They have a very branched morphology of formation. From a large number of suffixes forming Ukrainian surnames, only a few can be divided into regions. However, even this division has its exceptions and ambiguities.
Most Ukrainian surnames are formed with suffixes from the following groups:
So, suffixes -uk, -yuk, -shin, -in, -ov often from others they are found in Volyn, Polesie, Podolia, Bukovina, and partially in Galicia and Transcarpathia. Their exceptions generally do not require detailed consideration.
II) Regarding suffixes -enko and -enko It is generally accepted that the surnames derived from them are traditional for the Dnieper region, since it is in this region that they are most common. However, their “peculiarity” needs to be considered in more detail than in the first group, since their exceptions are radically different.
The origin itself suffixes -enko and -enko from the Dnieper region is mainly mentioned from the times of the Cossacks. Therefore, the popularization of surnames with such suffixes was caused by poetic creativity and fiction based on historical texts. Despite this, the region itself - the Naddniepryanshchina - did not occupy the “first and exclusive” place in this issue. According to the research of M. L. Khudash, personal names with suffix-enko record Latin-Polish for the first time written monuments from the western territory in the first half of the 15th century [ ].
Surnames with suffix-enko There are documents recorded in the Lemko region on both sides of the Carpathians, both in modern Poland and in modern Slovakia back in the 18th century, when the process of stabilization of surnames in Ukraine had not yet been completed, but about the “transfer” of the bearers themselves or the “borrowing” of such surnames from this suffix was out of the question.
After a significant part of the Ukrainian lands came under the rule of the Habsburgs (later the Austrian Empire) - Subcarpathian Rus already from the 16th century, Galicia from 1772 and Bukovina from 1774, a government patent was issued on April 12, 1785, instructions on the procedure for drawing up descriptions by local commissions, which laid down the beginning of the creation of the land cadastre, known in historical literature entitled "Josephin's metric (1785-1788)".
Strange as it may seem, particularly for modern beliefs regarding "origins" suffix-enko, however, this Land Registry documents that in the northern (Galician) part of the Lemkivshchyna, out of 353 villages in 35 villages there were bearers of surnames with suffix-enko up to twenty "five varieties. More varieties of surnames with suffix-enko are found in the eastern part of the Galician Lemko region, while only two varieties are found in its western part. The most remote settlement in the west of the Galician Lemkivshchyna, where the surname meets suffix-enko The 18th century is the village of Wojkowa in the modern Nowosądecki county of Lesser Poland Voivodeship on the current Polish-Slovak border. The document, in particular, shows that during the census (until 1788) two families lived in the village of Voikova with the surname "Stesenko", and in one of the villages close to it - Tylicz of the same district, three families are mentioned by the surname "Senko".
These two types of surnames with suffix-enko in such a remote western part is a rare manifestation of those exceptions to that general belief-norm, the area of surnames used, even in the historical past, is not always reduced to one generally accepted region.
The closest settlements to the villages of Voykova and Tilich, where bearers of surnames with suffix-enko in the western part of the entire Lemko region there is a particular village of Grabsko (Hrabsk?) in the modern Bardiivskyi district (okres Bardejov) of the Pryashevo region (Pre?ovsk? kraj) near the current Slovak-Polish border.
Another “atypical” location for the general belief of bearers of a surname with the same suffix is the extreme northern border of Podlasie - the Ukrainian ethnic territory in modern Poland. In a village called Dzięciołowo in modern Moniecki County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, at the end of the 18th century, a family with the surname “Semenenko” was mentioned. The parents of this Ukrainian family had a son in 1814, who later became a famous philosopher and theologian of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland, co-founder of the monastic congregation of the OO. Voskresintsev (Congregatio a Resurrectione Domini Nostri Iesu Christi (CR) - Piotr Semenenko, who died in Paris in 1886 as a saint. After World War II, the process of his beatification (beatification) began.
To confirm that the origin suffix-enko found much more likely from the time of the Cossacks and outside the traditionally accepted region - the Dnieper region - is the actual historiographical Polish material. Within the modern borders of Poland, already from the middle of the 14th century, there are settlements with ending with suffix-enko. An example of this is the villages: Korostenko (Krościenko) Korostenko Upper (Krościenko Wyżne) Korostenko Niżne (now within the city limits of Korosno / Krosno) - Subcarpathian Voivodeship, Korostenko nad Dunajcem (Krościenko nad Dunajcem) - Lesser Poland Voivodeship. Also at the event of modern Poland, in the Lubusz Voivodeship, is the city of Drezdenko (Drezdenko, with the German Driesen), which, despite many centuries of being part of Germany, remains in the historical past a kind of place of reference for tension in Polish-German relations, mutual claims and at the same time the growth of the power of the Polish state. In order, in particular, to “dot the i’s” and indicate that the city belongs to Polish history and culture and it was renamed, considered suitable for Polish perception.
In addition, you need to take into account that surnames with suffix -enko, predominantly have the meaning of “son”, like a nominal or other kind of form: Vasilenko - the son of Vasily, Gritsenko - the son of Grigory, Stetsenko - the son of Stetsko, Goncharenko - the son of Gonchar, etc., refer to three or more constituent surnames due to some exceptions . Before this exception, there are three components of less or less common surnames of the non-nominal form according to the model: Zelenko, Stesenko, etc. To such surnames, as well as to two-syllable surnames such as Senko, Benko, etc. the meaning of "son" does not apply. In these cases suffix-enko has a diminutive or affectionate meaning in relation to a greater one. Less or rare surnames do not always find their unambiguous explanation, unlike those that do not raise objections regarding the meaning.
Regarding the surnames from the category “students” and “place of residence”: Miroshnichuk, Shevchuk, Palamarchuk, Selyuk (village resident), Mishchuk (city resident), they could have been formed in the area of formation of surnames with suffixes -enko, -enko
It should also be added that suffixes -enko, -enko and -uk, -yuk, is balanced, because the alternation of sounds was formed through different endings of the stems, to which the suffix was attached. For example:
Peter V- Peter e nko, Petra To- Petrie h Enko, Gordy And- Gordy There is nko
Mikhailovsky V- Mikhailovsky Yu to (for the sake of euphony it is more often used suffix-yuk, A no-uk), The battle To o - Fight h uk.
But in in native language these suffixes received equal meaning, so surnames that were formed from one name are found in various options, for example: Denisenko (Denis + enk + v), Denishchenko (Deniska + enk + v), Romanyuk (Roman + yuk), Romanchuk (Romanko + uk). Here we are dealing with alternating consonants. Sometimes the suffixes -chenko/shchenko and -chuk/shuk are mistakenly considered. The fact is that the patronymic markers -chuk and -chenko are formed from stems ending in -ko: Fedya, Vasya, Vanya, and the patronymic markers -shchenko and -shchuk are formed due to the alternation of consonants in stems that end in -sko: Deniska, Borisko, Feska.
1. Historical information
Currently, preus surnames mean a family surname, which is passed on from father to son. Initially, in Rus' only nicknames were used, which can be found in naming ancient Russian princes and which were inherited. The use of family surnames in official records began because of the need to indicate ownership of something only later. Generic surnames are found in large numbers in written sources concerning Ukrainian lands in the XIV-XVI centuries. At first, family surnames were predominantly owned by rich people who had wealth (merchants, boyars, magnates, land owners). However, already in the 17th century. Almost everything Ukrainian had their own surnames, although surnames were often transformed; new surnames could be created on their basis, for example, the son of a person with the surname Koval could receive the surname Kovalenko (son of Koval). Many surnames appeared during the Zaporozhye Sich, since when entering the Sich, a Cossack changed his old surname to a new one. Last names gained stability only in the 19th century. The replacement of old surnames by the aristocratic (noble-lord) order was also widespread, although the gentry and lords in a number of periods tried to counteract this due to the ban on the adoption of certain surnames by commoners. At the same time, official surnames and unofficial nicknames coexisted, which were reflected in Ukrainian business and fiction. .
2. Grammatical features are inherent in Ukrainian surnames
2.1. Meaning of suffixes
Most of the suffixes that form Ukrainian surnames can be divided into groups according to meaning.
2.1.1. First group
The first and most common group is patronymic; there are suffixes that indicate the father (ancestor) of a person. These are the suffixes:
- -Enk, -enk(Danilenko)
- -Uk, -yuk(Danilyuk)
- -Ovich, -ich(Danilovich)
- -Ov(Danilov)
- diminutives suffixes -ets, -ets, -s, -ko(Danilko)
You can also add patronymic to this group suffix-tire, attached to a woman's nickname after her husband's name. For example: the son of Vasilikha (Vasily’s woman) is Vasylishin. Such surnames were most likely formed through the leading role of a woman in the family, or (as the reason for this) early death father, and the patronymic suffix did not have time to stick to the children.
2.1.2. Second group
- The second group are suffixes indicating the profession or characteristic action of the person who gave it the nickname. For example:
- -Y(Paliy)
- -Ay(traction)
- Lo(Shaking)
- -Ylo(Minyailo)
- -Un(Tikhun)
- -An(Movchan)
- -Hick, -nick(Beekeeper)
- -Ar(Kobzar)
Before these nicknames (or already surnames), new suffixes could subsequently be added, which formed already new surname, for example: Paly chuk, Kobzar enko.
2.1.3. Third group
- The third group is suffixes that indicate the place of residence or origin of a person.
- -Sky, -ky. The gentry surnames (Vishnevetsky, Ostrozhsky, Khmelnitsky) pointed to family estate, property, and ordinary people- where they came from or where they were born (Poltava, Khorolsky, Zhitomir). This type of surname is also common among Poles and Jews.
- In some cases-ets,-ets(Kanivets - from Kanev, Kolomiets - from Kolomyia)
- In some cases, if at the root geographical feature(Yarovoy, Lanovoy, Gaevoy, Zagrebelny)
2.2. Typical Ukrainian suffixes and endings of surnames
- -Ko: Sirko, Zabuzhko, Tsushko, Klitschko, Danilko, Khoroshko, Prikhodko, Boyko
- -Enk, -enk(meaning “someone’s son”): Gritsenko, Demyanenko, Shevchenko, Vdovichenko, Potapenko, Tkachenko, Kovalenko, Bondarenko, Kirilenko, Kozubenko, Simonenko, Zlenko, Lukyanenko, Ivanenko, Petrenko, Pavlenko, Parkhomenko, Ogienko, Tara, Senko , Posvyatenko, Kosenko
- -Enk: trinkets, Openko, Potebenko
- -Point (less often, point, point, point): Semochko, Tolochko, Marochko (Kiselychka, Osmachka)
- -Ovsky, -ovsky: Baranovsky, Gladkovsky, Stakhovsky, Shovkovsky, Yavorivsky
- -Evskiy, -evskiy(mostly gentry): Alchevsky, Miklashevsky, Mogilevsky, Grinevsky, Trublaevsky
- -Sky, -cue: Kotsyubinsky, Skoropadsky, Saksagansky, Boguslavsky, Starytsky, Boretsky, Kropyvnytskyi
- -Ovich, -ich(sometimes of Belarusian origin): Davydovich, Andrukhovich, Shukhevych, Shufrich, Zvarych, Stankovich, Tobilevich
- -Ov: Stetskiv, Kaskiv, Petrov, Ivanov, Pavlov, Bartkiv
- -Y: Paliy, Crybaby, Povaliy, Krasnoy
- -Ay: Pull, Mamai, Nechai, Kitsay
- -Y: Mnogohrishny, Mirny, Poddubny, Red, Yarovoy, Lanovoy, Inanimate
- -Uk, -yuk: Goncharuk, Dmitruk, Tarasyuk, Palahniuk, Mikhailyuk, Romanyuk, Gnatyuk, Momotyuk
- -Chuk: Shinkarchuk, Kovalchuk, Kravchuk, Shevchuk, Korniychuk, Boychuk, Yaremchuk. The origin of the surname is from the type of activity: Koval - Kovalchuk, Shvets - Shevchuk.
- -Shchuk: Polishchuk (from Polesie), Voloshchuk - Wallachian by nationality, Grishchuk - son of Grishko;
- -Look: Gorbach, Kosach, Derkach, Filin, Golovach
- -Ah, -chuck, -how: Shcherbak, Barbazyak, Burlak, Grabchak, Matchak, Rubchak, Zaliznyak, Andrusyak, Prishlyak Chumak
- -Ik, -nick: Bilyk, Bortnik, Linnik, Skripnik, Petrik, Berdnik, Pasechnik
- -Ets-ets: Kolomiets, Baranets, Vorobey, Vasilets, Stepanets
- -Sya(form of the name, without further addition of a suffix): Vanya, Romas, Mikitas, Petrus, Andrus
- La: Pritula, Gamula, Gurgula
- Lo: Muff, Noisy, Big, Shaking
- -Ylo(from Lithuanian): Mazailo, Tyagailo, Minyailo, Bodailo
- -Ba: Shkraba, Dziuba, Kandyba, Skiba, Kotsyuba, Zhurba
- -Yes: Bad weather , Mayboroda , Injustice , Adventure , Baida , Sightseeing
- -Ra: Bandera, Magera, Petliura, Sosyura
- -Ar:(mostly professions):
Where did such surnames as Yushchenko, Khmelnitsky, Gavrilyuk and Shevchenko come from? What do Tyagnibok and Zhuiboroda have in common?
This is a unique “-enko”
Surnames ending with the suffix “-enko” are considered the most typical for Ukrainians, and not because they constitute largest group, but because practical ones are not found in others Slavic peoples. The fact that such surnames have become widespread in Russia is explained by the fact that Ukrainians, after joining the Moscow State in 1654, constituted the second largest ethnic group after the Russians.
It should be noted that Ukrainian surnames came into use earlier than Russian ones. The very first mentions of a surname with the suffix “-enko” refer to XVI century. Their localization was typical for Podolia, a little less often for the Kiev region, Zhytomyr region and Galicia. Later they began to actively spread to Eastern Ukraine.
Researcher Stepan Bevzenko, who studied the register of the Kyiv regiment of the mid-17th century, notes that surnames ending in “-enko” accounted for approximately 60% of the entire list of family names of the regiment. The suffix “-enko” is a diminutive, emphasizing the connection with the father, which literally meant “little”, “young man”, “son”. For example, Petrenko is the son of Peter or Yushchenko is the son of Yuska.
Later, the ancient suffix lost its direct meaning and began to be used as a family component. In particular, it became an addition not only to patronyms, but also to nicknames and professions - Zubchenko, Melnichenko.
Polish influence
For a long time, most of today's Ukraine was part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which left its mark on the process of formation of surnames. Surnames in the form of adjectives ending in “-sky” and “-tsky” were especially popular. They were mainly based on toponyms - names of territories, settlements, water bodies.
Initially, surnames with similar endings were worn exclusively by the Polish aristocracy, as a designation of the rights of ownership of a particular territory - Potocki, Zamoyski. Later, such suffixes spread to Ukrainian surnames, being added to names and nicknames - Artemovsky, Khmelnytsky.
Historian Valentin Bendyug notes that since early XVIII centuries, “noble surnames” began to be assigned to those who had an education, primarily this concerned priests. Thus, according to the researcher’s calculations, over 70% of the clergy of the Volyn diocese had surnames with the suffixes “-tsky” and “-sky”.
the appearance in Western Ukraine of surnames with endings in “-uk”, “-chuk”, “-yuk”, “-ak” also occurred during the period of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The basis for such surnames became baptismal names, but later any others. This helped solve the problem of identification - separating a specific person from society and separating a Ukrainian from a nobleman. This is how Gavrilyuk, Ivanyuk, Zakharchuk, Kondratyuk appeared, although over time these suffixes became more widely used - Popelnyuk, Kostelnyuk.
Eastern trail
Linguists have found that the Ukrainian language contains at least 4,000 Turkic words. This is due to the active resettlement of some Turkic and other eastern peoples in the Black Sea and Dnieper regions in connection with the increased Islamization of the Caucasus and Central Asian regions.
All this directly affected the formation of Ukrainian surnames. In particular, the Russian ethnologist L. G. Lopatinsky argued that widespread in Ukraine family ending“-ko” comes from the Adyghe “ko” (“kue”), meaning “descendant” or “son”.
For example, the frequently occurring surname Shevchenko, according to the researcher, goes back to the word “sheudzhen”, which the Adygs used to call Christian priests. The descendants of those who moved to the Ukrainian lands “sheudzhen” began to add the ending “-ko” - this is how they turned into Shevchenko.
It is curious that surnames ending in “-ko” are still found among some Caucasian peoples and Tatars, and many of them are very similar to Ukrainian ones: Gerko, Zanko, Kushko, Khatko.
Lopatinsky also attributes Ukrainian surnames ending in “-uk” and “-yuk” to Turkic roots. So, as evidence, he cites the names of the Tatar khans - Kuchuk, Tayuk, Payuk. Researcher of Ukrainian onomastics G. A. Borisenko supplements the list with Ukrainian surnames with a wide variety of endings, which in his opinion are of Adyghe origin - Babiy, Bogma, Zigura, Kekukh, Legeza, Prikhno, Shakhrai.
for example, the surname Dzhigurda - an example of Ukrainian-Circassian anthroponymic correspondence - consists of two words: Dzhikur - the name of the Zikh governor of Georgia and David - the Georgian king. In other words, Dzhigurda is Dzhikur under David.
Cossack nicknames
The environment of the Zaporozhye Cossacks contributed to the formation of a large number of a wide variety of nicknames, behind which serfs and representatives of other classes who escaped from dependence hid their origin for safety reasons.
“According to the rules of the Sich, new arrivals had to leave their surnames behind the outer walls and enter the Cossack world with the name that would best characterize them,” writes researcher V. Sorokopud.
Many of the bright and colorful nicknames, consisting of two parts - a verb in the imperative mood and a noun, subsequently turned into surnames without any suffixes: Zaderykhvist, Zhuiboroda, Lupybatko, Nezdiiminoga.
Some of the names can still be found today - Tyagnibok, Sorokopud, Vernigora, Krivonos. Whole line modern surnames came from one-part Cossack nicknames - Bulava, Gorobets, Bereza.
Ethnic diversity
The diversity of Ukrainian surnames is the result of the influence of those states and peoples under whose influence Ukraine has been for centuries. I wonder what for a long time Ukrainian surnames were the product of free word creation and could change several times. Only at the end XVIII century in connection with the decree of the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, all surnames acquired legal status, including in the territories of Ukraine that were part of Austria-Hungary.
Professor Pavel Chuchka points out that a “Ukrainian surname” should be distinguished from a surname belonging to a Ukrainian. For example, the surname Schwartz, which is still found in Ukraine, has German roots, but its derivative Schwartzuk (son of Schwartz) is already typically Ukrainian.
Thanks to foreign influence, Ukrainian surnames often acquire a very specific sound. For example, the surname Yovban, according to Czuchka, has always been prestigious, as it comes from the name of St. Job, which in Hungarian is pronounced Yovb. But the researcher sees the surname Penzenik in the Polish word “Penzic”, which translates as to scare
By their origin and meaning, most Ukrainian surnames are closely related to Russian ones. There is nothing surprising in this, since both those and other surnames take their roots in the history of the Slavic peoples. At the same time, Ukrainian surnames are noticeably different from typical Russian surnames.
Surnames formed using suffixes.
The most typical suffix for the surnames of residents of Naddnepryansk Ukraine is the suffix -enk-. According to historical documents, the first mentions of such surnames date back to the 16th century. According to historians, the suffix and ending -enko are of Turkic origin. Over the following centuries, surnames ending in -enko became widespread (more than half of total number surnames) among Cossacks from the Left Bank of the Dnieper, in the Kiev region and some other regions. It was not uncommon to switch from a surname without a suffix to a surname with a suffix. For example, Komar - Komarenko.
Other similar ways of changing surnames in the Ukrainian way are adding the suffixes –eyk- (Bateiko), -ochk- (Marochko), -ko (Andreyko).
Some suffixes, with the help of which Ukrainian surnames are formed, belong to the category of toponymic suffixes and are common not only among Ukrainians, but also among Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Bulgarians and others Slavic peoples. Thus, the suffix –sk- or –tsk- was often found among representatives Ukrainian nobility, whose surnames were formed by the name of the family estate. For example, Gorodets - Gorodetsky. Other varieties of toponymic suffixes are -ovsk- (-ivsky), -evsk-. Examples of surnames: Baranovsky, Grinevsky.
Characteristic of Ukrainian surnames are the patronymic suffixes –ich- (-ych-) and –uk- (-yuk-). The latter mean "someone's servant, disciple or son." For example, the meaning of the surname Tarasyuk may sound like “son of Taras.” In addition, among people from different areas In Ukraine, there may be various suffixes characteristic of these regions. For example, in regions that were once part of Little Russia, Russian and related endings –ov, -ev and –iv are common. With the help of these suffixes, Ukrainian surnames were Russified and took on the form, for example, like this: Porechenko - Porechenkov.
You can also list surnames with suffixes that are found mainly among Ukrainians: Paliy (suffix -iy, in Transcarpathia -ey is more common), Shcherbak (suffix -ak), Pasichnyk (suffix -nik) and others.
Surnames formed from other words
The origin of many Ukrainian surnames can be easily traced if you pay attention to what words they are derived from. Often young people were given surnames based on the occupation of their parents, their father's name or his nickname. So, for example, the surname Kovalenko comes from the word “koval”, the translation of which sounds like “blacksmith”. Also, surnames derived from the names of professions include Grabar (digger), Kravets (tailor), Rybalko (fisherman), etc.
Among Ukrainians, surnames derived from given names are very popular. Typically, such surnames appeared when young Cossacks registered by their father’s name - Zakharchenko, Yushchenko, Vasyuchenko. It is not uncommon to have surnames formed from nouns, from the names of animals, and also made up of several words. For example, Dolya (fate), Koshara (flock of sheep), Gogol (bird), Shchur (rat), Krasnoshapka (red cap), Ryabokon (pockmarked horse), etc.
Cossack Sich surnames
These Ukrainian surnames should be included in a separate paragraph for their unusualness. As a rule, they consist of two parts - a verb and a noun, and have a pronounced emotional overtones. Surnames such as Zaderikhvist or Lupybatko are designed to set one in a certain mood, giving rise to many images in the mind.
These flowery surnames owe their appearance to the tradition according to which those who arrived in the Sich had to leave their old name outside its borders and choose a new one that corresponded to their character.
Female Ukrainian surnames
Feminine forms in the Ukrainian language do not exist for all surnames. As a rule, they are used for those surnames that are morphologically identified as adjectives ending in –skiy (Khovansky - Khovanskaya), as well as for surnames similar in sound to Russians (Shugaev - Shugaeva).
Other surnames common among Ukrainians do not have a separate feminine form. As an exception, we can cite Western Ukrainian surnames ending in –iv or –ishin. Sometimes you can meet women's options these surnames (for example, Pavliv - Pavliva). In addition, in colloquial conversation you can hear how a surname ending in -yuk forms female form ending in –yuchka (Serdyuk - Serduchka). However, this is not the literary norm.
Surnames, just like given names, in ancient times always carried a certain meaning - they provided additional important information about the origin of each individual person: what family he is from, what class he belongs to, what craft he or his relatives do...
Common Ukrainian surnames are no exception to this. As soon as we start talking about Ukrainian surnames, the first names to emerge from the subconscious are Shevchenko, Petrenko, Doroshenko, Timoshenko, Shinkarenko, Klimashenko.
Indeed, this is a typical family form for the Ukrainian people, the most common.
Lists of registered Cossacks of the 17th century studied by historians show 60% of the presence of people with the surname ending in -enko.
It arose more often from the names, nicknames, professions of the fathers of young Cossacks:
- “Stepanenko” is Stepan’s offspring, “Klimenko” is Klima’s, “Romanenko” is Roman’s;
- “Tkachenko” - on his father’s side with the profession of a weaver, “Skotarenko” - the son of a cattle farmer, “Goncharenko” - the son of a potter;
- “Chubenko” is the heir of Chub (most likely the owner of such a nickname was endowed with noble hair);
- “Leshchenko” - from the fish bream (perhaps the bearer came from a fishing family or the people awarded him this nickname for his characteristic similarity with this fish);
- "Pluschenko" - from the ivy vine plant.
Astrologers and numerologists have long been studying the influence of first and last names on human destiny. What can we say about the nation? If the dictionary of Ukrainian surnames is full of semantic form, which is, as it were, derivative for younger generation, then we can safely say, and there is no arguing with it: the Ukrainian people are a young, strong nation.
Flexible, freedom-loving, with easy character, ready to change (if you pronounce - Butenko, Goncharenko, Pisarenko, Guzenko - it seems as if the ball is bouncing). But at the same time with their own personalities, heroes and military acumen (Podoprigora, Vyrvidub). And also very musical (Music, Kobzar, Violin, Skripko, Sopilka, Sopilnyak).
According to scientists, the family forms of that time were not clearly defined enough, and therefore the succeeding generations could well have had different (in form) surnames, or, on the contrary, the entire village could have had the same surname.
Since the prehistory of the Ukrainian people arose during the existence Eastern Slavs, as well as the prehistory of Belarusians and Russians, then the many family forms that exist among these three peoples coincide.
The most popular and common forms after -enko are:
Suffix -eyk-: Koreiko, Lomeiko, Buteyko, Geiko.
Suffix -chk-: Burlachko, Klitschko, Skachko, Batechko.
Suffixes -y, -ey, -ay: Paliy, Geletey, Galai, Parubiy, Kalatay.
Suffixes -tsk-, -sk-: originally common among the Polish gentry, more such surnames were among noble nobles and officials: Kirovsky, Vishnevetsky, Koritsky, Skoropadsky, Zagorsky. But they could also indicate the attitude of a commoner to one or another owner (until serfdom was abolished) - Barsky, Boyarsky, or territorial affiliation - Galitsky, Polovetsky, Rivne.
Endings -la, -lo: Zamula, Minyailo, Pritula, Shatailo.
Endings -uk, -yuk: Serdyuk, Pavlyuk, Bondarchuk, Sklyaruk.
Suffixes -nik, -ar (-ar), characteristic for determining professional affiliation: Bortnik, Miller, Gonchar, Kobzar, Sexton.
Endings -da, -ba, -ta: Lagoda, Palivoda, Dzyuba, Zhuleba, Golota.
Suffixes -ich, -ych: Kuzmich, Shufrich, Zvarych, Yanukovych.
Suffixes -ak, -yak, -yk, -ik: Gopak, Tretyak, Bryk, Kulik.
Separately, we can distinguish among Ukrainian surnames those that simply convey the common noun of something, be it a thing or an animal, the name natural phenomenon: Scoop, Frying pan, Gogol (bird), Babak (marmot), Frost, Barabolya, Gorobets (sparrow), Khmara (cloud), Zozulya (cuckoo).
Male (Cossack) surnames
If we talk about surnames that are memorable and historically valuable for the Ukrainian people, then these are undoubtedly the “calls” that were used to call the Cossacks who arrived in Sich (Sich - Russian). Usually this double words, very harsh, sometimes offensive: Tyagnibok, Netudykhata, Kuibida, Stodolya, Likhoded, Sorokopud, Pidiprigora, Golota, Perederiy, Novokhatko, Krivoruchko, Skorobogatko, Zadripaylo, Neizhsalo, Tovchigrechka.
Such funny surnames and nicknames characterize the Cossacks as strong and fearless warriors, but with a sense of humor and the ability to laugh at themselves.
Versatility and diversity historical events, which influenced the origin of Ukrainian surnames, can be traced in the following surnames: Pshigovsky, Vygotsky, Voznesensky, Miloradovich, Zarevich, Khorunzhiy, Sagaidachny, Khmelnytsky, Uspensky. Here are the princely ones, royal families with a long pedigree, and surnames with church themes, and surnames of famous rebellious Sich atamans. They contain a huge layer historical era, associated with wars, captivity, revolutions. There are ways of word formation not only of the Russian people, but also of the Poles, Tatars, Germans, and Austrians.
Famous male surnames: Khmelnitsky, Shevchenko, Skovoroda, Grushevsky, Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, Dovzhenko, Klitschko, Poroshenko.
Female surnames
In the Ukrainian language, there are not many modifications of surnames based on female characteristics. These are surnames that can be classified in a morphological context as adjectives –sky, -ensky: Mogilevskaya, Vishnevetskaya; also surnames with the Russian suffix –ov, -ev, -in: Dubova, Zvereva, Spirina.
Famous female surnames: Kosach-Kvitka (Lesya Ukrainka), Lisovskaya (Roksolana), Pysanka, Lyzhichko, Klochkova, Prikhodko.
There is a linguistic peculiarity in the writing of male and female surnames with the endings -o, -ko, -chko when declensting. Male surnames- they bow, but the women do not: Ivan Fedko - Ivan Fedko, but Maria Fedko - Maria Fedko. The same thing happens with the endings –iy, -ich, -ych, -ik, -uk. (Sergei Petrik, but Nastya Petrik, Svyatoslav Vakarchuk, but Alevtina Vakarchuk).
Beautiful Ukrainian surnames
I would also like to mention the beauty and melodiousness of proper names. A dictionary of Ukrainian surnames can be recited: Nalivaiko, Nightingale, Lastivka (swallow), Pysarenko, Kotlyarevsky, Kotsyubinsky, Lyzhychko, Pysanka (from easter egg- Krashanki), Lysenko, Kulchitsky, Dovzhenko, Stupka, Malvinets, Ognevich.
The list of Ukrainian surnames is rich in unusual, mystical surnames: Viyt, Stus, Mavka, Veleten, Bogatyrev, Prisukha, Lyubich, Yarilo. There are many beautiful double family combinations: Nechuy-Levitsky, Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, Dobriyvecher.
As we see, the dictionary of Ukrainian surnames has been created and transformed over centuries, absorbing the acquired wisdom of its people. It can say a lot about people, their culture, traditions and beliefs.
Origin of surnames.
History of Ukrainian surnames– one of the oldest in Europe. Already in the 17th century, almost all Ukrainians had hereditary family names. For example, commoners of France began to receive surnames in early XIX century, Russian peasants - after the abolition of serfdom in 1861. However, for a long time, Ukrainian surnames were not legalized and could change repeatedly. Only at the end of the 18th century did they acquire legal status like all surnames of Austria-Hungary, which then included Ukraine.
Methods of forming surnames.
List of Ukrainian surnames in alphabetical order testifies to their enormous diversity in the method of education. Just listing the suffixes with which they were created would take up considerable space. The undisputed leader here is the suffix -enko. Initially, it emphasized the connection with the father and meant “son of someone.” Petrenko is the son of Peter, Romanenko is the son of Roman. Later he lost his ancient meaning and served as an addition to nicknames and professions - Zubchenko, Melnichenko.
If you look dictionary of Ukrainian surnames, then you can notice a certain number of surnames with the suffixes -sky, -tsky, which indicates Polish influence (Artemovsky, Khmelnitsky). Usually such surnames were assigned to priests. At the same time, in Western Ukraine, in order to distinguish a Ukrainian from a nobleman, surnames in -uk, -yuk are formed. At first, the basis for them was baptismal names, then any others - Gavrilyuk, Zakharchuk, Popelnyuk.
Among Ukrainian surnames there are often those in which traces of other peoples and languages are visible, for example, German roots in Shvartsyuk or Schwartz. And in such surnames as Babiy, Bogma, Kekukh, Prikhno, Shakhrai, experts see Adyghe origin.
No less varied and interpretation of Ukrainian surnames. Many Ukrainians received surnames based on the profession they were engaged in - Zvarych (salt maker), Shvets (shoemaker), Stolyarenko, Koval (blacksmith). Often, surnames are associated with place of residence, nature, names of rivers, lakes and even buildings - Lugovoy, Ozirny, Zakluny (klunya-barn), Dniprenko, Rostavets.
The meaning of Ukrainian surnames, associated with the names of animals, birds and fish, can be ranked with ancient surnames. They were born from the nicknames of their first bearers - Vovk, Zaychuk, Orlenko, Karpenko. Plants, household items, food were also not forgotten - Frying Pan, Birch, Bulba, Borscht. Moreover, they had different variants education - Skovorodchenko, Borshchevsky, Berezovsky.
Surnames of Cossacks.
We cannot ignore the nicknames of the Cossacks, which later became surnames. According to the unwritten laws of the Sich, the Cossacks had to leave their surnames behind the fence and enter the Cossack world with a new name that would accurately characterize them. Often here the verb in the imperative mood merged with a noun - Zhuiboroda, Lupibatko. Of course, these were nicknames, but many of them have survived to this day as surnames - Tyagnibok, Podoprigora, Krivonos.
Declension of Ukrainian surnames in Russian.
Most Ukrainian surnames do not have a feminine form, with the exception of surnames with -skaya, -tskaya, -ovskaya, -evskaya (Vishnevskaya, Savitskaya). Declension such Ukrainian women's surnames obeys general rules Russian language. The rest of the female surnames do not change by case, like all Ukrainian surnames starting with –ko.
Top Ukrainian surnames shows which ones are the most popular.
