kind of cipher, with which a very limited number of people are familiar. By the 17th century, Anbur completely went out of circulation.
Finno-Ugric holidays and customs
Currently, the majority of Finno-Ugric peoples are Christians. Russians are Orthodox, Hungarians are mostly Catholics, and the Baltic peoples are Protestants. However, there are many Finno-Ugric Muslims in Russia. also in Lately are being reborn traditional beliefs: shamanism, animism and cult of ancestors.
As usually happens during Christianization, the local holiday calendar coincided with the church calendar, churches and chapels were erected on the site of sacred groves, and the cult of locally revered saints was introduced.
Among the Khanty, who were mainly engaged in fishing, the “fish” gods were more revered, but among the Mansi, who were mainly engaged in hunting, various forest animals (bear, elk) were revered. That is, all peoples set priorities depending on their needs. Religion was completely utilitarian. If the sacrifices made to some idol did not have an effect, then the same Mansi could easily flog him with a whip
The pre-Christian religion of the Finno-Ugrians was polytheistic - there was a supreme god (usually the god of the sky), as well as a galaxy of “smaller” gods: the sun, earth, water, fertility... All peoples had different names for the gods: in the case of the supreme deity, god near the sky Finns was called Yumala, Estonians— Taevataat, u Mari- Yumo.
Moreover, for example, Khanty who were mainly engaged in fishing, the “fish” gods were more revered, but among Mansi, engaged mainly in hunting, are various forest animals (bear, elk). That is, all peoples set priorities depending on their needs. Religion was quite utilitarian. If the sacrifices made to some idol did not have an effect, then the same Mansi could easily have been flogged.
Also, some of the Finno-Ugrians still practice dressing up in animal masks during holidays, which also takes us back to the times of totemism.
U Mordovians engaged mainly in agriculture, the cult of plants is highly developed - the ritual significance of bread and porridge, which were obligatory in almost all rituals, is still great. Traditional holidays of the Mordovians are also associated with agriculture: Ozim-Purya - prayer for harvesting grain on September 15, a week later for Ozim-Purya the Molyans of Keremet, near Kazanskaya they celebrate Kaldaz-Ozks, Velima-biva (secular beer).
Mari celebrate U Ii Payrem ( New Year) from December 31 to January 1. Shortly before this, Shorykyol (Christmastide) is celebrated. Shorykyol is also called "sheep's foot". This is because on this day the girls went from house to house and always went into the sheepfold and pulled the sheep by the legs - this was supposed to ensure well-being in the household and family. Shorykyol is one of the most famous Mari holidays. It is celebrated during winter solstice(from December 22) after the new moon.
Roshto (Christmas) is also celebrated, accompanied by a procession of mummers led by the main characters - Vasli kuva-kugyza and Shorykyol kuva-kugyza.
In the same way, almost all local traditional holidays are dedicated to church holidays.
It should also be noted that it was the Mari who gave a strong rebuff to Christian missionaries and still visit sacred groves and sacred trees on traditional holidays, conducting rituals there.
U Udmurts traditional holidays were also timed to coincide with church, as well as agricultural work and the days of the winter and summer solstices, spring and autumn equinoxes.
For Finns the most important are Christmas (as for decent Christians) and Midsummer (Juhannus). Juhannus in Finland is the holiday of Ivan Kupala in Rus'. As in Russia, the Finns believe that this is a holiday in honor of John the Baptist, but it is immediately clear that this is a pagan holiday that was never able to eradicate itself, and the church found a compromise. Like us, on Midsummer's Day young people jumped over the fire, and the girls threw wreaths on the water - whoever catches the wreath will be the groom.
This day is also revered among Estonians.
legion-media
The rite of karsikko is very interesting. Karelians and Finns. Karsikko is a tree that is cut or felled in a special way (necessarily coniferous). The ritual can be associated with almost any significant event: a wedding, the death of an important and respected person, a good hunt.
Depending on the situation, the tree was cut down or all its branches were completely cut off. They could have left one branch or just the tip. All this was decided on an individual basis, known only to the performer of the ritual. After the ceremony, the tree was monitored. If his condition did not worsen and the tree continued to grow, this meant happiness. If not, there will be grief and misfortune.
Where you can get acquainted with the life and history of the Finno-Ugric peoples
Seto: Museum-estate of the Seto people in the village of Sigovo http://www.museum-izborsk.ru/ru/page/sigovo
Veps: Veps Forest Nature Park, as well as
Lyantorsky Khanty ethnographical museum http://www.museum.ru/M2228
Komi: Finno-Ugric Cultural Center Komi Republic http://zyrians.foto11.com/fucenter
Karelians: Center national cultures and folk art
