Belarus - general information

Republic of Belarus

The Republic of Belarus is a state in Eastern Europe. The population at the beginning of 2016 is 9,498,700 people, the territory is 207,600 km². It ranks ninety-third in terms of population and eighty-fourth in terms of territory in the world. The capital and largest city of the state is Minsk. The official languages ​​are Belarusian and Russian. Unitary state, presidential republic. On July 20, 1994, Alexander Lukashenko assumed the presidency, and subsequently won the elections in 2001, 2006, 2010 and 2015. Divided into 6 regions, the city of Minsk has the special status of a city of republican subordination.

Geographical position

The territory of Belarus is 207,600 km² (86th largest in area among the countries of the world). Located in Eastern Europe. Belarus is the largest landlocked European state in terms of territory (out of all those located entirely in Europe). Belarus borders (starting from the northeast, clockwise) Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia.

Climate

The climate of Belarus is temperate continental, transitional from maritime to continental, formed under the influence of Atlantic air masses. Thaws are common in winter. Average summer temperature ranges from +17°C in the north (July), to +18-19°C in the south. Precipitation falls evenly, increasing from south to north - from 500 mm in the south to 800 mm in the northwest. Maximum amount precipitation usually falls in the autumn-winter period. In forested areas, the thickness of the snow cover can be 1-1.2 m.

Flora

Forests occupy about 2/5 of the country's territory. However, there are relatively few large forest areas on the territory of Belarus (the two largest are Belovezhskaya and Nalibokskaya Pushchas), but there are also no treeless areas.

Fauna

The fauna combines representatives of deciduous forests, taiga and forest-steppe. Among the representatives of the fauna, the most common are wild boar, hare, elk, and beaver. The most popular and dangerous inhabitants of the forest are the wolf, bear, fox and lynx.

Stork, thrush, heron, crow, sparrow, tit, oriole, bullfinch - birds that reflect the flavor of Belarus.

There are many species of fish in the country as the country is rich water resources: rivers, lakes and reservoirs. The most common of them are: pike, roach, bream, crucian carp, perch.

Under state protection are: bison, marsh turtle, lynx, river beaver and pine marten. Insects are ubiquitous.

Bees, wasps, ladybugs, butterflies and earthworms are the insects that are most often found throughout the country.

Agriculture

Agriculture is a historically important sector of the local economy, contributing more than 7% of national GDP and providing employment to more than 9% of the population. The main agricultural industry is farming and dairy farming. Main food crops: potatoes (6.9 million tons), sugar beets (4.8 million tons), wheat (2.5 million tons) In the past, the traditional forest industry for the republic plays a minor role in foreign trade - timber products and services were exported in 2013 for $144.8 million (0.39% of the country's exports).

Transport, infrastructure, communications

Railways and road transport are the main types of transport links in the country. Net railways is focused on the main highway passing through Orsha, Minsk and Brest, which connects Belarus with Moscow in the east and Warsaw in the west. The operational length of the tracks is 5512 km. In total, Belarus has more than 83,000 km of public roads and about 200,000 km of departmental roads (agricultural, industrial enterprises, forestry, etc.), including 10,000 km in cities and populated areas. At the same time, the density of country roads with hard surfaces is still quite low - 337 km per 1000 km² of territory. There are 261 cars per thousand inhabitants in Belarus. The river fleet carries out transportation along 1,500 km of navigable waterways (mainly in the Dnieper basin). Air transport is relatively poorly developed; The country's largest airport is located near Minsk. There are seven international airports in the country.

Belarus. Belaya Rus is a tender and poetic name that suits this country perfectly. White means bright, pure, innocent. Not typical for Belarus bright colors Mediterranean. She does not have the exoticism of Africa or the subtle slyness of the East. Belarus is a country of modest, one might even say, intelligent beauty. This is one of the few places left on our planet where you can see an amazing miracle - a miracle of untouched nature. An amazing thing: it seems that here, in the very center of Europe, time has suddenly noticeably slowed down - the 21st century is raging all around, civilization is moving forward by leaps and bounds, but in Belarus nature remains natural, people remain humane, and values ​​remain eternal!

The Republic of Belarus as an independent sovereign state appeared on the geographical map quite recently - in 1991 and therefore for many it is still a kind of terra incognita, although it is essentially located in the center of the European continent. This is a land of blue lakes and green forests, meadows open to the sun and spacious fields, among which quiet, calm rivers flow their waters.

Geography

The Republic of Belarus (Belarus) is located in the eastern part of Europe, in the Central European time zone: GMT + 2 hours. The territory of the state is 207.6 thousand square meters. km, it is compact. Its greatest length from west to east is 650 km, from north to south - 560 km. In the west the country borders on Poland, in the northwest - on Lithuania and Latvia, in the northeast and east - on Russia, in the south - on Ukraine. The territory of Belarus is located at the intersection of the trans-European transport and communication corridors “West - East” and “North - South”. Belarus consists of 6 regions, 118 districts, more than 100 cities, 111 urban-type settlements, over 24 thousand villages. The capital is the city of Minsk, occupying an area of ​​about 200 square meters. km, with a population approaching 2 million people. Distance from Minsk to the capitals of neighboring states: Vilnius - 215 km, Riga - 470, Warsaw - 550, Kyiv - 580, Moscow - 700, Berlin - 1060 km. The official languages ​​are Belarusian and Russian, the monetary unit is the Belarusian ruble.

Time

Located in the Central European time zone: GMT + 2 hours. There is no difference with Kyiv time. When it is noon in Belarus, 11:00 in Paris, 10:00 in London, 5:00 in New York, 2:00 in Los Angeles, 13:00 in Moscow.

Climate

The moderate continental climate of Belarus, formed under the influence of Atlantic air masses, is characterized by rainy, cool summers, mild winters with frequent thaws, and unstable weather in autumn and winter. average temperature varies depending on the regions of Belarus. In July, the average temperature ranges from +17°C in the north to +18.5°C in the south. The average temperature in January ranges from -4.5°C in the southwest to -8°C in the northeast. For summer types of recreation, the favorable time period with an average daily temperature above 15°C increases in the direction from northeast to southwest - from 70-89 days in Poozerie, to 90-95 days in Central Belarus and 96-114 days in Polesie. The average daily water temperature in summer in all reservoirs exceeds 17°C, and in July - 19-22°C.

Language

The official languages ​​are Belarusian and Russian.

Religion

Main religions: Orthodoxy, Catholicism.

Population

About 80% of the population are Belarusians, 13.2% are Russians, 4.1% are Poles, 2.9% are Ukrainians. Urban population 71.1%. 70% of believers are Orthodox Christians, about 20% are Catholics, the rest are Uniates and Judaists.

Emergency numbers

Rescue Service - 101
Ambulance - 103
Police - 102

Connection

On city streets you can see pay phones with booths in gray and blue colors. From the booths gray You can make a call within the country, and from blue booths - international. All pay phones operate using cards, which can be purchased at kiosks, shops and post offices. In order to call from Belarus to Russia, you need to dial 8 - 10 - 7 - city code - subscriber number. In order to call from Russia to Belarus, you need to dial 8 - 10 - 375 (Belarus code) - city code - subscriber number.

Currency exchange

Belarusian ruble (BYR or Br). There are banknotes in circulation in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10000, 20000, 50000 and 100000 rubles. US dollars, euros and Russian rubles. Banks are open from Monday to Friday from 9.00-9.30 to 17.00-17.30. You can exchange currency in banks and exchange offices, and all exchange transactions must be accompanied by the receipt of a special form confirming the legality of the exchange (all exchange receipts must be kept until leaving the country). Exchanging currency on the street or at private money changers poses certain difficulties. Exchange rate: Belarusian ruble (BYR) / Ruble (RUB) 1 RUB = 90.39 BYR.

Visa

For Russian citizens, entry into Belarus is visa-free. It is enough to present your foreign passport at the border.

Customs regulations

Russian citizens entering the Republic of Belarus temporarily or for permanent residence are not subject to customs control. Those of them who are transiting through Belarus are required to present customs clearance all transported items. You can import goods for personal use worth up to $1,000 into the country without duties. If items are recognized as intended for commercial or industrial purposes, customs duties must be paid. Without customs duty, you can import up to 3 liters of alcoholic beverages and up to 600 pcs. cigarettes. Imported furniture is subject to a duty of 50% of its value. When importing vehicles with a service life of more than 3 years, a tax of 0.3 ECU per 1 cubic meter is levied. centimeter of engine volume; for a car with a service life of up to 3 years - 1 ECU.

The import of weapons (without permission from the relevant authorities of the Republic of Belarus), potent narcotic and toxic substances, gold bullion, antiques and art (without special permits) is prohibited. It is allowed to export an amount not exceeding the equivalent of $500 without presenting permits. When exporting an amount over $500, but not exceeding $10,000, a document on the origin of the currency must be provided; for an amount over $10,000, you must have a document from authorized banks of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation.

Holidays and non-working days

1st of January - New Year
Jan. 7 - Orthodox Christmas
March 8 - International Women's Day
March 15 - Constitution Day
March-May - Easter
May 1 - Labor Day
May 9 - Victory Day
May 14 - Radunitsa
July 3 - Independence Day
November 2 - Catholic Day of Remembrance (Day of Remembrance of Ancestors) "Dziady"
November 7 - Anniversary of the October Revolution
December 25 - Catholic Christmas

In January, the National Convention of Belarusian Composers (Minsk) and the International Festival are held classical music"January musical evenings"(Brest) within the framework of which many concerts take place. At the end of April, the whole country celebrates Radunitsa - the Orthodox Day of Remembrance of Ancestors, and the International Festival of Linguistics "Expolingua" is held in the capital. In June, the Poetry Festival on Lake Svityaz and the National Festival "Belarus is Mine" are interesting song".

July is the most eventful period in the Belarusian calendar. Independence Day is celebrated on July 3. July 4 is the day of the city of Minsk, accompanied by the folklore holiday "Belarusian Padworks" and the air force holiday in honor of Independence Day. In mid-July, the Ivan Kupala holiday, the International Arts Festival "Slavic Bazaar in Vitebsk" are held, and at the end of July - the Belarusian rock festival "Basovishche" (Grudek, Poland).

The festival of medieval culture "Sword of Lutsk Castle" is held in early September in the Lubart Castle (Lutsk). In October the International Theater Festival (Minsk) takes place, and in November - the Belarusian holiday Musical autumn(Minsk) - festival of folk and classical music and dance. At the end of December, the Winter Arts Festival "Christmas Fun" opens in the capital, and on December 21 the famous Kolyady (Kalyady) opens.

Transport

Minsk National Airport is the main air port of the Republic of Belarus. By technical specifications he has no equal in the republic. The Belavia company is the National carrier of the Republic of Belarus. There are three ways to get to the city: by bus, which will cost you about 1 euro, by taxi (about 20 euros) or by rented car. Buses depart every hour from 7 am to 10:30 pm and arrive at the Minsk Central Bus Station, which is located next to the railway station building. Taxis are always available at the airport exit. The car rental office is located in the arrivals area. There are several bus stations in Minsk. Most international transport is carried out from the Central Bus Station. The range of services offered by the Central Bus Station is limited, which is explained by its proximity to the railway station. There are railway connections between Minsk and almost all major capitals of Europe. Most Belarusian cities also have railway connections. The new building of the Central Railway Station of Minsk offers a full range of services for passengers, most services are provided 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

Tips

Classic phrase: tips are not required, but are appreciated. They usually amount to 10% of the invoice amount. In some hotels in Minsk and other large cities, up to 5-15% of the cost of stay for service is added to the bill, while tips are usually added to the bill as a separate line. If this is not done, it is recommended to give some amount (at your discretion) directly to the service personnel. Doormen and porters usually expect a tip of 1-2 USD, waiters will willingly take 5-10% of the bill as a tip.

The shops

Minsk residents practically do not use the word “shopping”. For them, purchasing new products is still a strictly planned shopping trip. Very few people can afford shopping in Minsk as entertainment. The main centers where Minsk residents go for shopping are clothing markets. The most popular among them: Dynamo, Zhdanovichi, Chervensky. For the majority of the Minsk population, this option for purchasing clothes and shoes is the most optimal. The assortment in the markets is quite monotonous and cheap. Clothes and shoes are usually made in China or Russia. Household appliances are from well-known world brands, among which the Korean LG and Samsung predominate. Traditionally, purchases are also made in the largest stores in the capital: TSUM, GUM, Belarus department store and Trading House on Nemiga. Recently, large shopping pavilions were added to them in the center of Minsk: the Zerkalo shopping complex, Parking, and the Kupalovsky underground shopping mall. More recently, hypermarkets appeared in Minsk. It is assumed that they will compete with trade in the markets. The organization of trade in hypermarkets in Minsk is the same as in their Western counterparts.

Second-hand - this option for cheap and relatively high-quality shopping is becoming increasingly popular in Minsk. If you try, you can find a branded item in specialized stores. good quality for a reasonable price. Many people are not bothered by the fact that a thing lives a second life.

The most inaccessible and mysterious way of shopping for residents of Minsk is shopping in boutiques. There are about twenty of them in the capital. It remains a mystery how they exist, since those who have the money to buy expensive clothes from famous fashion designers prefer to buy newer and more fashionable ones abroad, in Moscow or in Europe.

Shopping day in Minsk is Saturday. On this day, the majority of Minsk residents prefer to make serious acquisitions. For most residents of Minsk, 70% of the family budget is spent on food, so purchasing a pair of boots or a sweater is considered a significant purchase.

National cuisine

The basis of modern Belarusian cuisine is the cuisine of the rural population of the eastern and western regions, which includes the most common dishes of the urban population that have existed for a long time on the territory of Belarus, which developed mainly under the influence of Polish cuisine, but received Belarusian processing. The main feature of Belarusian cuisine is the abundance of potato dishes. Moreover, potatoes are used mainly in grated form. Whole potatoes are consumed in only two forms - boiled in their skins (in Belarusian they are called soloniki, as they are eaten thickly sprinkled with salt) and stewed. Dishes made from stewed potatoes are called stew or smazheniki.

Mushrooms are only boiled and stewed, but Belarusian cuisine does not know dishes made from fried mushrooms (just as it did not know marinating and pickling mushrooms until the beginning of the 20th century). As for dairy dishes, again, there are no purely dairy dishes in Belarusian cuisine, but a variety of milk derivatives (cottage cheese, sour cream, whey, butter) are used as mandatory additives - “zabelki”, “zakras” and “vologs” - in many dishes containing flour, potatoes, vegetables or mushrooms.

Old Belarusian cuisine is also characterized by salting meat and poultry (geese) - preparing corned beef and strips from them and eating offal, especially dishes from the stomach and udder in boiled form. Eating and cooking meat in Belarusian cuisine also has a number of features. The consumption of lard and pork makes Belarusian cuisine similar to Ukrainian. However, lard in Belarus is eaten almost exclusively in winter, lightly salted, always with a skin layer. They eat it with potatoes, as a bite, it kind of plays the role of meat.

The favorite culinary methods of cooking in Belarus are baking, boiling, simmering, and stewing. The main thing in traditional national Belarusian dishes is not the special composition of the products, but the process of processing these products, the use of some very simple, ordinary and, moreover, one single product, for example, oats, rye flour, potatoes, subjected to a rather complex, always lengthy and often combined cold and heat treatment.

Attractions

Belovezhskaya Pushcha- one of the most unique arrays not only in Europe, but also in the world. The forests of the Pushcha have survived to this day in their original form. The border between Belarus and Poland passes through Belovezhskaya Pushcha, dividing the Pushcha into equal parts. The forest area is distinguished by the compactness of the forests and the perimeter of the circumference line is about 400 km. The forests of the Pushcha are represented by highly aged trees (80 - 200 years), in some places - 250 - 350 years. Individual trees have been preserved that are 600 - 800 years old. The forest cover of the Pushcha is 88%. The forests are represented by pine, deciduous swamp, and broad-leaved species. Since 1993 Belovezhskaya Pushcha acquired the status of a National Park. National Park "Belovezhskaya Pushcha" is one of the unique tourist sites of the Republic of Belarus. This is the largest remnant of a lowland relict primeval forest that previously grew throughout Europe. In 1992, by decision of UNESCO, the Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park was included in the list of World Heritage of Humanity. In 1993 it was awarded the status of a Biosphere Reserve, and in 1997 it was awarded a Diploma of the Council of Europe.

Nesvizhsky castle uncrowned kings of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Radziwillov- an architectural monument of the 16th-18th centuries - the original and the only example of a residence of magnates, completely preserved in Europe. Throughout its history, the castle was completed and renovated. As a result, the architectural complex absorbed the features of the Renaissance, early and late Baroque, Rococo, Classicism, Neo-Gothic and Art Nouveau.

There are many exquisite churches in Grodno. Here is the oldest church Belarus - Kolozhskaya, built back in the 12th century. The exquisite Farny (former Jesuit) church built in 1705 amazes with the grandeur of its façade and the sculptural richness of its interior. The excursion will continue with a visit to the numerous monasteries of the city (Brigid, Bernardine), the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary, a visit to the rich Grodno museums and a permanent zoo. The excursion also introduces the activities of the Grodno reformer Anthony Tyzengauz.

Mir Castle - outstanding work Belarusian architecture. Its architecture clearly reflected the era of feudalism: behind powerful towers that could protect the owner from the enemy, stood a rich palace - the residence of a magnate. Made of stone and brick, located away from the settlement, surrounded on three sides by ditches and earthen ramparts with bastions, and on the fourth by a covered reservoir, the castle, with its monumentality and inaccessibility, personified the strength and unlimited power of the feudal lord. The main attraction of the castle is the towers. Their rich decor in the form of whitewashed niches and ornamental belts contrasts well with the red brick walls and gives the castle great artistic expressiveness.

Slonim originated on Shchar and has played an important role in the history of Belarus for a long time. Zhirovichi Monastery, which is more than 500 years old, has miraculous image Mother of God of Zhirovitskaya, is distinguished by its expressive architecture and is famous for its rich historical past. You will visit temples and be able to worship miraculous icon... A guide from the Theological Seminary will tell you about the monastery, seminary, and take you to the Holy Spring. Not far from Zhirovichi there is a unique monument of Gothic architecture - church-fortress of the 16th century in Synkovichi.

National Park "Braslav lakes" Belarus has long been called the land of lakes: the country has 11 thousand lakes and more than 20 thousand rivers and streams! Lakes are the eyes of Belarus, which is why it is called blue-eyed. The most precious of the pearls in the natural crown of Belarus is the Braslav Lakes National Park, covering an area of ​​70,000 hectares. These places are often compared to Switzerland or Finland, but they are absolutely original. The charm of the region is given by the constant change of landscapes - lakes, hills, forests and again numerous lakes.

National Park "Narochansky"- the region is dear and dear to the heart of every Belarusian, even if he was not born in these regions. It is called the land of poets and warriors, romantics and pure souls of people. You fall in love with this region at first sight and for the rest of your life. Tens of thousands of tourists and excursionists every year enjoy the surrounding landscapes, relax in health resorts and tents, enjoy the gifts of nature, wander along ecological trails, breathe healing air...

National Park "Pripyatky". Polesie (southern Belarus) is an amazing land of lowlands and plains, forests and swamps, penetrated by numerous rivers, rivers and streams, slowly carrying their waters to Pripyat and the Dnieper, which flows into the Black Sea. Pripyat Polesie is located in the middle reaches of the Pripyat River. It is here, in the interfluve of Pripyat, Stviga and Ubort, that the Pripyatsky National Park is located.

Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve was founded on January 31, 1925. It is located in the north of the republic in the Belarusian Poozerie, on the territory of three administrative districts of Lepelsky, Dokshitsky of the Vitebsk region and Borisovsky district of the Minsk region. The Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve is the oldest in the system of protected natural areas in Europe, located 120 km from Minsk.

Holidays in Belarus: hotels Brest, Vitebsk, Gomel, Grodno, Minsk, Mogilev regions; sanatoriums Gomel and Mogilev regions.

Resorts

Minsk - the capital of the Republic of Belarus and the center of the region and district of the same name is located on the Minsk Hills on both banks of the Svisloch River. The area of ​​Minsk is 256 sq. km. Population 1728.9 thousand people. Minsk is divided into 9 urban districts and includes 1 urban-type settlement Sokol. Minsk has the status of the capital of the state, its own charter, coat of arms and anthem. Minsk is a city with enough ancient history. It was first mentioned in chronicles in 1067. In 1974, Minsk was awarded the title of Hero City, in commemoration of the services of its inhabitants in the fight against fascism during the Second World War. IN currently The executive committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the government and parliament of the Republic of Belarus are located in Minsk. Minsk is known for its cultural component. There are 16 museums, including the National Art Museum, the Museum of History and Culture of Belarus, and the Museum of the History of the Great Patriotic War. 11 theaters, including the State Russian Drama and Belarusian Academic Theatres, National Theater opera and ballet. In addition, the city has 20 cinemas and 139 libraries.

Legendary city Bobruisk, the center of the Bobruisk district of the Mogilev region, with a population of more than 200 thousand inhabitants is among the top ten largest cities Belarus. In modern Bobruisk, historical buildings from the times of the Second World War have been preserved. half of the 19th century and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. But the main attraction of the city is still the famous fortress. Today, it was decided to give this fortification a second life; on the territory of the fortress, construction of a modern Ice Palace of international level has begun, which will be organically integrated into the landscape of the architectural monument.

Gomel located in the eastern part of the country, 300 km from Minsk. It is the second largest city in the country and a major regional center. Gomel is included in the tourist route " Golden ring Gomel region", which will cover the most ancient cities of the region. At the end of the first millennium, a settlement arose in these places on the lands of the Radimichi, however, Gomel was first mentioned in the chronicles of 1142 as the possession of the Chernigov prince. A unique cultural and historical monument of the 19th century - a palace and park ensemble, modern microdistricts, the ancient river Gomeyuk, which by the will of history became the Swan Pond in the old park, and the luxurious Sozh, carrying its full waters to the largest Dnieper. industrial enterprises and the green coolness of city squares, a lace pedestrian bridge and the golden domes of the Peter and Paul Cathedral, announcing the birth of a new day with the ringing of bells. All this is the city of Gomel, one of the most beautiful regional centers of Belarus. Among its architectural and historical attractions are the extensive palace and park ensemble of the Rumyantsevs - Paskeviches in the style of classicism, the wooden Elias Church of the late 18th century, interesting urban development of the 19th - early 20th centuries (educational institutions, banks, city council, residential buildings, etc. ). Guests of the city will especially enjoy a walk through the ancient park with shady alleys, where centuries-old trees will tell them their secrets, a tour of the tomb chapel and the “Hunting Lodge”.

Rogachev- a medical resort located in the north of the Gomel region. The city is located at the confluence of the Dnieper and Drut rivers. It is one of the oldest settlements on the territory of modern Belarus. The total area of ​​the Rogachevsky district is 2.1 thousand square meters. km. The population living in the area is 65.8 thousand people, of which 35 thousand people live in Rogachev itself. For a long time, Rogachev and its surrounding areas have been considered a resort area. Many residents of the republic are well aware of the Pridneprovsky sanatorium, located 12 km east of the city. It is famous for its mineral springs, medicinal drinks, peat and sapropel mud. The sanatorium specializes in the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system and gynecological diseases.

Vitebsk- the cultural capital of Belarus and one of the oldest Belarusian cities. The administrative center of the Vitebsk region is located in the north-east of Belarus, 280 km from Minsk, 360 km from Vilnius, 550 km from Moscow and Kyiv and 800 km from Warsaw. Vitebsk arose at the confluence of two rivers - the Western Dvina, which flows into the Baltic Sea, and Vitba, which gave the city its name. The official founding date of the city is 974. According to the “Chronicle of the City of Vitebsk by M. Pantsirny and S. Averka,” the city was founded by the Kyiv princess Olga and was mentioned in ancient Russian chronicles from 1021. The city was located at the crossroads of the ancient trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks,” which contributed to its formation by the end of the 12th century V. center of crafts and trade. The main attraction of the city is the town hall (1597), the restored Annunciation Church, in which, according to legend, Alexander Nevsky was married, and standards of weights and lengths used in trade operations were also kept. In addition, the restored Intercession Cathedral (1760) is interesting, as well as the museum-estate of Ilya Repin “Zdravnevo” and the house-museum of Marc Chagall.

Brest is one of the important cultural and historical centers of Belarus. The main tourist attraction of Brest is traditionally considered to be the memorial complex “Brest Fortress - Hero”. A number of buildings that are architectural monuments have been preserved in Brest: the massive St. Nicholas Cathedral (1856-1879), the railway station (1886, heavily rebuilt), the St. Nicholas Brotherhood Church (1904-1906), the Cathedral of St. Simon (1865-1868), the Church of the Exaltation of the Cross ( 1856) etc.

Extremely diverse and rich architectural heritage Mogilev. Of particular value is the complex of the active Orthodox St. Nicholas Convent: St. Nicholas Church (1669-1672), Onufrievsky Church (1798) and a church residential building (XVII-XVII centuries). In addition, it is worth looking at the palace of George Konissky (1762-1785), the Boriso-Gleb Church (1869), and the building of the former district court, medical council and archive of the Mogilev province (1770s), where one is now located from the oldest local history museums in the country.

Its events and facts, and its development are directly related to the formation Belarusian people. Historical figures and Belarusian figures who have made their invaluable contribution to the achievements of the history and culture of the Belarusian state are known far beyond the borders of the republic. Famous Belarus and its attractions: many cities and villages to this day keep countless beautifully preserved, complete unsolved mysteries Belarusian history!

Belarusian traditions, customs, rituals and holidays.

Cultural and historical heritage of Belarus closely related to Christian motives, but at the same time, the pagan rituals preserved by the people remain relevant. That is why a huge number of Belarusian cultural traditions, as well as ancient pagan rituals, such as Kupala, Kolyada, Dozhinki, Maslenitsa and others. Let us note that to this day people are sensitive to these events, follow the calendar, and many still honor the knowledge of their ancestors and their holidays.

The achievement of our culture is the preservation of cultural and folklore, which perfectly conveys the character of the Belarusian people, their zest. Here we can include songs, games, dances and fairy tales, legends and riddles, proverbs and sayings of our ancestors. They are reverently protected by the population and passed on from generation to generation, preserved in books and films, and honored at holidays.

Belarusian embroidered shirt is the cultural heritage of Belarus.

Vyshyvanka- this is Belarusian national clothing, which is gaining popularity again in our time. Now embroidered shirt has reached the international level and has become known to the public.

Our ancestors did not wear beautiful embroidered clothes every day; they were reserved for special occasions. Clothing in patterns was kept for weddings and other festive events, and was a “day off” item. The red pattern had a special meaning for our ancestors; it was a talisman that was applied along the edges of clothes in the form of patterns. These patterns protected a person from everything bad.

Embroidering a pattern on an outfit is painstaking work; the work could take many months, but the result brought a lot of happiness and benefit. Each craftswoman tried to make her outfits the most beautiful. At the same time, embroidery on fabric was a common household activity for every woman; embroidery was applied to clothes and towels, but these products were not put up for sale.

National Belarusian ornament– this is not just an outfit decoration, but a whole story. Each symbol embroidered on such clothing had meaning and sacred meaning. All patterns can be “unraveled”; they are connected with the earth and are a special code for the Belarusian people.

Certainly, modern embroidered shirts Most often they are clothes with prints. The main thing is the meaning of the pattern itself applied to the clothes.

The culture of any country can be considered not only as an indicator of self-awareness and spiritual development of people. It is also the strongest instrument of ideological influence.

The culture of Belarus has passed a complex and contradictory path from its origins to its current development. It was a journey from almost complete illiteracy to great scientific discoveries and the creation of masterpieces of world-class literature and art.

Middle Ages

The culture of Belarus received a powerful impetus for its development after the appearance of Christianity on the territory of the country. This happened in the middle of the 9th century. The new religion radically changed the worldview of the people. Christianity contributed to the emergence of statehood in the form of the Turov and Polotsk principalities.

During this period, a large number of new crafts and arts appeared on the territory of present-day Belarus. Castles, cities, and temples began to be built. Churches and monasteries became unique cultural centers where chronicles were kept and schools were opened. Books were copied here.

In the 11th century. St. Sophia Cathedral was built in Polotsk. The initiator of its construction was Prince Vseslav the Magician. In my own way interior decoration the cathedral was similar to the one located in Constantinople.

Beginning of the 12th century. was marked by the construction of the Boris and Gleb Monastery. This building was located near Polotsk, in Belchitsy. The monastery was the first of its kind in the entire territory inhabited by the Eastern Slavs. For the first time it was used to decorate this temple. ceramic tile and frescoes.

The culture of Belarus received more and more development. Thus, in 1161 the Transfiguration Cathedral was erected. For him, according to an order made by Euphrosyne of Polotsk, an unrivaled piece of applied art was made. Master jeweler Lazar from Polotsk created a unique cross, lined with plates of gold and silver and decorated with images of saints in the form of miniature multi-color enamel. Already in Polotsk alone there are 10 temple buildings erected in the 12th century.

Literary heritage

The cultural history of Belarus knows many personalities who played big role in the development of the spiritual life of the country. One of these prominent figures is Cyril of Turov (born around 1130, but no later than 1182). He was a brilliant writer, a highly educated man and a famous religious figure. Three of his teachings, thirty prayers, two canons and eight “Words” have survived to this day. For his outstanding mastery of oratory, his contemporaries called him Chrysostom.

The national culture of Belarus cannot be described without mentioning Euphrosyne of Polotsk. This is the granddaughter of Prince Vseslav the Sorcerer. She was engaged in rewriting books, and later, after becoming a nun, she created her own writings and chronicles. Then she became abbess in the Polotsk monastery of St. Savior. On her initiative, a monastery was built. Already at an advanced age, Euphrosyne of Polotsk made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. There she died.

An invaluable contribution to the development of the culture of Belarus was made by the man who lived in the 12th century. Kliment Smolyatich. This outstanding figure created a large number of literary and church works. Unfortunately, they have not survived to this day.

Development of crafts

Decorative and applied arts have become widespread in Belarus. It developed under the influence of Byzantine traditions. However, the country's artisans introduced local features into it. In the 11th-12th centuries. in Belarus there were about sixty various types crafts. Among them are jewelry, pottery, foundry, as well as artwork on wood.

The high skill of artisans of those years is confirmed by archaeological finds. Thus, in Grodno and Volkovysk, scientists discovered figurines made of stone and bone, as well as stone icons, the decoration of which is the finest carving.

Formation of writing

The first chronicles whose language carried character traits Old Belarusian, began to be created in the first half of the 13th century. Among such written monuments one can name the contractual charter of the Smolensk prince Mstislav and the charter of the Polotsk prince Izyaslav. Since the 14th century. Old Belarusian language became the state language. All office and office work in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was carried out on it. The Seimas held their meetings in this language. Laws were written on it.

Thus, we can say that the development of Belarusian culture in the 9th-15th centuries. occurred simultaneously with the formation of statehood. It was expressed in the spread of education, enlightenment and books. During the same period, the formation of the main features of the Old Belarusian language took place, and outstanding figures of education appeared. Architecture also developed.

We can safely say that the folk culture of Belarus in the Middle Ages was the foundation for the further development of the spirituality of the people.

Development of the culture of Belarus in the 16th-18th centuries.

During this period, the ideas of the European Renaissance, Enlightenment and Reformation were especially strong in the world. It was they, as well as the socio-political and economic conditions of that period, that left their mark on the development of the culture of Belarus.

During this era, literature and education, science and art continued their successful development in the country.

Belarusian pioneer printer

Francisk Skorina made an invaluable contribution to the development of books, literature and the national language. This humanist, educator and pioneer of printing lived in the first half of the 16th century. Thanks to this to an outstanding person The Old Belarusian language underwent reform and became richer.

In 1517 Francis Skaryna published the book “Psalter”. Its text was written in Church Slavonic, taking into account the Old Belarusian edition. From 1522 to 1525, the first printer published such books as “The Apostle” and “The Small Travel Book.” Thus, Skaryna can be considered a harbinger of the Enlightenment and Renaissance in the Principality of Lithuania.

School reform

In the middle of the 18th century. occurred in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth big changes V economic sphere. This led to the need to reform school education.

The first significant step was taken in 1740. It was at this time that one of the active figures of the Enlightenment, Stanislav Kanarsky, reorganized the training conducted in schools under the monastic order of PR. Thanks to this great man, students from families of different classes began to be accepted here. Even peasant children attended schools. This training lasted six years and was completely free.

More profound educational reform was carried out in the 1770s. It was proposed by the famous cultural figure I. Khreptovich. Under his leadership, the first Ministry of Public Education in Europe was created. It was called the State Educational Commission. This institution organized inspections of secular teachers and opened 20 subdistrict and district schools throughout Belarus. In 1617, the Radziwills opened the first lyceum in all East Slavic lands in Slutsk.

Development of science

The expansion of the educational system contributed to an increase in the number of skilled craftsmen. In those days, a large number of different mechanisms and devices were created. One of the most prominent representatives of science of the 17th century. is Kazimir Semenovich. He became the developer and creator of a multi-stage rocket model. In addition, Semenovich invented many devices in the field of artillery and proto-missile technology, including the Delta stabilizer.

A well-known figure in historical science is Albert Koyalovich. Among his works, the first published study of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, “Exploration of Lithuania,” occupies a special place.

Development of art

The systematic renewal of the culture of Belarus became the basis for the emergence of new types of professional and amateur drama. The first school theater to appear in the country was a circle created in 1585 at the Polotsk Jesuit College. In 1788, the first building for staging performances was built in the same city. In the 18th century. There were twenty-two school and twenty-six musical and drama theaters operating on the territory of Belarus. From the middle of the 18th century. Professional ballet was created and began to actively develop in the country.

The successful activity of theaters was accompanied by a significant rise in musical art. In the 18th century. On the territory of Belarus, serf orchestras were widespread, as well as chapels, of which there were about 30 by the end of the eighteenth century.

The city of Nesvizh was considered the center of musical art. It is here since the 15th century. there was a music school. In it, serf boys were taught to play the horn, flute and violin.

Many cultural figures of Belarus of that period made a great contribution to the musical art of other countries. For example, thanks to the creativity of the teacher and composer I. Kozlovsky, a new stage of the pre-Glinka period was discovered. Successful concerts of the Belarusian singer Ivan Kolenda took place in Moscow.

Development of the country's culture in the 19th-20th centuries.

This period is characterized by many historical events. This is the Patriotic War of 1812, the First World War, numerous uprisings that occurred in 1794, 1830 and 1863, the revolutions of 1905 and 1917, the policies of Polonization and then Russification. However, despite all the global changes in public life people, the culture of Belarus steadily continued its development.

The formation of art

Events of political and social life countries are reflected in the works of oral folk art. Belarusian literature also continued to develop. Y. Borshchevsky, A. Ripinsky, J. Chechot and many others made an invaluable contribution to its formation. Among the outstanding literary monuments created in the first half of the 19th century, the anonymous poems “Taras on Parnassus” and “The Aeneid Reversed” stand out.

Vicent Dunin-Martinkevich is considered the first classic of Belarusian literature. His best work, created in the early 60s, - “Pinsk gentry”.

Belarusian literature occupied leading place in the culture of the country and at the beginning of the 20th century. This was the time when the talent of Z. Byadulya, Y. Kupala, M. Goretsky, Y. Kolas, E. Pashkevich (Tetka) and others manifested itself.

In the first half of the 19th century. Theaters occupied a significant place in the culture of Belarus. Moreover, not only professional, but also amateur art developed. Its new development theatrical life received at the beginning of the 20th century. The Belarusian viewer was given the opportunity to get acquainted with theatrical performances fraternal Slavic states.

In the first half of the 19th century. began to collect and then publish Belarusian folk songs. Attempts were made at their concert and compositional arrangements.

A rise in culture was also observed in the field of architectural solutions. The centers of Belarusian cities were built with houses for state and special purposes. Among similar buildings of that time, one can highlight the Peter and Paul Cathedral, as well as the palace-estate of the Rumyantsev-Paskevichs in Gomel.

The Vilna specialized school had a significant influence on the development of painting. It housed a fine arts department. In just a quarter of a century, the school trained more than 250 engravers, artists and sculptors.

A significant page in the country's cultural history is occupied by the press. Before the revolution of 1905, fifteen government newspapers were published in the western provinces. After 1910, the first publishing houses appeared, such as “Nasha Khata”, “Nasha Niva” and others.

Since the 1920s, great national and cultural construction began in the country. After the end of the Civil War, theaters, higher education institutions and many publishing houses resumed their work in Belarus. Russian, Belarusian and Polish were declared state languages.

The formation of Soviet culture was accompanied by the elimination of illiteracy and illiteracy among the population. Numerous schools were opened for this purpose. Mass illiteracy was overcome by 1939. In 1923, compulsory schooling was introduced in the country.

Accelerated industrialization required highly qualified personnel. That is why the decision was made to open a number of higher educational institutions. By 1941 there were already 25 of them.

The first years after October revolution became especially fruitful for Belarusian literature. In 1923, the epoch-making poem “New Land” by Y. Kolas saw the light, and in 1925, “Symon Music”. In the post-war period, the country's literature continued to develop. New talents appeared on its horizon, such as I. Melezh, Y. Bryl, V. Bykov, I. Shamyakin, R. Borodulin, V. Korotkevich. Important place The theme of war occupied their work.

During the Soviet period, theatrical and musical art continued to develop, and cinema made a big splash among the masses.

Modern culture

In recent years, all the main components of national identity have been developing dynamically and receiving support from the state. On Belarusian Culture Day, which falls on the second Sunday in October, many music and film festivals, exhibitions and other events take place. However, we can say that the activity of the country’s cultural life does not fade throughout the year.

The Ministry of Culture of Belarus includes more than 7 thousand different organizations in its system. These are theaters and museums, club organizations and cinemas, libraries and circuses. There are three specialized institutions of higher education in the country, among which is the Institute of Culture of Belarus. The state supports the work of children's art schools, concert organizations And educational institutions middle management

A number of important laws have been adopted in recent years. They are designed to regulate the relationship between the state and culture. One of them is the “Code on Culture”. Belarus has also systematized the norms that regulate the activities of this sphere of social life.

Every year, about 60 republican, regional and international festivals are held in the country. The largest of them is the Slavic Bazaar in Vitebsk.

December 17 can also be considered the Day of Culture of Belarus. This date marks the Day of Belarusian Cinema. This art direction not only continues the traditions of previous generations, but is also constantly looking for new ways of development. Many joint projects have been implemented in the country. Thus, Alexander Sokurov, Nikita Mikhalkov and many other famous directors shot their films at the Belarusfilm film studio.

The rich culture of Belarus - originality, diversity of styles, forms, directions...

History of Belarusian culture

Original artistic culture of Belarus has been formed over centuries. Original architectural and art schools existed here, and unique musical and literary works were created.

All that have survived to this day masterpieces of Belarusian art are under state protection. They are stored in the collections of the largest Belarusian museums and library collections. Classics of Belarusian music and drama are demonstrated on theater stages and in concert halls.

The modern cultural life of Belarus is dynamic and diverse. The country is hosting many art exhibitions, music, theater and film festivals.

All this is interesting and accessible both for Belarusians and guests of the country.

Fine arts of Belarus

Fine art of Belarus diverse in styles, directions and genres. The most interesting works Belarusian painting and sculpture from various eras can be seen in the country's art museums.

It has the largest collection of works of art. He actively promotes national art. Exhibitions of works by Belarusian artists are constantly held here.

Interesting collections of Belarusian art in Vitebsk art museum, Mogilev Regional Art Museum, Polotsk Art Gallery.

In many regional centers of Belarus there are art galleries , where you can see the work of local artists.

Music in Belarus

Modern musical art of Belarus strives to preserve national traditions, while simultaneously developing styles and trends that are popular in the world. Works of Belarusian composers, world classical and pop music sound performed by both professional and amateur musicians.

The presenters gained great popularity musical groups countries:

Presidential Orchestra of the Republic of Belarus

National Orchestra symphonic and pop music conducted by M. Finberg

State Academic Symphony Orchestra

State Academic Choir named after. G.Shirmy

National Academic folk choir Republic of Belarus named after. G.I. Tsitovich

vocal and instrumental ensemble "Syabry"

Belarus hosts annual festivals, representing various directions and genres of musical art:

"Belarusian musical autumn"

"Minsk Spring"

"Golden hit"

"Muses of Nyasvizh"

The symbol of the festival movement in Belarus has become, in which people take part: popular artists from different countries peace.

Theater in Belarus

Belorussian professional theater developed from ancient folk rituals, the work of traveling musicians, court troupes of Belarusian magnates, and the activities of amateur groups at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. Currently, there are 28 state theaters in the country, a large number of amateur folk groups, including:

puppet theaters

drama theaters

musical theaters

The most famous theater in the republic is. His productions have won tremendous success among both domestic and foreign audiences.

Theater life in Belarus full of vibrant festival events. Prestigious candidates received permanent registration in different cities of the country theater festivals, which attracts groups from all over the world. Among the most famous forums:

International Theater Festival "White Vezha" (Brest)
International Festival of Theater Arts "Panorama" (Minsk)
International Festival of Student Theaters "Teatralny Kufar" (Minsk)
International youth theater forum "M@art. contact" (Mogilev)
International Forum of Theater Arts "TEART" (Minsk)
Belarusian International Festival of Puppet Theaters (Minsk)

Within International Festival Arts "Slavic Bazaar in Vitebsk" hosts the public's favorite program "Theater Meetings".

Cinema in Belarus

The art of cinema has been developing in Belarus since the 30s of the twentieth century. In 1924, the Belarusian public administration for cinematography and photography - Belgoskino. In 1928 it opened in Leningrad studio"Soviet Belarus", which produced feature, newsreel and popular science films. In 1939 the studio moved to Minsk, and since 1946 it has been called "Belarusfilm".

The first Belarusian feature film"Forest Story" was created in 1926 by the director Yuri Tarich. During the Great Patriotic War Belarusian documentarians were among the first to film reports from the front.

The theme of the tragedy of the people became one of the main directors in the post-war work of Belarus. Domestic filmmakers have occupied a special niche in children's cinema. Belarusian products have won worldwide recognition Documentary film.

Contemporary Belarusian cinema continues the traditions of previous generations, looking for new ways of development. Domestic films win awards at prestigious film festivals around the world. Drama "In the Fog"(director Sergey Loznitsa), filmed by an international group based on the story, was awarded a special jury prize by the International Federation of Film Press at the 65th Cannes Film Festival in 2012 FIPRESCI.

In Belarus it is carried out many joint projects with filmmakers from around the world. Films by Nikita Mikhalkov, Pyotr and Valery Todorovsky, Dmitry Astrakhan, and Alexander Sokurov were shot at Belarusfilm.