Chapter IV Black myths about the Russian people Common features and mentality, the same perception of life and similar behavior unite the Russian people - a multi-million-strong mass of blood relatives. The science of ethnology today recognizes that national character really exists, it unites

Round table “BUSINESS Online”: Tatar Murzas and their role in the formation of national identity

Today the question of the formation of new elites in society is acute: what is the new Tatar elite, does it exist? And how should it respond to the issues of our time, to the challenges that the Tatar nation faces, including those related to the problem of the loss of the Tatar language? Representatives of ancient Tatar families - the Murzas from Kazan and Ufa - sought answers to these and other questions in the BUSINESS Online editorial office.

Round table participants:

Bulat Yaushev- leader of the meeting of Tatar Murzas of the Republic of Tatarstan;

Alexey von Essen- leader of the nobility assembly of the Republic of Tatarstan;

Rashid Gallam— Candidate of Historical Sciences, former researcher at the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tajikistan;

Gali Enikeev— independent historian, lawyer (Ufa);

Nail Chanyshev- Member of the Tatar Noble Assembly of the Republic of Belarus, reserve officer (Ufa);

Farhad Gumarov— Candidate of Historical Sciences, head of the discussion club “Greater Eurasia”;

Gadel Safin- Head of an IT company.

Moderators:

Farit Urazaev— Candidate of Historical Sciences, member of the meeting of Tatar Murzas of the Republic of Tatarstan;

Ruslan Aisin- political scientist.

“THIS WAS AN ERA WHEN THE CONCEPT OF ELITES WAS TURNED ON YOUR HEAD”

Who can be considered the elite of Tatar society today? The answer to this question was sought by representatives of the Tatar nobility - the Murzas - at the round table “Tatar Murzas and their historical role in the formation of national identity”, this was the topic of the meeting in the editorial office of BUSINESS Online. “Today the issue of forming new elites in our society is acute. We lived in the large Russian state for 100 years after the revolution, and it was an era when the concept of elites was turned upside down: everything in society was mixed up, confused. And this had a detrimental effect on the state of the entire society, its socio-economic and political development,” the leader of the meeting of Tatar murzas of the Republic of Tatarstan began the round table. Bulat Yaushev.

Bulat Yaushev: “We lived in the big Russian state for 100 years after the revolution, and it was an era when the concept of elites was turned upside down”

At the same time, the representative of the oldest Tatar family added that there is a natural history, an understanding of what the elites of society are and how they should be formed correctly. “There are many examples of this concept from various countries and peoples, there are even mathematical theories that describe the process of formation of elites. These historical patterns cannot be broken; they inevitably make themselves felt. Today we would like to see these correct science-based processes emerge again and lead our society back to healthy, natural development,” he said.

Rashid Galliam: “The theme of the Murzas is the most important layer in the history of the Tatar people and at the same time the history of Russia as a whole”

Candidate of Historical Sciences Rashid Gallam gave a brief description of the concept of “Murza”. “The theme of the Murzas is the most important layer in the history of the Tatar people and, at the same time, the history of Russia as a whole. The term “Murza” means “son of the emir” - a member of the ruling dynasty. The Tatars used it in several variants, depending on the dialect - Morza, Mirza and Myrza,” the scientist noted. This term, according to Galliam, was brought to the Golden Horde from Persia. “Murza is a large feudal lord, landowner, head of a clan, a horde,” he clarified and cited the names of well-known Murzas: this is the leader Idegey, Yusuf(From Yusuf Murza came the famous Russian noble family of the Yusupovs - approx. ed.) and his brother Ismagil- the queen's father Syuyumbike. “Later this status was leveled. In 1713, under Peter I, during the Christianization of the Tatars, the Murzas were ordered to accept baptism; if they refused, their lands were taken away and handed over to the Russian feudal lords. At this time, many Murzas were transferred to the taxable estate, although some Murzas retained both their title and some privileges. They were included in the nobility already during the time of Catherine II. Since then, some of the former Murzas entered the nobility, and some took up trade. From among the Murzas came famous mullahs, philanthropists, industrialists, and so on. The next stage begins in the Soviet and modern era, when the title “Murza” has a purely nominal meaning, a certain code of prestige, but does not carry a real social load,” the historian recalled. At the same time, the round table participants noted that “half of the noble families of Russia bore Tatar surnames.”

“Adapting to persecution, many Murzas became clergy, imams, muftis, since they could not be baptized,” the round table moderator especially noted Farit Urazaev. “Both in the Russian Empire and in Soviet times, people from these families reached very serious heights, although the Soviet system harshly persecuted and repressed them. But many births took place in Soviet times and retained this code. For example, more than 200 candidates and doctors of science came from the Chanyshev family. A phenomenal phenomenon! There is also the village of Tatar Kargaly in Bashkortostan, 250 outstanding personalities came from it: composers, writers, artists, scientists, military men. This phenomenon has not yet been studied,” Urazaev added and gave the floor to a representative of the Chanyshev family Nail Chanyshev from Ufa.

The former military man spoke about the history of his family, from which, as Urazaev already noted, more than 200 scientists emerged, as well as their contribution to the development of Tatar society. In particular, Shaikhilislam Chanyshev took an active part in the public life of the Tatars in Moscow, with his direct participation the Asadullaev House was returned to the Tatar community, now the Tatar Cultural Center of Moscow is located there. And the lieutenant colonel Shagiakhmet Rakhmetullin son Chanyshev awarded the medal “For the Capture of Paris” in the wars of 1812–1815. “The Chanyshevs, like many others, unlike the family of the richest family of the Russian Empire, the Yusupovs, refused to be baptized, as a result of which they lost their estates, bore state duties, were subject to a capitation salary and lost their previous status and title, after which they moved to the Ufa province.” , said Chanyshev.

Gali Enikeev: “History is part of ideology, it shapes worldview”

“THE ROMAN-GERMAN YOKE HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED IN RUSSIA”

Due to the fact that most of the ancient archives of Muslims were preserved in Ufa, in 1993 Garden of Murza Enikeev For the first time, the Tatar Noble Assembly of the Republic of Belarus was created. Since 1997, the regular newspaper “Noble Messenger” (“Morzalar Khabarchese”) has been published. . Later, in Kazan in 2006, the “Meeting of Tatar Murzas of the Republic of Tatarstan” (“Majlis of Tatar Murzas”) was registered. .

“The organization began its work by studying the history of ancient families and clans. The Murzas have always been the most educated class and bearers of traditions and advanced knowledge. This left its mark on many generations. The example of the Chanyshev family is striking, but not the only one; we see similar manifestations in many genera. Studying the history of our families, our clans, we delve into the study of the history of the entire Tatar people - we find various documents in the archives. I would like the view of the modern generation to be directed deeper into its history. This is sorely lacking in modern life. Knowledge of the history of one’s people and one’s ancestors forms national self-awareness and personal self-identification. National identity, in turn, creates motivation to preserve the native language and culture. This direction in our activities is the most important, and we are trying to connect the younger generation to the knowledge of the real history of the Tatars,” said the leader of the meeting of Tatar Murzas of the Republic of Tatarstan Bulat Yaushev.

Gali Enikeev, another representative of the ancient Tatar family, a lawyer by profession, wrote five books about the history of the Tatars (“Crown of the Horde Empire”, “Genghis Khan and the Tatars: Myths and Reality”, “Heritage of the Tatars” and others), the sixth is being prepared. “I read the entire history of the USSR, translated from Russian into Tatar, in the 4th grade. History is part of ideology, it shapes the worldview,” he explained his interest. Even then, I had many questions about this story.

Murza and scientists noted the importance of studying the objective history of the Tatar people. Thus, the head of the discussion club “Greater Eurasia” in the Republic of Tatarstan, Candidate of Historical Sciences Farhad Gumarov told how the Tatar Murzas and Eurasianism as a certain concept are connected. “The Golden Horde civilization played an important role in the fate of many peoples in Eurasia. However, her role was subsequently distorted. Since the time of Peter I, foreigners from Western Europe or their supporters gradually began to occupy important positions in the state. Both Klyuchevsky and Lomonosov spoke about this. According to one of the founders of the theory of Eurasianism, Trubetskoy, a Romano-Germanic yoke was established in Russia. And so, over time, they began to unfairly describe the Golden Horde heritage of Muscovy as a time of savagery and robbery, given that more than half of the noble families were associated with the Tatar Murzas. And it was the Eurasians who were the first to ask the question of whether the history of Russia, written by Europeans, was true. And based on the scientific base, they came to the conclusion that the Turkic Tatars acted in the Eurasian expanses as the leading state-forming nation and the custodian of Eurasian traditions,” he noted.

At the same time, all participants in the round table agreed that representatives of some famous Tatar families need to move away from the scale of microhistory, when the Murzas study only the history of their surnames, and go beyond these limits. “The history of the Murzas is not generalized, there are separate articles by individual scientists, there are books devoted to individual genera, but there is no generalizing work, there is still no fundamental book,” Gallam expressed his concern. At the same time, Urazaev added that the process of mobilizing the Tatar Murzas and scientists is now underway in order to hold an international scientific and practical conference dedicated to the history of the Tatar Murzas and nobles.

“IF SOMEONE SOLVES THIS PROBLEM, HE WILL BE A REAL MURZA, A REPRESENTATIVE OF THE NATIONAL ELITE”

The participants of the round table also did not ignore the burning topic of studying the Tatar language in schools today. “What is the elite now? And how should the new Tatar elite respond to the challenges facing the Tatar nation, including those related to the problem of the loss of the Tatar language. What is the new Tatar elite, does it exist? If not, what should it be and how should it respond to the issues of our time? — asked another round table moderator, a political scientist Ruslan Aisin. “The topic “Tatar Murzas and their historical role in the formation of national identity,” in my opinion, is a very important defining topic, because what is a “nation”? A nation is, first of all, self-determination. We must understand that the thickness of the people, the masses of the people, is not a collective mind. Only a few people make a nation—namely, representatives of the elite. It so happened historically that these elites, who made the Tatars into a nation - an imperial nation, an advanced nation, which not only captured, as they said here, Eurasian territories, but reached Egypt - were made by the rulers of Egypt, the Mamluks ( Turkic Kipchaks — approx. ed.). Therefore, we must say that we are crossing even these boundaries, because, being a nomadic civilization, we do not have a horizon, we are overcoming the horizon. It is very important that it was the Murzas who acted as the elite and the factor that built this nation-building pyramid. Today, now, unfortunately, this topic is disappearing, because we do not know our roots, our history,” he noted.

“This has been a painful topic for me all my life, because if a people does not have a language, they lose their face as a people. Why does this question affect everyone, because until I was 17 years old I spoke with my grandmother, and then I did not have the opportunity to practice and continue to learn the Tatar language. I believe that all efforts should be devoted to improving material well-being or solving some technical problem, but not forgetting to search for new methods and forms, and they exist, in order to raise the Tatar language to a level so that a person can think and speak in their native language language. A person who knows two languages ​​- Russian and Tatar - perfectly will discover great opportunities for himself in the future in the formation of a Eurasian worldview. If someone solves this problem, he will be a real murza. And if you make language secondary, then this is a quiet assimilation, the same as Christianization,” Chanyshev supported the language theme and cited the Yusupov family as an example. “If you love money, accept Christianity.”

“Language is not just a linguistic construct, it is a style of thinking. Speakers of different languages ​​formulate and structure their thoughts differently. This aspect of language determines the cultural portrait of a nation. The language must be preserved because it is the heritage of our culture, because it is the method and style of our national thinking. If we lose it, we will lose our uniqueness. What is connected with the current language situation: external forces are systematically trying to make us an object of manipulation, and we have all felt the pressure of this manipulation since childhood. In this case, the distorted perception of history from school textbooks is crucial. An example is the history of the Golden Horde, the history of the so-called Tatar-Mongol yoke. This is, to put it mildly, not true. “Black Legend”, as Lev Gumilyov said. And this untruth, implanted in the consciousness of the majority of the population from school, is the basis of interfaith and interethnic conflict. We want to get away from it, but we just can’t; our consciousness holds us, because it was formed from childhood. And now one of the most important tasks for all of us and the thinking part of our society is to begin to study real history. Return to historical facts, books written by serious independent researchers. If we come to this, we will understand that there is no confrontation between the nations inhabiting the Russian Federation, we have all lived here for centuries, we must be friends and cooperate, as we have cooperated since ancient times. And in principle there should be no problems. Russians must respect the fact that the Tatars and other peoples know their language and history, and the Tatars must watch with satisfaction how the Russian nation develops, prospers and improves. After all, we live in a country that our ancestors built together,” added the leader of the meeting of Tatar Murzas of the Republic of Tatarstan Yaushev.

And the moderator of the round table, Urazaev, in order to draw closer attention of the round table participants, focused on sad statistics. Since the 90s, after the collapse of the Soviet empire, the Russian people at their core have been experiencing a deep depression: one day, 25 million Russians were left outside their homeland and did not want to return; demographic indicators over the past 25 years record population decline; every year hundreds of villages disappear from the map of the country, land is devastated, especially in central Russia and the Far East; in recent years, about 20 million people have appeared in Russia living below the poverty line; An increase in the retirement age and the outflow of young people with higher education from Russia (about 30%) to different countries can sharply worsen the socio-economic situation of the population.

At the same time, in the Baltic countries, Ukraine and Central Asian countries, the Russian language as a means of interethnic communication is being removed from the school curriculum. This is a stressful factor for the Russian population. However, in the Russian Federation itself, in areas where Tatars live compactly, Tatar schools have been systematically closed over the last quarter of a century. What remains is the ethno-cultural component - two to three hours of Tatar language or literature per week, and in many areas this is not even the case. These problems, after the abolition of the agreement between the Republic of Tatarstan and the Russian Federation, came to our republic. “When the first Tatar gymnasiums opened, and this was the desire of the parents, I sent my children to Tatar kindergartens and schools. I didn't have any problems. When I sent my grandson, who speaks the Tatar language, to kindergarten, within six months he lost his native speech. That is, in Tatarstan, education of my children and grandson in their native language at the present stage is not guaranteed by the state. Unfortunately, the assimilation of a nation begins not from school, but right from kindergarten. We not only need to study history, but we will also have to rebuild the national education system. These problems specifically concern me, as a grandfather, as a parent. We have one homeland, we have lived here and will continue to live here. I am the same taxpayer, but some are provided with the conditions for learning their native language, while others are not. At one time we wanted to be the “Soviet people”, but for certain reasons it disappeared. Now they say: “We are the Russian people.” But before becoming a Russian people, I, as a citizen of this country, as a representative of the Tatar nation, must know whether the state guarantees my unshakable rights to preserve the Tatar language and culture on a legislative basis. Violation of constitutional rights, unfortunately, does not contribute to the formation of civil society,” concluded Urazaev.

“NOW WE HAVE AN ELITE OF MONEY, AN ELITE OF CLANS”

At the same time, Aisin noted that the role of the Murzas is very important here. “Even before the revolution, it was not easy for the Tatars: their freedom of religion was violated. What did the Murzas do? These are people of serious, great consciousness, because they were responsible for the fate of the nation, and thanks to them we now have our religion of Islam, which they brought to us, and the language, and history, and cultural matrix. Now their role is greater than ever. Who, if not them? When we talk about people, we must understand that this concept is quite abstract and amorphous. It is made into a people by certain people: specific historians who write books, specific Murzas: the Chanyshevs, the Yaushevs, and so on. They personify this people and lead it. If they don’t exist, then the people will simply crumble, which is what we are getting now. Do we have a genuine elite or not? If there is no elite, then everything falls apart. All we've gotten in recent years is an elite identity crisis. Apparently, there is no layer that could, like the Murzas in their time for 500 years, preserve this entire rich tradition. And now, unfortunately, we can lose all this very quickly,” Aisin said.

“All descendants of nobles during Soviet times came under the heavy influence of the state. Nobles at that time were not allowed into higher educational institutions,” added another participant in the round table, the leader of the nobility assembly of the Republic of Tatarstan Alexey von Essen. At the same time, von Essen is confident that in order to raise a new elite, it is not enough to teach a person good manners. “Tradition, which is passed down through the family, forces a person to be cultured. To become a cultured person, it is not enough to learn how to hold a spoon and fork correctly and smile. A family of two or three generations should live in abundance and in order, which is not the case now. What do you understand by the Soviet and post-Soviet elite? That elite - the Murz, the nobles - was a community of people that treated representatives of other classes with respect. Now we have an elite of money, an elite of clans. Every rich person considers himself an elite and creates groups around himself. We are heading into the 1990s. Is this the elite? We must decide on this issue,” he emphasized.

“The question arose about what is the main value base of our society, not only the Tatar one, but more broadly,” Aisin agreed with him. — During the World Cup, we saw that a certain value substitution was taking place: everyone shouted “hurray, hurray.” When the nation or people that inhabit these spaces do not have systemic values, they are replaced by some kind of ideological simulacra.” “Such jingoism,” the Murzas agreed with him.

“The elite are people who have introduced some kind of ideological superstructure. What should be the main value orientation of the Tatars, their traditional historical elite - the Murzas? — Aisin wondered. And he himself, at the request of the round table participants, answered it. “What is the Tatar elite? What should it consist of? What things should it be formed from? Unfortunately, a certain thread, a connection with the historical past, where great ancestors were, has been lost; part of this greatness is unknown, part of it has been conveyed to us. But, unfortunately, our current rulers are happy to squander this whole business and simply make money economically. What should the elite consist of now? These are, first of all, those people who are ready to sacrifice for the benefit of society, who are ready to invest their intellectual and existential resources in the development of the nation. These are the people who are ready to give, not take. Plus, these are people with an excess of a certain internal passionary energy. These are people with a special seal who are chosen to lead the people forward. There cannot be many such people, but without this elite you can’t get anywhere. I think that those present here are also representatives of the Tatar elite, because, firstly, they pose the question “why did this happen?”, and secondly, “what to do?” If people ask such a question, they are already at the first stage. The second stage is, in fact, action.” “That is, you will recognize them by their deeds,” Urazaev noted.

Head of an IT company Gadel Safin noted that uniting young people under one idea is not so easy now: “The situation among young people is deplorable, since there is social discord, differentiation: along national, ethnic and, most importantly, religious lines. There are entire channels that incite this discord, and there are channels that, on the contrary, consolidate. I have nothing to do with the Murzas, so it’s difficult for me to say anything on this topic.” “Every time puts forward its own murzas, intellectuals - this is the request of the time. Yes, there are hereditary Murzas who make their contribution, and there are intellectuals, they are also Murzas, who have enormous potential and contribute their knowledge to the development of society. In this regard, you are a young Murza, the future of the Tatar nation; people of intellectual labor who are making and will make their contribution,” Urazaev objected to him. “Being a Murza is a great responsibility for yourself, for your family, for your clan, for your nation, for the fatherland where we live,” he concluded.

If we consider the ethnic component of the population of Russia, it is striking that the Tatars represent a very important part of it. Among the peoples living on the territory of the country, they are one of the first in number. The ethnic group has preserved its language, original cultural traditions and uniqueness. Tatar surnames can also be fully included here.

Historical review

The origin of surnames dates back to ancient times. Usually, representatives of the nobility appeared before everyone else. It was only at the end of the 19th century that various segments of the population began to acquire them everywhere. Until this happens - played a decisive role belonging to the clan. From childhood, representatives of the ethnic group remembered the names of paternal relatives up to the seventh generation.

The bulk is a modified name of an ancestor, ancestor (Aidarov, Akhmetov, Bagichev, Ielibeev, Rakhmanov, Sageev, Safin, etc.). Under the Soviets, sons and eldest grandchildren began to acquire the surname. Later it remained unchanged for the rest of the descendants.

The three-member form includes, in addition to the surname, the first name and patronymic, which came from the father's with the addition of “kyzy” or “ula” - daughter and son.

The formation of names was in close connection with carrier's occupation. For example, Arakcheev (Arakychy - moonshiner), Asmanov (Usman - chiropractor), Koncheev (kyunche - tanner), Barashin (barash - cleaner), Karachev (Karachi - manager); Elchin (elchy - messenger), Tolmachev (interpreter - translator), Maksheev (makshi - official), Mukhanov (mukhan - worker); Sageev (saga - butler), Sadyrev (sadyr - singer), Ulanov (lancer - rider), Tsurikov (chari - soldier), etc.

Nicknames could also serve as a basis: Zhemailov (juma - born on Friday), Ievlev (iyevle - stooped), Isakharov (izagor - angry), Karandeev (karyndy - thick-bellied), Kurbatov (karbat - squat), Kurdyumov (kurdzhun - knapsack), Lachinov (lachin - gyrfalcon ), Mamonov (momun - bashful). And also the names of the area, animals, celestial bodies, insects, and household items. The roots of the names are Muslim, Arabic, ancient Turkic and Turkic-Persian.

Language relationship

Use of Russian as the state language had a significant impact for national surnames. Hence, the vast majority of them have the endings -in, -ov, -ev, in the manner of Russians. A brief overview of the list of Tatar surnames in alphabetical order (the most common):

• Aipov.
• Alalykin.
• Balashev.
• Bukhtiyarov.
• Valeev.
• Velyashev.
• Gireev.ts
• Guierov.
• Devlegarov.
• Dunilov.
• Elgozin.
• Eneleev.
• Zakeev.
• Zyuzin.
• Izdemirov.
• Karagadymov.
• Lachin.
• Onuchin.
• Half-projects.
• Razgildeev.
• Sakaev.
• Tagaldyzin.
• Urusov.
• Khankildeev.
• Chagin.
• Shalimov.
• Yushkov.
• Yakubov.

In Russian, national names have two spelling forms. The first involves cutting off the ending (Bekaev - Bekai, Tageev - Tagai, Taleev - Talai). It is not official, but is used quite often in national works of art and art. And the second requires the use of family endings (documents, etc.).

The declension of male and female Tatar surnames is subject to the same rules as in Russian.

The sound of beautiful Tatar surnames is special. The inescapable national flavor is clearly audible:

Bashkir surnames are also very similar to Tatar surnames. No wonder. Bashkirs and Tatars are related peoples of the Turkic group.

Geographic neighbors who have common roots, religion, almost identical languages ​​and culture. The list of Bashkir surnames in alphabetical order is not much different from the Tatar one.

ABASHEVS. In the nobility since 1615 (OGDR, VIII, p. 42). From Abash Ulan - the governor of the Kazan Khan, who in 1499 switched to Russian service. In 1540, the Abashevs Alyosha, Chulok, and Bashmak were mentioned as residents of Tver; in 1608, Abashev Avtal Cheremisin was noted in the Cheboksary district (Veselovsky 1974, p. 9). According to N.A. Vaskakov (1979, p. 216), the surname comes from the Tatar aba “paternal uncle”, abas “uncle”. Subsequently, famous scientists, military men, doctors.

ABDULOV. A common surname from the Muslim name Abdulla (Gabdulla) “Servant of God; Servant of Allah” Widely used by Kazan residents; for example, the Kazan king Abdul-Letif was captured in 1502 and Kashira was allocated to him as an inheritance. Subsequently, the Abdulovs became a well-known family of nobles, scientists, artists, etc.
ABDULOV. Landowners from the 18th century On behalf of Abdullah (see ABDULOV); perhaps from the Turkic-Mongolian avdil “changeable person.” In this regard, see the name of the Golden Horde king Avdul, known in the 1360s

AGDAVLETOVS. Nobles since the 17th century. From the Golden Horde (BC, II, p. 280, No. 105; Zagoskin 1875, No. 1), cf.: Turkic-Arabic. akdavlet "white wealth" (allegorically - "white bone").

AGISHEVA. Nobles since the 17th century. From Agish Alexei Kaliteevsky from Kazan (first half of the 16th century), mentioned in Pskov in 1550 (Veselovsky 1974, p. 9); in the first half of the 16th century, Agish Gryaznoy was ambassador to Turkey and Crimea; in 1667, Agish Fedor was a messenger to England and Holland.
AKISHEVS. Served from the middle of the 17th century: Gryaznoy Akishev - clerk in Moscow in 1637, clerk in 1648 No. 5) (Veselovsky 1974, p. II). See also Agishevs. The surname is transparently Turkic-Tatar - from 1974, Akish, Agish.

ITEMIROVY. Served from the middle of the 17th century: Ivan Aitemirov - clerk in Moscow in 1660, in Verkhoturye in 1661-1662; Vasily Aytemirov - in 1696 ambassador to Poland, in 1696-1700 - clerk of the Siberian Order

AKCHURINS. Mishar-Mordovian prince Adash in the 15th century, the ancestor of the Murzas and nobles of the Akchurins (RBS, 1, p. 62). In the 17th - 18th centuries - famous officials, diplomats, military men (RBS, 1, pp. 108 - 109). The surname is from the Turkic-Bulgar ak chur - “white hero”.

ALABERDIEVS. From Alaberdiev, baptized in 1600 under the name Yakov, and placed in Novgorod (Veselovsky 1974, p. II). From the Volga Tatar alla barde "God gave."

ALTYSHEVS. Nobles from the beginning. XVIII century. From Abdrein Useinov Altyshev, a native of Kazan, who took part in the Persian campaign of Peter I in 1722, and then often visited embassies in Persia and Crimea.

ALIYEVS. ALEEVS. ALYAEVS
The surname comes from Ali - a Muslim - Turkic name.
ALEEVS. Mentioned as nobles at the end of the 16th century as people from the Meshcheryaks, i.e. Tatar-Mishars: Vladimir Nagaev, son of Aleev, was recorded in 1580 as one of the ten Meshcheryans, children of boyars (OGDR, IV, p. 58), as was Koverya Nikitich Aleev in Meshchera and Kasimov under 1590 (Veselovsky 1974, p. 12) . N.A. Baskakov (1979, p. 158) considers them to come from the Turkic (Tatar-Mishar) environment.

ADASHEVS. Nobles from the 16th century. From Prince Adash, who was transferred from Kazan to Poshekhonye in the mid-15th century. In 1510, Grigory Ivanovich Adash-Olgov was mentioned in Kostroma, from whom, according to S.B. Veselovsky (1974, p. 9), the Adashevs came. In the first half and middle of the 16th century, the Adashevs (Alexander Fedorovich and Daniil Fedorovich) were active military men and diplomats of Ivan IV, executed by him in 1561 and 1563, respectively. They had estates in the vicinity of Kolomna and Pereyaslavl (RBS, 1, pp. 62-71; Zimin, 1988, p. 9). The Turkic-Tatar adash means “tribesman”, “comrade”. Known under 1382, Adash was the ambassador of Tokhtamysh in Rus'. ADAEV has the same origin.

AZANCHEVS. Nobles since the 18th century (OGDR, III, p. 93). Judging by the surname, Volga-Tatar origin, cf. Tatar-Muslim azanchi, that is, "muezzin"
AZANCHEEVSKIES. Nobles from the 18th century, through the Polish-gentry, from the Azanchi. Famous composers, revolutionary.

AIPOVY. From Ismail Aipov from Kazan, granted nobility in 1557 (OGDR, X, p. 19; Veselovsky 1974, p. 10).

AIDAROVS. Servicemen: Aydarov Uraz, nobleman since 1578, estate in Kolomna; Aidarov Mina Saltanovich - since 1579, estate in Ryazhsk. Perhaps from Aidar, a Bulgar-Horde prince who switched to Russian service in 1430 (Veselovsky 1974, p. 10). Aidar is a typically Bulgaro-Muslim name, meaning “happily in possession of power” (Gafurov 1987, p. 122). Engineers, scientists, and military men are known from the Russified environment of the Aidarovs.

AKSAKOVS. In the middle of the 15th century, the Aksakovs gave the village of Aksakov on the river. Klyazma, at the end of the 15th century “settled in Novgorod”. These Aksakovs are from Ivan Aksak (his grandchildren are Ivan Shadra and Ivan Oblyaz), great-great-grandson of Yuri Grunk, thousand-year-old Ivan Kalita (Zimin 1980, pp. 159-161). According to the Velvet Book (BC, II, p. 296, no. 169), Ivan Fedorov, nicknamed “Oksak,” was the son of Velyamin, who came out of the Horde (Veselovsky 1974, p. II). The Aksakovs were in Lithuania, where they appeared at the end of the 14th century (UU.O, 1986, 51. 22). Aksakovs are writers, publicists, scientists. Related to the Vorontsovs and Velyaminovs (RBS, 1, pp. 96-107). From the Turkic-Tatar aksak, oksak "lame"

ALABINS. Nobles since 1636 (OGDR, V, p. 97). In the 16th-11th centuries they had estates near Ryazan (for example, the village of Alabino in Kamensky Stan - Veselovsky 1974, p. II). According to N.A. Baskakov (1979, p. 182), from Tatar-Bashkir. ala-ba "awarded", "granted". Subsequently, scientists, military men, and the famous Samara governor.

ALABYSHEVS. A very old surname. Prince of Yaroslavl Fedor Fedorovich Alabysh is mentioned in 1428 (BK, II, p. 281; Veselovsky 1974, p. II). According to N.A. Baskakov (1979, pp. 257-259), the surname comes from the Tatar ala bash “motley (bad) head.”

ALAEVS. In the 16th and early 17th centuries, several service people with this surname are mentioned. According to N.A. Baskakov (1979, p. 8), of Turkic-Tatar origin: Alai-Chelyshev, Alai-Lvov (died in 1505), Alai-Mikhalkov, received an estate near Peryaslavl in 1574 (Veselovsky 1974, p. II).

ALALYKINS. Ivan Anbaev, son of Alalykin, had estates in 1528 “according to the charters of the sovereigns” (OGDR, IX, p. 67). In 1572, Alalykin Temir, already in Russian service, captured Murza Diveya, a relative of the Crimean king Devlet-Girey, for which he received estates in the area of ​​Suzdal and Kostroma (Veselovsky 1974, p. 12). The mentioned names and surnames Alalykin (alalyka), Anbai (Aman-bey), Temir are clearly of Turkic-Tatar origin.

ALACHEVS. Mentioned in Moscow as nobles since 1640. They came from among the Kazan Tatars around the middle of the 16th century. The surname comes from the Bulgaro-Tatar word “alacha” - motley. 21. ALASHEEVS. Nobles from the middle of the 16th century: Alasheev Yakov Timofeevich, newly baptized (from 1585); Alasheev Semyon Ivanovich (since 1523). Estates in the vicinity of Kashira, where people from Kazan usually settled (Veselovsky 1974, p. 18). The surname is from the Turkic-Tatar alash "horse".

DAMAZOVS. As the OGDR testifies (V, p. 98), the surname comes from the Duma clerk Almaz Ivanov’s son, a Kazan native, named Erofey at baptism, who was allocated a local salary in 1638. In 1653 he was the Duma clerk and printer for Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (Veselovsky 1974, p. 12). Among the Volga Tatars, the name Almaz - Almas roughly corresponds to the concept of “will not touch”, “will not take” (Baskakov 1979, p. 182). In this sense, it is close to the word alemas, which could form a similar surname Alemasov.

ALPAROVS. From the Bulgaro-Tatar alyp arar (. (male hero), which, along with the spread of a similar surname among the Kazan Tatars, may indicate the Turkic-Bulgar origin of its Russian version.

ALTYKULACHEVICHY. Around 1371, the boyar Sofoniy Altykulachevich is known, who entered the Russian (Ryazan) service from the Volga Tatars and was baptized (Zimin 10 1980, p. 19). The Turkic-Tatar basis of the surname is also clear: “alty kul” - six slaves or six hands.

ALYMOVS. Nobles since 1623 (OGDR, III, p. 54). From Alymov Ivan Oblyaz, who owned lands near Ryazan in the first half of the 16th century. (Veselovsky, 1974, given p. 13). Alim - Alym and Oblyaz Aly are names of Turkic origin (Baskakov 1979, p. 127). 197< Алымовы в XIX - XX вв.- учёные, военные, государственные деятели.

ALYABYEVS. From Alexander Alyabyev, who entered the Russian service in the 16th century (RBS, 2, p. 80); from Mikhail Olebey, who entered the Russian service in 1500 (Veselovsky 1974, p. 231). Ali Bey is the senior bey (Baskakov 1979, p. 182). The descendants are military men, officials, including the famous composer and contemporary of A.S. Pushkin - A.A. Alyabyev.

AMINES. Nobles in the 15th-11th centuries: the Aminevs Barsuk, Ruslan, Arslan, estates near Kostroma and Moscow (village of Aminevo). These Aminevs are from the messenger - Kilichei Amen, who served in 1349 (sent to the Horde) with the Grand Duke Semyon the Proud (Veselovsky 1974, p. 13, 273). The second version is the tenth generation from the legendary Radsha - Ivan Yuryevich, nicknamed "Amen". The Turkic (Bulgar?) origin is confirmed by the names: Amen, Ruslan, Arslan. The famous Turkic-Swedish surname “Aminof” is associated with them.

ARSENYEVS. Nobles from the 16th century. From Arseny, the son of Oslan (Arslan) Murza, who came to Dmitry Donskoy (see Zhdanovs, Somovs, Rtishchevs, Pavlovs). Upon baptism, Arseny Lev Procopius (OGDR, V, pp. 28-29; BC, II, p. 282). Estates in the Kostroma district. The descendants include friends of A.S. Pushkin (K.I. Arsenyev), military men (RBS, II,)

AMIROV (AMIREV). Nobles from the 16th century. In the OGDR (XVIII, p. 126) the Amirovs are noted in 1847 as a Russified surname; first mentioned since 1529-30: Vasil Amirov - clerk of the Local Prikaz; Grigory Amirov - in 1620-21 - watchman of the palace villages of the Kazan district, like Yuri Amirov in 1617-19; Markel Amirov - clerk in 1622-1627 in Arzamas; Ivan Amirov - in 1638-1676 - a messenger to Denmark, Holland and Livonia (Veselovsky 1974, p. 13). The origin of the surname is assumed to be Turkic-Arab. amir - emir "prince, general" (Baskakov 1979, p. 257). The prevalence of surnames among Kazan Tatars also indicates the Kazan origin of the Russian surname.

ANICHKOVS. Origin from the Horde in the 14th century is assumed (BK, 2, p. 282, No. 100; Zagoskin, 1875, No. 2). The Anichkovs Bloch and Gleb were mentioned in Novgorod in 1495 (Veselovsky 1974," p. 14). Arabic-Turkic anis - anich "friend" (Gafurov 1987, p. 125). Subsequently, scientists, publicists, doctors, military men (RBS , 2, pp. 148-150).

APRAXINES. From Andrei Ivanovich Apraks, great-grandson of Solokhmir (Solykh-emir), who passed from the Golden Horde to Olga Ryazan in 1371 (OGDR, II, p. 45; III, p. 3). In the 16th-16th centuries. Apraksin allocated estates near Ryazan. In 1610-1637 Fyodor Apraksin served as clerk of the Order of the Kazan Palace (Veselovsky 1974, p. 14). Related to the boyars Khitrovs, Khanykovs, Kryukovs, Verdernikovs (see). N.A. Baskakov (1979, p. 95) gives three versions of the Turkic origin of the nickname Apraksa: 1. “quiet”, “calm”; 2. “shaggy”, “toothless”; 3 "boast". In the history of Russia they are known as associates of Peter 1, generals, and governors (RBS, 2, pp. 239-256).

APPAKOVS. The Crimean-Kazan Murza Appak switched to Russian service in 1519 (Zimin 198Yu, pp. 80, 168, 222,265). The origin of the surname is possible from Kazan. Tatarsk, ap-ak "completely white".

APSEITOVY. Most likely, they came from Kazan in the middle of the 16th century. Granted estates in 1667. The surname is from the Arabic-Turkic Abu Seit “father of the leader” (Baskakov 1979, p. 165; Gafurov 1987, p. 116, 186

ARACCHEVS. From Arakchey Evstafiev, a baptized Tatar who switched to Russian service in the mid-15th century and became clerk of Vasily II (Veselovsky 1974, p. 14). Derived from Kazan Tatars. The nicknames of the Arakychs are “moonshiner, drunkard” (Baskakov 1979, p. 115). In the ХV111-Х1Х centuries. temporary worker Alexandra1, count, estate near Tver (RBS, 2, p. 261-270).

ARAPOVS. Promoted to the nobility in 1628 (OGDR, IV, p. 98). From Arap Begichev, placed in Ryazan in 1569. Later, in the 17th century, Khabar Arapov was known with an estate in Murom. Judging by the names and surnames, as well as the placement, most likely they came from Kazan (Veselovsky 1974, p. 14). Descendants include military men and Penzyak writers

ARTAKOVS (ARTIKOVS). Nobles since the 17th century. Artykov Sulesh Semenovich was noted as a streltsy head in 1573 in Novgorod (Veselovsky 1974, p. 16). From Turkic, artuk - artyk "extra".

ARDASHEVS. Nobles since the 17th century. From Ardash - a native of Kazan, on an estate in the Nizhny Novgorod province (Veselovsky 1974, p. 15). The descendants include relatives of the Ulyanovs, scientists (IE, 1, p. 715Text

ARTYUKHOV. Nobles since 1687 (OGDR, IV, p. 131). From artyk - artuk - artyuk (Baskakov 1979)

ARKHAROVS. Nobles since 1617 (OGDR, III, p. 60). From Arkharov Karaul Rudin and his son Saltan, who came from near Kazan, were baptized in 1556 and received an estate near Kashira (Veselovsky 1974, p. 15; Baskakov, 1979, p. 128). The descendants include military men and scientists.

ASLANOVICHEVS. In the Polish gentry and nobility in 1763, one of them was then awarded the rank of Royal Secretary (OGDR, IX, p. 135). From the Turkic-Tatar aslan - arslan (Baskakov 1979,)

ASMANOVS. Vasily Asmanov (Usmanov, Osmanov) - son of a boyar. Mentioned in Novgorod in the 15th century (Veselovsky, 1974, p. 16). Judging by the surname (base - Turkic-Muslim Usman, Gosman "chiropper" - see: Gafurov, 1987, p. 197), Turkic - Bulgar, by location in Novgorod, exit.

ATLASOVY. Nobles from the end of the 17th century, estates in the Ustyug region. Immigrants from Kazan to Ustyug. Atlasi is a typical Kazan Tatar surname (see: Khadi Atlasi). Atlasov Vladimir Vasilievich in the 18th century - the beginning of the 18th centuries - the conqueror of Kamchatka (RBS, II, pp. 353-356).

AKHMATOVS. Nobles since 1582 (OGDR, V, p. 52). Most likely, they came from Kazan, because... under 1554 Fyodor Nikulich Akhmatov was noted near Kashira (Veselovsky 1974, p. 17). Akhmat is a typically Turkic-Tatar name (Baskakov 1979, p. 176). Even under 1283, the Besermian (obviously a Muslim-Manin-Bulgarin) Akhmat is mentioned, who bought off the Baskas on the Kursk land (PSRL, 25, p. 154). The Akhmatovs in the 16th-19th centuries - military men, sailors, prosecutor of the Synod (RBS, II, p. 362).

AKHMETOVS. Nobles since 1582, clerks in the 16th - 17th centuries, merchants and industrialists in the 16th - 20th centuries. (OGDR, V, p. 55; Veselovsky 1974, p. 17; RBS, II, p. 363). At the heart of the Arab-Muslim word Ah-met - Ahmad - Akhmat "praised" (Gafurov)

AKHMYLOVS. Nobles from the 16th century. Fyodor Akhmyl - mayor in Novgorod in 1332, Andrei Semenovich Akhmylov in 1553 - in Ryazan (Veselovsky 1974, p. 17). Judging by their placement in Novgorod and Ryazan, the Akhmylrvy are Bulgar-Kazan immigrants. Under 1318 and 1322 the Golden Horde ambassador Akhmyl to Rus' is known (PSRL, 25, pp. 162, 167); perhaps a Bulgarian who knew Russian well. language.

ALTUNIN
ALTYNOV
The surname comes from Altyn - gold. Altyn is a fairly common name among Turkic peoples.

AGEEVS
AGAYEVS
From the Turkic "Aha", "Agai" - uncle. Typically, a child could receive such a name if the eldest son or daughter in the family has already started a family and can have or already has children of their own. Therefore, there is a need to emphasize, as it were, the seniority of the child - the uncle.

ASADOV
Comes from the Tatar-Muslim name Assad, a modified “as-Somad” - eternal. The famous poet Eduard Assadov emphasizes his origins from the Tatars.

AKULOV
Comes from a fairly common name, especially among the Turkmens, Okul, Akul, which means “smart”, “reasonable”.

AKSANOVS. The origin of the surname is from “Ak” - white, and “San”, “Sin” - you, you. Literally - light (skin, hair)

AKHUNOVS The origin of the surname is possible in two versions:
from the Turkish-Muslim name "Akhun".
from "akhun" - a religious title.

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