Phraseologisms that came into the language from the Bible presentation. Dictionary of biblical phraseological units

Yugan Olga

Project Manager:

Petrochenko Natalya Borisovna

Institution:

MBOU "Lyceum No. 28", Novosibirsk

In the presented research project on literature "Phraseological units that came into the language from the Bible (Gospel)" The author studies the nature of phraseological units that came into the Russian language from religious literature, and also gives an interpretation of their meanings.

In the process of working on research project on literature "Phraseological units that came into the language from the Bible (Gospel)" A 7th grade student set a goal to highlight those phraseological units that came from the Bible (Gospel) that found application in everyday communication.

In the proposed literature project "Phraseological units that came into the language from the Bible (Gospel)" The author presented the most common phraseological units in modern communication, which originate in the Gospel.

Introduction
1. Phraseologisms and their meaning in the language. Examples.
2. Bible. Its composition. Religions of the world.
3. Gospel. Its composition.
4. Phraseologisms taken from the Bible and the Gospel.
5. Examples of the use of religious phraseological units in everyday communication.
Conclusion
Literature

Introduction

Many people use phraseological units and do not even know where they came from. Now we will get acquainted with the basic concepts of the topic - phraseological units, the Bible, the Gospels - we will study biblical phraseological units, their meaning, cases of application and use of biblical phraseological units in the media, having first examined in detail information about the Bible.

Phraseologisms and their meaning in language

« Augean stables». « First clear out these Augean stables, and then you can go for a walk" The meaning of a cluttered, polluted place where everything is in complete disorder.

« Onion grief». « Do you know how to cook soup, onion woes?" The meaning of a klutz, an unlucky person.

« Nick down». « And get this in your head: you won’t be able to deceive me!"The importance of memorizing information firmly, once and for all.

Phraseologisms give the language a bright emotional coloring. The use of phraseological units makes speech lively and figurative. Journalists and comedians appreciate this (many of Emil Krotky’s jokes are based on a two-dimensional understanding of phraseological units). Turning to colloquial phraseology often leads to a mixture of stylistically heterogeneous elements, which contributes to the comic sound of speech.

The second level of meaning of a phraseological unit is sometimes revealed in a small context, otherwise - only in a wide one. The use of phraseological units in speech creates certain difficulties, since the language norm requires their accurate reproduction, which is not always taken into account by speakers.

Bible. Its composition. Religions of the world

The books of the Tanakh and the New Testament are canonical in all Christian denominations. Differences in the Bibles of different Churches and denominations include the presence of additional books and passages in the Old Testament and some differences in translation.

The Bible is the best-selling book of all time, with average annual sales of approximately 100 million copies, and has had a tremendous influence on culture, literature, art and history, especially in the West, becoming the first example of mass literature.

Composition of the Bible

Old Testament. Consists of the books of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and additional books, the number of which varies in different Churches and denominations.

In Russian Orthodox Church these additional books are called non-canonical, in Catholicism they are called deuterocanonical, in Protestantism these books are called apocrypha and either do not fit into the Bible at all.

There are also differences in the order of the books of the Old Testament among different traditions. For example, the Hebrew Bible contains 3 sections of 24 books.

Tanakh . The first part of the Bible in the original is called Tanakh; in Christianity it is included in the " Old Testament" The Jewish Holy Scripture does not have a single name that would be common to the entire Jewish people and used in all periods of its history.

This part of the Bible is a collection of books written over 1000 years in Hebrew from the 13th century. to the 4th century BC. The Old Testament is included in the Holy Scriptures in Judaism and Christianity. Islam does not recognize the authenticity of the existing Old Testament. The Tanakh consists of 39 books, according to Jewish tradition - 22, according to the number of letters of the Hebrew alphabet (or 24, according to the number of letters of the Greek alphabet).

Religions of the world

Christianity . In Christianity, the Bible is Holy Scripture. The Old Testament, containing the Pentateuch of Moses, a description of the history of ancient Israel, prophecies about the fate of Israel, is considered preparatory to the adoption of the New Testament. The New Testament represents the addition, revelation, and completion of the Old Testament.

The New Testament contains moral teaching, the observance of which, according to Christian teaching, is necessary for a person to receive eternal life. All 39 canonical books of the Old Testament and 27 books of the New Testament are the same for most Christians (but not all: some ancient churches recognize only 22 books of the New Testament).

Islam. When the Qur'an reports the Gospel, it refers to the original divine book revealed, according to Islamic teaching, to Jesus, and not to the canonical Gospels written by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. In a broader sense, the Gospel in the Quran refers to the New Testament.

Together with the Koran and the lost Scrolls of Abraham, the originals of these three books constitute the kitab - the Islamic sacred canon. Belief in the divine inspiration of the original books is one of the fundamental principles of Islam, and many of their characters are prophets in Islam.

Other religions also find inspiration in the Bible. For example, it plays an important role in Rastafarianism and is considered " one of the many important scriptures" in Unitarian Universalism.

Gospel. Its composition

The Gospel is a book or collection of books, each of which tells about the divine nature, teaching and earthly life of Jesus Christ: birth, miracles, death on the cross, resurrection and ascension. All books titled " Gospel"Written years after the end of earthly life by Jesus Christ.

The term " Gospel" is used in the books themselves, in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark, as well as in other books of the New Testament, not in the meaning " book", and in the meaning " good news».

Composition of the Gospel

• Canonical Gospels
• Apocryphal Gospels
• Childhood Gospels

Phraseologisms taken from the Bible and the Gospel

Mythological and biblical phraseological units have firmly entered our lives. Today in the Russian language there are more than 200 set expressions, which are associated with the text of the holy book of Christians. Many biblical phraseological units were borrowed from the New Testament, mainly from the Gospel.

« Antediluvian times" In Russian it is used to refer to prehistoric, ancient times. Of course, we are talking about the flood that God, angry with people, sent to the earth. The abyss of heaven opened up and it began to rain. It lasted for 40 days and 40 nights, as the Bible says. Up to the very high mountains the land was flooded. Only Noah and his family managed to escape. This righteous man, by order of God, built Noah's Ark.

« Manna from heaven" In modern Russian there is another interesting expression - to wait like manna from heaven. It means waiting passionately and for a long time, while hoping only for a miracle. The Bible says that the famine occurred while the Jews were wandering in the desert for many years. People would have been doomed to death if manna from heaven had not suddenly begun to fall from heaven. What is it? It resembled modern semolina. The latter was named so in memory of the manna that was given to the chosen people by God.

« Burning bush" In the Bible " burning bush"is called a thorn bush that burned without burning, since God himself appeared to Moses in its flame. Today we rarely use this image. One of the options for its use is when you need to depict a person who “ lit" on any task, but does not lose strength, becomes more and more active and cheerful.

« Bury your talent in the ground" The Gospel parable tells how one man, having gone to distant countries, distributed money to his slaves. He gave one of them 5 talents, another 3, and the last only one talent. Returning from a trip, this man called his slaves and asked them to tell how they disposed of the gifts. It turned out that the first and second made a profit by investing their talents in the business. And the third slave simply buried him in the ground. Today this expression reminds us that we should use talents and gifts and reveal them. They should not perish within us without bearing fruit.

« To contribute" This is what they say, in particular, about a person who has taken an active part in any business. This expression is evangelical in origin. One of the parables talks about a poor widow who put in only 2 small coins while collecting donations.

Word " coins" in Greek sounds like " mites" Despite the apparent modesty, her donation turned out to be more important and greater than many rich gifts. After all, it was done from the heart. The one who makes his contribution to the common cause is the one who, without committing noticeable and grandiose actions to everyone, acts honestly and sincerely.

Examples of using biblical phraseological units in speech

Let's look at this section using the example of the media.

Over the past decades, interest in biblical sayings has become especially pronounced among representatives state power, party leaders, political analysts, journalists, etc., in a word, all those who often have to communicate with the people through the media, i.e., with the help of journalism.

Since ancient times, Russian culture as a Christian culture has been permeated with biblical philosophy and ideology, which encouraged goodness, purity of thoughts and actions and condemned evil in all its manifestations. The Bible and biblical phraseology carry a moral and didactic charge enormous power. This is why biblicalisms are so attractive for journalism.

For example: " Crime is what distinguishes human society from the animal world. We were happy in earthly paradise like birds in the sky. But after we were expelled from heaven for what ate the tree of knowledge, we live in sin. And what is sin if not a crime?»

And further: " In today's fierce, deadly Rus', captured by enemies, only believers will be saved and will survive... Alas! Alas... All the rest will die out without a trace, silently, leave, turn into the ground, passing The Kingdom of heaven… will become the mute Russian land... will dissolve into the earth... Everyone will die out lost sheep about which our Savior spoke...»

Conclusion

We became acquainted with such a phenomenon in the Russian language as phraseological units and phraseological units, learned what influence the Bible and the Gospels have on Russian culture and on other religions, the composition of the Holy books, the meaning and origin of biblical phraseological units and how biblical phraseological units are used in the work of modern MASS MEDIA. It turns out that they have a very bright emotional coloring and hidden meaning. The use of ordinary and biblical phraseological units colors speech and, in my opinion, they have the right to be in vocabulary Russian person.

Sources

When writing this work, the following Internet resources were used:

1. Wikipedia wikipedia.org
2. Biblical phraseological units in life and their origin fb.ru
3. About translations culture wikireading.ru
4. Materials for the lesson yaklass.ru

The entire reading world was recently discussing the detective novel of the modern American writer Dan Brown's "The Da Vinci Code". I will not talk about the literary value of this work, but I will note that it caused a lot of controversy all over the world, not leaving aside representatives christian church. Having read and heard a huge number of reviews about the work in the media, I decided to read the book myself, which caused so much noise, indignation from the church and even an accusation of plagiarism against Brown by St. Petersburg art critic Mikhail Anikin.

After reading the first pages of the Bible, I was amazed: the expression “casting pearls before swine” was taken from there! I heard this expression many times, but it never occurred to me where its roots were. But the science that studies set expressions is considered young. Now, while reading the Bible, I pursued another goal: to find out whether there were other similar expressions in this book and how widely they were represented.

Consequently, the object of study was the Bible, its representation in modern life, more precisely, in modern Russian.

Absolutely naturally, in my work I turned to the literature course of the secondary school, the representation of biblical stories in it, the moral significance of this material, since it is at school that one’s horizons broaden and their worldview is formed.

I turned to the history of the emergence of phraseology: it is through the example of the use of set expressions of biblical origin that the theme of this work is revealed.

In the course of the work, it became necessary to conduct a series of sociological studies. A survey was conducted, the results of which will be described in the main part of the work.

Using surveys and questionnaires, I tried to find out how often phraseological units that came into the modern Russian language from the Bible are used, whether their origin and original meaning are known to a wide circle of people.

THE STATE OF BIBLE PHRASEOLOGY IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

The Bible has been burned and exalted more than once, rewritten and canonized, interpreted and reinterpreted. Is it worth talking about it again? After all, a lot has been written about the Bible, some parts of which were created more than three thousand years ago. Many people regard the Bible as a holy book, and many of our contemporaries consider it literary monument antiquities.

The Bible as a monument of ancient culture is a universal human value, and not the exclusive property of one people or only believers.

The ancient Greek text of the Bible was translated into Old Church Slavonic. The text of the Slavic Bible is known to modern readers already in Russian translation. But both Old Church Slavonic and Russian variants are in parallel sources of phraseological units of modern Russian literary language. More than two hundred stable combinations and aphorisms from the Book of Books are known in our language. Many of them are also in circulation in other languages ​​among Christianized peoples. This is explained by the fact that a clot of long, unique historical experience was deposited in biblical phraseology.

The established expressions that came out of the Bible are different both in their character and in the activity of their use: some of them are found frequently: flesh and blood, stumbling block, etc., others have become archaisms: the ages of Ares, many are called, few are chosen. They also differ in the nature of their connection with biblical texts. Some of them are not found in this form in the Bible, but are based on its plot and include biblical names: the kiss of Judas, the singing of Lazarus. Others have expressions that are verbally similar to the text of the Bible, but there they are used with other, direct meanings - cornerstone, not of this world, etc.

Finally, there are expressions used allegorically, already as phraseological units: the salt of the earth, the stones cry out, etc. Many expressions, due to the commonality of Old Church Slavonic and Russian grammars, have so closely entered the stock of Russian phraseological units that they are no longer recognized as borrowed or have lost their stylistic coloring. It is undeniable that these linguistic processes are very mobile. The new relations that arose between the state and the church, the recognition of the role of the church in the life of society gave rise to new wave mass interest in the Bible, and, as a consequence, in biblical expressions.

The purpose of this work is to trace the trends in the modern use of these phrases in the speech of schoolchildren.

It should be noted that the work does not touch on all expressions of biblical origin, but only those that are used in the New Testament or arose on the basis of its images. The New Testament is primarily the historical basis of European ethics, and its figurative system and symbolism provide more scope for the metaphorization of language and the formation of phraseology. Before proceeding directly to the consideration of the issues that are the purpose of the study, let us turn to the school literature curriculum for secondary schools.

The Bible in the school curriculum.

The literature program edited by T. F. Kurdyumova contains material about the Bible in the 6th grade course, namely “The New Testament”: The Nativity of Jesus Christ, the parable of the Prodigal Son, the parable of the Good Samaritan. Students already at the stage speak historical and artistic significance the Bible, the affirmation of universal moral ideals in it, the reflection of biblical myths in literature and other forms of art.

In grade 7, O. Henry's story “The Gift of the Magi” is studied, understanding of which is impossible without basic knowledge about the Nativity of Jesus Christ.

The program, edited by A.G. Kutuzov, also contains material from the Bible. In grade 5, the New Testament is studied: Why did our Lord Jesus Christ descend to earth. Election of the twelve apostles. Sermon on the Mount of Jesus Christ. Parables of Jesus Christ: Parable of the Sower. The parable of the seed and the tares. In grade 6 we talk about religious works and religious motifs in fiction. The Lord's Prayer and “Prayer” by A. S. Pushkin are compared.

The ballad of R. Southey “The Judgment of God over the Bishop” is studied. Students read the story “The Gifts of the Magi” in 7th grade. It should be noted that in the program edited by A.G. Kutuzov, spiritual literature is studied in every class.

In high school, works are studied in which biblical motifs are clearly visible, one of them is Mikhail Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita.” Both programs contain such works.

We turned only to literature, while school program contains other items that appeal to biblical motives and subjects: history, MHC, fine arts, music.

From the above, the conclusion suggests itself that in our country interest in the Bible is growing, which should have a positive impact on the morality of the entire society.

BRIEF INFORMATION ON SOME THEORETICAL ISSUES IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

1. The main stages in the development of phraseology as a linguistic discipline.

Phraseology as an independent linguistic discipline arose in the 40s of the 20th century. in Soviet linguistics. The prerequisites for the theory of phraseology were laid down in the works of A. A. Potebnya, I. I. Sreznevsky, A. A. Shakhmatov and F. F. Fortunatov. The question of studying stable combinations of words in a special section of linguistics - phraseology was raised in educational literature back in 20-40.

In the 50s, the main attention was paid to the similarities and differences of phraseological units with words and combinations of words. Since the late 50s, issues related to the description of phraseological units as structural units of language have been developed.

The 60-70s in the development of phraseology are characterized by the intensive development of actual phraseological methods for studying the objects of phraseology, based on the ideas of system-level analysis of language facts, special attention is paid to the semantics of phraseological units, signs of compatibility of component words, as well as the development of descriptions of phraseological units in dictionaries.

2. Division of phraseological units into types according to the degree of semantic unity.

Among phraseological units, phraseological fusions are distinguished

(their meanings are absolutely unmotivated in the modern vocabulary of the language): pour bullets, the curve will take out, to all the crusts, and phraseological unities, in the meaning of which one can highlight the meaning motivated by the meanings of the components in their usual use: to block the path, at full speed, dark forest.

Phraseological combinations are phrases in which there are words with both a free meaning and phraseologically related ones (black bread, black market, black suit, black day). Restrictions in choice are fixed by a norm that fixes the compatibility of words in their phraseological associated meanings with certain words, for example: waste money, finger of fate, son of the steppes (mountains), extreme old age or deep night (autumn, winter).

So, it should be noted that phraseology as a science appeared recently, but, despite this, it considers linguistic units that have a two-thousand-year history and are directly related to the development of society.

WAYS OF PENETRATION OF NEW TESTAMENT PHRASEOLOGY INTO THE RUSSIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE

As already noted, in modern Russian there are more than two hundred stable expressions that are in one way or another related to the text of the Bible. There are especially many phraseological units from the New Testament, primarily from the Gospel. “The Annunciation and the Nativity of Christ”, the adoration of the Magi, the beheading of John the Baptist, the parables of the prodigal son, the wise and foolish virgins, the healing of Lazarus and the casting out of demons, the story of feeding thousands with a few loaves, the Last Supper, the Kiss of Judas, 30 pieces of silver, Peter's denial, the way of the cross and crucifixion, the resurrection and ascension of Christ - this is far from full list those fragments from the Holy Scriptures that exist in our everyday use of words. It is worth noting that the names of works of fine art played a certain role in this regard.

Very often this layer of phraseology is considered in the literature under the heading “Borrowed phraseological units.” In fact, it is more appropriate to indicate that the volume of phraseological units that interests us has three sources, according to which they can be divided into three groups:

1) New Testamentisms, borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language, more precisely, from the Old Church Slavonic (Church Slavonic) version of the New Testament, which has been in circulation since the introduction of Christianity in Rus' to this day. These phraseological units are quotations from the Gospels, the Acts of the Holy Apostles and other books of the New Testament, written in Old Church Slavonic. This is a fairly large group of phraseological units, such as, for example, hungry and thirsty (for truth); into flesh and blood; faith without works is dead; seeking hail; powers and those in power; at the forefront; every deed is good; voice in the wilderness; let this cup pass from me; sign of the times; stumbling block; Foundation stone; the abomination of desolation; do not throw pearls before swine; not of this world; Man will not live on bread alone; daily bread, etc.

2) New Testamentisms are actually Russian, dating back to the Synodal translation of the Bible, which saw the light for the first time in 1876 and from that moment became widespread not so much in church practice as among ordinary people, representatives of all classes of society. Today, it is this option, that is, the “Russian Bible,” and not the Church Slavonic text, that is available to the average Russian person.

The 2nd group includes actual Russian New Testamentisms, which are quotations from Biblical texts. These are phraseological units: throw a stone (at someone); he who takes sword by sword will perish; he reaps where he did not sow; the things that are Caesar's to Caesar, (and the things that are God's to God); to whom much is given, from him much will be required (asked); whoever is not with Me is against Me; left hand doesn't know what the right one is doing; it is easier (more convenient) for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle (eye of a needle) than (than) for a rich man to enter the Kingdom of Heaven;; they do not know (know) what they are doing (do);; not have where to lay your head; Judge not lest ye be judged); salt of the earth, etc.

3) Numerous phraseological units that arose in the Russian language on the basis of New Testament images and situations. Such, for example, are the phrases “The Whore of Babylon”; prodigal son; a log in the eye; whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword; to contribute; Wolf in sheep's clothing; lost sheep; bury (your) talent (in the ground); sealed book; bear (one's) cross; there is no prophet in his own country; not one iota;; kiss of Judas; ask for Christ's sake; servant of two masters; deadly sin; the secret becomes apparent; crown of thorns; pitch darkness; heavy cross, etc.

Among the phraseological phrases there are those that are used in modern Russian in a different meaning than that in the Bible: Old Slavonicism pitch darkness meant ‘outer darkness’ (a synonym for hell). Now this expression means ‘endless darkness’. And there are combinations that were already used allegorically in the Bible, as phraseological units.

The plot is connected with the parable of the king's wedding feast. Jesus tells how guests were invited to the feast, but they did not come: “Then he [the king] said to his servants: The wedding feast is ready, but those invited were not worthy; So, go to the crossroads and invite everyone you find to the wedding feast. “When the king saw one man in bad clothes among those who came, he became angry and ordered him to be executed, saying: “Having tied his hands and feet, take him and throw him into outer darkness: there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth; For many are called, but few are chosen.”

Similar to this phraseological unit, the phrase salt of the earth, used by Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount in relation to His disciples and other believers who act according to the commandments of God, migrated into the Russian language from the New Testament. In the Sermon on the Mount, the expression “the left hand does not know what the right hand is doing” is also found as a symbol of mystery alms.

From the Sermon on the Mount the expression “do not throw pearls before swine” and the phraseological phrase “throw pearls (in front of someone)” are borrowed, which go back to the words of Christ: “Do not give what is holy to dogs and do not throw your pearls (colourful beads) before swine, so that they did not trample it with their feet and turned and did not tear you to pieces,” which means “do not waste words with people who cannot understand them, do not want to appreciate their meaning. ’

Using these combinations as an example, we can conclude that the Russian language actively borrows expressions from the Bible, regardless of whether they are used in a literal or metaphorical sense. The consciousness of the Russian person accepts them in ready-made form or rethinks them, giving them new meanings.

Thus, the phraseological unit “lesser brothers,” according to the words of Christ (Matthew 25.40), has long been understood as ‘people of low social status, disadvantaged’]. However, now, thanks to Sergei Yesenin, who wrote the famous lines “And the beast, like our smaller brothers, never hit us on the head,” this phrase has acquired the meaning of “beasts, animals in general, for which people are responsible.” In the “Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language for Schoolchildren” only the last meaning is indicated with reference to Yesenin, and not to the Gospel.

For whatever reasons there may be a change in the original meaning of one or another New Testament, all this is evidence of the life of the language, its development.

Many phraseological units have become so firmly established in the Russian phraseological system that their borrowed nature is not felt. These are, for example, phrases such as: flesh and blood, sign of the times, at the forefront (put / put), whoever does not work (does not work) does not eat; mortal sin, to contribute; Leave no stone unturned; Thomas is not a believer, etc.

A significant part of them does not contain any words and grammatical forms that are not known to the modern Russian literary language in free use: poor in spirit; do not throw pearls before swine; Alpha and Omega; from the evil one; to separate the wheat from the chaff, man cannot live by bread alone, etc. So, we have three types of biblical expressions: borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language, Russian proper, and phrases that arose on the basis of New Testament images and situations. A survey conducted among students showed that these expressions are not only familiar, but are also used by students in everyday speech. It should be noted that the older the student, the more widely these phraseological units are represented in his speech.

The most used phrases are those that arose on the basis of New Testament images and situations, then Russian ones themselves, and in third place are phraseological units of Old Church Slavonic origin.

CLASSIFICATION OF NEW TESTAMENT PHRASEOLOGISTS ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE OF SEMANTIC CONNECTION OF COMPONENTS

Phraseologists who adhere to a “broad” view of phraseology usually divide phraseological units into groups according to certain criteria. The most common is the classification according to the degree of semantic unity of the components of a phraseological unit. It also extends to phrases going back to the New Testament. Among them we can find all types of phraseological units, namely:

1) phraseological adjunctions: now you let go; seeking hail; a clanking cymbal; ringing copper; without hesitation; strain out mosquitoes and water movements; salt of the earth; voice in the wilderness; drowned coffins; topic of the day, etc.

2) phraseological unities: bury talent in the ground; change from Saul to Paul; barren fig tree; Whore of Babylon; bear (one's) cross; lost sheep; Wolf in sheep's clothing; shake off the dust from your feet; hands; sing Lazarus; beating of babies, etc.;

3) phraseological combinations: absolute hell; pitch darkness; to contribute; separate the wheat from the chaff; separate the sheep from the goats; daily bread; Foundation stone; stumbling block; deadly sin; seek and ye shall find, etc.

A large number of New Testament phrases are:

4) phraseological expressions: faith without works is dead; he who takes the sword will die by the sword; there is no salvation in talking too much; Every giving is good; woe to him who seduces one of these little ones; let this cup pass from me; he reaps where he did not sow; He who has ears to hear, let him hear; Man does not live by bread alone; many are called, but few are chosen; blessed are the peacemakers; whoever is not with us is against us; Judge not lest ye be judged; the secret becomes apparent; faith moves mountains; whatever you do, do others quickly.

ACTIVATING INTEREST IN THE BIBLE AND BIBLE EXPRESSIONS

Biblicalisms in newspaper speech

The relevance and modernity of any word or expression is always verified in practice, that is, by its actual existence in people’s speech. This is fully true in relation to phraseological turns that go back to biblical texts. Since the life of language is regulated by many factors, it is not surprising that political changes in our country since the late 80s have influenced the speech of its citizens. The departure from atheistic ideology and a return to forgotten Christian values ​​naturally influenced the intensification of the use of biblical words in everyday speech. The area of ​​most widespread use of these phraseological units has now become journalism. Old Testament and New Testament expressions can be found every day on the pages of newspapers and magazines, in radio and television programs. They add liveliness and accuracy, imagery to public speech, and evoke complex emotional associations. In addition, if previously biblical sayings were used primarily as “decrepit ornaments of speech,” now they are acquiring a civil meaning and are relied upon in social and political struggles.

It is worth noting that phraseological units in newspapers live a special life. It is no coincidence that one of the first domestic researchers of newspaper language, Professor R. O. Vinokur, believed that newspaper language is essentially phraseological through and through, since the standard, clichéd nature of many typical newspaper expressions is an integral property of this language. Biblical in origin phraseological units in last years active precisely in newspaper speech. The specificity of newspaper speech is due to the fact that the newspaper has special speech formations - headings, subheadings, headings. Phraseologisms are often used as headings. In recent years, the share of biblical words among “headline” phraseology has increased sharply. On newspaper pages you can see catchy headlines like: “Do not wait for manna from heaven”, “Solomon’s decision”, “Sarcophagus or Noah’s Ark?”, “Without drinking that cup”, “Light of the Wormwood star”, “Time to collect stones”, etc.

In ordinary speech, phraseological units are distinguished by the constancy of composition and meaning, but to one degree or another they become familiar, so journalists try to return imagery to phraseological units, using various methods of authorial variation. You get headlines like “Prodigal son of ether” (from prodigal son).

Lexical transformation is one of the most popular journalistic techniques. However, precisely in the case of biblicalisms, this technique gives rather negative results from the point of view of the culture of speech. Thus, two beautiful phrases from the New Testament: not by bread alone and the stumbling block became structural prototypes for a whole stream of lightweight “creations” such as: “Not by cheese alone,” “Not by fat alone,” “Not by cotton alone,” “Not by boycott alone,” “Not by coal alone”, “Not by oil alone”, as well as “Benefits of stumbling”, “Islands of stumbling”, “Mountain of stumbling”, etc. These are headlines only from central newspapers. As a result of lexical transformation, the following title appeared: “To Man - human, and robotic - robotic", created on the basis of the expression "To Caesar is Caesar's, and to God what is God's." "

However, biblical words vary not only in newspapers, but also in modern literature; they are widely used in epigraphs and titles of works of art.

CONCLUSION

The Bible is one of the greatest and most books read in the world.

For more than three thousand years (the first books of the Bible appeared in the 13th century BC), the Bible has had and continues to have a huge influence on the spiritual, moral and cultural development humanity, makes people think about their lives, provides examples for improving their soul, mind and motives. Bible stories, ideas, images permeate the fabric of works of world literature, music and fine art; we color our everyday speech with them, often unaware of the source.

Phraseology of New Testament origin with its figurative system, bright expressiveness and deep moral content is by no means a frozen mass of outdated words. It can be concluded that interest in biblical expressions has not only not faded recently, but has even intensified, which is confirmed by research conducted among middle and senior students of Norilsk secondary school No. 38. Children not only know lexical meaning phraseological units, but also hear them in everyday communication. Moreover, they study passages from the Bible at school, which undoubtedly broadens their horizons, instills moral values, and enriches the speech of a modern schoolchild.

A consequence of the increased interest in the Bible has been an increase in the proportion of biblical words in the latest dictionaries and reference books, in everyday, especially journalistic, speech. There is even a tendency to abuse well-aimed evangelical phrases and turn them into clichés.

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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Phraseologisms of the Russian language that came from the Bible. Project manager: Nikonova E.M., Russian language teacher at MKOU "Pochepskaya Secondary School"

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I give special color to the Russian language due to its numerous phraseological units and phraseological units. They enliven speech and make it more emotional. We have been given possession of the richest, most accurate, powerful and truly magical Russian language. (K.G. Paustovsky)

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The Bible is one of greatest books on the ground. Comprehension of it is an endless process, stretching over many centuries. The Bible is not only "holy scripture" but historical record, an outstanding monument of literature. The ancient Greek text was translated into Old Church Slavonic. The text of the Slavic Bible is known to modern readers already in Russian translation. But both Old Church Slavonic and Russian variants are, in parallel, sources of phraseological units of the modern Russian literary language

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The concept of phraseological combinations of words. Phraseology (phrasis - expression + logos - doctrine) is the science of complex linguistic units that have a stable meaning: upside down, getting into trouble, carelessly. A phraseological unit is a stable combination of words that form a semantic unity, the meaning of which is derived from the figurative meanings of its components.

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Phraseologisms taken from the Bible: 1. Forbidden fruit 2. Adam's apple 3. Cain's seal 4. Dove of peace 5. Golden calf 6. Lost sheep 7. Bury talent in the ground 8. Balaam's donkey 9. Scapegoat 10. Regardless of faces 11 . Contribute 12. Manna from Heaven 13. Wolf in Sheep's Clothing 14. Holy Simplicity

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Forbidden fruit - something tempting, desirable, but forbidden and inaccessible. It arose from the biblical story of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, the fruits of which God forbade Adam and Eve to eat. ADAM'S APPLE A hard protrusion on the throat of people, especially prominent in men, the upper part of the Adam's apple. According to the biblical legend about the fall of the first created people: part of the forbidden fruit (apple) got stuck in Adam’s throat.

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CAIN'S SEAL (STAMP) The mark of a crime; imprint, trace, external signs of crime. According to the biblical legend about the eldest son of Adam and Eve, who killed his brother and whom God cursed and set a sign so that no man would kill him. Dove of Peace From the story of global flood. The dove released by Noah from the ark brought him an olive leaf, as evidence that the flood had ended, dry land had appeared, and God’s wrath was replaced by mercy. Since then, the dove with an olive branch has become a symbol of reconciliation.

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Golden Calf - The omnipotent power of money. While Moses communicated with God in solitude on Mount Sinai, some believers betrayed their leader. They made their new idol a calf, which they themselves cast from pure gold. But when the prophet returned, cruel punishment awaited the apostates. The phrase "lost sheep" means good man accidentally strayed from the right path. There is a parable in the Bible about a man who had a flock of sheep, and one of them got lost and was lost. The owner, to whom every animal was dear, left the herd and went to look for her. Having found it, he carried it home on his shoulders. Later this expression “lost sheep” became allegorical. This is how they began to call people who have strayed from the righteous path.

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To bury talent in the ground - they say about a person who was unable to use the abilities given to him and develop them. Talent, according to the biblical legend, was the name of a coin, or more precisely, a measure of the weight of precious metals. The Gospel parable says that when leaving, one man left money for his slaves. Two slaves put the money to work, but the third buried his talent in the ground. The owner has returned. Then the first slave gave him 10 talents, the second gave him 4 talents, and the third gave him the same 1 talent. Since then, the expression “bury talent in the ground” has come into being. Regardless of persons - regardless of someone's position, perform certain actions. This is a call not to be a hypocrite, not to please (toady) to your superiors. The ancient Greeks, among other gods, worshiped Themis, the goddess of order and justice. She was always depicted with a blindfold, symbolizing the impartiality with which she judges the accused: whoever appears before the goddess, she will administer her judgment fairly, impartially, that is, regardless of faces.

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Balaam's donkey is a silent and submissive person who suddenly spoke up and protested. The expression originated from the biblical story of Balaam, whose donkey once spoke in human language to protest being beaten. Scapegoat A person who bears responsibility for the guilt of others. According to biblical tradition, the ancient Jews had a ritual: on a special day of absolution, the high priest laid his hands on the head of a live goat, thereby transferring the sins of his people onto it. After this, the goat was driven out into the desert.

The article presents some biblical phraseological units - both well-known ones and those whose meanings cannot be explained by everyone. The Bible is certainly one of the greatest books of all time. Its comprehension is an endless process that has been going on for many centuries. Today there are many schools whose representatives study this book and explain its contents.

The Bible as a literary monument

It must be said that the Bible is not only the banner of Christianity, “holy scripture”, a set of rules of life. It is also a historical record and great monument literature. The Bible (its ancient Greek text) translated into Old Church Slavonic was known to our distant ancestors. Modern reader gets acquainted with the text in Russian translation. However, both Russian and Old Church Slavonic variants are sources of stable combinations and aphorisms of the modern language.

Mythological and biblical phraseological units have firmly entered our lives. Today in the Russian language there are more than 200 set expressions that are associated with the text of the holy book of Christians. Many biblical phraseological units were borrowed mainly from the Gospel. The adoration of the Magi, the parables of foolish and wise virgins, the prodigal son, the beheading of St. John the Baptist, the kiss of Judas, the denial of Peter, the resurrection of Christ - this is not a complete list of fragments from the main holy book of Christians that are used in everyday use. Biblical phraseological units associated with these subjects are widespread; and their meaning and origin are known even to people far from religion. After all, these stories were rethought by many writers, poets, artists, directors, etc. They left a big mark on world culture.

Let's look at some biblical phraseological units. You will learn what the meaning and origin of each of them is.

Throw beads

Biblical phraseological units, examples of which are presented in the article, are used not only in oral speech. They are often referred to by quotes from the works of writers and poets, and sometimes by the names of the works themselves. For example, one of Hermann Hesse's novels - This work was first published in 1943, and in 1946 the author received the Nobel Prize for it and other achievements in literature.

Surely the title of the novel evokes in you an association with the expression “throwing pearls.” It means "pay attention" unworthy people, humiliate yourself." If you express your innermost feelings and thoughts to those who are not able to appreciate, accept and understand them. The origin of this phraseological unit is biblical. We meet it in the Gospel of Matthew, when it talks about Christ’s conversations with his followers. In the Sermon on the Mount, which considered “programmatic” in Christianity, it is said that one should not give “holy things to dogs”, and also one should not throw pearls in front of pigs, otherwise they will trample them under their feet and tear you to pieces.

You may ask: “Why beads and not pearls?” The fact is that small river pearls were called beads in Rus'. Our ancestors mined it in the northern rivers. After some time, beads began to be called any small bone, glass and metal beads that were used for embroidery. Pearls were drilled, then strung on threads and used to decorate clothing. This is how another expression (not biblical) appeared - “a pattern sewn with beads.”

To contribute

This is what they say, in particular, about a person who has taken an active part in any business. This expression is evangelical in origin. One of the parables talks about a poor widow who put in only 2 small coins while collecting donations. The word for coins in Greek is mites. Despite the apparent modesty, her donation turned out to be more important and greater than many rich gifts. After all, it was done from the heart. The one who makes his contribution to the common cause is the one who, without committing noticeable and grandiose actions to everyone, acts honestly and sincerely.

Other biblical phraseological units are also very interesting. The examples and their meaning will certainly interest many. We invite you to get acquainted with another expression.

Voice in the wilderness

From ancient times this expression came to us, denoting calls that were in vain and remained unanswered. The Bible talks about the prophet Isaiah. He cried out to the Israelites from the desert, warning them that God was coming, so they needed to prepare the way for him. His words were then repeated by John the Baptist. He said them just before Jesus Christ arrived to him. In the Bible, therefore, this expression had a slightly different meaning than it does now. It was a call to heed the voice of truth, to listen.

People don't do this often. Therefore, over time, the emphasis in circulation began to be placed on the futility and hopelessness of the call addressed to someone.

Antediluvian times

In Russian there are many expressions to denote prehistoric, ancient times: in time immemorial, under King Pea, a long time ago, during it. One more thing comes from the Bible - in antediluvian times.

Of course, we are talking about the flood that God, angry with people, sent to the earth. The abyss of heaven opened up and it began to rain. It lasted for 40 days and 40 nights, as the Bible says. The land was flooded up to the highest mountains. Only Noah and his family managed to escape. This righteous man, by order of God, built Noah's Ark - a special ship, where he placed all the birds and animals in pairs. After the flood ended, the earth was repopulated from them.

Bury your talent in the ground

This expression is used when talking about a person who does not develop natural abilities. He neglects what he is gifted with. Did you know that the word “talent” in this expression originally meant a monetary unit?

The Gospel parable tells how one man, having gone to distant countries, distributed money to his slaves. He gave one of them 5 talents, another 3, and the last only one talent. Returning from a trip, this man called his slaves and asked them to tell how they disposed of the gifts. It turned out that the first and second made a profit by investing their talents in the business. And the third slave simply buried him in the ground. Of course, he saved the money, but did not increase it. Is it worth talking about who was condemned and whom the owner praised?

Today this expression reminds us that we should use talents and gifts and reveal them. They should not perish within us without bearing fruit.

We have already examined 5 biblical phraseological units. Let's move on to the next one.

Egyptian plagues

This expression also appears in the Bible when it tells how the Egyptian Pharaoh for a long time did not agree to grant freedom to the people living as slaves in his country. According to legend, God was angry with him for this. He sent 10 severe punishments, successively falling on the Nile country. In Old Church Slavonic, “punishments” are “executions.” They were as follows: the transformation of the Nile water into blood, the invasion of Egypt by toads and various reptiles, a lot of midges, the arrival of “dog” flies (especially evil), the death of livestock, a terrible epidemic that covered the entire population with abscesses, hail, which was interrupted by fiery showers. What followed was darkness that lasted for many days, the death of the firstborn, not only of people, but also of livestock. The pharaoh, frightened by these disasters, allowed the enslaved people to leave Egypt. Today, “Egyptian execution” refers to any torment or severe disaster.

Manna from heaven

In modern Russian there is another interesting expression - wait like manna from heaven. It means waiting passionately and for a long time, while hoping only for a miracle. Indeed, manna from heaven turned out to be a miracle. Thanks to her, an entire people was saved from hunger.

The Bible says that the famine occurred while the Jews were wandering in the desert for many years. People would have been doomed to death if manna from heaven had not suddenly begun to fall from heaven. What is it? It resembled modern semolina. The latter was named so in memory of the manna that was given to the chosen people by God.

However, scientists have now established that there is an edible lichen in the desert. When it ripens, it cracks and then rolls into balls. Many nomadic tribes used this lichen for food. The wind probably brought these edible balls, which were described in a legend from the Bible. Despite this explanation, the expression “manna from heaven” still means miraculous help, unexpected luck.

We continue to describe biblical phraseological units and their meanings. The origin of the next one is no less interesting.

Burning bush

Most likely, this beautiful image was borrowed by our ancestors from Hebrew legends. In the Bible, the “burning bush” is a thorn bush that burned without burning, since God himself appeared to Moses in its flame. Today we rarely use this image. One of the options for its use is when you need to portray a person who is “burning” in any task (for example, at work), but does not lose strength, becomes more and more active and cheerful.

Thirty pieces of silver

Judas Iscariot is considered the most despicable traitor in history. He was one of the disciples of Jesus Christ. This man betrayed the teacher for only 30 pieces of silver, that is, for 30 silver coins. That is why such an expression in our time is understood as “the price of blood”, “the price of betrayal”. Many other allegorical words and phraseological units of biblical origin are based on this same legend. The very name "Judas" is used to denote a traitor. And the “kiss of Judas” refers to the concept of treacherous affection, hypocritical and insidious flattery.

These biblical phraseological units and their meanings have long been used in fiction. When Saltykov-Shchedrin, a famous Russian satirist, endowed one of his characters, Porfiry Vladimirovich Golovlev, with all sorts of negative traits- a predator, a hypocrite, a saint, a talker, a torturer, etc. - it was clear that the prototype of this hero is Judas Iscariot. It is no coincidence that Golovlev was nicknamed Judas by his own brothers.

There is an opinion that the phrase “shakes like a leaf” is associated with stories about this biblical character. Repenting, the traitor hanged himself on the branch of this particular tree. So it was desecrated. Now the aspen is supposedly destined to tremble forever.

From Pontius to Pilate

This expression is one of many ancient ones based on an error. According to legend, when Jesus was captured and put on trial, neither Herod (the king of the Jews) nor Pontius Pilate (the Roman governor) wanted to take responsibility for the execution. Several times they directed Jesus to each other under various pretexts. One could put it this way: Christ was “pursued from Herod to Pilate.” However, our ancestors were confused by the fact that Pontius Pilate seemed to be the names of two Romans, although such names were quite natural. There were such historical characters as Julius Caesar, Septimius Severus, Sergius Catilica. In the heads of our ancestors, Pilate was divided into 2 people - “Pilate” and “Pontius”. And then the story itself was mixed up. This is how the idea emerged that Christ was transferred “from Pontius to Pilate.” Today, these words act as a mocking definition of red tape, when people are driven from boss to boss, instead of solving the matter.

doubting Thomas

We have already described 10 phraseological units of biblical origin. Many of those that we have not talked about are worthy of attention, but only a few can be presented in one article. The following expression simply cannot be missed - it is widely used, and its origin is very interesting.

Very often you hear the phrase: “Oh, you unbelieving Thomas!” It has become so familiar that we sometimes don’t pay any attention to it when we say it ourselves or hear it from someone. Have you ever wondered where it came from? Do you know who Thomas is? It is believed that we are talking about one of the 12 apostles whom Jesus Christ chose for himself. Foma stood out because he was distrustful of everything and everyone.

However, there is not one, but two original versions of the origin of this expression. The first of them appeared in ancient Jerusalem even before Jesus chose Thomas as his apostle.

Thomas had a brother named Andrei. One day he saw Jesus walking on water and told Thomas about it. As a future apostle, he did not believe him. Then Andrew invited him to go with him and ask Jesus to walk on the water again. They went to Christ. He repeated his miracle. Foma had no choice but to admit that he was wrong. It was from this time that he began to be called Thomas the Unbeliever.

The second version is considered more significant. After the crucifixion of Jesus and his subsequent resurrection, as stated in the Bible, Thomas was not present when Christ appeared to the apostles. They met him and told him what had happened. However, Thomas did not believe it. He said he wouldn't believe it until he saw the nail wounds on Jesus' hands and put his finger into those wounds. The second time, when the Savior appeared before his apostles in the presence of Thomas, Christ invited him to do this. You probably guessed that Thomas then believed in the resurrection.

The meaning of biblical phraseological units

Of course, these are not all biblical phraseological units. There are a great many of them, we talked about only a few of them. Phraseologisms of biblical origin, as you can see, are still widely used in the language. And this is not surprising, because the Bible is one of the most important books in the history of mankind. She greatly influenced the development of many areas of life. Language was not left out either. It includes numerous phraseological units of biblical origin. Examples and their meaning are still studied by linguists. And writers and poets draw inspiration from biblical stories. For example, a collection that includes poems about revolution and war is called “The Burning Bush.”

Lermontov Mikhail, Gogol Nikolai, Chekhov Anton, Dostoevsky Fyodor, Pushkin Alexander... Mythological and biblical phraseological units are found in the works of each of them. There is probably no Russian writer in whose works one cannot find a single biblical phrase.

What other phraseological units of biblical origin do you know? You can leave examples of them in the comments to this article.