On Three Sides of the World The Trilateral Commission was created by David Rockefeller in July 1973, although he was not the only one behind it. It was conceived as a forum of leading representatives of world capital - the USA, the European Union and Japan. Its composition is wider than that of

To the ends of the world, the Lord of Siberia and the Novgorodians In 1554, in a letter to the English king Edward VI, Ivan IV the Terrible added to all his royal titles: “ruler of Siberia.” What gave the autocrat the right to consider himself the ruler of the lands, the existence of which in Rus' and

In the fourth part of the novel, chapters three ("Polinka's Night Adventures") and four ("Coups in Strunnikov Lane") were mainly written, in our opinion, by Panaeva, although it is quite possible that in recreating the images of the ragpicker and the organ grinder, as well as in the story of Nekrasov took part in Domozhirov’s “jokes.” The eighth (“Someone else’s House”) and ninth (“At the Bedside of the Dying”) chapters, in which we're talking about about Polinka’s stay in the Branchevskys’ house were obviously written by Panaeva.

Panaeva did not participate in the work on the fifth part of the novel, but the sixth part, starting from the fifth chapter, and all the chapters of the seventh part (with the exception of the last chapter “Kyrgyz steppes”) belong to her pen. Here the story is told about Polinka's expulsion from the Branchevskys' house, about her meeting with the rag-picker, the story of Polinka's origin is given, and finally the Seventh part of the novel gives the "History of the Hunchback". In the last eighth part of the novel, Nekrasov and Panaeva obviously worked together on the last three chapters. Chapters three (“Prank”) and four (“Matchmaking and its consequences”), which give the story of Grablin’s love for Lisa, obviously also belong to Panaeva,

The above exhausts, as we think, what Panaeva wrote. Nekrasov primarily owns the chapters depicting Kayutin’s travels. Consequently, the eighth chapter of the second part (“Shot”), with which the story of the travels of the protagonist of “Three Countries of the World” begins and which, by the way, contains the biography of Kayutin, which in many of its features coincides with the biography of Nekrasov himself, was written by Nekrasov as and the following four chapters of the third part of the novel. In the fourth part, those written by Nekrasov include the fifth, sixth, seventh and tenth chapters, which talk about the circling of Kayutin’s barges on the Borovitsky rapids, about Kayutin’s meeting with Antip Khrebtov and the beginning of their fishing expedition to Novaya Zemlya. The entire fifth part of the novel is a story about this northern expedition. It includes a story by Antip Khrebtov about “the adventures of Nikita Khrebtov with five comrades in Kamchatka and Russian America.” As a conclusion to Kayutin’s travels, Nekrasov wrote chapter twelve of the seventh part (“Kyrgyz steppes”) and the first chapter of the eighth part (“Kayutin’s Notes”).

There is no particular doubt that Nekrasov also owns those chapters of the novel that depict the bookseller Kirpichov, his store and library, the morals and pastime of both him and those around him. Of the two co-authors, only Nekrasov, who during the years of his “St. Petersburg ordeals” constantly had to not only meet, but also enter into close business communication with booksellers and publishers, including Polyakov, who served as the prototype for the image of Kirpichov, is only Nekrasov I could write about this with full knowledge affairs.

In the same way, when the novel gives sketches of the life of the St. Petersburg poor, it is natural to assume that these chapters were written by Nekrasov, because it was to him, the author of “Petersburg Corners,” that this topic was closest and incomparably more familiar than to Panaeva. Therefore, chapters four (" Book Shop") and the fifth ("How Kirpichov is carousing") in the second part of the novel, as well as the first, second, third, fourth chapters of the sixth part, in which the story of Kirpichov continues and the image of Grablin is introduced, belongs to the pen of Nekrasov.

There is no doubt that the degree of Nekrasov’s participation in the creation of the novel “Three Countries of the World” is very significant. In any case, the share of what Nekrasov wrote directly is at least half of the entire work, not to mention the fact that, as A. N. Pypin writes, " overall plan and the tone of these novels (meaning “Three Countries of the World” and “Dead Lake”) was, of course, given by Nekrasov.”

The novel "Three Countries of the World" was a significant success among readers both during the years of its appearance on the Pages of Sovremennik and during its subsequent reprints. However critical literature there is little information about the novel. In 1849, the novel was noted for two reviews by Ap. Grigoriev - a critic who stood on hostile " natural school"positions. This primarily explains the sharply negative position of A. Grigoriev in assessing the novel as a whole, although softened by a number of significant reservations, in which the critic recognizes the artistic power of some chapters and individual images of the novel (the image of Dushnikov, the chapter "Village Boredom", chapters , dedicated to Novaya Zemlya, etc.).

More than two decades later, in 1872, in connection with the appearance of the third edition of the novel, P. N. Tkachev wrote an extensive article about it (“Untinted Antiquity,” “Delo,” 1872, No. 11). The critic noted in the novel “notes of social protest as the undoubted merit of the work, which ensured this novel its short-term success.” Tkachev admits that in those cases when the authors of the novel “have to not create characters, but simply sketch, they show us not dolls stuffed with straw, but living ones.” real people; such, for example, in the novel are Kirpichov, Grablin, Liza...” But he has a sharply negative attitude towards all those “passions and horrors” that are associated in the novel with the hunchback’s machinations against Polinka and her misadventures.

P. N. Tkachev sees main idea the novel is that “pure love always overcomes everything and triumphs over everything; it gives strength and capital to acquire and preserve innocence; it strengthens a person in the struggle with life and ultimately leads him to the highest earthly happiness - happy marriage and wealth." The author of "Unadorned Antiquity" spoke out against these "narrow and vulgar ideas" of the novel.

The erroneous starting position of P. N. Tkachev regarding the main idea of ​​the novel led the critic to incorrect conclusions. The author of "Unadorned Antiquity" focused his attention on the story of Polinka and the hunchback, that is, on the weakest part of the novel.

The true content of “Three Countries of the World” remained undisclosed to him. He ignored the images of Antipas and Nikita Khrebtovs, who play a very significant role in the novel. The authors of “Three Countries of the World” preach the legitimacy of every person’s desire for a prosperous life, emphasizing in every possible way at the same time that the only path to a prosperous life is honest, selfless work.

A. M. Skabichevsky, characterizing Nekrasov’s activities in the sixties, writes: “The poet’s mental and moral horizons expanded significantly under the influence of the strong movement that began in society and those new people who surrounded him. Old ideals are being pushed aside by new ones, and so on. Just as Belinsky did not like being reminded of his previous articles, like “Borodin’s Anniversary” or “Menzel,” so Nekrasov later reluctantly recalled the sins of his youth, like “Three Countries of the World.”

This judgment about the novel attracted the attention of N. G. Chernyshevsky. In his famous “Notes when reading the posthumous edition of Nekrasov’s poems,” Chernyshevsky considered it necessary to point out that Nekrasov “reluctantly remembered” about “Three Countries of the World” not because he saw in this novel a “sin of youth,” but because he, being a “very modest person”, he did not like to “rant about his works” at all. Next, N. G. Chernyshevsky expresses his opinion about the ideological orientation of Nekrasov’s novel. “The Three Countries of the World,” he writes, “are not at all in the same relation to his subsequent works as Belinsky’s articles on the “Borodin Anniversary” and “Mentzel” are to his later articles. Belinsky expressed in those previous articles thoughts that later began to seem to him erroneous, bad, and hateful. “There is nothing in “Three Countries of the World” that would later seem bad to Nekrasov from a moral or social point of view. And, as far as I remember, there was nothing like that. In the analysis of this novel given by “ Biographical information"(Recall that Skabichevsky’s article, attached to the first volume of the 1879 edition of Nekrasov’s poems, was called: “Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. Biographical information.” Chernyshevsky in his notes calls it simply “Biographical information.”), the idea is raised about the opposite of successful everyday (in this case, commercial) activities for the benefit of the people. The point of view is fantastic. It always seemed fantastic to me. I was always sick of reading discussions about the “vileness of the bourgeoisie” and everything like that" (N. G. Chernyshevsky). Complete collection works, M., 1939, vol. I, p. 749). -

This judgment of N. G. Chernyshevsky about the novel contains a rebuke to all populist ideas that Russia will bypass the bourgeois path of development. Revolutionary democracy, led by V. G. Belinsky and N. G. Chernyshevsky, was clearly aware that Russia would inevitably take the path of capitalist development and that the bourgeois social order is a higher level social development than serfdom. This is precisely the meaning of V. G. Belinsky’s famous letter to P. V. Annenkov dated February 15, 1848, in which, referring to M. A. Bakunin, he writes: “My believing friend also proved to me that deliverance God of Russia from the bourgeoisie. And now it is clearly clear that the internal progress of civil development in Russia will begin no sooner than from the moment when the Russian nobility turns to the bourgeoisie" (V. G. Belinsky, Letters, vol. III, P., 1914 , page 339),

These judgments refute the point of view of P. N. Tkachev and A. M. Skabichevsky and are the most correct basis for a historical and literary consideration of the novel;

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Avdotya Yakovlevna Panaeva

Three countries of the world

In a remote and distant corner of the vast Russian land, in a small county town, several decades before the beginning of our history, on the corner of a street that ended in a field, there stood a small, crooked wooden house. It belonged to the city midwife Avdotya Petrovna R***. Avdotya Petrovna was a rare woman; by her position she knew family secrets many faces of the city: it seems enough that the whole city knows them? But Avdotya Petrovna remained stubbornly silent. Many ladies left her precisely for this advantage, which they considered an important flaw.

- What a fool this Avdotya Petrovna is! You lie there, and she would at least say an interesting word... You even know some story, but you just deliberately ask: “Is it true that Dnishchev’s wife played tricks on Dolbishin?” locked! I say, I don’t know!

This is how the weak wife complained to her husband after a successful resolution.

- What to do? – asked the husband.

- What to do? I'll refuse her; She’s taking my last one!.. I’ll take Vera Antonovna.

- Send too far, and you’ll offend Avdotya Petrovna.

- That's good! - the patient cried out: - yes, she can kill you with melancholy!

“Well, okay, take Vera Antonovna,” said the frightened husband.

Vera Antonovna was the grandmother of another, closest county town. She enjoyed widespread fame, which was greatly contributed to by the doctor of that city, Vera Antonovna’s first friend and acquaintance.

Vera Antonovna could even raise the dead with her chatter, not only keep the sick person busy. She knew everything and everyone. Her extensive acquaintance provided her with an inexhaustible source of gossip and gossip. No one in her presence dared to mention anyone's age.

– How is this possible, for mercy’s sake! Anna Sidorovna is now approaching forty: she only looks youthful in appearance. I received her first; and Vanichka is the same age as Sonya Podgornaya... Well, I’ll tell you, she will be a rich bride and only two months older than Olya Ispravnikova... As I remember now, it was so hot; I was driving from Anna Sidorovna to the police officer... What a look she has become for him: she just melts and melts, like a candle, barely alive. God recently gave me the eighth: it’s difficult, very difficult to give birth. The police officer himself, you know, doesn’t like to sit at home: he has all sorts of tricks...

- Really, Vera Antonovna, with the treasurer? – the mysteriously inquisitive ladies asked.

- What about the treasurer? old with the treasurer!

- With whom? with whom?

The questioners' eyes sparkled with an impatient gleam.

- With Marya Ivanovna! - Vera Antonovna said and looked at everyone with a drawn-out and solemn look.

- Oh!.. really?.. My God!..

And there was no end to the exclamations and questions. Vera Antonovna flowed like a river, after a long monologue she demanded to drink and drank a decanter of kvass in one gulp.

Her figure was so large that it was necessary to give her two dresses to make one. There was no end to Vera Antonovna's whims. In the house where she happened to host, she intervened decisively in everything: “Why do people sleep for a long time? Why did the cook make bad kvass? Why don’t they work enough in the maid’s room? At the police officer’s place people get up with roosters, but at your place, Agafya Artemyevna, together with bars: really, even the mayor doesn’t have such people, and what kind of lady she is!..”

Vera Antonovna was very concerned about her health; Despite her terrible plumpness, she considered herself thin, and if they said to her: “And you seem to have gained weight, Vera Antonovna,” she crossed herself” and spat, afraid of her eyes. “What are you doing, how can you!” she objected. Yes, my dresses have become wide!

Her appetite exceeded all probability. She ate almost every minute and kept finding that she was emaciated - after dinner, before going to bed, she ate a dozen hard-boiled eggs every day. She loved them very much, but they made her sleep restlessly and woke the whole house with fear in the middle of the night. She kept imagining thieves ready to rob her; but you need to know that she carried all her money, gold things and pawnshop tickets with her in a secret garter pocket, which she did not take off even at night. To top it all off, Vera Antonovna was not separated for a minute from two nasty and mangy dogs, whom she called very prosaically: Sashka and Dunka. The name of the latter, as they said in the city, was given to spite Avdotya Petrovna.

Little by little, the entire aristocracy of the district city left Avdotya Petrovna; it was called upon only in unexpected and fatal cases. And then a rumor spread throughout the city: “Did you hear what a misfortune happened? They should have sent for Avdotya Petrovna! But, thank God, Vera Antonovna arrived the next day!”

If Avdotya Petrovna happened to stay with some important lady until the end, then the christening was not celebrated and the unloved grandmother was given the most insignificant payment.

That’s why Avdotya Petrovna’s house was apparently falling apart: there was no means to fix it. The inside of the house corresponded to the outside: low, small rooms, with rickety ceilings and floors, poorly furnished, making a painful and sad impression.

The shutters of the old house were closed. In the room, darkly lit, lay a woman, quite beautiful, but terribly thin and pale. Avdotya Petrovna, in the corner, washed the newborn, constantly looking back at the patient. Having quickly washed the child and swaddled him, she went to the bed and said quietly:

- Congratulations on your son.

The mother opened her eyes and looked around the room in fear. Seeing Avdotya Petrovna with the child, she screamed painfully, grabbed the child with trembling hands and looked intently into his face, then unwrapped him and joyfully whispered:

- God, you heard my prayer!

And she began to shower her son with kisses.

- Quiet, be careful! Excitement is harmful for you,” said Avdotya Petrovna, admiring her mother’s joy.

– Oh, let me see enough of him!.. He doesn’t look like his father!..

- And the mother kissed her son again.

- Calm down! you are still very weak; there will be time to admire! - said the touched Avdotya Petrovna.

But the mother shuddered violently and screamed wildly, pressing her son to her chest:

- No! he won't see it! Let him never know his father and his mother!

- What do you? as possible!

And Avdotya Petrovna involuntarily grabbed the child from the mother’s weak hands.

-Where do you want to take it? - exclaimed the mother. - Oh, for God's sake, hide it!

She jumped out of bed, fell to her knees in front of Avdotya Petrovna and repeated in a tearing voice:

- Hide him! save him!.. he is a villain, he will kill the child. I’m ready to die if only he doesn’t know and see him. Save, save!..

The novels “Three Countries of the World” and “Dead Lake” by N. Nekrasov are underestimated and were rarely published. The novels were written by N.A. Nekrasov together with A.Ya. Panaeva, the poet’s muse, whom he could not forget until his death. There is no data on that , what in this novel belongs to the pen of N. A. Nekrasov and what is written by A. Ya. Panaeva.

Both novels are written lively and excitingly in the tradition of romantic prose.

"Three countries of the world"

This is, first of all, a travel novel. Kayutin's wanderings across Russia - from Novaya Zemlya to the Caspian Sea, from the Nizhny Novgorod province to Russian possessions in America - form the plot outline of the work. The leader of Kayutin in his wanderings and trades, Antip Khrebtov, is a unique figure not only in the novel, but in all of Nekrasov’s prose. This ideal type a man as Nekrasov imagined him: hard work, ingenuity, courage, modesty, communication, good-natured humor. A novel about big and pure love, about adventures, struggle ordinary people for existence.

"Dead Lake" in the novel personifies dark forces, hostile to humans. One by one they die in its abyss characters: gypsy woman, her daughter Lyuba, landowner Kuratov. In addition, the lake encourages a person to commit crimes, as was the case, for example, with the peasant who drowned his wife. Murderers repent of their actions. And then the lake seems to take revenge on them: it lures them into the depths, leaving them on the shore only with a mitten and a cap. .

The epilogue of the novel depicts an idyllic family union, presented as a prototype of harmony public relations. Ivan Sofronich with his daughter Nastya, who married Grisha, moves from a capital alien to him to an estate on the shores of Dead Lake and transforms its surroundings, which had previously frightened local residents, for the benefit of his own family and for the benefit of his peasant neighbors..

It is no less interesting to read about the relationship between Nikolai Nekrasov and Avdotya Panaeva. This stormy romance, full of passions and mutual grievances, lasted more than fifteen years.

"Madman! Why are you disturbing
Are you your poor heart?
You can't forgive her -
And you can’t help but love her!..”
"We parted ways halfway,
We were separated to the point of separation..."

Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov, Avdotya Yakovlevna Panaeva

Three countries of the world

In a remote and distant corner of the vast Russian land, in a small county town, several decades before the beginning of our history, on the corner of a street that ended in a field, there stood a small crooked wooden house. It belonged to the city midwife Avdotya Petrovna R***. Avdotya Petrovna was a rare woman; In her position, she knew the family secrets of many people in the city: it seems that it is enough for the whole city to know them? But Avdotya Petrovna remained stubbornly silent. Many ladies left her precisely for this advantage, which they considered an important flaw.

- What a fool this Avdotya Petrovna is! You lie there, and she would at least say an interesting word... You even know some story, but you just deliberately ask: “Is it true that Dnishchev’s wife played tricks on Dolbishin?” locked! I say, I don’t know!

This is how the weak wife complained to her husband after a successful resolution.

- What to do? – asked the husband.

- What to do? I'll refuse her; She’s taking my last one!.. I’ll take Vera Antonovna.

- Send too far, and you’ll offend Avdotya Petrovna.

- That's good! - the patient cried out: - yes, she can kill you with melancholy!

“Well, okay, take Vera Antonovna,” said the frightened husband.

Vera Antonovna was the grandmother of another, nearby county town. She enjoyed widespread fame, which was greatly contributed to by the doctor of that city, Vera Antonovna’s first friend and acquaintance.

Vera Antonovna could even raise the dead with her chatter, not only keep the sick person busy. She knew everything and everyone. Her extensive acquaintance provided her with an inexhaustible source of gossip and gossip. No one in her presence dared to mention anyone's age.

– How is this possible, for mercy’s sake! Anna Sidorovna is now approaching forty: she only looks youthful in appearance. I received her first; and Vanichka is the same age as Sonya Podgornaya... Well, I’ll tell you, she will be a rich bride and only two months older than Olya Ispravnikova... As I remember now, it was so hot; I was driving from Anna Sidorovna to the police officer... What a look she has become for him: she just melts and melts, like a candle, barely alive. God recently gave me the eighth: it’s difficult, very difficult to give birth. The police officer himself, you know, doesn’t like to sit at home: he has all sorts of tricks...

- Really, Vera Antonovna, with the treasurer? – the mysteriously inquisitive ladies asked.

- What about the treasurer? old with the treasurer!

- With whom? with whom?

The questioners' eyes sparkled with an impatient gleam.

- With Marya Ivanovna! - Vera Antonovna said and looked at everyone with a drawn-out and solemn look.

- Oh!.. really?.. My God!..

And there was no end to the exclamations and questions. Vera Antonovna flowed like a river, after a long monologue she demanded to drink and drank a decanter of kvass in one gulp.

Her figure was so large that it was necessary to give her two dresses to make one. There was no end to Vera Antonovna's whims. In the house where she happened to host, she intervened decisively in everything: “Why do people sleep for a long time? Why did the cook make bad kvass? Why don’t they work enough in the maid’s room? At the police officer’s place people get up with roosters, but at your place, Agafya Artemyevna, together with bars: really, even the mayor doesn’t have such people, and what kind of lady she is!..”

Vera Antonovna was very concerned about her health; Despite her terrible plumpness, she considered herself thin, and if they said to her: “And you seem to have gained weight, Vera Antonovna,” she crossed herself” and spat, afraid of her eyes. “What are you doing, how can you!” she objected. Yes, my dresses have become wide!

Her appetite exceeded all probability. She ate almost every minute and kept finding that she was emaciated - after dinner, before going to bed, she ate a dozen hard-boiled eggs every day. She loved them very much, but they made her sleep restlessly and woke the whole house with fear in the middle of the night. She kept imagining thieves ready to rob her; but you need to know that she carried all her money, gold things and pawnshop tickets with her in a secret garter pocket, which she did not take off even at night. To top it all off, Vera Antonovna was not separated for a minute from two nasty and mangy dogs, whom she called very prosaically: Sashka and Dunka. The name of the latter, as they said in the city, was given to spite Avdotya Petrovna.

Little by little, the entire aristocracy of the district city left Avdotya Petrovna; it was called upon only in unexpected and fatal cases. And then a rumor spread throughout the city: “Did you hear what a misfortune happened? They should have sent for Avdotya Petrovna! But, thank God, Vera Antonovna arrived the next day!”

If Avdotya Petrovna happened to stay with some important lady until the end, then the christening was not celebrated and the unloved grandmother was given the most insignificant payment.

That’s why Avdotya Petrovna’s house was apparently falling apart: there was no means to fix it. The inside of the house corresponded to the outside: low, small rooms, with rickety ceilings and floors, poorly furnished, making a painful and sad impression.

The shutters of the old house were closed. In the room, darkly lit, lay a woman, quite beautiful, but terribly thin and pale. Avdotya Petrovna, in the corner, washed the newborn, constantly looking back at the patient. Having quickly washed the child and swaddled him, she went to the bed and said quietly:

- Congratulations on your son.

The mother opened her eyes and looked around the room in fear. Seeing Avdotya Petrovna with the child, she screamed painfully, grabbed the child with trembling hands and looked intently into his face, then unwrapped him and joyfully whispered:

- God, you heard my prayer!

And she began to shower her son with kisses.

- Quiet, be careful! Excitement is harmful for you,” said Avdotya Petrovna, admiring her mother’s joy.

– Oh, let me see enough of him!.. He doesn’t look like his father!..

- And the mother kissed her son again.

- Calm down! you are still very weak; there will be time to admire! - said the touched Avdotya Petrovna.

But the mother shuddered violently and screamed wildly, pressing her son to her chest:

- No! he won't see it! Let him never know his father and his mother!

- What do you? as possible!

And Avdotya Petrovna involuntarily grabbed the child from the mother’s weak hands.

-Where do you want to take it? - exclaimed the mother. - Oh, for God's sake, hide it!

She jumped out of bed, fell to her knees in front of Avdotya Petrovna and repeated in a tearing voice:

- Hide him! save him!.. he is a villain, he will kill the child. I’m ready to die if only he doesn’t know and see him. Save, save!..

The unfortunate woman fell to the floor with terrible screams, and groans filled the room. Then she suddenly fell silent and, lying on the floor with eyes closed, breathed heavily and shuddered. Avdotya Petrovna was crying. After kissing the child, she carefully laid him on the bed, knelt down next to her mother and began to calm her down:

- Okay, I'll do everything. I know him: he is capable of anything. But don't kill yourself, come to your senses!

The mother quietly stood up, grabbed Avdotya Petrovna’s hand and kissed it passionately.

- Oh, what are you talking about? as possible!

And Avdotya Petrovna blushed; tears streamed down her face. Mother said:

- You are kind! you know my situation... Take pity on the poor child, have pity on me... God knows I’m clean: but his suspicions...

- What should I do? what do you want? – asked Avdotya Petrovna.

-What do I want? – the mother asked wildly. - So that he does not know his son, whom he will torture in the same way as he tortured his mother. The monster is evil and suspicious, he... Oh, you don’t know him!

“They say he’s just a villain,” Avdotya Petrovna said involuntarily.

- Oh, now you yourself say that he is a villain? – the mother exclaimed joyfully. “How can you show him your son when threats and suffering were being prepared for the unfortunate child even before his birth?” No no! You will help me hide my son! you will take pity on a dying woman who will bless you as the savior of her child!

– If it were possible, I would be glad to help you.

- Oh, there is time and opportunity, just want it. I hid the timing of my pregnancy and you can tell I miscarried.

- What to do with the child? where should I put it?

“Yes, you’re right: he’ll find it everywhere, he’ll steal it from me and say it’s my fault!”

“We have almost no one here in the city to give to: his life will be bad.”

There was silence for a minute.

- God! thank you!.. - the sick woman suddenly exclaimed and, crossing her arms, knelt down and prayed earnestly.

- Give me some paper and a pen.

Everything was served. Trembling all over, Avdotya Petrovna led the patient to the table. Having finished the letter, the patient handed it to Avdotya Petrovna.

– Read: is that what I wrote? my head is on fire; I can’t think of anything, I can’t see well...

“Okay,” said Avdotya Petrovna, “but to whom?”

“Here is the address to the future father of my son,” the patient interrupted.